British Standard

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 BRITISH STANDARD |
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583-1:1999
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Non-destructive |
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testing Ð Ultrasonic |
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examination Ð |
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Part 1: General principles |
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H The European Standard EN 583-1:1998 has the status of a |
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 BS EN 583-1:1999

National foreword
This British Standard is the English language version of EN 583-1:1998.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
WEE/46, Non-destructive testing, which has the responsibility to:

Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;

Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the

interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed;

Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgate

them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to

its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European publications
referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the
section entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using the
ªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
I
S Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
B
) from legal obligations.
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,r Summary of pages
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w This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
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P pages 2 to 8 an inside back cover and a back cover.
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wThis British Standard, having Amendments issued since publication
obeen prepared under the
Hdirection of the Engineering Amd. No. Date Text affected
, Sector Committee, was published
e
eunder the authority of the
gStandards Committee and comes
ainto effect on 15 March 1999
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 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 583-1
 ENNE
NORME EUROPE
È ISCHE NORM
EUROPA November 1998

ICS 19.100

Descriptors: non-destructive tests, industrial products, ultrasonic tests, generalities, equipment, adjustment, preparation

English version

Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonic examination Ð

Part 1: General principles

Essais non destructifs Ð Controà le ultrasonore Ð ZerstoÈ rungsfreie PruÈ fung Ð UltraschallpruÈ fung Ð
Partie 1: Principes geÂneÂraux Teil 1: Allgemeine GrundsaÈ tze

I
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B
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This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 October 1998.
, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
y
p which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a
o
C national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
d references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to
ell the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
o
rt This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German).
n A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
o
c CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the
n same status as the official versions.
U
, CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech
3
0 Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
0 Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
2
y United Kingdom.
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CEN
e European Committee for Standardization
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a Comite EuropeÂen de Normalisation
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EuropaÈ isches Komitee fuÈ r Normung
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: Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
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C © 1998 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national
d Members.
e Ref. No. EN 583-1:1998 E
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 Page 2
EN 583-1:1998

Foreword Contents
This European Standard has been prepared by Page
Technical Committee CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive
Foreword 2
testing, the Secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a 1 Scope 3
national standard, either by publication of an identical 2 Normative references 3
text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 1999, and 3 Qualification and certification of
conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at personnel 3
the latest by May 1999.
4 Information required prior to
This European Standard has been prepared under a
examination 3
mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association, and 5 Principles of ultrasonic examination 3
supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). 6 Equipment 4
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative 7 Settings 5
annex ZA, which is an integral part of this standard.
8 Preparation for examination 6
This standard consists of the following parts:
9 Examination 6
EN 583-1, Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonic
examination Ð Part 1: General principles . 10 Characterization of imperfections 7
I
SEN 583-2, Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonic 11 Examination procedure 7
Bexamination Ð Part 2: Sensitivity and range setting. 12 Examination report 7
)
c( EN 583-3, Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonic Annex ZA (informative) Clauses of this
, examination Ð Part 3: Transmission technique .
y European Standard addressing essential
pEN 583-4, Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonic requirements or other provisions of EU
o
Cexamination Ð Part 4: Examination for directives 8
dimperfections perpendicular to the surface.
ell EN 583-5, Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonic
o
rt examination Ð Part 5: Characterization and sizing
nof imperfections.
o
c ENV 583-6, Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonic
n
Uexamination Ð Part 6: Time-of-flight diffraction
, technique as a method for detection and sizing of
3
0imperfections.
0
2According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,
y the national standards organizations of the following
a
Mcountries are bound to implement this European
0Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
3
,r Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland,
eItaly, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
wSpain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
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 Page 3
EN 583-1:1998

1 Scope 3 Qualification and certification of

This standard defines the general principles required personnel
for the ultrasonic examination of industrial products The examination shall be performed by personnel
that permit the transmission of ultrasound. qualified in accordance with EN 473.
The specific conditions of application and use of The requirements for qualification and certification
ultrasonic examination, which depend on the type of shall be specified in the product standards and/or other
product examined, are described in documents which applicable documents.
could include:
Ð product standards;
Ð specifications; 4 Information required prior to
Ð codes; examination
Ð contractual documents; Prior to examination the following information shall be
Ð written procedures. available, as applicable:
Unless otherwise specified in the referencing Ð purpose of examination;
documents the minimum requirements of this standard Ð qualification and certification of personnel;
are applicable.
Ð environmental conditions and state of
This standard does not define: examination object;
Ð extent of examination and scanning plans;
Ð requirement for a written examination procedure;
Ð acceptance criteria.
Ð any special requirements for preparation of
I scanning surface;
S 2 Normative references
B Ð examination volume;
) This European Standard incorporates, by dated or
c( Ð examination sensitivity and method of setting-up
, undated reference, provisions from other publications.
sensitivity;
y These normative references are cited at the
p Ð requirements for evaluation and recording level;
o appropriate places in the text and the publications are
C listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent Ð acceptance criteria;
d amendments to or revisions of any of these
ell Ð extent of examination including scanning plan;
publications apply to this European Standard only
o
rt Ð requirements for a written examination report.
when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For
n undated references the latest edition of the publication
o
c referred to applies. 5 Principles of ultrasonic examination
n
U EN 473, Qualification and certification of NDT
, 5.1 General
3 personnel Ð General principles.
0 EN 27963, Welds in steel Ð Calibration block No. 2 for An ultrasonic examination is based on propagation of
0 ultrasonic waves through the object to be examined,
2 ultrasonic examination of welds.
y (ISO 7963:1985) and monitoring either the transmitted signal (termed
a the transmission technique), or the signal reflected or
M prEN 583-2, Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonic
diffracted from any surface or discontinuity (termed
0 examination Ð Part 2: Sensitivity and range
the pulse echo technique).
3 setting1).
,r Both techniques can employ a single probe acting as
e EN 583-3, Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonic
w both transmitter and receiver, or double (twin)
examination Ð Part 3: Transmission technique .
o transducer probe, or separate transmitting and
P prEN 12223, Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonic receiving probes. Similarly, both techniques can involve
n examination Ð Specification for calibration block intermediate reflection from one or more surfaces of
e
d No. 11). the object under examination.
w prEN 12668-1, Non-destructive testing Ð
o The examination can be performed manually or by the
H Characterization and verification of ultrasonic
use of semi-automatic or fully automatic equipment,
, examination equipment Ð Part 1: Instruments 1).
e and can use contact, gap or immersion scanning, or
e prEN 12668-2, Non-destructive testing Ð
g other coupling methods adapted to specific problems.
a Characterization and verification of ultrasonic
M examination equipment Ð Part 2: Probes 1).
m prEN 12668-3, Non-destructive testing Ð
o Characterization and verification of ultrasonic
T
: examination equipment Ð Part 3: Combined
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EN 583-1:1998

5.2 Vibration mode and direction of sound 6 Equipment

propagation
6.1 Ultrasonic instrument
The most commonly used types of waves are
longitudinal and transverse, and these can be The ultrasonic instrument shall fulfil the requirements
propagated either perpendicularly, or at an angle, to of prEN 12668-1.
the test surface. Other types of modes, e.g. Lamb 6.2 Ultrasonic probes
waves or Rayleigh waves can also be used for special
applications. The probe shall fulfil the requirements of prEN 12668-2.
The choice of wave mode and direction of propagation 6.2.1 Probe selection
will depend on the purpose of the examination, and The choice of the probe depends on the purpose of the
should take into account the specular nature of examination and the requirements of the referencing
reflection from planar reflectors. Except when using standard or specification. It depends on:
Lamb waves, the direction of sound propagation, for
Ð the material thickness, shape and surface
single probe pulse echo scanning, should be as nearly
condition;
perpendicular to the plane of the reflector as possible.
Ð the type and metallurgical condition of the
5.3 Transmission technique examined material;
This technique is based on measuring the signal Ð the type, position and orientation of imperfections
attenuation after the passage of an ultrasonic wave to be identified.
through the examination object.
The probe parameters listed in 6.2.2, 6.2.3 and 6.2.4
The signal used for measurement can be either: shall be considered in relation to the characteristics of
I a) a back wall echo; or the examination object stated above.
S b) any other signal transmitted either directly, or
B 6.2.2 Frequency and dimensions of transducer
) after intermediate reflection from the surfaces of the The frequency and dimensions of a transducer
c( object.
, determine the shape of the beam (near field and beam
y Further details of this technique are contained divergence). The selection shall assure that the
p
oin EN 583-3. characteristics of the beam are the optimum for the
C examination by a compromise between the following:
d5.4 Pulse echo technique
ell This technique utilizes the reflected or diffracted signal Ð the near field length which shall remain,
o
rt from any interface of interest within the object under
whenever possible, smaller than the thickness of the
nexamination. This signal is characterized by its object under examination;
oamplitude and position along the timebase; the latter NOTE It is possible to detect imperfections in the near field,
c
nrelated to the distance between the reflector and the but their characterization is less accurate and less reproducible.
U Ð the beam width, which shall be sufficiently small
, probe. The location of the reflector is determined from
3the knowledge of its distance, the direction of sound within the examination zone furthest from the probe
0
0propagation, and the position of the probe. to maintain an adequate detection level;
2
y It is recommended that the signal amplitude be Ð the beam divergence, which shall be sufficiently
ameasured by comparison with either: large to detect planar imperfections that are
M unfavourably orientated.
0 a) a distance amplitude correction (DAC) curve, or a
3 series of DAC curves, obtained by using artificial Apart from the above considerations the selection of
,r frequency shall take into account the sound
reflectors (sidedrilled holes, flat-bottomed holes or
e attenuation in the material and the reflectivity of
w notches etc.) within one or more reference blocks;
o b) an equivalent reflector diagram (DGS system); imperfections. The higher this frequency, the greater
P the examination resolution, but the sound waves are
n c) echoes from suitable notches; or more attenuated (or the spurious signals due to the
e
d d) echoes from large planar reflectors perpendicular structure are greater). The choice of frequency thus
w to the acoustic axis (e.g. back wall echo). represents a compromise between these two factors.
o
H Most examinations are performed at frequencies
, These techniques are described in prEN 583-2. between 1 MHz and 10 MHz.
eIn order to obtain further information about the shape
e
gand size of reflectors, other techniques may be used. 6.2.3 Dead zone
a
Such techniques are based, for example on variations The choice of the probe shall take into account the
M
in signal amplitude with movement of the probe, dead zone in relation to the examination volume.
mmeasurement of sound path or frequency analysis.
o
T 6.2.4 Damping
:
y The selection of probe shall also include consideration
p of the damping which influences the resolution as well
o
C as the frequency spectrum.
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EN 583-1:1998

6.2.5 Focusing probes The geometry of the reference block, its dimensions,
Focusing probes are mainly used for the detection of and the position of any reflectors, should be indicated
small defects and for sizing reflectors. Their sound on a case-by-case basis in the specific standards and
fields should be described by focal zone and focal codes. The position and number of reflectors should
diameter. Their advantages in relation to unfocussed relate to the scanning of the entire examination zone.
single crystal probes are an increased lateral resolution The most commonly used reflectors are:
and a higher signal to noise ratio. Sensitivity setting a) large planar reflectors, compared to the beam
has to be carried out by using reference reflectors. width, perpendicular to the acoustic axis (e.g. back
6.3 Coupling media wall);
Different coupling media can be used, but their type b) flat-bottomed holes;
shall be compatible with the materials to be examined. c) side-drilled holes;
Examples are: d) grooves or notches of various cross-sections.
Ð water, possibly containing an agent e.g. wetting, When reference blocks are used for immersion
anti-freeze, corrosion inhibitor; examination the influence of water in the holes shall
± contact paste; be considered or the ends of the holes shall be
± oil; plugged.
± grease; The consequences of temperature differences between
examination object, probes, and reference blocks, shall
± cellulose paste containing water, etc.
be considered and compared to the requirements for
The characteristics of the coupling medium shall the accuracy of the examination. If necessary the
I remain constant throughout the verification, calibration
S reference blocks shall be maintained within the
B operations and the examination. It shall be suitable for specified temperature range during the examination.
) the temperature range in which it will be used.
c( 6.6 Specific blocks
, If the constancy of the characteristics cannot be
y guaranteed between calibration and examination, a In certain cases, specific blocks e.g. with identified
p
o transfer correction may be applied. One method for natural defects can be used to finalize the examination
C determining the necessary correction is described method and to check the stability of the sensitivity.
d
ell in prEN 583-2.
o
rt After the examination is completed, the coupling 7 Settings
n medium shall be removed if its presence is liable to
o hinder subsequent operations, inspection or use of the 7.1 General settings
c
n object. In the absence of defined instructions in the standards
U or detailed specifications, it is essential to ensure that:
, 6.4 Calibration blocks
3 Ð suppression shall not be used unless specifically
0 The calibration blocks used are defined in standard
0 called for by the referencing documents;
2 prEN 12223 and EN 27963.
y Ð the amplifier is used in an appropriate frequency
a The stability of calibration can be verified using the band;
M blocks above.
0 Ð filtering is set to give optimum resolution;
3 6.5 Reference blocks Ð the impedance matching of the examination
,r
e When amplitudes of echoes from the object are system is adjusted, if necessary, to obtain a
w compared with echoes from a reference block, certain maximum echo height while preserving resolution;
o requirements relating to the material, surface condition,
P Ð the pulse energy setting is as low as possible
n geometry and temperature of the block shall be taking the amplification reserve into consideration.
e observed.
d These settings shall be maintained throughout the
w Where possible, the reference block shall be made examination.
o from a material with acoustic properties which are
H The settings shall be made at the start of each
, within a specified range with respect to the material to
e be examined, and shall have a surface condition examination sequence and then checked periodically at
e established time intervals and whenever a system
g comparable to that of the object to be examined. If
a parameter is changed or the operator suspects a drift
these characteristics are not the same, a transfer
M (see prEN 12668-3).
correction shall be applied. A method for determining
m the necessary correction is described in prEN 583-2. A maximum drift of amplitude and range shall be
o
T The geometrical conditions of the reference block and established. If such maxima are exceeded new settings
: are required or agreed actions are necessary.
y the object under examination shall be considered. For
p
o further details, see prEN 583-2.
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EN 583-1:1998

7.2 Range settings 8.3 Application of transfer correction

Each range shall be selected to cover the examination During the evaluation of signals by means of reference
zone defined in the relevant standard, procedure or blocks, these shall display an ultrasonic wave
detailed specification. attenuation, and surface losses, equivalent to that of
The time base and delay settings shall be made using a the examination object.
calibration block or by calculation. They shall be If not, a transfer correction shall be applied to
verified by ultrasonically checking the location of the compensate for differences in the surface losses and
reflectors in the reference block. material attenuation. Simple methods are proposed
in prEN 583-2.
7.3 Amplification
For certain objects of complex shape, coated objects,
The amplification and pulse energy settings shall be
austenitic steel objects, etc., it can be difficult, or even
made using the echoes from artificial reflectors, or
impossible, to develop an industrial method of
from the opposite surface of the reference block or the
equivalence verification. If so, a specific procedure
examination object. They shall be adequate to:
shall be implemented.
Ð detect all the imperfections from which the signal
For the examination of specific products of relatively
exceeds the recording level or other signals of
low thickness, or whose attenuation is known to be
interest defined in the referencing documents;
negligible, transfer correction is possibly not necessary.
Ð evaluate all the imperfection indications, or other
signals of interest, by one of the methods described
in the relevant standard or by any other methods 9 Examination
described in detail specifications associated with the
9.1 Examination coverage
product to be examined.
I Scanning shall be carried out in accordance with the
SThe amplification settings can be different during the
Bexamination for detection, and during evaluation. requirements of the referencing document(s). These
) requirements shall include the area to be scanned and
c( For the detection of imperfections by manual
, examination, the setting shall be such that all signals the scanning direction, and can include the type, size,
y frequency and beam angle of the probe(s) to be used.
pabove the evaluation level, up to the maximum range
o
Cunder examination, are displayed at a minimum of 20 % 9.2 Overlap and scanning speed
dfull screen height or as specified in the reference 9.2.1 Overlap
ell documents. Methods of setting sensitivity are described
o
rt in prEN 583-2.
For a 100 % examination, the interval between two
n successive scan lines shall not be greater than the
o7.4 Pulse repetition frequency 26 dB beam width at any depth within the
c
nWhen adjustable, the pulse repetition frequency should examination volume.
Ube sufficiently high to ensure adequate screen
, 9.2.2 Scanning speed
3brightness and to detect all relevant signals, whilst
0being sufficiently low to avoid the production of ghost The choice of scanning speed shall take into
0
2echoes when working on long path lengths particular consideration the pulse repetition frequency and the
y in low attenuation materials (see also 9.2.2). ability of the operator to recognize or of the
a
instrument to record signals.
M
0 In semi-automatic or automatic examination, the
38 Preparation for examination maximum scanning speed (Vmax) is determined by the
,r
e8.1 Surface preparation passage of a reference block beneath the probe, or is
wAll scanning surfaces shall be free from dirt, loose calculated from the following equation:
o
Pscale, weld spatter etc., and shall be of sufficiently
nuniform contour and smoothness that satisfactory d 3frep
e Vmax = (mm/s)
n
dacoustic coupling can be maintained. In addition, such
wfeatures of the surface of the object that may give rise where
o
Hto errors of interpretation shall be removed prior to d is the minimum beam width at 26 dB, in
, examination (see prEN 583-2).
e millimetres (mm) as applicable for the
e examination;
g8.2 Identification and datum points
a
Where the reporting of imperfections or other local frep is the pulse repetition frequency in hertz (Hz);
M
features is a requirement of the referencing n is the number of consecutive signals of an
mdocument(s), each object to be examined shall be
o indication before alarm.
Tuniquely identified and an agreed method of
:
y referencing shall be used to clearly locate the position
pof any reportable imperfection. This method can be
o
Cbased on the provision of suitably permanent datum
dpoints, or on the use of suitable geometrical features.
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EN 583-1:1998

9.3 Evaluation and recording levels Ð description of examination equipment;

The evaluation and recording levels are defined in Ð environmental conditions;
relevant standards. When these levels are not defined, Ð calibration and settings;
the values applied during the examination shall be
Ð scanning plan;
included in the examination report.
Ð description and sequence of examination
9.3.1 Pulse echo technique operations;
If the amplitude of an echo exceeds the evaluation Ð evaluation and recording levels;
level, the signal shall be evaluated against the
Ð characterization of imperfections;
acceptance criteria.
Ð acceptance criteria;
9.3.2 Transmission technique
Ð examination report.
If the amplitude of the transmitted signal is below the
A product standard, or a standard describing a specific
evaluation level, the signal shall be evaluated against
technique, can serve as an examination procedure if it
the acceptance criteria.
is self-sufficient with respect to the examination. If
referencing documents require a written examination
10 Characterization of imperfections procedure, it shall include at least the above
information.
10.1 Pulse echo technique
The imperfections are characterized by at least:
12 Examination report
Ð their location in the object (x, y and z
I co-ordinates); The examination report shall contain at least the
S following information:
B Ð their reflectivity determined by measuring the
) maximum amplitude of the echo by one of the a) identification of the manufacturer, and/or the
c( order;
, methods described in prEN 583-2.
y b) complete identification of the examined object;
p Supplementary characteristics can also be determined,
o such as: c) place of examination;
C
d Ð orientation; d) state of examination object;
ell Ð size determined by 6 dB drop technique, or other e) identification of the examination equipment used;
o
rt probe movement techniques; f) reference to contractual documents
n
o Ð planar or non-planar characteristic. (standards etc.);
c
n 10.2 Transmission techniques g) reference to the examination procedure;
U
, The imperfections are characterized by at least: h) name, qualification and signature of the examiner
3 or any other responsible for the examination;
0 Ð their position in the object (x and y co-ordinates);
0 i) date of examination;
2 Ð the maximum reduction of the transmitted signal.
y j) results of examination and evaluation;
a Supplementary characteristics can also be determined
M such as the extent of the area of reduced signals. k) any deviation from the procedure.
0
3
,r
e 11 Examination procedure
w For any ultrasonic examination an examination
o
P procedure shall be established. In addition to the
n requirements stated in this general standard, at least
e the following details shall be included, as applicable:
d
w Ð description of the products to be examined;
o
H Ð reference documents;
,
e Ð qualification and certification of examination
e
g personnel;
a
M Ð state of examination object;
m Ð examination zones;
o
T Ð preparation of scanning surfaces;
:
y Ð coupling medium;
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EN 583-1:1998

Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or other
provisions of EU directives.
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association and supports essential requirements or provisions of EU Directive 97/23/EC
of 29 May 1997:
Compliance with the tests described in this European Standard provides, for the fabricant of pressure equipment,
one means to demonstrate that the equipment is conforming with the following Essential Requirements or
Provisions of the Directive concerned.

Table ZA.1 Ð Correspondence between this European Standard and Pressure Equipment
Directive (PED)
Clause/Sub-clause of EN 583-1 Essential requirements or provisions Qualifying remarks/notes
of Directive: Pressure equipment
Article 3, Qualification and Annex I, 3.1.3 Non-destructive
certification of personnel tests
All articles Annex I, 3.1 Manufacturing
procedures
Annex I, 3.2.1 Final inspection
I
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