Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF BOHOL

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
STEM

Quarter 1 – Week 1 (Day 2)

Name of Learner : ___________________________________________

Learning Content : Types of Intermolecular Forces

Learning Competency : Describe and differentiate the types of
intermolecular forces
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100)
Learning Objective : Determine the various intermolecular forces and the
factors that affect their strengths
Materials : Images, Diagram
References :
Copyright : For classroom use only.
Non-DepEd owned
Concept Notes:
 Intermolecular Forces
are attractive forces that act
between molecules or
particles in the solid or liquid
states. Generally, these
attractive forces are much
weaker than bonding forces.
Figure 1. Intramolecular forces keep a molecule intact. Intermolecular forces
hold
multiple molecules together and determine many of a substance’s properties.

The different types of intermolecular forces are the following:

I. London Dispersion forces – these forces of attraction result from temporary
dipole moments induced in ordinarily nonpolar molecules.
 These forces are present between all types of molecules due to the
movement of electrons.
 As electrons move around the nucleus, an uneven distribution causes
momentary charge separations. Slightly positive sides of a molecule are
attracted to the slightly negative sides of the adjacent molecule.
 An Illustration of London Dispersion Forces using Helium atoms (2
electrons)

Figure 2. London
dispersion forces
between helium atoms.

II. Dipole-dipole
forces are attractive forces between polar
molecules (molecules that possess
dipole moments).

Figure 3. Attractive Dipole-Dipole Interactions.

In polar molecules the electrons are unevenly distributed because some elements
 are more electronegative than others. The partial negative side of one molecule is
attracted to the partial positive side of another molecule.
 This type of force is stronger than the dispersion forces because polar
molecules have a permanent uneven distribution of electrons. The nature
of attraction is electrostatic and can be understood in terms of Coulomb’s
law: The larger the dipole moment, the stronger the attraction.
III. Hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between the
hydrogen atom in a polar bond, such as N‒H, O‒H, or F‒H, and an
electronegative O, N, or F atom.
 Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are particularly strong.
 The interaction is written as A ‒ H ••• B or A ‒ H ••• A
A and B represent O, N, or F; A ‒ H is one molecule or part of a
molecule and A or B is a part of another molecule; the dotted line
represents the hydrogen bond.
 Examples of hydrogen bonding in water (H2O), ammonia (NH3) and
hydrogen fluoride (HF):
 Factors Affecting Strength of Intermolecular Forces
Melting points and boiling points of substances can be used as
indicators of strength of intermolecular forces operating in given solids and
liquids.
When a solid melt, or a liquid boil, the particles move away from each other.
As they do, intermolecular forces of attraction are broken. The stronger the
intermolecular forces to be broken, the larger the amount of energy needed to
break them, hence, the higher the melting point for solid to liquid
transformation, and boiling point for liquid to gas transformation.

Activity/Exercises:
Determine the Intermolecular Forces in a Substance by filling in the diagram.
Keywords are: H- bonding, dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces