Most Essential Learning Competencies INTRODUCTION

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES 1. Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and
solids

OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 2. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces
3. Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of
intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity,
Wingilou H. Candelario vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of vaporization
4. Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and
intermolecular forces
5. Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids
6. Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide

The kinetic molecular theory of solids and liquids

Criteria Solid Liquid
Particle Arrangement

Movement -Very strong Forces of Attraction -Strong Forces of Attraction

-Particle are not free to move -Particle are able to slide past one
-vibrate in fixed positions another
Density Very High High
Diffusibility Very High High
Compressibility Least compressible Slightly compressible
Volume and Shape Has fixed volume and shape - Assumes the shape of the
container it occupies
- Has fixed volume
Thermal Expansibility Expands slightly when heated - Expands slightly when heated
Thermal expansibility

I. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES Dispersion Forces

Question
• Intramolecular force –keeps molecules/compounds
together.
•Which state of matter posses the strongest • Intermolecular force – attractive force between molecules.
intermolecular force? Very weak and negligible? Responsible for keeping matter in solid or liquid phase.
•What are the three types of bonding? • Intramolecular forces are stronger than intermolecular
force.
A. Dispersion Forces
London dispersion
At this point, the
• Boiling point of Noble gases increases as one goes from top to bottom forces are
centers of positive
of the periodic table. Dispersion forces increase with increasing temporary
and negative
atomic size. attraction forces
charges do not
• The net overall charge of the atom is zero and there is no separation that result when the
coincide. This
of charges because the electron cloud is symmetrical. But there are electrons in two
temporary dipole
times when this symmetry is lost, resulting in a temporary separation adjacent atoms
can induce the
of charges or temporary dipole. occupy positions
formation of dipole
• Temporary dipole results from a shift in the position of the electrons that make the atoms
on a neighboring
where one end becomes more negative causing the other end to be form a temporary
atom.
more positive. At this point, the centers of positive and negative dipole.
charges do not coincide.

As the molar mass

Questions
B. Dipole-Dipole Forces
or atomic size
increases, • Covalent compounds can be classified as nonpolar or polar.
1. How to identify the net overall charge of the • A Polar molecule is formed when there is an uneven sharing
dispersion forces atom?
increase because 2. Can net overall charge reach zero?
of electrons between two atoms.
more dipoles can 3. What is the relationship of London dispersion
be induced in force (attractive force) and temporary dipole?
larger substances. 4. When did positive and negative charges not
The greater the coincide?
number of dipoles, 5. Are Dispersion forces occur in polar or non-
the greater the polar molecules?
dispersion forces.

B. Dipole-Dipole Forces B. Dipole-Dipole Forces

• The more • A non-polar molecule results when the electronegativity
electronegative difference between two atoms is less than or equal to 0.4
atom becomes the molecule is symmetrical in shape.
partially • The polar molecule is unsymmetrical since electronegativity
negative and difference is greater than 0.4.
the less
electronegative
atom is partially
positive.
Electronegativity Table
Sample Computation of B. Dipole-Dipole Forces
Electronegativity Difference • HCl forms a dipole because the Chlorine is more
electronegative than the hydrogen. Hydrogen becomes
more partially positive and is attracted to partial negative
oxygen of another molecule. This results to a dipole-dipole
interaction between molecules of a polar substance.
B. Dipole-Dipole Forces
• The Dipole-dipole forces are strong because of the
attraction of opposite charges that are permanent within
the entire substance.

• An Ion-dipole is formed
Questions C. Ion-Dipole Forces C. Ion-Dipole Forces between a positive ion-
surrounded by the
• An Ion-dipole intermolecular force of attraction results from the negative end of a
1. Can Dipole-dipole interaction happen interaction between an ion and a polar molecule. neighboring molecule.
through non-polar or polar molecules? • The Ion-dipole attraction becomes stronger when the charge on the ion Sodium ion is
increases and when the magnitude of the dipole becomes stronger. surrounded by the
2. Is Cl2 symmetrical or unsymmetrical? partial negative end of
3. Is H2O symmetrical or unsymmetrical? oxygen in water. The
Chlorine ion is
4. What is the difference between London surrounded by the
dispersion force and Dipole-Dipole partial positive end of
force? Hydrogen in a
neighboring water
molecule.

Questions: D. Hydrogen bond The partial negative oxygen is

bonded to a partial positive
• It consist of a high partial positive charge on hydrogen hydrogen of a neighboring
• Which has stronger ion-dipole forces between CaCl and a large partial negative charge for the more water molecule.
and KCl? electronegative atom.
• In Ionic compound, which possess more positive • Because of the very large dipole produced between the
charges? Why? hydrogen atom of one molecule and the F, N, O of
This shows the difference
• Which element of Ionic compound is attractive to another molecule, a special name is given to this kind of between a covalent bond
Oxygen of water? force – Hydrogen bond. formed within a molecule and a
hydrogen bond formed
between two molecules.
 IMF of Nature of Interaction Strength
Questions: Attraction
Ion-dipole Interaction of an ion with the charge end of Strong
another molecule.
• Is hydrogen bond a dipole-dipole?
Hydrogen bond A special type of dipole-dipole formed between a Medium
partially positive hydrogen and a neighboring
molecule with a partially negative oxygen. This is
true for substance containing N-H, O-H, and H-F.
Dipole-dipole An interaction between two polar molecules Weak
other than N-H, O-H, and H-F.
Dispersion An interaction between molecules with Very Weak
forces temporary dipoles.

B. Properties of Liquids and

Intermolecular Forces