Crafting a comprehensive literature review can be a daunting task, especially when delving into a

complex and extensive subject like the Niger Delta Basin. This region, rich in both natural resources
and socio-political dynamics, demands meticulous research and analysis to provide a nuanced
understanding. However, navigating through a plethora of scholarly articles, reports, and other
academic sources can often be overwhelming for researchers and students alike.

The process of writing a literature review requires not only the ability to synthesize information but
also the skill to critically evaluate sources, identify key themes, and present cohesive arguments. It
entails hours of meticulous reading, note-taking, and organization to sift through vast amounts of
data and literature.

Moreover, the literature on the Niger Delta Basin is vast and diverse, encompassing various
disciplines such as geography, geology, environmental science, economics, sociology, and political
science. Thus, conducting a comprehensive review necessitates interdisciplinary expertise and a deep
understanding of the region's multifaceted issues.

For those grappling with the complexities of composing a literature review on the Niger Delta Basin,
seeking professional assistance can be immensely beneficial. ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ offers specialized
services tailored to meet the unique needs of researchers and students undertaking such endeavors.

With a team of experienced writers well-versed in the intricacies of academic writing and research,
⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ provides customized literature reviews that adhere to the highest standards of
quality and academic integrity. By entrusting your literature review to the experts at ⇒ StudyHub.vip
⇔, you can save time, alleviate stress, and ensure that your work reflects a comprehensive
understanding of the Niger Delta Basin.

Whether you're a graduate student embarking on a thesis or a researcher seeking to contribute to the
body of knowledge on the region, ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ is your trusted partner in academic
excellence. Order now and let us help you navigate the complexities of literature review writing with
ease and confidence.
Simulation techniques generate multiple realizations of unknown spatial distribution of observations,
without losing the originality of the observed data. Society of Petroleum Engineers Kaplan A, Lusser
CU, Norton IO (1994) Tectonic map of the world, panel 10: Tulsa, American Association of
Petroleum Geologists, scale 1:10,000,000 Kulke H (1995) Nigeria. We found that even slow galactic
rotation with a low shearing rate amplifies the magnetic field, and that rapid rotation with. Also
closer to the coast you have precambrian continental basement. The application of the systems tracts
to the deeper prospects has enabled a clearer definition of the hydrocarbon system elements
especially the reservoir presence, quality, seal and source quality. The first issue that must be
addressed is the basic socio-economic needs and grievances of Delta residents. The groundwater
level usually drops below the river water level, creating a hydraulic head differential which induces
flow of river waters into the aquifers. Geostatistical modelling affords the opportunity of evaluating
petrophysical properties and extrapolating to predict those properties away from the well bore with
the assistance of variogram models. It is usually defined by a cut-off on a permeability or porosity
plot. The maximum static water level in the study area occurs around Ulakwo, at 18.2 meters below
ground surface and Erema, 15.24 meters below ground surface in the northern parts of the study
area. The sand is generally coarse to very coarse and laterally extensive, with highly pervious gravelly
layers commonly encountered. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Su. In March 2010, MEND went further, claiming responsibility for two bombs
exploding adjacent to a government building in the city of Warri. This shows that there was a
regression in the early basin. In: Morgan, J.P., Ed., Deltaic Sedimentation: Modern and Ancient,
Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, Vol. 15, 138-151. The results revealed
three Maximum Flooding Surfaces and three Sequence Boundaries. The aim of this study is to define
accurate and efficient petrophysical property models that best characterize reservoirs in the Niger
Delta Basin at well locations and predicting their spatial continuities elsewhere within the field. The
hydrocarbons in this layer formed when this layer of rock became subaerial and was covered in a
swamp type of environment that contained lots of organics. More Alchetron Topics References
Niger Delta Basin (geology) Wikipedia (Text) CC BY-SA Similar Topics Dawn: Portrait of a Teenage
Runaway Mark Batinick Lander Panera Arteagabeitia. This was done because of the innate
relationship between porosity and facies. Hydrologic Processes, 13, 1277-1287. (SICI)1099-
1085(19990615)13:8 3.0.CO;2-W. Six seismic facies were interpreted, which delineate the
distribution of lithofacies and their environments of deposition across the strike. The lack of progress
can be attributed to the fact that the litany of reports, plans and committees have not adequately
addressed the issue of militarism in the region. A good reputation, close relationship and positive
relationship benefits are key variables for the achievement of high satisfaction in a “high?trust and
commitment. The ages (Ma) of the maximum flooding surfaces identified range from 3.9-11.5Ma
while that of the sequence boundaries range from 4.1-10.6Ma. On strike there was a variation in the
number of sequences from three to five and correlated wells tends to be older in age and shallower in
paleobathymetry eastward. As explained earlier, the persistence of sand layer cutting across zones
and hydraulically bridging the transitional zones with saline water body thus creating the possibility
for saline water to penetrate further inland, resulting in a more complex transition zone. Input fault
sticks arising from seismic interpretation were used in building the structural models of the
reservoirs. Satisfaction is the consequence of working relationships focused upon in our model.
Reported hydrochemical data gathered from wells drilled suggest that the quality of groundwater in
the Niger Delta is considered generally very good and compares favorably with WHO standards for
drinking water.
OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. Preliminary
seismic interpretation of the new data revealed the occurrence ofdifferent types of normal faults
comprising synthetic, antithetic, major growth and K-type faults which complicate the structure of
the southern CSD. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl
Su. Bird orders with species which are believed to possess VS (violet?sensitive) cone types mostly
had their UV maxima between 380 and 399 nm while orders with species which are assumed to
have UVS (ultraviolet?sensitive) cone types contained significantly species which had their UV
maxima between 300 and 379 nm. Additionally, the exploding supernovae are parametrised by the
frequency of star formation and its modulation, to reproduce bursts and quiescent phases. Most
remarkable are the freshwater swamp lands where quality degradation associated with the
breakdown of organic matter derived from vegetation buried in the sediments, are encountered. The
coloured plumage regions in particular exhibited high proportions of UV?reflecting feathers. The
study concludes that the effect of fluvial sediment reduction to the delta coast due to capital
dredging of the Lower Niger River channels between 2009 and 2012, and periodic fluctuations in
the nearshore hydrodynamics processes caused the observed annual shoreline erosion that eventually
forced the deltaic coastline toward a state of landward migration during the study period. Yet it
accomplished no tangible gains in the region; the political will in Abuja was simply not present at the
time. Social movements are a powerful force within the region, and the primary antagonists in the
Delta are those whose leadership is dominated by militia and paramilitary members. Social Posts
Create on-brand social posts and Articles in minutes. Download Free PDF View PDF Free PDF 3D
model of magnetic fields evolution in dwarf irregular galaxies Michal Hanasz 2010, Proceedings of
the International Astronomical Union Radio observations show that magnetic fields are present in
dwarf irregular galaxies (dIrr) and its strength is comparable to that found in spiral galaxies. The
Maximum Flooding Surfaces and Sequence Boundaries identified from the foraminiferal-well log
sequence stratigraphy were tied to seismic using checkshot data. In: SPE annual technical conference
and exhibition. Download Free PDF View PDF Free PDF Sequence Stratigraphic Framework of the
?Paradise-Field. The differences between realizations provide quantitative measure of uncertainty
(Vasquez 2014 ). The dataset consists of 3D seismic volume, wireline log suites (gamma ray,
resistivity and sonic), biofacies, palynological and foraminiferal biozones and Niger Delta
Chronostratigraphic chart. Unfortunately, the current state of knowledge of the true geological
condition of the groundwater bearing domain of the Niger Delta is limited. High angle normal
faulting High angle normal faulting is a feature of the extensional portion of the rifting in this basin.
In the Delta, this is an especially important aspect of development because environmental, political
and communal circumstances can rapidly change the situation in which development is taking place.
OECD Environment Recently uploaded ( 20 ) OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated
to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. The linear regression analysis for shoreline changes from 1987 to
2013 shows an erosional trend at the western part of the delta and accretional trends towards eastern
part. OECD Environment OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Su. Seismic stratigraphic interpretation revealed two key bounding surfaces, two
systems tracts and two major faults in the field. Lithology The sediment fill in the Niger Delta basin
is characterized by three major depobelts. The estuaries which embrace the western and eastern
zones flanking the pro delta also have significant mangrove swamps that are associated with tidal
inlets where saline water penetrates farther inland causing variable surface water quality arising from
the mixture of fresh and saline waters. It is one of the larges oil producers in the world. In: Grammer
GM et al (eds) 2004 AAPG Memoir 80, integration of outcrop and modern analogs in reservoir
modelling. These interactions are most evident in the many coastal islands in the Niger Delta and
take many forms. In some situations, surface-water bodies gain water from groundwater systems and
in others the surface-water body is a source of groundwater recharge and causes changes in
groundwater quality as well. This reflects sedimentary progradation towards the south, from the edge
of the continent in the direction of the oceanic basement.
The measure of the potential of productive portion of the entire reservoir as percentage or decimal
fraction is referred to as net-to-gross (NTG). As fault blocks extend they rotate to dip towards the
center of the basin. The coloured plumage regions in particular exhibited high proportions of
UV?reflecting feathers. Graduated development allows officials to refocus resources and attention
as time goes on, since what was planned in the past may not be relevant, necessary, or desirable in
the present. At depths, the faults flatten onto master detachment plane near the summit of the over-
pressured marine shales around the base of the Niger Delta sedimentary succession. Unlocking the
Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present. Iron contamination in
groundwater is widespread within the transition zones. A doctoral dissertation submitted to the
Department of Petroleum Engineering and the committee on Graduate Studies of Stanford
University Asquith GB, Gibson CR (1982) Basic well log analysis for geologist. These generally take
the form of high carbonate acidity and introduced hydrogen sulphide, commonly identified by the
offensive smells of some water samples from the area. Geostatistical modelling affords the
opportunity of evaluating petrophysical properties and extrapolating to predict those properties away
from the well bore with the assistance of variogram models. A regional sequence stratigraphic
framework for the area was produced. Ecological aspects related to UV reflection and perception, as
well as sexual dimorphism visible only in the U. Water Resources Journal of the Nigerian Association
of Hydrogeologists, 18, 25-31. For this reason, it can be assumed that the aquifer systems below the
first are reasonably protected from pollution from surface sources. Changes in groundwater flow
directions which occur at some places generally serve localized discharge areas. Seminar on
Groundwater Potentials in Hard Rock Areas, Vol. 1, 1-18. Bird orders with species which are
believed to possess VS (violet?sensitive) cone types mostly had their UV maxima between 380 and
399 nm while orders with species which are assumed to have UVS (ultraviolet?sensitive) cone types
contained significantly species which had their UV maxima between 300 and 379 nm. Thus, a
meaningful study of the region’s groundwater needs an understanding of the sedimentation pattern
as well as stratification, both of which determine not only the aquifer type distribution but also the
quantity and quality of water in the region. The main body of groundwater in the Niger Delta is
contained in the extensive sand and gravel layers which are interspersed with shale and clay layers
within the formation. OECD Environment OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. At the top of these fault blocks sub basins can form. The shoreline
change detection was conducted using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). The type of
environment of deposition will also change the sediment type. OECD Environment OECD Global
Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. Unfortunately, these numbers
continue to overgrow, and no drug has yet been approved for effective treatment. Despite this the
program was not able to assuage regional violence, largely due to the lack of attention to the peculiar
type of conflict in the Delta. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Su. Building alternative numerical models or images of these petrophysical
properties, taking into consideration the unknown aspects of the spatial distribution is generally
referred to as stochastic reservoir modelling (Deutsch 1992 ). Others, however, act through violence
and function in a world of gross illegality that further intensifies the conflict. OECD Global Forum
on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su.
Keywords Niger Delta Transgressive System Tract Stratigraphic Framework Sand Percentage Benue
Trough These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. OECD Global Forum on
the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. Notwithstanding, evidence from recent
satellite imagery and analysis of the shoreline changes shows that these anthropogenic interventions
have only succeeded in transferring the erosive actions eastwards to areas downdrift of these coastal
defenses. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. To
browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to
upgrade your browser. Bird orders with species which are believed to possess VS (violet?sensitive)
cone types mostly had their UV maxima between 380 and 399 nm while orders with species which
are assumed to have UVS (ultraviolet?sensitive) cone types contained significantly species which
had their UV maxima between 300 and 379 nm. Exploitation of the shallow freshwater aquifers has
also reduced the thickness and effective head of the freshwater mound, leading to saltwater
intrusion into fresh water aquifers. It is Nigeria’s most important and studied basin due to its rich
hydrocarbon resources. It is an estimation technique used to populate reservoir layers with
continuous varying petrophysical values by means of interpolation in an unbiased pattern with
minimum variance (Lima 2005 ). This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as
the learning algorithm improves. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Su. OECD Environment Monitoring Framework of the GBF, SBSTTA 26. A key
militant group in the region, the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND),
declared the ceasefire over in January 2010, less than six months after the amnesty program was
implemented. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su.
This essay will discuss these failures, as well as present a set of initiatives for the Delta that, together,
represent a possible path for regional rejuvenation. Additionally, permeability and porosity in clastic
rocks (i.e. clean sands) exhibit a direct relationship (Rahmouni et al. 2014 ), so anisotropy and
heterogeneities in petrophysical properties are facies dependent, hence, the use of porosity as
constraint in permeability estimation for both reservoirs. In: SPE annual technical conference and
exhibition. Hence, porosity provides more closer estimate than depositional facies based
presumption, as the latter changes with time. In: Morgan, J.P., Ed., Deltaic Sedimentation: Modern
and Ancient, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, Vol. 15, 138-151. In:
Kulke H (ed) Regional petroleum geology of the world: part II. However, there is the danger that
over-pumping of groundwater could increase the already deep salinity depth thereby reducing the
effective column of fresh water. These generally take the form of high carbonate acidity and
introduced hydrogen sulphide, commonly identified by the offensive smells of some water samples
from the area. RachelPearson36 Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World
Look, present. These interactions are most evident in the many coastal islands in the Niger Delta and
take many forms. In some situations, surface-water bodies gain water from groundwater systems and
in others the surface-water body is a source of groundwater recharge and causes changes in
groundwater quality as well. The results revealed three Maximum Flooding Surfaces and three
Sequence Boundaries. Permeability was modelled and cokriged with porosity model and distributed
using the SGS algorithm. In particular, band ratios are used to classify LULC maps for each district
across the relevant years. Borehole failures became common with increased number of individual
boreholes drilling. Secondly, there is presently no control over who can abstract water and how much
an individual or facility can take. The shoreline change detection was conducted using the Digital
Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS).
High angle normal faulting High angle normal faulting is a feature of the extensional portion of the
rifting in this basin. For instance, if the geology of the reservoir shows evidence of thin, continuous
horizontal layer of shale, a well data which indicates the shale value at a particular location should be
honoured by generating such shale layer at neighbouring data location. The nonlinear empirical
response that provides a more reliable result (i.e. shale volume value is lower than that derived from
the latter) was used. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. It is usually
defined by a cut-off on a permeability or porosity plot. Unlike other spatial interpolation techniques,
kriging provides a window for assessing the uncertainty associated with its prediction. By this, the
permeability model will follow the porosity distribution as porosity will provide closer correlation
than facie distribution (Lucia 2007 ). Reported hydrochemical data gathered from wells drilled
suggest that the quality of groundwater in the Niger Delta is considered generally very good and
compares favorably with WHO standards for drinking water. The spatial and vertical variability of
the petrophysical properties were estimated using seismic and well logs. This is the major oil and
natural gas bearing facies in the basin. Permeability was modelled and cokriged with porosity model
and distributed using the SGS algorithm. Notwithstanding, evidence from recent satellite imagery
and analysis of the shoreline changes shows that these anthropogenic interventions have only
succeeded in transferring the erosive actions eastwards to areas downdrift of these coastal defenses.
The main body of groundwater in the Niger Delta is contained in the extensive sand and gravel
layers which are interspersed with shale and clay layers within the formation. Tertiary Niger Del ta
(Akata-Agbada) Petrole um System (No. 719201), Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and
Equatorial Guinea, Africa by Michele L. W. Tuttle, Michael E. Brownfield, and Ronald R. Well
cuttings from the logs of oil wells spread across the Niger delta, reveal that the Benin Formation is
laterally extensive and extends to depths of 2000 m in places. The. We interpreted this feature as
channels in seismic with concave upward geometry at the center with the thickened center
representing an incised valley created during base level fall at 5.6Ma sequence boundary which got
filled at the next sea-level rise. The unprecedented demand for freshwater associated with high
population growth and increased living standards has resulted in highly elevated groundwater drilling
activities, which is now creating some concern over the sustainability of the resource for the future.
Similarly the producing boreholes in Sakpenwa are quite similar in hydraulic properties to the
boreholes in Ahoada and Ikwerre Local government areas separated by 80 km. Proceedings of the
6th International Congress of the International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 80-
94. The Niger Delta started to evolve in early Tertiary times when clastic river input increased (Doust
and Omatsola, 1989). Assessment of U ndiscovered Petrole um in the Tertiary Niger Delta (Akata-
Agbada) Petroleum System (No. 719201), Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial
Guinea, Africa by Michele L. W. Tuttle, Ronald R. Ch arpentier, and Michael E. For this reason, it
can be assumed that the aquifer systems below the first are reasonably protected from pollution from
surface sources. The zones created were further subdivided into layers. Then in the Oligocene the
Benin formation was deposited and it still being deposited today. One of the main reasons behind
this growth is the availability and more concentration of Socio-economic Facilities in the city. The
delta has since Paleocene times prograded a distance of more than 250 km from the Benin and
Calabar flanks to the present delta front (Evamy et al., 1978). Thickness of sediments in the Niger
Delta averages 12 km covering a total area of about 140,000 km 2. The International Journal of
Engineering and Science, 2, 136-141. However, Weber and Daukoru ( 1975 ) reported evidences of
overpressure at shallower depths than the Akata Formation due to rapid sediment loading of the
sandy Agbada and Benin Formations on the mobile shales of Akata Formation. The faults (F2 and
F3) were responsible for the structural truncations that limited the recognition of strata terminations
in the vicinity of the well. Conversely, some of these areas with lower porosities could be sandy-
shale or silty-shale portions which may be gas prone areas.
By maintaining a high level of ecological awareness and protection there would likely be fewer bitter
feelings, less economic marginalization and less reason for residents to turn to violence. OECD
Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. These could form weak
acids such as carbonic acid (formed by the dissolution of CO 2 especially in the root zone) and
humic acids (formed by the biological decomposition of organic matter). The Akata formation
formed during lowstands in sealevel and in oxygen deficient conditions. Digital Sales Sell your
publications commission-free as single issues or ongoing subscriptions. In: Dragoni, W. and Sikhija,
B.S., Eds., Climate Change and Groundwater, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 288,
1-12. When compared with the water level data from the shallower aquifers which is much less
variable. There is a transition zone, and then there is a contraction zone, which lies in the deep sea
part of the basin. Each reservoir model was zoned and layered using an average thickness of 2 ft to
capture the heterogeneity observed on the log curves during upscaling. Due to sand mining, boat
traffic, heavy rain, fish farming, and oil and gas operations in the area, LULC predicts a sharp
decline in vegetation. Six seismic facies were interpreted, which delineate the distribution of
lithofacies and their environments of deposition across the strike. Proceedings of IPCC Symposium
on the Rising Challenges of the Sea, Magaritta, 14-19 March 1992, 10 p. All the input property logs
(facies, porosity, NTG, permeability and water saturation) were upscaled such that each resultant
upscaled log retained the heterogeneity captured by the input logs. Niger Delta, Nigeria Wilfred
Mode akamaiuniversity.us Download Free PDF View PDF Free PDF Sequence Stratigraphy and
Structure of the Southern Coastal Swamp of the Niger Delta, Nigeria: A new insight into the
hydrocarbon systems and prospectivity at deeper stratigraphic intervals Chibuzo Valeria Ahaneku
The Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria is a mature petroleum province having been producing for over half
a century. This in turn implies greater retention times which would allow more minerals to be
dissolved so that concentration tends to increase with depth. See: “Petroleum, Pollution and Poverty
in the Niger Delta.” Amnesty International, 30 June 2009. p. 14. This study aims to determine the
potential active constituents in Psidium guajava as an inhibitor for multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins
using molecular analysis. Soft data which refers to data sets obtained from indirect measurements,
e.g. seismic sections, represents the “filtered” view of the subsurface heterogeneity (Arpat 2005 ).
Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 229-269. The kriging
estimator only differs from the cokriging estimator in a practical sense, in that instead of the one
covariance function, we now have four inference and consistent modelling covariance functions
(Onyekwelu 2013 ). The Niger Delta is characterized by a complex multilayered aquifer system
hosted in the Benin Formation with the main body of fresh water, with increasing occurrence of
intercalating clay units towards the coast. The purpose of the study is to use sequence stratigraphic
framework, seismic facies, geomorphology and structural configuration as tools for prediction of
reservoir distributions in relation to structuration. In the same manner, pumping in coastal aquifers
causes saline seawater to migrate landwards to cause pollution. Also closer to the coast you have
precambrian continental basement. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Su. Input fault sticks arising from seismic interpretation were used in building the
structural models of the reservoirs. Pollution of second aquifer system from surface sources is
therefore less likely, except through deep vertical leakage of the overlying aquitard and through poor
borehole completion practices. The study concludes that changing wave climate off the Niger Delta
has strong implications on the delta coastline changes. Then in the Paleocene the Akata Formation
was deposited. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su.