G) رGذ FNF ا.F7.G FG6 F .Xد.. .ر..n ت7ال䑅') /اه6 (/ل䐣'J ةغFF' ف䅊 ب⡊ر?F' ةNGNF?.:77n اغFF' ل䑅' F. ةGو7و:F

NGF?F' //.F'J P‫ا‬F F F?F' GNF?.
F' )1'2J
*1‫ا‬N. - HJ‫د‬F. F.' ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬.
‫ة‬Fg6F' ‫ر‬7F ‫ة‬F/FG
‫ب‬⡊‫?ر‬F' (/‫ل‬䐣'J ‫غة‬WFF' H'‫د‬NG
‫ب‬⡊‫?ر‬F' (/‫ل‬䐣'J ‫غة‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ت‬7‫لا‬䑅' )/‫ها‬6 FNF *‫ا‬.F7.G FG6 F.‫د‬X . .‫ر‬.n. )‫ر‬G‫ذ‬G
*‫غا‬FF' ‫ة‬NGNF?. :77n
:FF. ‫ة‬G‫و‬7‫لو‬䑅'
:0‫ا‬.7‫ل‬䐣' G'‫ر‬6+ :‫ي‬䩆..F‫ا‬7F' /'‫?د‬+

‫د‬F‫ا‬. L‫د‬F‫ا‬. ./ F‫ا‬G) 4‫ا‬.7 ➢
‫ة‬N‫د‬F‫ا‬. ‫د‬N‫ر‬F ➢
‫ة‬6F‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅' ‫ة‬Fn '‫ا‬6?)
‫ا‬7N‫ئ‬1 PgN. ‫ة‬.‫ا‬7 ./

'1‫ر‬FGJ ‫ا‬G‫ر‬6G ‫د‬F‫ا‬. L‫د‬F‫ا‬. ./
FJ) 6F‫ا‬FG H‫ا‬GNF7 ‫ي‬䩆7/F. ./
2022-2021:FFF FG'‫لو‬䑅' I1443-1442:‫ة‬N?G‫ا‬n' ‫ة‬F7F'

‫شكر وتقدير‬
.ÿ‫ك‬䍅F/2F' ‫⩅ت‬1G6 ‫♆ئ‬F‫و‬Ā GN‫ن‬䘲‫ت‬. ‫ك‬䍅‫م‬䔭 ‫ف‬䅊 H.‫ ?ز و‬F‫و‬F.
...HG?F' '0G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ن'♊ئ‬䙇' 1‫ ''ث‬O?
//‫ب‬F' '0G G'o' ‫ف‬䅊 G‫ و?ون‬P GF‫ي‬G‫ تو‬O? H.‫ ?ز و‬౫残 /‫ و ''ⵅح‬1G6''
1G6F' HN‫بز‬⠬ G.‫ ''تو‬gG
‫شف‬㐱G' 0'‫ ت‬7F' ' O' 1N/F‫ت‬F'‫ و‬H'F.G‫ل‬䑎‫و‬
‫ل‬䐯'. N‫ل‬䐯'.
/1G0G' G0G /'/?' ‫ف‬䅊 P H‫ ?و‬H‫ض‬G'' 0‫كن‬䌧 ‫⩊ت‬F' /NGF?F' ‫'⨧ت‬O.‫ تو‬O?
/11FG' /6F'FG' /Fn 1G6'' H'' G'FG' '0G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ن‬䙊‫وت‬GN g gG
.'‫ب‬⡇'/'‫ و‬/N.1?F' /‫غ‬FF' G7F /0‫'ت‬7'' G‫و‬
'‫دا‬FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF‫إه‬
:O' '0G N‫ع‬㥅 /1o N/G''
،P NF‫ي‬FF' ‫ع‬㥅‫ل‬䐯' H‫ك‬䌧‫ و‬/'NF' G0G ‫ف‬䅊 P '/F 7 H‫ك‬䌧 HG
.‫ه‬䝅'?1‫ و‬౫残 GG>G/ ‫و'⩊ت‬.'' ‫و⩊ت و‬.g 1N/F‫ت‬F'‫ و‬G'‫⨱ت‬/‫ل‬䑎 GG HG'' HG
/‫ ⶊح‬/‫ ''ⵅح‬/‫'ص‬.‫⩊ت و‬F‫ ?'ئ‬G O'‫و‬
0'‫غ‬FF' /N‫ي‬䩅F?‫⨱ت ت‬7'G /?G/ ‫♊ئ‬gG2‫⩊ت و‬0‫'ت‬7'' G O'
‫ي⩊ت‬䨱7G ‫ف‬䅊 /N?. ‫ ''و‬.N1F HG ‫ن‬䙊/?'7‫ن و‬䙊‫ع‬㥅/ 7‫ش‬㐮 G O'
./N 7'1‫ل‬䐯'
?G'FF' G?F' ‫ن‬䙊‫ي‬FF‫ف ت‬䅊 H‫ض‬GF' GG H‫ك‬䌧 HG
'‫دا‬FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF‫إه‬
:O' '0G N‫ع‬㥅 /1o N/G''
،P NF‫ي‬FF' ‫ع‬㥅‫ل‬䐯' H‫ك‬䌧‫ و‬/'NF' G0G ‫ف‬䅊 P '/F 7 H‫ك‬䌧 HG
‫ ي‬6 ‫ن‬䙊G '0.''N G‫شء و‬㑊 G ‫ن‬䙊'/FG HG
O? ‫ن‬䙊'?‫ش‬㐬‫ و‬،‫شف‬㐱F'‫ و‬/G?F' O? ‫ن‬䙊'N.1 HG
.G?‫ت‬F'‫ و‬G?F' ./
gG1‫ع‬㥅 ‫ف‬䅊 ౫残 F'‫ي ''ط‬䩆‫ي‬䩅1GF' N‫ل‬䐯'‫و‬
P ౫残 GG'/'' ‫وⱊج‬2 O'
.‫ه‬䝅'?1‫ و‬౫残 GG>G/ ‫و'⩊ت‬.'' ‫و⩊ت و‬.g 1N/F‫ت‬F'‫ و‬G'‫⨱ت‬/‫ل‬䑎 GG HG'' HG
0'‫غ‬FF' /N‫ي‬䩅F?‫⨱ت ت‬7'G /?G/ ‫♊ئ‬gG2‫⩊ت و‬0‫'ت‬7'' G O'
‫ي⩊ت‬䨱7G ‫ف‬䅊 /N?. ‫ ''و‬.N1F HG ‫ن‬䙊/?'7‫ن و‬䙊‫ع‬㥅/ 7‫ش‬㐮 G O'
./N 7'1‫ل‬䐯'
?G'FF' G?F' ‫ن‬䙊‫ي‬FF‫ف ت‬䅊 H‫ض‬GF' GG H‫ك‬䌧 HG
‫ة‬FF F F G‫د‬FF F F F FG
‫ة‬G‫د‬FG
:‫ة‬G‫د‬FG
G 7G ‫ي ا‬䩆7GGO G GGp ‫ن‬䘧G 7GG ‫ ا‬7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ي‬䩆GG7G FGG 7o7 gFGGFo7 gGG G‫ا‬o7 7F‫ا‬GGo7 ‫ ا‬gGG7(
: ?( ‫ا‬G 7‫ا‬Go7 ‫ب‬/O o& gG7
‫ي‬䩆?G7. o‫ل‬Go ، G ‫ ا‬G7 ‫ا‬GG7 ‫ا‬p GG G G 7?Go7 G 7G?o7 ‫ ل‬gGGG7 ‫ا‬GFF?o7 GN‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ?.
‫و‬GG G o7 .G‫ا‬GG GF ‫ ا‬، G G 77 o7 ‫ا‬GG G‫ن‬GG‫ا‬FG N‫ا‬GG G'G'7 g GGG GF. ‫ ل‬GN‫و‬GG GGo7 F‫ا‬GG Go7 O' ‫ا‬GG GG 7 G GN‫?(و‬o7 G GG‫>و‬F 7
.G‫ا‬GF 7 ، G o' GGGGF. F‫ل‬Go7 FGGG67 ‫ا‬G.‫ ا‬GG7 'G7/ 7‫و‬G/G. GF ?G ?G ‫ا و‬G'7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G O‫ب‬. ./‫ب‬O
‫ا‬G'G ?N7 GGo7 F 7‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬o ‫و‬GG gG ( 7G ،‫ا‬o ‫ا‬/‫أ‬G. ‫ا نا‬/‫ؤ‬. ‫و‬GG g ‫ن‬䘧 G 7G6G. g ?GG 97‫'و‬
FGG ‫ا‬G 7 GG' gGGGN 7N7‫ا‬G.' NGG/N ‫ا‬GG GGGG ?N7 GGo7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 ،‫ا‬GG GGG' ‫ب‬/Go7 GGGG7?o7 'GG'‫'ا‬7 G/o
G G 7?Go7 G 7G?o7 ‫ا‬GG/' 7 G GG7 FGG '/ ‫ ل‬G‫ا‬GG7. G F ?G FGG 7‫ا‬7 N‫ا‬GGFN F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬FG G G F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F 7 G ? ‫ب‬7
. G7?Go7
‫ا‬GG ‫ا‬G‫ن‬FG 9‫و‬GG‫ و‬7 7‫ل‬GG G 77 o ‫ا‬GFG? G‫با‬G '‫ا‬GFG ‫ا‬GG' ، GO G/‫ب‬o7 7‫ ل‬7‫ ا‬GN7 7GN G
.GG‫و‬G‫و‬G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬G ‫نا‬FG n76 ‫و‬G
‫ا'ا و ل‬o7 gG ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 F‫ 'و‬F.6o7 ‫ا>ب‬o7 g‫ و‬7 :‫ة‬N.'‫ذ‬F' (‫ا‬.7‫ل‬䐣' ❖
‫ا‬GG 6G'g7 FGG 7/Go7 'GG . ،g G G7?Go7 9‫ا‬GG /7 ‫ ل‬G G?o7 ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G G G7‫'ب‬G ‫ا‬GG F'‫ 'و‬G G G7?Go7 G G G 7?Go7 G 7G?o7
‫ا‬GG 7 G 7/ ?N7 G Go7 ‫ا‬GG/ ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G ‫ا‬GGG‫ا‬/ ?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G G N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GGF 7 ‫ا‬GG/ ‫ي‬䩆GG7G ‫و‬GG7‫و‬o7
.G 77 o7
‫‌أ‬
‫ة‬G‫د‬FG
9‫و‬GG G‫و‬G' ?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 G 77 o‫ل‬GG' 9‫و‬GG G‫و‬G' .G‫ا‬GGF 7 G 77 .GGo :‫ة‬N?‫و‬FF6‫لو‬䑅' (‫ا‬.FF7‫ل‬䐣' ❖
.g‫ن‬F ( /‫أ‬Go7 77 o G7 9‫و‬G‫و‬G' g‫ن‬F ( N(‫ا‬o7 7 /‫ب‬o7 7‫ل‬G FFN 7G ‫ا‬N&
?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G G /N o7 G N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GG F 7 GG/N ? G G G N / ‫ ل‬G 77 o7 7‫ل‬GGG G / 7GGGG.
.F‫?(و‬o7 ‫ ا‬7 ‫ي‬䩆7G
G o7 ?GG G7 .G‫ا‬GGF 7 97‫و‬G' O' ‫ا‬GG/Go7 ‫ا‬/N GG ‫ 'ا‬G7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫و‬GG‫ن‬FG G N / :O' G 77 o7 Go
.‫ نا‬7G O‫ب‬.
?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 97‫و‬G ' G N / O' ‫ا‬GGGg/.7‫ا‬N‫و‬/. gGGGN NGG ' .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫و‬GGGG G N / o‫ل‬GG'
76‫ا‬GG G ‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬/ ‫ ا‬o‫ا‬GGG ' g ‫ن‬䘧 G G ‫ا‬GG 7 ‫ا‬GG F// 9‫و‬GG G‫و‬G ‫و‬7GGG 7 G 7 ، G /N o7 G N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GG F / ‫ا‬GG G‫ا‬/N ? G G
FGG 7‫ا‬/( G F'' 76‫ا‬GG G G‫ا‬GG G‫ا‬N‫و‬/. .G‫ا‬GG F 7 N‫ا‬GG F( gGG N NGG ' G G . ‫و‬GG G G7‫ 'و‬GGG G ‫ا‬GG G G.‫ن‬FGG / G F''
G /N o7 N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F / ‫ا‬/‫أ‬G. N ' F 7‫ا‬/o7 .‫ا‬G 97‫ 'و‬GG‫ا‬G G?N7 Go7
GG 'G : ‫ا‬GGo7 ‫و‬G/Fo7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G .G'‫ 'ا‬G/N 9‫ا‬G‫ب‬.‫ا ع‬GFG7 GG ‫ا‬/ 7 ‫ ا‬o‫ا‬GG g7 7‫ل‬GG ‫ي‬䩆7G (‫ا‬.go
G ‫ ا‬G7 g G‫ا‬GF 7 7GG G7/ G ‫ا‬FGG‫ا‬G G ‫ ا‬g G‫ا‬GFG F7‫و‬GF?( N GG ‫ن‬䘧o .‫ا‬FG‫و‬GG‫ و‬7 G ‫ن‬o ‫ا‬G‫ا ن‬G'6
:‫ا‬O‫ا‬FG 7N‫ا‬FFG O' 7‫ا‬FG77
..‫ن‬F 7 ‫نو‬FG:gJ)
.?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ‫نو‬FG:‫ا‬NF/
O' 7‫ا‬FGGG77 ‫ا‬GGG‫ا‬N‫و‬/. ،‫ا‬GGGF‫ا‬F( ?GG ،‫ا‬GGo ‫و‬GG ،‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G7‫ ' 'و‬G/N o7 G N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GGF 7 :F7‫و‬G F?( F GF
:‫ا‬O‫ا‬FG ?(7
‌‫ب‬
‫ة‬G‫د‬FG
..G‫ا‬F 7 97‫ 'و‬:gJ)
..G‫ا‬F 7 ‫و‬GG:‫ا‬NF/
..G‫ا‬F 7 N‫ا‬F( ? :‫ا‬/F/
..G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/.:‫?ا‬.'1
7‫ا‬FGG77 G/N o7 GN‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GF / ‫ا‬GG‫ا‬/N ? GG ?N7 GGo7 FG 7‫ا‬7 :F7‫و‬GF?( F‫ 'ا‬N‫ا‬/o7 FFo7 ‫ا‬G
:‫ا‬O‫ا‬FG 7o O'
.N‫'ا‬og7 'N‫ا‬7:gJ)
. 67‫ا‬F 7 'N‫ا‬7:‫ا‬NF/
.N‫ا‬F'G g7 'N‫ا‬7:‫ا‬/F/
. FG6 7 G 'N‫ا‬7:‫?ا‬.'1
‫ا‬G‫ن‬ GO7 Go‫ا ا‬GF// ‫ا‬GFGGN GNG7 ‫ ل‬G/N o7 N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F / ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬/N ? G :‫ا‬7G‫ا‬.
. 77 o7 7‫ل‬G ‫ نا ل‬o' ‫ا‬F7O‫و‬. o7 . ‫ا‬GFo7 gG
.‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ا ن‬GG FN 7 ‫ا‬GG F'G GGG 7 7/Go7 GFGG O‫و‬o7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 7‫ا‬GG GN7 9‫و‬GG G‫ و‬7 7‫ل‬GG G G 77 .GG 6G77 G 7
.‫' ا‬7'G7
G‫ب‬G FGFo ،‫ا‬Go‫ب 'ا‬/. ‫نا‬G7 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬GO‫ا‬FG G 77 o7 .G‫ا‬GF 7 :‫ا‬G‫ن‬/ FG.7‫ا‬G 7 ‫ا‬FG g ‫ن‬䘧 ?( ‫ا‬F?G 7 ‫ا‬G'
.‫ي‬䩆F/FG Go7
‌‫ج‬
‫ة‬G‫د‬FG
‫ا‬GGFG 7G( G GGp gG ‫'ا‬o7 gG ‫ا‬7 7G( G ' ،g‫ا‬GO‫ ?ا‬7 G ‫?ا‬o7 ‫ا‬GN‫ا‬F 7 N‫و‬GG ‫ ل‬G 77 o7 .G‫ا‬GF 7
.F7G
G ‫?ب‬o .GG G‫ا‬F 7 g GGG F. ،GGG ‫ا‬G GGG Gp 7‫ؤ‬G Fo ،‫ا‬GG o‫ا‬G >F. ‫ا‬G‫ا‬GG O‫ا‬FG ،‫نا‬GG 7 ،‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬G‫نو‬FG .G‫ا‬GG F 7
.G‫ا‬GGF 7 g G7‫ا‬G (' G 7N G G‫ا‬Fo ، G 77 o7 .G‫ا‬GGF 7 ‫ ا ل‬G ‫ا‬ G‫ا‬GG G Go7 G ‫ب‬G 7GG7G G Go7
.G7 'o7 G‫و‬N .‫? ا‬N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7
:‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F' *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' -
: 77 o7 7‫ل‬G .'‫ب‬ o7 ‫ ا‬77 o7 ( 7G

GFFo7 G( ?N7 GGo7 F 7‫ا‬/o .‫و‬o‫و و‬ 77 " F7‫و‬F?( FG ‫و‬7. ‫ نا‬G ‫ا‬7 G‫ب‬o‫ا‬/7o 77
gGG 7G ?GG ‫ ا‬7 g ‫نا‬GG G Fo g‫ل'ا‬GG G " G F7'/ NGG ‫و‬G 7 g G 7?Go7 g6‫ا‬GGG G G 7 7/ G 77 ".G‫ا‬GGF 7 F‫و‬GG(?o7
G 7G?o7 ‫ ل‬F‫و‬GG(?o7 F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F 7 ‫ا‬GG/ " F7‫و‬GF?( N‫ا‬G G GN‫ و‬G G'7 F‫ا‬GG?( G‫ب‬o‫ا‬GG/o G 77 "F‫و‬GG(?o7 9‫ا‬GGGG.g7
." ' ‫ب‬/. ‫ا' ا‬7o 7F. ? ‫ا‬G g‫ل'ا‬G " ‫ا‬.6‫و‬G 7G‫ا‬p7 F77o "G 7 G(g7 7‫و‬/o7 G7?Go7
:*‫ب‬⠧‫?و‬7F' -
GG/N .GGo ‫أ‬F. Go7 FGG.7‫ ا‬7 7 ‫ا‬GGF 7 7GG'' 7‫ل‬GGG ‫ا‬GGF// FFGGN ‫ا‬GGFG‫ن‬.7 Go7 /‫?و‬GGFo7 G( 7GGG
.g‫ا‬G 7G ‫ا‬/' /‫ب‬o7 /N >. N ?. O' ‫ا‬/G7 ‫ا‬G ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ‫ي‬䩆7G /N o7 N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7
‫ا‬GGF// ‫ا ل‬GGF' 77 F‫ل‬GGo7 ‫ا‬GG6 7 6‫ا‬GGG 'o F‫ا‬GGFGGg7 ‫ا‬GGG6o7 N G'. ‫ي‬䩆GG7F' F 7GGG' g GGNG7 ‫ل‬
‫ن‬䘧 GG G ?‫ب‬o7 'GN‫'ا‬o7 7GG /‫ب‬o7 7‫ل‬G ‫ا‬o' ‫ل‬ G‫ ا‬7G ' ‫و‬G ‫ا‬/O 7 ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬//FG ‫ا‬Fo F‫'ا‬
.‫ا‬F7F' 7G o‫ا ل‬F7 F' ‫?ا‬o7 n7 7G F ‫و‬. o‫ا ل‬F‫ب‬O F‫ إ‬،g G‫ا‬7 7 N ‫ا‬Fo
2022/06/10 : ‫و‬N ‫و‬/
F‫ا‬G& :‫با‬
N o‫ا‬N N‫ا‬7
‫‌د‬
FFF F F F.‫د‬FF FG
.‫ن‬F 7 ‫نو‬FG: 'g
?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ‫نو‬FG: ‫' ا‬/
F.‫لد‬䑅'
‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7) GNG‫ا‬GG :F.‫د‬G
.‫ه‬F‫ل‬䑅' G‫هو‬GG :gJ)
7‫و‬/. N7GN7 ' ، ‫ا‬. o7 ‫ ا‬7o7 FGN/ N7G. .‫ن‬F 7 ‫ نا‬7GGN o7 g G‫ا‬F 7 ?G.
. N o7 N 'o7 ( .‫ن‬F 7 ‫نو‬FG
‫ا‬F ( ‫ا‬/G7 ‫ا‬G' 7‫ا‬O F‫ب ا‬G 7 /G ،FN‫ا‬/o7 .' « G‫?ا‬o7 F‫ا‬7o ‫ ل‬N‫ا‬. :‫غة‬F .‫ه‬F‫ل‬䑅' G‫هو‬GG )1
7‫ا‬G 7 ‫ ب‬.G' 7‫ل‬o7 7( N‫و‬N :F‫ا‬7 »FN‫ا‬/o7 .' ،.‫ن‬F ‫ 'ا‬:.‫ن‬FG' .‫ن‬FG ‫ب‬ g 7 /GF(
N
V V ‫ك‬䍅V FV GV 'NFVF?N .N G
.2ÿ'.'N VVGV ‫و‬N /N?‫ش‬㑐 OF FV Ā :1» N‫و‬FGo7 ‫ا « ل‬G' 7‫ا‬O :FN‫ا‬/o7 .‫ن‬FG 7 ? ?. ? 7
7‫ا‬O :FN‫ا‬/o7 .G‫ن‬FG ' /G /G .' ،F‫نا‬F 7 .‫ن‬F ‫ 'ا‬،/G7‫و‬o7 FN‫ا‬/o7« :‫غة‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 .‫ه‬FF'
3
» G77G 7 : FF ‫ ب‬FF .' ،‫ا‬G'
FN‫ا‬/o7 :F‫نا‬F 7 ،F‫با‬G ' /G :‫ا‬.‫ 'و‬/G7‫و‬o7 FN‫ا‬/o7 .'« N ‫و‬o7 gG?G ‫ ل‬N‫ا‬.
.4»/G7‫و‬o7
G7' 7G 'G6G F .Fo7 >7o7 O' OG7 ‫ ل‬curriculum .‫ن‬F 7 /7/FG F.‫ا‬N
، '‫ا‬G ‫ا‬o7 ' ‫ و‬o7 7‫و‬F'o7 ‫ا ل‬N& O' .7 7G ‫'ا‬N F‫ 'ا‬F‫ل‬o7 ، ‫با‬7o7 F7 G P?. currere
77 77‫'ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆7G .‫ن‬F 7 G7' F7' gG ،G 77 7‫'ا‬G O' ‫با‬7o7 '7/G F‫و‬/ 7G‫و‬o7 7 ‫ا‬G FG
.404 F ،1994 ،37 ،F‫ا‬F‫ب‬o ، ( ،7 ‫ا‬O 77 ،G‫?ا‬o7 F‫ا‬7o ،7‫>و‬FG 7(7- 1

.48 g ‫ ا‬7 -2
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.1656F ،2008
.957 :F ،2004 ،47 ،‫ا‬FG ، o o7 ‫ا‬6o7 ‫ب‬GGG ،N ‫و‬o7 gG?G ،g‫ا‬G‫'ا‬o/ (‫?ا‬o7 ?7o7 FGo -4
6
F.‫لد‬䑅'
F o6 O?G ،‫ا‬o O‫ا‬p7 N/p7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 ?‫و‬Gp G7Go7 P?Go o6 ?( ‫ا‬GG7 ‫ا‬GG ' o
1
?G G O' FN oG ‫ا‬Fo7 ‫نا‬G‫ن‬GFN o7 'N‫ا‬/o7 P?. OG7 F .g G7' .‫ن‬F 7
‫و‬G :‫نا‬FG ‫ 'ل'ا‬.‫ن‬F 7 G7Go GFOg7 ‫ا‬FN‫?ا‬Go7 .G‫و‬F. ?. :‫ا‬/g7+ .‫ه‬F‫ل‬䑅' G‫هو‬GG )2
7 7 N7 FG o ‫ؤ‬7G F‫و‬G. 7G ‫ا‬6. G>F. 7 7 G '. ‫ا‬G 7‫ا‬6' '

2
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7 G' ‫ ل‬g ‫و‬6F 7 G‫ا‬GG.g7 N‫?(و‬o7 7 GG7 F '/Go 7 7 ‫نا‬F>‫و‬. o7 g7 G7 ":‫و‬G
G ‫ا‬o7 7'?o7 ''7‫'و‬7 GG ،''7‫'و‬7 F / ‫ ل‬FG‫ا‬GGG ‫ا‬/ /O 7 G' g‫ ا‬/7o F‫ ا‬.G7
7‫ ل‬F7Gq 77‫نا‬G 7G ‫نا‬FG 6.GGN ‫ا‬G o‫?ا‬F'g7 G7'7 7FFo7 / /Fo7 G‫ا‬GG.g7
.3"''7‫'و‬7
g7?GG7o F‫ا‬Fo7 G/' gGN o7 ،‫نا‬7 G6. gGN o7 7‫ب‬p7 7G G‫و‬FGG G‫و‬Go " :‫ا‬6N ‫و‬G
7G 7‫ل‬G F‫و‬GN 7 ‫ب‬7/o7 ‫نا‬G7?GN ‫ا‬G ‫نا‬G ‫ا‬G' ‫>نا‬. o7 ?N7 Go7 ‫ ا‬7GG 7G6GN 7‫ل‬G ،‫ ا‬o 7 ‫ ا‬7
7‫ب‬p7 7‫ل‬G ‫ ل‬7?6N ، (?o7 o ‫ؤ‬7G G/ o7 ?‫ا‬NG7 G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫ا‬7 ‫ ؤ‬7 7 7 FFN
.4"/‫أ‬Go7 F ‫ب‬/G7o 7(‫ا‬7 '/FG F‫و‬G. F
2013 ،17 ،F 7G7 F‫ا‬GG ،N‫ا‬FO 77 ،'GGo7 7/ .G‫ا‬F 7 ،o‫ا‬G 7 G ،G ‫?ا'و‬o7 N‫ ا‬G ،PN ‫و‬o7 'G‫ا‬O ‫ا‬7G(' ، ‫>ا‬FN -1
‌ .17 F
‫ا‬6F7o ‫ا‬6o7 77 ،‫نا‬7N7 . ‫ا‬7 ‫نا‬.‫نا‬FG (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 ،G7 7‫و‬o7 G ‫با‬G ،N‫ا‬Go7 ‫ب‬G ‫ ?ا‬،GG7N o7 7G G7G 7 -2
.19 F ،2005 ،17 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GG FN8‫و‬Go7
،n‫?ا‬o7 G G7 g77 ،‫ا‬.6‫و‬G N ‫و‬G 7 7‫و‬/o7 ‫ا ل‬GF‫ا‬F( ‫نا‬7 (‫?ا‬o7 >7o G 7?Go7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ، G7‫ا( ا‬G ، ' 7 F/‫ا‬G -3
.3F ،2019-2018 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ،G‫>ا‬G7G F‫و‬FFo7 n‫?ا‬o7 G7 f7 7' ،?N / 7( Go7 ‫ب‬G ?G‫ا‬.
.4 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،‫ا‬.6‫و‬G N ‫و‬G 7 7‫و‬/o7 ‫ا ل‬GF‫ا‬F( ‫نا‬7 (‫?ا‬o7 >7o G 7?Go7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ، G7‫ا( ا‬G ، ' 7 F/‫ا‬G -4
7
F.‫لد‬䑅'
o7 G 7?Go7 F‫ا‬Fo7 7G G‫و‬GGo GF/o7 N ‫و‬. ‫'نا‬N‫ا‬7 7G gGN 7G‫ا‬ /N " :‫ا‬6N ‫و‬G
.1" 7?FG O‫ا‬N 7 G/ /‫ب‬.‫ا‬G 6N‫ا‬G 7 G F '/ ‫ي‬䩆7G G?.
‫ ل‬G7?G 7 O' '. o7 g 'o7 ( ‫ با‬7 g G‫ا‬F 7 F ‫'ا‬o7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 7G G‫و‬Go " :‫و‬G
.2"‫ا‬o777 ' w‫ا‬o7 7 7 7‫ ' ا‬./ F ?G G 7?. 7G‫ا‬G
go G‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬G‫ ل‬GFGo N‫?(و‬o7 7 ‫ ؤ‬7 ‫ &نا‬o o7 N‫?(و‬o7 7‫ب‬p7 G‫>و‬FG " : '/ ‫ا‬6N ‫?ا‬N
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، ?G G F '/ FG ‫ي‬䩆.‫ا‬N 7‫ا‬6' ' ‫و‬G .‫ن‬F 7 F/ F‫'و‬o7 7G' ‫ا‬FN‫?ا‬Go7 7‫ل‬G FFN 7G
GFGo F ‫'ا‬G ‫ا‬G‫و‬7?G N/N /6' 7‫ب‬N 7G N‫?(و‬o7 7 ‫ ؤ‬7 7 7 G '. ‫ا‬G ' ‫و‬G
.‫نا‬Go‫ا‬o g‫ ا‬o7 ‫ن‬.7‫و‬ 77‫ نا‬7 N7Gq (‫ا‬7'' ''7‫'و‬7 ‫ 'ا‬7G g7?G 7
.17 F ،2011 ،F‫ا‬GG ، G‫با‬/o7 FN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬6F7o g7 7 77 ، N‫?(و‬o7 ‫ا‬/7/F 7 G‫و و‬G ،G7G GGp-1
.33F ،2001 ،‫ا‬FG ،‫ا‬6F7o g7‫و‬FF 7 ?G‫ا‬. ،‫ا‬o‫ا‬G >F. ‫ا‬G‫ا‬O‫ا‬FG ‫نا‬7 ‫نا‬G‫نو‬FG .G‫ ا‬F 7 ،‫ي‬䩆 ‫و‬G GGGp 7‫ ؤ‬-2
g‫ل'ا‬G ،9‫ا‬G7 N 7( ‫ا‬/ ‫و‬GG g‫ل‬.‫ ا‬7G '7 G 77 6‫ا‬G G7 ‫ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆7G .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ ل‬7>Go7 ‫ا ا‬G?'7 ، G‫ا‬w‫ (و‬g ‫ا‬G -3
،F 7‫ (و‬،‫ا‬6p F ‫ن‬6o7 ?G‫ا‬. ، '‫ا‬7'g7 G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬7?o7 7' ، G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬7?o7 g77 ،? ‫ ا‬7 g ‫نا‬ Fo F‫ا‬.
.6F ،2019-2018،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7
8
F.‫لد‬䑅'
:.‫ه‬FGFF L‫د‬NFF.F' G‫هو‬G‫ل‬䑅' )3
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FN‫ا‬7 7G o6 ،go77 7 GF. g‫ ا‬/7o gG 7 G' o GF/7o 7 7 ‫نا‬G '. o7 o‫>ا‬Fo7
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‫ا‬G 7 G' FF.G 7 O‫و‬GN o7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 7G G‫و‬Go " '/ ‫ 'ا‬7 .‫ن‬F 7 ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G'
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F‫ا‬o ‫ ل‬G‫أ‬Go G8Fo7 77‫ 'ا‬7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 G‫و‬Go : ' ‫ا‬6N ‫ 'ا‬7 .‫ن‬F 7 ‫ا‬G 7
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g7‫و‬O ‫' ل‬o‫ا‬/o7 ‫ نا‬7 N o7 "7‫ا‬G G7 ،g G‫ا‬F 7 F ‫'ا‬o7 ، ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 " : '/ o6 ‫?ا‬N
.4" G 7?Go7 .G7‫ب‬o7 " " 77 o7 77‫ 'ا‬7 ":G G ( ‫نا‬G G7. ‫ي‬䩆7G /7/O 77 7‫و‬G
g ‫نا‬ Fo g‫ل'ا‬G ،‫ا‬.6‫و‬G 7G‫ا‬p7 F7o7 ،G 7 G(g7 7‫و‬/o7 G 7?Go7 7G?o7 ‫ ل‬F‫?(و‬o7 F‫نا‬F 7 ‫ا‬/ ،N‫ا‬G N‫ و‬G ، '7 F‫ (?ا‬-1
.14F ،2021-2020 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ،g‫ا‬G7( ،‫ا‬6 N G Gp ?G‫ا‬. ، >7o7 G G7 7' ، (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 G G7 g77 ? ‫ ا‬7
F.‫ا‬G ،9‫ا‬G7 N 7( ‫ا‬/ ‫و‬GG g‫ل‬.‫ ا‬7G '7 G 77 6‫ا‬G G7 ‫ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆7G .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ ل‬7>Go7 ‫ا ا‬G?'7 ، G‫ا‬w‫ (و‬g ‫ا‬G -2
.20 F ،F(‫ا‬
.22 F،2013 ،17 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GG ،FN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬6F7o .G‫ا‬F 7 77 ،?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ، /N o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ، /G G7G 77p -3
N ‫و‬G 7 g 7?Go7 g‫ل‬.‫ ا‬G 7 7/ 77 ،F‫نا‬F 7 F‫?(و‬o7 ?Fo7 ( ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬/o .‫و‬o‫ و و‬، FG ‫و‬7. ، ‫ نا‬G ‫ا‬7 -4
2020-2019 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ، F7'7 ،7‫ا و‬G Fo8 ?G‫ا‬. ، G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬7?o7 '‫ا‬7'g7 ‫و‬7?o7 7' ،9‫ا‬GG.g7 g7G g77 ، F7'/
.57F
9
F.‫لد‬䑅'
‫' ا‬/FG ‫ا‬G >F. ‫نا‬FG ' ‫ ل‬g>F. o7 ، F7G. 7 7‫و‬G7o 77 o7 77‫ 'ا‬7 7G G‫و‬Go ‫و‬G
.1" 77 o7 7‫و‬F N7Gq ‫ ل‬GF/o7 ‫ نا‬7 o
' ،?N7 Go7 7GG FFN 7G 7 7 ‫نا‬G '. o7 //. 7 7‫ب‬p7 ' ": '/ ‫ 'ا‬7 ‫ا‬G
' 7 7 G7‫ا‬G 7G 7G‫ا‬G 7 7 ‫'و‬G 7G FG ‫ي‬䩆7G g7‫ 'ا‬7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 7G G‫و‬Go
.2" 77 o7 77‫ 'ا‬7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬G‫و‬G 7G 7G6GN o7 ‫ ل‬G7Go7 ‫ نا‬7 N o7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 G‫و‬Go
F‫نا‬FG7o N 7'Go7 g‫>ا‬Fo7 F /6GN ‫ 'ا‬7 F‫نا‬F 7 ‫نو‬FG ‫ا‬G‫ا‬F‫ب‬GN o7 ‫ا‬FN‫?ا‬Go7 7‫ل‬G FFN 7G
‫ا‬/ 7N7‫و‬p F‫و‬G 7‫و‬/GG. ‫ ?ال‬7 ''‫'ا‬7 ‫و‬G N‫ا‬7'g7 ‫و‬GFo7 ''7‫و‬. 7G G7 ''‫ا‬. ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ا‬FG'.
. G 77 o7 7‫ 'ا‬7 ?‫و‬G/G' .‫ن‬F 7 ، 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 7G G‫و‬GGG' .‫ن‬F 7 '
7G FG .G' ‫ا‬G ،‫ 'ا‬7 F‫نا‬F 7 ‫نو‬F .‫ن‬. o7 7 ‫'ا‬G'g7 '‫ب‬7( :.‫ه‬FGFF /N‫د‬o' G‫هو‬G‫ل‬䑅' )4
: ‫ا‬FN‫?ا‬Go7 7‫ل‬G ( 7G /N G ‫ا‬G‫نو‬FG 7F' N‫ا(و‬. o‫ '>ا‬7‫ا‬G 7‫ >نو‬FG N‫ا(و‬. ‫ ا‬7‫ا‬G
go G‫ا‬7G F'N ‫نا‬.7‫ا‬N ‫نا‬7N7 ‫ا‬G‫ ل‬GFGo 7 7 ‫ &نا‬o o7 /6'G7 7‫ب‬p7 7G G‫و‬Go "‫و‬G
.3"g‫و'ن‬7 N ?. ‫ي‬䩆7G G‫ا‬6o7 ‫و‬GFo7 ‫ي‬䩆7G
‫نا‬.7‫ا‬N ‫نا‬7N7 7N7‫ ل و‬GFG7o 7 7 ‫ا‬G‫ ؤ‬o o7 N‫?(و‬o7 7‫ب‬p7 9‫و‬Go " ‫ا‬6N ‫و‬G
FN o7 ‫'ا‬/o7 7'?o7 ''7‫'و‬7 ‫و ل 'ا‬GFo7 F ، G‫ا‬GGG G‫و ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆7G go G‫ا‬7G N‫ (>ا‬o6
.125F ،2002 ،17 ،‫ا‬FG ،g‫ا‬G‫'ا‬o7 ،'GGo7 G‫ا‬G ، ‫ ?ا‬7 FGo ‫ ل‬F‫?(و‬o7 .‫ن‬F 7 ‫'ا‬7/FG ،g G7‫(ا‬7 ‫و‬N‫?و‬o7 ‫ب‬G F o -1
.110 F ،2014 ،17 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GG ،FN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬6Fo N‫ا‬FO 77 ،‫و‬N‫ا‬G G‫ا‬w7 F‫'ا‬7 ،‫ا‬N78 G7G ? -2
.23 F ،F(‫ ا‬F.‫ا‬G ،?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 /N o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ، /G G7G 77p -3
10
F.‫لد‬䑅'
FG ‫ا‬GF( g‫ن‬7G‫ا‬F. FGN g‫و'ن‬7 N ?. O' F ‫ؤ‬N 7‫و‬G FFo7 7FFo7 G7'7 G‫ا‬GG.g7
.1" FG6G 7G g‫نن‬.‫و‬N ‫ ا‬g‫و‬7G gG7‫ا‬GG(7 g‫?ن‬GGo g‫ن‬G& (
‫ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆F7/ 'o‫ا‬/o7 ‫نا‬7G/GN F 7 7 N/. o7 o‫?ا‬Fo7 G F 7 7p7 G‫و‬Go " :‫و‬G
' ‫ا‬FG ‫ا‬GG7G N‫'و‬. O' 'o‫ا‬/o7 g 7?. 7p7 ، ‫ا‬Fo7 ‫ا‬.‫ا‬G ( F87‫و‬. g7‫و‬F( go77 7 ? /G7.
g G‫ا‬7 7 7 ‫ا‬G‫و ا‬. o7 ‫ ا‬7‫ا‬G 7 ‫ا‬7‫ا‬6Fo7 7‫ب‬p7 F / ‫و‬G G 7?Go7 7 GG7 og (
N/q ‫و‬G ،g7?G 7 77 7 ? /G7. ‫ا‬G 6 O' g ‫و‬6F 7 G 7?Go7 ‫ا‬GGF 7 F '/ ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ب‬7/o7
? 7G 'G6G N‫'و‬. ?N7 . G 7?. 7‫ب‬N ?‫و‬Gp 7 G 7G '‫و‬GG ‫ا‬O‫ا‬FG 7G6GN F‫ا(و‬.
7 7 N7 G 7?. N77‫و‬G ‫ب' ل‬/G ?GGo g7?G / /‫ب‬.‫ا‬G ‫?ا‬G 7F' G‫ا‬GG.7 F77
.2"g7?G 7 ? o o6 F '/ ? G N‫'و‬. G7'7 '7 .‫و‬o7 7'?o7
( ‫ ?ال‬7 ''‫'ا‬7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ا‬FG'N ?N G ‫نو‬FG F .‫ن‬FG7o /N o7 ‫ا‬FN‫?ا‬Go7 7‫ل‬G FFN 7G /
N' ‫ا‬FG'N ?N G ... '‫و‬77o7 G‫ا‬GG.g7 '7 .‫و‬o7 N7‫ نا‬7 ‫ ?ا‬7 g‫ا‬67 ' G6 o F ‫و‬.
. 7 7 F7‫ا‬N ‫و‬G ‫ا‬o oG gG‫ن‬N /‫ب‬O ( 7 7 N7 ‫ي‬䩆7G
‫ا‬FG ،g‫ا‬G‫'ا‬o7 ، N‫ا‬F 7 ‫و‬7/G7 ‫ب‬GGG ،‫ا‬N‫و‬/Go7 ‫ا‬G >FGo7 ،‫ا‬O‫ا‬F?o7 ، ‫نو‬F 7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ، F 7 G GGp ، '‫و‬o7 GG7G F -1
.7-6F ،1991
،G?G‫'ا‬7 ‫ ا'و‬7 ، G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬7?o7 g77 ، ?G‫'ا‬7 ' ‫'ا‬G7 G‫بو‬/ 7 ، N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 9‫' ا‬G ‫ل‬ 7‫ا‬G‫ا‬p ، G 7G G( -2
.7 F ،2021-2020 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ،g8‫ با‬. ، G‫ا‬GG.g7 '‫ا‬7'g7 ‫و‬7?o7 ‫?ن‬G ‫ب ا‬G G7 ‫ا‬G
11
F.‫لد‬䑅'
:g‫ن‬FG FG. 7 7G /Go7 ‫ا‬7 7G .‫ن‬F 7 ‫ا‬G :‫ي‬䩆7..‫ل‬䑅' 6?. ‫د‬F? .‫ه‬F‫ل‬䑅' G‫هو‬GG )5
‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ب‬7/o7 g G‫ا‬7 7 7 ‫ا‬G‫و ا‬. o7 //. 7 7‫ب‬p7 F / " : '/ ‫ا‬G :G ‫'ا‬o7 7G F
1
.go77 7 F /G7. ‫ا‬G 6 O' g ‫و‬6F 7 G 7?Go7 . ‫ا‬GFo7 F '/
7 7 ‫نا‬G '. o7 G7?Go7 G 7?Go7 7‫ب‬p7 G‫و‬Go 7G g7‫با‬G ": '/ oF. ‫?ا (و‬N
7‫ ' ا‬./ 7G‫ ا‬/6' G>FG ‫?ا‬G FFN 7G ‫نا‬.7‫ا‬N ‫نا‬7N7 .'‫ 'ا‬N7‫نا و‬G‫ب‬7/o
.2"go‫ ا‬F.6o ‫ا‬GG7 7 G‫ا‬6o7 ‫و‬GFo7 F '/ N‫'و'نا (>ا‬. ‫ي‬䩆7G G?. ،‫ ننا‬.‫و‬.
7 7 N‫ا‬G‫ (ا‬gG. o7 ‫ ا‬7G?o7 Gw7 >o7 Gw‫ا‬o7 ?‫و‬Go7 ": '/ ‫ ?ا‬DOll F ‫ا‬G
3
."g‫ن‬Fo7 ‫ ?ا‬7 ‫ ا‬FN 7G GF/o7 '7GGN
'‫و‬GG ‫ا‬O‫ا‬FG 7G6GN F‫ا(و‬. N/q ": '/ g G7‫ '(ا‬GGp ‫ب ا‬G g ‫?ا‬ F g ‫و‬. ‫ا‬G 7
G‫ا‬GG.7 ، F77 ? 7G 'G6G N‫'و‬. ،?N7 . ، G 7?. 7‫ب‬N ،?‫و‬Gp 7 G 7G
./ ‫نا‬.7‫ا‬N ، 7 7 N7 G 7?. N77‫و‬G ‫ ل‬F‫ب‬/. ?GGo g7?G / /‫ب‬.‫ا‬G ‫?ا‬G ، 7F'
G7'7 ، 7'?o7 ‫'بنا‬7‫و‬. g7?G 7 F.6o G‫ا‬GG 7 ‫و‬GFo7 F '/ ‫ نا ل‬g7 F'( ‫نا‬FG 7‫' ا‬
.4"g7?G 7 ? o 7' o6 F '/ ? G N‫'و‬.
‌ .4 F ،1995 ،‫ا‬FG ،g‫ا‬G‫'ا‬o7 ،'GGo7 G‫ا‬G ،g 7?Go7 .G‫ا‬FG ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. ،G ‫'ا‬7o7 7G F -1

.16F ،2007 ،17 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GG ، ‫ا‬6o7 77 ،GG7 (g7 GFGo7 GF. ‫و‬7?o7 .G‫ا‬FG ،F7 F G/‫ب‬O ، oF. ‫ (و‬-2
‫ا‬6F7o N(7 7 '‫ ا‬،g‫ا‬O‫ ?ا‬7 ‫?ا‬o7 ‫ا‬N‫ا‬F 7 N‫و‬G ‫ل‬ 77 o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ،F7G ‫ا‬FG 7( G/GGG ،g ‫'ا‬o7 g ‫'ا‬7( 7( . -3
.29 F،2016 ،17 ،‫ا‬FG ،g‫ا‬G‫'ا‬o7 ، ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 F'.
.28F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ، /G G7G 77p -4
12
F.‫لد‬䑅'
7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7 G‫هو‬GG :‫ا‬NF/
:‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7F' G‫هو‬GG )1
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2
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:‫ا‬/g77' -2-1
/ g7?G 7 ‫ ل‬G‫و‬7/ 7 /‫أ‬Go7 F'/ o7 ‫ ا‬F Go7 "P?. GG 'N‫ا‬/7o ‫ا‬FN‫?ا‬. g ‫ن‬䘧 G '‫ا‬FG
g ‫ ا‬7 ?‫و‬Gp O‫و‬. ‫ ل‬g7? 7 ‫نا‬G .G7N o7 F Go7 7 ‫و‬o7 g7 G7 ‫''ا‬ g7?Go7 O' F ‫ؤ‬.
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O' o G‫ن‬FG //q ‫ ا‬G .7? 7 N/N GG 'N‫ا‬/o7 F/ ‫ا‬FN‫?ا‬Go7 7‫ل‬G 7G F'N
. F ?G o‫ >ا‬F '/
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.56F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 ?N7 . ' o‫ال ل ا‬Go7 ، /G G7G 77p -2
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.57F ،F(‫ ا‬F.‫ا‬G ، (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 ?N7 . ' o‫ال ل ا‬Go7 ، / G G7G 77p -4
،2001 ،01 7 ،7G o7 ، ‫و‬G ‫ا‬6G ?G‫ا‬. ،g‫ نا‬7 > ‫ا‬p ، (?o7 7' G‫?ا‬o7 ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ،N‫ ا‬F7o7 G7G G Gp FFG -5
.11F
13
F.‫لد‬䑅'
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:‫غة‬F -1-2
G 7 ،‫ا‬FG :‫ ا‬7 97 N NG6o7 97 ' :G7N ‫ا‬G 97 ' g ‫ا‬G ‫ ل‬G‫?ا‬o7 F‫ا‬7o ‫ ل‬N‫ا‬.
F G‫و‬/o7 97 G'o7 FN‫ا‬/o7 :?N7 Go7 ...7‫ا‬/ 7‫و‬FG

‫ن‬䘧 ‫'و‬o7 7 ،? FGN g ? ?GN /N‫ا‬o7
oG
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7 N G‫ا‬GGo7 ...‫ا‬F' ،‫ ا‬7 g ‫ا‬o7

‫ن‬䘧 97 ' 97 ':g‫ن‬䘧 ‫ ا‬7 ‫ل‬ 7 N o7 9‫و‬G‫'ا‬o7 ‫ل‬
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:‫ا‬/g77' -2-2
o‫ا‬G 7G F‫'ا‬G'g7 P?N g7?G 7 g7? 7 ( O7‫و‬. 7GG ": '/ ‫ا‬GF/O7 ?N7 Go7 ‫ا‬G
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‫ا‬7FG 7‫ا‬6' .76 o ‫نو‬ ‫ا‬/‫ؤ‬. o7 G 7?Go7 / 7‫و‬o7 7G G‫و‬Go FG 7G‫ا‬F. G G' ?‫ا‬N
.58F ،F(‫ ا‬F.‫ا‬G ،97 g ‫ا‬G ،G‫?ا‬o7 F‫ا‬7o ،7‫>و‬FG 7(7 -1

.64F ،1984 ،7 ،.N‫و‬Go7 ،.N‫و‬Go7 ، G‫و‬GG 77 ،GG‫ا‬F/o7 ‫و‬Gp /. ،97 g ‫ا‬G ،F (‫و‬o7 ‫ي‬䩆6.‫ا‬G -2
.536F ،F(‫ ا‬F.‫ا‬G ،97 g ‫ا‬G ،N o7 9‫و‬G‫'ا‬o7 ،F / 8 Fo7 -3
14
F.‫لد‬䑅'
‫>ا‬Fo7 ‫نا‬. N77f7 ‫ا‬7 FFN 7G NFo7 N7 / / 'o‫ا‬/o7 97 7 ( o ‫با‬GG '‫ا‬7'7

1
."g7?Go7 7GG ‫ا‬/g (‫و‬7/ 7 7 GG7 O' F‫و‬O‫و‬o7 ‫ا‬Go/
G‫ا‬G 7 ‫و ا‬o7 ‫ي 'ا‬䩆7G GG6N ‫ ل‬GFGo7 g 7?. . 7G g7? 7 o‫بل‬N F‫ل‬o7 ‫'ن‬7 o6 ":‫ا‬6N ‫و‬G
FG‫ا‬F. 7G .‫و‬N 7 ‫ا‬G N‫'و‬Go7 ' o‫ا‬ g7‫بو‬7o7 G 7 7 G‫ا‬GGo7 g77‫ا‬o7 .7 g ‫ ا‬g7 .7
.‫ ل‬G7Go7 ( F (
g ‫ن‬䘧 G G6N ‫ ل‬G7G7o 7‫ ?ا‬7 F‫ا‬FNg g7? 7 ‫ا‬7 7G F ‫بل‬G ‫ن‬. ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ل‬G P?N
‫نا‬. ‫ا‬. g‫ا‬GFo7 F‫ا‬FN' o 7‫ ل‬GF. g7? 7 ( G‫ا‬F. N‫ا‬/G ‫ل‬N 7GG ‫و‬G ' o‫ا‬ ‫>ا‬
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7 G7 ‫ ا‬F Go7 ‫ 'ا‬7G6G. ،g p 7 G F '/ ‫ل‬ G7?G 7 g G‫ا‬7 97 7 ‫نا‬N ‫ؤ‬N
.g p 7 G F '/Go G 7?Go7 7G?o7 N‫ا‬F/ 97 7 ‫نا‬G .G7N o7 ‫و ا‬o7
F‫و‬G. 7 7 GG7 F '/ ‫ي‬䩆7G G‫ب‬77 g G‫ا‬7 G7N7 Go7 ‫ب?نا‬GN o7 7N7‫ا‬.g7" :‫ا‬6N GG
FF‫ا‬7Go7 O' ‫ب‬7/o7 ‫و‬G . 7G6 g7/' 9 ‫ا‬6 N /. 7& .‫و‬. ‫ا‬67‫ا‬FG 7N7‫ا‬.g7
.3" 7N7‫ا‬.g7 ‫ ل‬o6 > N‫ا‬ ‫ا‬6G'g7 o ‫أ‬p
g ‫ نا‬Fo g‫ل'ا‬G ، N‫>و‬7o7 ‫ا‬F/o7 N‫>و‬7o7 .7 8g7 7/N ( ‫ي‬䩆/FFo7 (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 F77 ، G ?' ، ‫ (ا'ا‬FN‫ ا‬-1
.21F ،2018-2017 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ، 8 F‫ و‬. ،F‫ا‬G?G ‫و‬o‫و‬G ?G‫ا‬. ، ‫>ا‬7o7 G7 f7 7' ،‫ا‬o7 & (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 g77 ،? ‫ا‬G
2
- https://lahodod.blogspot.com/2013/04/blog-post_3670.htmlm1.
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15
F.‫لد‬䑅'
‫ا‬GG ‫ ن‬7G G GG?N G o7 7N7‫ا‬G .g7 NGG /p7 ‫ ا‬G .7?G g7 GGG G ?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 F G o6 PGG ?N
.F‫?(و‬o7 7 F '/ 7‫ ل‬GFGo F ‫'ا‬o7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 F‫ا‬FNg 97 7
16
FJ‫ل‬䐣' F7GF'
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.)‫ا‬G‫ر‬N‫و‬7.J ‫ا‬G*‫ا‬F. 77)
‫و'?ها‬F) :gJ)
‫ا‬og‫و‬GG :‫ا‬NF/
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.G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. :‫?ا‬.'1
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:‫د‬N‫ه‬o
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G7(‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬G' ‫ا‬G' ،‫'ا و‬7 ? g G ‫ي‬䩆7G O‫ب‬. ‫و‬G 7 7G G‫و‬Go 7G6G. 97‫ 'و‬g G .G‫ا‬F 7 F‫و‬G/
. 7N ‫ نا‬/ G ‫ا‬G 6' ‫ا‬N‫و‬/Go
..G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅' ‫و'ع‬F) :gJ)
:‫نا‬FG ‫ 'ل'ا‬97‫ 'و‬g G ‫ي‬䩆7G .G‫ا‬F 7 F‫و‬G/
:‫ة‬F7GF‫ل‬䑅' ‫ة‬N7'1‫د‬F' /'‫لو‬䑅' .‫ها‬FG -1
:GG‫هو‬GG 1-1
N‫ا‬GG G Go7 G‫ا‬GG7o7 N7‫ا‬GGGo7 ‫ا‬GG 7‫'>ا‬7 G /G 7‫و‬G 7 G 7. 7GGFFF 7 G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7 .‫ن‬FGGo G F'N
، ‫ا‬GG‫و‬7?G 7GG ?‫ا‬Gp 7 7‫ و‬7 N‫و‬G/ ‫ ا‬g‫ا‬G7‫ا‬G F F ،?‫ا‬NG7 7‫ و‬7 7G F‫?و‬o 97 . o7 ... ‫و‬/Fo7
FG ‫ا ل‬GN& G‫ا‬GG' ‫ا ل‬G‫ن‬G7/ 97 GN 7‫و‬FG7o7 7GG FG ‫ ل‬GF ?G Go 7‫>ا‬. g7?G 7 97 N '
.1?‫ا‬N
G‫ب‬7‫?ا‬G 7 F‫ا‬G .G7 ‫ب‬GGG F‫ا‬G7'g7 ‫ا‬G‫ ن‬o' GO‫و‬. Go7 G ‫ ?ا‬7 g ‫ا‬GG 7 ?‫و‬GGp ‫ي‬䩆G7G g G>FGo7 7‫ل‬GG ‫و‬G'‫ا‬N
G >7o7 G /G 7GG FFFG G 77 7‫و‬G G ‫ ل‬/7?G o7 7‫ل‬GG G g>FGG N ، '‫ا‬GG 7Fog7 ‫ال‬GG '/o7 /7?G o/ ‫ي‬䩆GGG 7N ‫ا‬GG G ‫و‬GG G
‫ا‬GGG‫ا‬/7o GGGG‫ ا‬7 7GGG' ‫ا‬GG '/FG ‫ا‬GG‫ ب‬.‫ا‬. ‫ا‬G‫و‬GGG‫ و‬7 7GGG GG ‫ ل‬7‫و‬G 7 7‫ل‬GGG 'GG.‫ا‬. o .n7... N‫ا‬GG GG7
O' ‫ا‬GG G?o7 7GG GG ،F‫و‬GG G‫ن‬67 O' ‫و‬GG G7? 7 7GG GG ، ‫ا‬GG G67 O' 9‫و‬GG G7o7 7GG GG ،'?GG GFo7 O' ‫ن‬GG G7o7 7GG GG
، ‫ا‬GGFo7 ‫و‬GG7?7o G (?o7 G 7' ،g‫ا‬GG o7 ‫و‬GG7G ، G/o‫ا‬/o7 ‫و‬FGGFo7 g G 7?Go7 ‫ا‬GG F'. FGG 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬GGFG 7‫ا‬GG‫ا‬p ،GG‫و‬GG ‫ و‬7 ‫ ا‬G‫ب‬G G‫ا‬GG -1
.49 F ،2020-2019 ، 7‫?ا‬o7 ، 7 >( ?G‫ا‬.
18
'G.‫ا‬. ، N o7 N7‫ا‬Go7 O' N 'o7 N7‫ا‬Go7 7G N7‫ا‬Go7 g ‫ا‬G '.‫ا‬. ' ، N‫'و‬7 O' Go‫ا‬FG F‫ا‬p7
g7?GGGo ?‫ب‬GG' G / .‫ن‬FGG 7 7‫ل‬GGG ‫و‬N،.7‫ل‬GGGG ‫ا‬GG o‫ا‬p7 7 GN G O' G 7p7 g G G ‫ا‬GGF ‫ا‬Go7 7GGG N‫ا‬GG GG7
‫' ل‬GG >‫ا‬N ‫ل‬GG G7Go7 G .‫ا‬Go ‫ا‬G GG g7 ‫ا‬GG 6o/ ‫ب‬GG ?N ‫ل‬GG G7Go7 G 7 N ‫ا‬GG G F‫إ‬GG 7‫ل‬GG ،‫ل‬GG G7G7o F7 ?‫و‬GG Go7
.9‫بو‬ ' F ?G ‫ا‬G‫ ل ا‬97 . 77 g ‫ا‬G Go g7?G 7FG ، G 77
F ‫ا‬G G G‫و‬o g ‫ا‬GG G G ' 97 G N 7GG FFF 7 G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7 .‫ن‬FGG G F NGG N‫?ا‬Go7 7‫ل‬GG G 7GG G G F'N
‫ا‬GGo‫ا‬G‫و‬7?G G ‫?ا‬G g7?GGG 7 7GGG 'GG7/N ‫و‬GG7?o7 'GG'7‫و‬. 7GGG ‫ا‬GG‫ا'ب‬. G/o g ‫ا‬GGG G' F ، 7‫و‬G 7 G '( FGGG ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬/(7
.‫نا‬FG 7GGGo7
:G.'‫ز‬N‫م‬䕅 -2-1
:1‫نا‬FG 7‫ و‬G g ?( ‫ و‬GGN
:G7N ‫ا‬G .‫ن‬F 7 7‫ل‬G 7 G' ‫ي ل‬䩆G7‫ا‬N F 'n /(7?G 7777GG 77 o7 g ‫ ا‬7 N7‫و‬. F‫و‬G.
O' ‫و‬GG 7? 7 7GG G N‫و‬GG '7 O' G Go7 7GG G '?GG Fo7 O' ‫ن‬GG 7o7 7GG G ،'GG '‫ ا‬7 O' N G 7‫ب‬o7 7GG G F7 G Go7 -
. ‫ا‬67 O' 9‫و‬G7 7 7G ،F‫نو‬67
.?N7 Go7 'N‫ا‬7 77 o7 g ‫ ا‬/ ‫ا‬GGGg7 ‫ي‬䩆7G .‫ن‬F 7 '‫ؤ‬N -G
. ‫ا‬G' 'GFG N‫با‬G ‫ا‬G‫ ا‬O' F‫ا‬G/ g ، FFo7 77‫با‬GNg7 ‫ي‬䩆7G .‫ن‬F 7 N‫'و‬. GG?N -F
‫و‬GG G7?o7 G G‫?ن‬G G GGo‫ا‬o7 G G ' ‫ب‬o7 ‫ا‬7‫ا‬GG 6Fo7 ‫ا‬GG G F'. ‫و‬GG 7?o7 gGG G77 ، G N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GG F 7 N‫ا‬GG GF( g GGG F. ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬G GG‫ا‬p ، G GGp 8‫و‬GG 7‫ا‬7 -1
.62 F ،2019-2018 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ،6 ‫ب‬o7 ،6‫ب‬o7 7‫ 'و‬G?G‫'ا‬7 ‫ ا'و‬7 ، G‫ا‬GG.g7 '‫ا‬7'g7
19
:G.‫و‬N? -3-1
:1G7N ‫ا‬G (‫ و‬G 7G
. (?7o ‫ ا ا‬F‫نا‬F 7 7‫ل‬G ?. -
.7 . p F‫نا‬F 7 7‫ ل‬g N . 7‫و‬G ‫ا‬G' -
.g7?Go7 ‫?و( ل‬O n 7‫ل‬GG 67‫ا‬FG F ( ‫ا‬G‫و‬7?G7o g7?G 7 F‫'با‬G 7 -
. G7?G 7 ( N ‫ا‬Fo7 ‫ا‬Fo/ ‫ا‬GGGg7 G -
.GFGo7 ‫ي‬䩆7GG >Fo7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ ا ا‬F‫نا‬F 7 7‫ل‬G GG?N -
.go7‫ب‬N go‫ا‬G‫ا‬GGG7 ‫ ل‬GFGo7 ‫ا‬.‫ا‬/ gG‫ن‬N g -
:G7‫ائ‬7. 4-1
:2‫نا‬FG 7 ‫ا‬FN g G 7FFF 7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 F‫نا‬FG 7G6GN
. 7 7 O' ‫ب‬7/o7 7‫و‬6G F‫ب‬7N 7FFF 7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 .‫ن‬FG ‫ ل‬N /.Go7 :7N7..F'‌-
:n‫ي‬䨣 ‫ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆7G 7FFF 7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 .‫ن‬FG ‫و? ل‬Go7 g >F. G>‫ب‬FN :.‫ه‬F‫ل‬䑅' GN‫ظ‬F.J 1‫ا‬N..' -(
FG g7 7 GO o G7G‫ا‬G'7 G G7 G 77 ( G‫ 'ب‬G G7 G 77 GF? :‫ا‬GG‫ا‬o7 O' GG‫ ا‬7 7G F‫'ا‬G'g7-
.7‫ل‬GG ....G ‫?با‬o7 o F‫و‬GG7 o
.72 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 N‫ا‬F( g GF. ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬G‫ا‬p ، Gp 8‫و‬7‫ا‬7 -1
،01 7 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GGG ،FGN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬G6F7o N‫ا‬FGO 77 ،‫نا‬G7N7 . FG 7‫ا‬7 G (‫?ا‬o7 G>7o7 .G‫ا‬GFG ،‫و‬N‫ا‬GG GG‫ا‬w7 F‫ا‬G'' ،‫ا‬N78 G7G ? -2
.169 F ،2014
20
o / G G7‫ب‬o7 ‫ا‬GG G 7G?o7 ?N7 G GG( G G‫ا 'ب‬GG GGo‫ا‬o7 G G 77 G GF? : '? 7 O' GG G7 o7 7GG GG ?‫و‬GG GGo7 g G G>F.-
.7‫ل‬GG .... ‫ ا'ب‬7 ‫ ا‬7G?o7 o G‫ا‬6o7 o ، ‫ا‬/o7 o،FG'7
... GG'7 o، ‫ا‬GG7Go7 o، ‫ا‬o/ ‫ا( 'ب‬GGo7 ?N7 . F? : ‫ ا‬7Go7 O' N7‫و‬.G7 7G ?‫و‬Go7 g >F.-
.7‫ل‬GG
o، GG‫ ب‬7 97‫و‬G' o،‫ب‬GGp7 o GG‫ ب‬/ G‫ 'ب‬GG7‫'و‬o7 G 77 GF? :'?GGFo7 O' ‫ن‬GG7o7 7GGG ?‫و‬GGGo7 g G>F.-
.17‫ل‬GG ..../‫و‬. 787‫و‬. ‫ب‬p7 G‫ ب‬7 ‫ل‬G o ،‫ب‬p7 97‫'و‬
g G‫ا‬GF 7 ‫ا‬GG‫و‬7? 7 G‫ب‬7/o7 7G'7N 'G ،.‫ن‬F 7 7‫ل‬G ‫ ل‬7‫ب&ا 'ب‬G 97 7 ‫ي‬䩆7G GGo :31‫لد‬䑅' 1J/ -.
.g g G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 7‫ل‬G / G‫و‬. 7G ،G 7 7 G‫ا‬GGo7 ‫نا‬G6N o7
‫نا‬G‫ا‬.?G g 7 7 ?GG 7 ‫>نا‬Fo ،97 G 7 7GG ‫ا‬GG‫و‬7? 7 ‫ي‬䩆G'7GN .‫ن‬FG 7 7‫ل‬G ‫' ل‬o‫ا‬/o7 :.F‫ا‬7F' 1J/-/
.7‫با‬GNg7 ‫ل‬
‫و‬GG ‫ا‬GG‫و‬7?G7o GG ‫ ا‬G7 7 GF 7 ?N .‫ن‬F 7 7‫ل‬G ‫ ل‬G 7 7 G‫ا‬GGo7 :N71‫لد‬䑅' (‫ا‬.GF' 1J/ – I
G G‫ا‬G o7 G ?N G G GFo/ ، 77‫ا‬GG‫ب‬GNFo ‫ا‬GG?.‫ا‬G 'GGo‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬GG.GN ،g ‫ا‬GG 7 N7‫ب‬G N 7GGG G F' G ‫ب‬7 7GGG FGGG‫و‬N
. 7FFF 7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 .‫ن‬FG ‫ نا‬o' FG7N o7 ‫ ا‬G7
F‫ا‬GGG'‫ب ع‬o‫ا‬GG/G G 7 7 FG g‫ا‬GGG‫ا‬o7 N‫ا‬GG'og7 G'N‫ا‬7 GGG?. ،.‫ن‬FGG 7 7‫ل‬GGG ‫ ل‬:7N1‫د‬FF.F' FFF‫ر'ئ‬7 -J
. 77‫با‬GNg7 N ( ‫ب‬7 77 o7 77‫ 'ا‬7
‌ .170 F ، F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،‫نا‬7N7 . F 7‫ا‬7 (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 .G‫ا‬FG ،‫و‬N‫ا‬G G‫ا‬w7 F‫ ''ا‬،‫ا‬N78 G7G ? ‌1
21
G ‫'ا‬7. ‫ا‬7‫ا‬G6' ‫ا‬G'G ،GG 77 o7 .‫ن‬FG 7 7GG 7 G ?( go‫ا‬7‫ا‬G6' G‫ب‬7/o7 97‫ 'ا‬:‫ة‬./‫ا‬7‫ل‬䑅' *‫ا‬7‫ا‬6FF' -2
7‫ا‬G6Fo7 G‫? ن‬o7 7‫ا‬6Fo7 ‫ا‬7‫ا‬6Fo7 7G F‫ا‬G‫ا' 'و‬FG ، 7 7 g77 ' 97 7 ‫ب‬7 7G ‫ ا‬N/q >
.GG 7?Go7
77‫ا‬GG G‫ب‬GNg7 GGG GG .‫ن‬FGG G 7 7‫ل‬GG GG FGG G ‫ي‬䩆GG G7G N‫و‬GG G'Go7 ‫ ل‬F‫ا‬G?GGG G g7 gGG G/Go7 FGG G 7‫ا‬/o7 7GG GG :G‫و‬FF FF.F' -/
Go6 g ‫?ا‬GG 7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G .77 7 ، 7 F‫ل‬o7 ?‫و‬G/G7o 7‫ل'ا‬. ،'o‫ا‬/o7 g‫ ? ن‬G ? '. ‫'ا‬G ، 7 F/Go 7
.7‫با‬GNg7 ‫و? ل‬Go7
7‫و‬G / N‫ا‬GGFGGg7 GN‫>ا‬o7 F ?‫ا‬GGN G'G ، FGGGG67 FGGG6G .‫ن‬FGG 7 7‫ل‬GGG GG‫ن‬N : FG.G' *gGFF6G – 7
.1'7/ 77 o7
:‫?ة‬7'‫و‬F' *g‫ا‬G' .‫ه‬FG -2
:GG‫هو‬GG -1-2
7GG NGF. G'N‫ا‬/( 7GFFF 7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 .‫ن‬FG FOg7 o ‫ا‬p ? 7‫و‬o7 g‫ا‬67 .‫ن‬FG /'
/‫ب‬GFGo GG7‫و‬o7 9‫و‬GG‫ و‬7 76 o‫ا‬G6G 7 G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7 .GG FGN‫ا‬7 7GG Go6 ،‫ا‬G‫ن‬FG N‫ا‬G?N o7 ‫و‬GGo7
:2 /G g‫ا‬67 7G ‫ ?ا‬7 g‫ا‬o G‫و‬Go '
. G‫ا‬FGo7 G‫ا‬GGo7 ‫ا‬/7/ 7 G‫ا‬7G F 7 G‫ا‬7o7 G6N : ‫ ا‬Go‫ا‬o7 F‫ا‬o -
. ' 7 (?o7 ‫ ا‬7‫'>ا‬7 N7‫ا‬Go7 G6N : G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫ ا‬77 o7 F‫ا‬o -
.170 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،‫نا‬7N7 . F 7‫ا‬7 (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 .G‫ا‬FG ،‫و‬N‫ا‬G G‫ا‬w7 F‫ ''ا‬،‫ا‬N78 G7G ? -1
-50 F F ،F(‫ا‬G7o7 FG.‫ ا‬7 ،g‫ا‬G o7 ‫و‬7G ، /o‫ا‬/o7 ‫و‬FFo7 g 7?Go7 ‫ ا‬F'. F 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬FG 7‫ا‬G‫ا‬p ،GG‫ و و‬7 ‫ب ا‬G G‫ ا‬-2
‌
.51
22
.‫ ا‬.‫و‬o‫' و‬7 N‫ ا‬GG7 N‫ ا‬G Go7 No‫ و‬Fo7 G6N : ? ‫ب‬/o7 ‫و‬7?o7 F‫ا‬o -
.Np7 NFGg7 G7‫'و‬o7 >F‫ب‬o7 gN7‫'ا‬o7 ‫?ب‬Go7 G6N : ‫>ا‬7o7 F‫ا‬o -
.‫ن‬FGG 7 7‫ل‬GGG ‫ا‬G G G 7GGG G 7'Go7 G ‫ن‬N ، ?GG 7 g‫ا‬GGo ‫ ل‬G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7 g G >F. ‫ا‬GG6N ‫و‬GGG
G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7 G( GN‫و‬7 ‫ا‬GG7FG ‫و‬GG. F G' '/ 7GGG' g G G ، G/(7? 7 7‫و‬G 7 .‫ن‬FGGG F‫أ‬GG '‫أ‬G
G G 77 o7 7‫و‬G G 7 G G( ‫ا‬GG G7F?7o ‫ل‬GG G GFGo7 ‫ا‬GG G6G'7 gGG G‫ ن‬O' F‫ا‬GG G‫ن‬F 7 7‫ل‬GG GG ‫ي‬䩆?GG G7N ،6?‫ب‬GG Go7 ‫نا‬GG G6?(
.1 F7G. 7
G( 7GO‫ا‬Fo7 ‫و‬.7‫و‬o7 o78' F ‫ا‬o .‫ن‬FG ‫و‬G ? 7‫و‬o7 7‫ و‬7 F‫نا‬FG F ‫ا‬FN‫?ا‬Go7 7‫ل‬G 7G F'N
‫ا‬GG 7‫'>ا‬7 N7‫ا‬GG Go7 FGG / F/GG G G o6 F‫ا‬GG /G G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7 9 G G. ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G N‫ا‬GG 6'7o N‫ا‬GG . G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7
. G‫?ا‬o7 G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫ ا‬77 o7 ‫ي‬䩆G7. g G7 G‫و‬Go ‫ ل‬.... F77Fo7 ‫ا‬FG7g7
:.‫ها‬F‫ل‬䑅' '‫ذ‬G *'‫ز‬N‫م‬䕅 -2-2
:‫نا‬/ 7‫ و‬G g ?( ‫ و‬GGN
7GGG G7'N ، 7‫و‬G 7 G( ‫و‬.7‫و‬Go7 GN‫ و‬7 GG7 ‫ ا‬G 77 g‫ا‬GGo GG6Go o‫ا‬G6G 7 7‫و‬G 7 7GG GG G( F‫و‬G' -
.‫نا‬/(7‫ا‬. ‫ ?ا‬7 g G /‫ا‬n' ‫ا‬/‫ؤ‬N F‫ل‬o7 ‫ا‬GG7 ،‫نا‬F ( ‫ا‬G G' G7 N(7?o7 F'o ‫ا‬G G
O' F‫ا‬GG/ Go7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬GG‫ و‬7 6G?( ‫ ل‬FG ‫و‬GN G' ،F‫ا‬G67 ‫ا‬G‫و‬GG‫و‬G ?N7 G. ‫ ل‬g7?G7o ' ‫ا‬G G/?N -
.F7 .7 O' F‫ا‬G/ g ?‫ا‬N ‫ا‬G‫و‬G‫و‬G G‫ا‬7G ‫ي‬䩆7G ،‫ال‬G' .7
.126 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، ‫ ?ا‬7 FGGo ‫ ل‬F‫?(و‬o7 .‫ن‬F 7 ‫'ا‬7/FG ،g G7‫(ا‬7 ‫و‬N‫و‬G F o -1
23
FGG 7‫ا‬7 F‫ا‬G67 ‫ا‬G‫و‬GGG‫و‬o G7‫ا‬Ggo ، G ' ‫ 'ا‬GN‫ا(و‬. 77 9‫ا‬G‫ب‬G> ، GG ‫'ا‬/ G GF. gGG7? 7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G GG7' -
.F G 7F. ? ‫ب‬G ‫ي‬䩆'‫ب‬N F ‫'و'نا‬. ‫نا‬7N7 .
g7?GGG G7o / G G' g' F‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬F 7 7‫ل‬GG G ‫ ل‬G ‫ ?ا‬7 7‫ب‬G Gp7 ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G ‫و‬GG '?o7 77‫ا‬GGGG 7 7GG G g>‫ا‬GG o7 ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G
G G 77 o7 7‫و‬G G 7 .‫ن‬FGG GG G G> ‫ا ل‬GG GG‫ا‬GG ‫ا‬o‫ا‬GG G7G'7 7GG GGN G G GN7‫نا‬G ?‫ا‬GG GN G G '7 . 7‫ب‬G GN G‫ا‬GG G7G'7
.1 7FFF 7
:.‫ها‬F‫ل‬䑅' '‫ذ‬G (‫و‬N? -3-2
:2G7N ‫ا‬G (‫ و‬G 7G
G 7GG .G7 o GG7 F‫ا‬Go ‫ ل‬7‫و‬G 7 6GG?( .GG G 7GG F‫إ‬G GG7 F‫ا‬GGo ‫ ل‬7‫و‬G 7 6G?( .GG (‫?و‬GO -
N7‫ب‬G G p7 O' F‫ا‬GG G G/ G G '?Go7 (‫?و‬GG G Fo7 OGG G /FG ‫ ل‬G G 7GG GGG G G ‫ا‬GG G G' ،6?‫ب‬GG G o7 ‫ا‬G7‫و‬GG G FGN ‫ا‬GG G G' ، 7‫ن‬GG G
. FF.G 7
‫ ل‬N‫ا(و‬. ‫ ا‬7 G '‫ا‬FG F o6 O?G ?‫ا‬NG7 ''7‫'و‬7 ‫ي‬䩆7G 7‫ا' و‬. 7G ‫ا‬/' ‫ ?ا‬7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ا'و‬N .‫ن‬F 7 -
g7?GGG7o 7G‫ا‬G6o7 G GFGo7 G/G GN‫ا‬F?o7 7GG ‫ ا‬7‫و‬Go7 NG7'o/ .‫ن‬FG 7 7‫ل‬GG 'G'‫ا‬. 7G ‫ي‬䩆>/ g /G7 ‫ي‬䩆‫ن‬GFG
. ‫ا‬G‫ا‬.g7 7 ‫?ا‬o7 7N‫و‬G.
gGG >?G ‫ ل‬g‫ن‬G ‫ب‬7GG O' F ‫ؤ‬GGN ‫ا‬GG G ، G G8Fo7 G N‫?(و‬o7 /GG 6'G/ ‫ا‬GG '7o G G7?G 7 ‫ا‬GG G G O‫ا‬Fo7 / G GN g -
.N77‫ و‬7
F F ،2010 ،‫ا‬GGFG ، N7 FGG g7 G?G‫ا‬. ،7‫نو‬FG G( G (?o7 G 7' ،.G‫ا‬GF 7 g GGF. ، G‫ا‬G G Go7 G‫ب‬G ،7G7G G Go7 G‫ب‬G -1
‌‌
.56-55
، GGo‫ا‬o7 G ' ‫ب‬o7 ‫ا‬7‫ا‬GG6Fo7 G F'Go7 ‫و‬G7?o7 G‫?ن‬G ،g‫ا‬N‫و‬G( G?G‫ا‬. ،?GG ‫ ا‬7 g ‫نا‬G G Fo g‫ل'ا‬GGG ،.G‫ا‬GF 7 N‫ا‬GF( g GGGF. ،FG ‫و‬. ‫ا‬G7 -2
‌‌
.38 F ،2021/2020
24
G?n ‫ا‬GG ?G 7‫و‬o7 g‫ا‬G67 .‫ن‬FG ‫ ل‬FG6G 7 7‫ و‬7 7G ‫ا‬G> 7G 77 g ‫ا‬G g7? 7 6FN 7
G7?G 7 FG 7 FG N‫'و‬/ ‫ب‬. 7‫ و‬7 G7/
:GF/'‫ر‬G 4-2
:1GG G7‫ا‬G g ?( ? 7‫و‬o7 g‫ا‬67 F‫نا‬FG ‫'ا‬
:OJ‫ل‬䐣' ‫ة‬F/‫لر‬䑅'1-4-2
، G7 F> g' ‫?نا‬Gn g o7 FF.G 7 G‫و‬Fo7 ‫ ا‬77 o7 7G G‫و‬Go g6N 7‫ 'ا‬7 F‫'ا‬
..... ‫ا‬FG7g7 ‫ ا‬7‫'>ا‬7 N7‫ا‬Go7 7G ' 7G F‫و‬FFo7 6?( g6N F‫ 'ا‬:F/G ‫ ا‬G‫ا‬GG.g7 .‫ن‬FG
.G' 'o7 F‫ا‬G 'g7 F'/ G 7G 7G‫ا‬G F6' G‫ ن‬7‫ل‬GG
:‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬F/‫لر‬䑅' -2-4-2
‫نا‬FG ' ‫ ل‬/o ‫ا‬G‫و‬G‫ و‬7 7G G 9‫ي ا‬䩆7G g N . .G‫ا‬FG G 7G‫ ا‬7 7‫ل‬G ‫ل‬
‫ن '>ا‬. 7G ‫ا' ب‬. 97 N ، G‫?ا‬o7 ‫و‬7?o7 ‫ ل‬N‫ ا‬7 9‫و‬G‫و‬G 77 /G ، F7G. 7 7‫ و‬7 ‫نا '>ا‬.
7‫ل‬GG .... o7 ‫ا‬F ‫ا‬Go7 o ،No‫ و‬Fo7 ‫ن '>ا‬. 7G G? ‫ب‬7 o ،N‫ ا‬G Go7
:‫ة‬/F‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬F/‫لر‬䑅' 3-4-2
‫ ل‬F/G 77 o7 .'‫ 'ا‬76‫ إ‬، 7‫ و‬7 ( G' 'o7 F‫ا‬G 'g7 7G 9‫ 'و‬F'/GN 7G‫ ا‬7 7‫ل‬G ‫ل‬
.... .‫ا‬7FG .‫ا‬G'' ، '‫ا‬G ،77‫و‬o7 ? ‫ب‬7 F ‫أ‬FG. ‫ إ'ا‬، G‫?ا‬o7 G‫ا‬GG.g7 7‫ و‬7 ‫ ل‬P7 9‫و‬G‫و‬G
7‫ل‬G ، 7‫ و‬7 ( 7F.Go7 F/Fo 7‫و‬Go7 F 7G FG. 7 7‫ و‬7 F / ‫?' نا‬6. 77 GG ، n'
‌ .176 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،‫نا‬7N7 . F 7‫ا‬7 (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 .G‫ا‬FG ،‫و‬N‫ا‬G G‫ا‬w7 F‫ ''ا‬،‫ا‬N78 G7G ? -‌1
25
،?N7 Go7 ‫>ا‬ ،'GGo7 ، 7 G7o N7‫و‬ 7 Gg7 7G F‫ا‬N 9‫ 'و‬O' F‫ا‬Go .G‫ا‬F 7 7G 9‫و‬Fo7
. ‫ ب‬o‫ا‬ ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7
:)‫ة‬7.'‫لت‬䑅'( ‫ة‬F7.‫ل‬䑅' ‫ة‬N7'1‫د‬F' /'‫لو‬䑅' .‫ه‬FG -3
:‫ها‬G‫هو‬GG -1-3
7‫و‬G 7 .‫ن‬FGG ‫نا ل‬GF .6. o Go7 ‫ب ا‬7G7o7 G'‫?ا‬ G/(7? 7' G7G 7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 .‫ن‬FG ‫>نا‬
g GG7‫و‬o7 G G 77 . ‫ا‬GGG G( N(‫ا‬Go7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G .‫ن‬FGG 7 7‫ل‬GG ‫و‬GG'N ، Go 7‫ا‬N‫و‬GG/. ‫ا‬FG7/ ، 7GGFFF 7 G 77 o7
،‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F ( FGG. Go7 G‫و‬G‫ و‬7 g G‫و‬o7 ? ‫ب‬7 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 ( 7F?o7 G‫ي 'و‬䩆7G N(‫ا‬o7 o6 GG?N
/7 GG' F G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬GGG‫ و‬7 G( Go‫?و‬o7 F‫ا‬GGFF'g7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G 'GG7>G7o Go ‫أ‬p N(‫ا‬Go7 G/'
.1.‫ن‬F 7 ‫ ل‬F7‫ل‬. >.
G G 77 . ‫ا‬GG G( ‫ا‬7FG ‫ا‬ng o ‫أ‬o7 ‫ي‬䩆7G 7 ‫نو‬. ‫?'و‬N /(7? 7 7‫ و‬7 .‫ن‬FG F‫ إ‬7‫نل‬7
. 7‫ و‬7 7‫ل‬G ( G ‫ا‬7 ‫و‬.7‫و‬o7 ‫ي‬䩆'‫ب‬. F‫ل‬o7 7F' .7‫و‬o7 ‫ا ل‬/'
:.‫ها‬F‫ل‬䑅' '‫ذ‬G *'‫ز‬N‫م‬䕅 -2-3
:2G7N ‫ا‬G .7‫ و‬G 7G
. '‫'و‬. 7‫ ل‬FF. / /. o‫ نو‬-
. . O' . 7G ‫'ال‬/o7 /7?o7 '' ‫ ل‬G‫ ' نا‬-
..7‫و‬o7 ‫'ن‬7 G 7G g N ‫ ا‬7 G‫ا‬Fo7 7G g ' ‫ب‬/. ‫ ل‬N7GG > -
.93 F ،2011 ، 7‫?ا‬o7 ، O‫ و‬7 ?G‫ا‬. ،‫ا‬6Fo7 G‫با‬/7o / 7(7 77 ، 77 o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ ا ا ل‬،g G7‫ '(ا‬7N G‫ ا‬-1
.48 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 9‫' ا‬G ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬G‫ا‬p 7G ، G 7G G( -2
26
. G 7?Go7 7G?o/ F‫و‬7>G6N 7G N ?o7 o‫'بو‬o ‫ي‬䩆>o -
. N‫ا‬N‫ا‬/ N‫و‬FO 77‫با‬GN7 g7‫و‬O ‫و ل‬G ‫ ل‬N‫'و‬Go7 N7‫ا‬.' o‫ نو‬-
. 7/Go7 ‫ا‬Gg7 ‫ل‬o7 FN‫ا‬7 7G 7‫ا‬N‫و‬/. o‫ نو‬-
. '?o7 GF. ‫'ا ' ل‬G7 ‫ ?ا‬7 7 7 'N -
NGG G oN G GG‫ن‬G G GFF.G 7 ‫ي‬䩆GG G7G ‫ن‬GG G7N ‫ا‬GG GG ،F ‫ا‬GG G'o7 'GG G .‫ا‬. ، G G ' ‫'ا‬G7 G G '/F 7 G G'N‫ا‬/o7 G G/' -
.'GGo7
. ‫'ب‬G7 7 ‫ب ل‬7/7o ?G‫'ا‬7 77 o7 ‫با‬7/GG FG FFGN -
.?N7 Go7 'N‫ا‬7 77 o7 g ‫ ا‬/ ‫ا‬GGGg7 ‫ي‬䩆7G .‫ن‬F 7 '‫ؤ‬N -
:.‫ها‬F‫ل‬䑅' '‫ذ‬G (‫و‬N? -3-3
:‫نا‬FG G‫ و‬G F‫نا‬F 7 7‫ل‬G .o‫ا‬7 7
. ‫ ?ا‬7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫?' و‬o7 -
. N ‫ا‬Fo7 ‫ا‬Fo7 g‫ا‬G7‫ا‬G G ،g7?G 7 F‫ و‬G F‫ا‬F>' -
.1G 7 7 7‫ا‬6Fo7 6 Go g7? 7 7 o g G/ -
F ،2016 ،01 7 ،7G G Go7 ،N‫?ا‬FGG O ، G N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GG F 7 gGG 7G ‫ ل‬G GG 'G ،gGG ‫ا‬7 GGG 7G F‫ا‬G‫ا‬GG G Gp ،F7 ‫ا‬GG o7 ‫ ا‬G ‫ب‬G G Gp -1
.113
27
:7.‫ر‬F' ‫و'ع‬F)-4-3
:1‫ا‬/ N(‫ا‬o7 7G F‫ا‬G‫ا' 'و‬FG
،‫بنا‬GO‫ا‬N G‫ا‬GG' ‫ ل‬GG‫بو‬/G ‫ا‬o7‫ل‬G( GG ‫ا‬7 G ' ‫ 'ا‬G ‫?ا‬G G' G'. G :NF6‫?ر‬F' 7.‫ر‬FF'-1-4-3
'?GG . o G .76 GGG 77 o7 NGG Fo7 ‫ل ل‬GG G7G7o 97 G . G o7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬GG G‫ و‬7 G ( FGG F '‫ا‬GG FG F G o6 OGG ?G
‫ا‬G o‫ا‬G6G N7‫و‬7O ‫ا‬N ‫?ا‬G ‫ا‬G‫و‬G‫و‬o ' ‫'ا‬G7 ‫ ?ا‬7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬G‫و‬G N(‫ا‬o 7G‫ا‬Go7 N‫ا‬o7 7 G7o
.‫نا‬FG F7Gq
N G /.Go7 FGG gGGG N ‫ا‬GG G' ، G Fo7 G ‫ا>ب‬7o ‫ا‬GG '?G ‫ا‬GG FG N(‫ا‬G o7 F‫و‬GG GN g : G‫ظ‬FFF ‫ل‬䑅' 7.‫ر‬FF F'-2-4-3
7GG GG‫و‬Go GG 77 o7 ‫ا‬G?o7 GN7 ( ‫ ل‬977 G 7 O' GF. G G F‫و‬G7? 7 PFo7 .‫ و‬7 '?6N GG‫ا‬/
.GG7 7GGG ‫ا‬GG‫ا‬GG.g7 G'?. ،‫ا‬G‫ن‬/(7 7GGG' Go7 G ' ‫'ا‬G7 7‫ا‬G? 7 6GG?( ‫ا‬G‫و‬GG‫و‬G G‫ب‬. 7‫ا‬G6Fo7
7GG 9‫و‬GFo7 7‫ل‬GG G?N ، N(‫ا‬o7 7G?( ‫' ا‬7o ' o‫ ا‬G7 F 7‫ا‬/o7 '7'7 77 o G7? 7 .‫ و‬7 ( ‫ا‬NG
.F(‫ا‬7o7 9‫و‬Fo7 7G 6 N(‫ا‬o7
:7‫ا‬6FF' .‫ه‬FG -4
:GG‫هو‬GG 1-4
7GFFF 7 G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7 .‫ن‬FG F‫ا 'ا‬G' ، G 'Go7 N‫?(و‬o7 F77F7o ‫ا ا‬G?'7 7‫ا‬6Fo7 .‫ن‬FG N‫ا‬.
F ‫ا‬G GG G G' ،g N G G 7 ‫ا‬GG 'G'Fo gGG GNG7 7‫ل‬GG G .GG GG‫?ا‬. ‫ا‬GG ، G GN 7'Go7 G GN‫?(و‬o7 FGG G77F7o ‫ا‬GG ‫ا‬G?'7
g7?GGG 7 7‫ا‬GG 6' 7‫ا‬GG 6Fo/ ‫و‬GG F' 7 7‫ا‬GG 6Fo7 .‫ن‬FGG G ‫ ل‬G G/GG 7 N G G‫ب‬o7 ‫ا‬GG n' G G G 'Go7 G G (?o7 G‫ا‬/GG O
1
- https://lahodod.blogspot.com/2018/03/blog-post_345.html.
28
G7. ‫ ل‬g7?GG 7 F 6' ، 7‫ب‬Gp7 7GG ‫و ا‬GGG ‫و‬GG ‫ا‬GG FGG g7?GG 7 GG‫ا‬F. FFGN 7GG o6 G ? 7 ?‫و‬G7G
.1 .... ‫ا‬GFo7 O' FN ،G‫ا‬n ، G7N ،F7‫'ا‬N ، /‫ب‬N ، ‫'ا‬N ،>GFN ،?G7N ،‫ا‬GFN' N77‫ و‬7
G.‫ا‬G G G 9‫با‬G ' FFGN 7GG G( 9‫ا‬G7Gg7 GGG 7?Go7 NG7‫و‬G7o 6N‫?ا‬G ‫و‬G 7‫ا‬6Fo7 F F
.F7‫و‬.7 G ‫ ا‬.77 G o‫ا‬G '‫ب‬7N F7‫ ؤ‬7G (‫ا‬.' 7G6G G
:.‫ها‬F‫ل‬䑅' '‫ذ‬G o'‫ز‬G -2-4
:G7N ‫ا‬G 7o7‫و‬G 7G
:‫نا‬/ F7 ' F‫نا‬F 7 7‫ل‬ 7‫ و‬G 7 ‫ا‬FN N‫ا‬F( o
7GG G G N7 ( G F7Gq G 77 G G7‫ا‬G ‫ ل‬G ' ‫ب‬/. 7GGG' ، G .‫ا‬G‫ا‬GGG7 g7?GGG 7 F‫و‬GG ‫ا‬GG ' .‫ن‬FGG 7 N‫ا‬GGF( gGGGN -
.‫ ا‬7?o7 77 o7 G7‫ ا‬/ N‫نا‬G'7 F‫ا‬F7G7 No7
go ‫ا‬GG G GG' go‫ا‬GG G ?7/. go7‫ب‬G G N ‫ل‬GG G GFGo7 .GG G 6Fo ‫ا‬GG G ?‫ب‬. G G G‫و‬FGG 7GG G 777GG .‫ن‬FGG G 7 7‫ب‬G G N G G '. -
.goFG6G
F G' ‫ؤ‬N F‫ل‬Go7 7‫ا‬G6Fo7 G‫ ?ا‬GG 7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G ‫ل‬G GFGo7 g G‫ا‬7 F > g7‫و‬F( 77 o7 g ‫ ا‬7 .G7. -
. ?G G'/FG g >FG( 7‫و‬Gog7
gG‫?ن‬G F ‫أ‬G?Go/ ، ‫ا‬GG‫ا‬/ ? 7‫ا‬G ‫ ل‬GFGo7 F‫ و‬G ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫?ا‬GN F ?( g' /6'G7 g7? 7 o g -
G( N ‫أ‬G?Go7 N G/.Go7 F‫إ‬G 7‫ل‬Go ،‫ا‬G‫ن‬FG ‫و‬G/ ‫ا‬GG N‫و‬G'. ‫ا‬G‫ل‬G FF. ‫ا‬G‫ن‬/ /. o ،‫نا‬76 ‫نا‬/ 7‫ ا‬GN7 gGN
..‫ن‬F 7 7‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ w ?N ‫ ل‬GFGo7 g7? 7
، G?‫ب‬7 F ،‫ا‬G 7‫'و‬7 ،‫ا‬G 7‫'و‬7 ‫ ل‬G (‫?ا‬o7 G>7o7 g‫ل‬.‫ا‬G GG‫و‬Go F‫و‬G(?o7 N‫و‬G'Go7 G 7?Go7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ، GN‫ (ا‬7( F‫ا‬F‫ا‬o7 ‫ب‬G 7‫ا‬o G. -1
.23 F
29
G G ‫ا‬FG G .7‫ا‬N FGG 7 O' G .‫ا‬o7 F g7?GGG 7o G .7‫ل‬o7 G ? 7 o7 ‫ل‬GG GFGo7 7‫ا‬GG 6Fo7 .‫ن‬FGG G 'GG 7GN -
.1'7/ ‫ا‬/GGg7 8‫ ا‬G.7 N‫>ا‬o ? o ،‫ا‬o7‫ل‬o g7‫ نا‬7 F‫بو‬7GGN ‫ ?ا‬7 F‫و‬G7?GN g‫ ن‬،g‫ ن‬7G
:.‫ها‬F‫ل‬䑅' '‫ذ‬G (‫و‬N? -3-4
:2G7N ‫ا‬G (‫ و‬G 7GG.
.‫ 'ا‬7 7 N / G7?G / O‫ا‬p7 ‫ا‬.‫ا‬o7 F‫ و‬7 N / (‫?و‬O -
G o7 G& ‫ب‬o7 FGGGG6/ ‫ا‬GGGGGg7 7GGG G 7'N GG >F. F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F 7 N‫ا‬GGF‫ب‬o ?GG ‫ 'أ‬GG7?G 7 F‫و‬GG G ‫ي‬䩆GG7G ‫و‬GG '?o7 -
. 7'‫ا‬6G FG 6N‫?ا‬Go7 g‫?ن‬GGo g‫ن‬ G ‫ي‬䩆7G GF/o7 ‫أ‬6FN ‫ا‬Go/ ،F‫و‬G7?G 7 ‫ نا‬6 ?N
g G‫ا‬GF 7 F(‫ا‬GG. ‫ي‬䩆G7G GGG?N g>FGG GGG‫ن‬FG GG6( G7N g 'G 77 o7 g ‫ ا‬7 F‫'ا‬.' ‫ي‬䩆7G G‫ا‬7N g -
gGGGN G 'GGG GFGG/o7 ‫ا‬GGG7‫ا‬GG G o7 /GG6'G7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G G GG?N G FGo ، G ?G GGG'/FG 'GG .?o ‫ا‬GG' ( ‫ا‬GG‫ ب‬7
g7?GGG o G G8Fo7 ( ‫ا‬GG ‫ ب‬7 g G‫ا‬GG F 7 7‫ل‬GG G 6?‫ب‬GG o F‫ا‬GG /' / G o G 7 ‫ا‬GG Go/ ،F‫ب‬GG 7G GGG 6( ‫ا‬GG N G /.Go7
.g‫ن‬7‫'ب‬G7G ‫ ل‬g‫?ن‬FFN ‫ا‬o GF/o7
g‫ا‬GG G>Fo/ ‫ا‬GG GGGGg7 G GG o‫ل‬GG G' ،GGG GG‫ ا‬7 F 7G‫و‬GG Go7 ‫ب‬GG GG g'7?G G 7 ‫ال‬GG G'/o7 /7?G Go/ ‫ا‬GG GGGGg7 G GG -
.‫ا‬G‫ا‬o7 ‫ي‬䩆7G N' ‫ا' و‬. ‫'ب‬G7G7o
.go‫ا‬G‫ا‬GGG7 G7?G 7 ‫ا‬.‫ا‬G F‫ و‬G ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫'و‬N g>FG GG 7?. .G ‫ (ا‬g >F. (‫?و‬O -
F6 F‫و‬GGN F O' G( F ‫ؤ‬GN ‫ا‬G‫ ن‬7G .‫ن‬FG 7 ‫و‬G '‫ا‬. G / 76 G> G‫ ن‬/ F‫و‬GG. ‫ل‬G GFGo7 F‫ و‬G 6?( -
. /
.94 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، 77 o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ ا ا ل‬،g G7‫ '(ا‬7N G‫ ا‬-1

.57-56 F F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 9‫' ا‬G ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬G‫ا‬p ، G 7G G( -2
30
‫ا‬G‫ ن‬o' ‫ا‬G/. Go7 g G7‫ا‬G(' G 7N GG‫' ا‬G.‫ا‬Go7 ‫ا‬G>' ‫ ل‬.‫ن‬F 7 7‫ن ل‬.‫ و‬7 7 ‫'ا‬G'g7 F ‫ا‬G'
:1GG " 77 o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا( " ا ا ل‬G' ‫ل‬
gG/' 'G'7‫ 'و‬G7G‫ا‬. go‫ا‬GG‫ا‬GGG7 ‫ل‬G GFGo7 F‫و‬G G ‫ي‬䩆G7G 7 ‫ا‬GGGGg ،g‫ا‬G /7o ‫ا‬G ‫ 'ا‬7 7 G' 7G6Ng ' -
. 77 o7 g ‫ا‬G7o ‫ ?ال‬7 ?‫و‬Go7 7G
‫ل‬G GFGo7 ‫ا‬GG‫ا‬GGG7 F‫و‬G G GN / ‫?و( ل‬GO .‫ن‬FG 7 7‫ل‬GG 7‫و‬//q 7‫?و‬G7 oG ،F‫و‬G7? 7 .7‫و‬N 7 -
‫نا‬GG6 ?N Go7 ‫ا‬GG>7o FGG6. ، G 7‫ا‬7 g Gp F ?GGG F‫و‬GG 7 G7. F‫و‬GGG. G7 ،‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬gG/GGGo7
.‫ ل‬G7Go7
7GG F6 ، o G‫ا‬GGG 7‫ا‬7' G6. O' ‫'ا‬GFN ‫ نو‬،G'/F 7 g >FGo7 7G .‫ن‬F 7 7‫ل‬G ?‫ب‬o 7‫'>ا‬
g G o6 ،GG >. F ‫ل‬GG GFGo7 F‫و‬GG G ‫ ل‬77‫ا‬G GGo7 / Go G 7 6' ، G 7‫و‬. F(‫ا‬GGG. GN77‫ا‬GGGG 7 F‫ا‬GGGG GG
.g N . 7‫ب‬N g N 6N
:G7‫ائ‬7.- 4-4
NG7G. G 7 G ‫ ب‬o‫ا‬G 7GGo G 77 o7 GG7‫ ا‬7 GGo /7F ' 7‫ا‬6Fo7 F‫نا‬FG 7 ‫ا‬FN 7G F'
:2G7N ‫ا‬G ‫نا‬FG ‫ 'ل'ا‬o ?‫ا‬N 7 ‫ا‬FN '‫ا‬FG ، 7G‫ا‬G ' ‫ل‬
:F‫و‬N‫ل‬䑅'-1-4-4
777‫ا‬G7 6‫ا‬GG.7 ‫نا‬GG ‫ي ا‬䩆7GGG gGGGN G G ،F‫و‬G G 7GG GG7?G 7 ? Go ‫ا‬GG ‫ي‬䩆G7G g7?GGo7 7GG GG?.
G 7‫ا‬7 .GG7 o G ' 'G F‫و‬GG G ‫ا‬GG' 7GGG G'‫أ‬Go7 PGGG7?G 7 F‫و‬GG G GN / gGGG ، GGG 77 gGGGG ‫ا‬GGG F‫أ‬GG6(
. G 7?Go7 N77‫ و‬7 ‫ا( ل‬ng7 o‫?ا‬Fo7 '7‫ا‬6 7 O' F ‫ؤ‬G G7

‌
.47 F ،2017 ،01 7 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GG ،FN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬6F7o 67 77 ،?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ،G7 'o7 G‫و‬N .‫ا‬G -2
31
:‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6‫ل‬䑅' -2-4-4
NGG G77‫ و‬7 ‫ ل‬G G ‫ب‬7/o7 G G (‫ا‬n' '7‫ا‬6GG GG G GGG 7GG GG 7‫ا‬6GG GFo7 .‫ن‬FGG GG ‫ ل‬G G ‫ ?ا‬7 O' F‫و‬GG GFo7 gGGG N
G‫ا‬G7'g،7‫ا‬6Fo7 .‫ن‬FG ‫ب‬7GGFo/ gGG‫ن‬G NGG G ‫ ا ?ا‬،gGG7? 7 ‫ا‬GGG‫ا‬F‫ب‬GN /GGG7 7 G F '/Go G 7?Go7
. 7G‫ا‬GGG 7‫ب‬N PG7?G 7
:FG‫ا‬G.F'-3-4-4
G FGo G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7 PGG( G FFo/ ?GG?N FGG G ‫ ?ا‬7 g GG g‫ا‬GGG ‫ي‬䩆GG7G 7‫ا‬GG6Fo7 .‫ن‬FGGG ‫و‬GG'N
77‫ا‬GG G G‫ ن‬7 6GG G G?( 7‫ا‬GG G ? 7 6GG G G?( gGG G 7?. 'GG G G7/GN 7‫ا‬6GG G ' F/ ‫ا‬GG G G 'o‫ ا‬،‫ا‬GG G ‫ن‬7G‫ا‬G. ‫ا ا‬GG G GF.7 G G '‫ؤ‬N
G G7G g‫ا‬GGo g GG 7GGG GG‫و‬FGG 7‫ا‬GG?G ‫ي‬䩆GG7G F‫و‬GGFo7 'GG7/GN F/GGG N‫ا‬GG 7 9‫و‬GGG‫و‬G G 77 ، ‫ ا‬G7
. ‫ا‬G> G77‫و‬o7 ‫ ا‬Go‫ا‬o7 ‫ا‬FG7g7 ‫ ا‬7‫'>ا‬7 ‫و‬7?o7 /G
: 7N7..F'-4-4-4
،7‫ا‬GG 6Fo7 .‫ن‬FGG G 7‫ب‬G Gp F‫ب‬7GG 7 N /.Go‫ا‬GG ( .G‫ا‬GG F 7 N7‫ب‬G GN F‫و‬GG G7? 7 F‫و‬FGG F.G 7 ‫و‬GG 'N g
‫ا ل‬GG FGNg7 ‫ي‬䩆7GG G G GGG?N F‫ل‬GG o7 g7?GGG G7o NN‫ا‬GG'7Go7 7‫ا‬GG 6Fo7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G G GG?N 7‫ا‬GG6Fo7 .‫ن‬FGGG FG G o6
G o F ‫ن‬GG7o7 7GGG ? G 7 o‫ل‬GG o .‫ا‬GG Nf ‫ال‬GG '/ 7‫ا‬GG7' 7GGG ?‫ا‬GGNG G & ( 7GGG ‫ا‬GGNf ‫ا‬GG 7GGG F‫و‬GG 7
F‫إ‬G 7‫ل‬Go .‫ا‬G‫ ن‬7G N‫ا‬GF( 7‫ا‬G6Fo7 97‫و‬G' g‫ا‬GGo 7‫ا‬GG GN7 G G7?G 7 F‫و‬GG G F‫و‬FGGF.G 7 F‫و‬GG7? 7 N7‫ب‬Gp7
FFGGN 7GGG F7 G 7 ‫ ل‬GGG 77 o7 ‫ا‬GG?o7 G N7 ( ‫ ل‬G / /. gGGGN 7GGGo .'‫ا‬G G 'G NGG/G g 7‫ا‬GG6Fo7 .‫ن‬FGGG
.1 FG. 7 N7‫ب‬p7 g G‫ا‬7o 7‫ل‬G GF. G(F7 gG7? 7 PG( '?6 7 G?o7
:‫ة‬N?G‫ا‬n'-5-4-4
F‫و‬GGG7? 7 G ( ‫و‬GG'N ‫ا‬GG ، GGN‫ 'ا‬oGGG GGN7 ( ‫ل‬GGFG 7‫ا‬GG6Fo7 .‫ن‬FGGG ‫ ل‬G ?G‫ا‬. g7‫و‬GGF( GG?o7 gGGGN
GG?o7 FGN8‫و‬. 7‫ا‬G? 7 ‫ي‬䩆7GGG F‫و‬GFo7 ' o‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G7 ‫ نا‬7 GG 7‫ا‬G6Fo7 g‫ا‬G6 N / 7G F‫و‬G7?G 7
GG 7G‫ ا‬g7?GG 7 G (‫ا‬n' 7GG ‫ب‬G?N 7‫ل‬GG ،'?G6 7 N G/.Go7 GG‫ا‬GG'7 GG?o7 ‫ي‬䩆7G GG?N o6 '،'‫(ا‬
‌ .48 F ، F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7،FN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬6F7o 67 77 ،?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ،G7 'o7 G‫و‬N .‫ا‬G ‌1
32
G G F ' ،FGG GN‫ ا‬7GGG GG G GG?o7 G G F ' G G/G ، G GN‫>ا‬7o G GG‫ن‬G ‫ا‬GG GG‫ا‬.7 77‫ا‬GG G‫ن‬G G‫ا‬GG G7G'7 ، G'7‫ا‬GG G6G
. 'Fo7 ‫'ب‬. ‫ا‬Nf7 F ‫ا‬o7 7?G7 7N‫ا‬Nf7 FG G‫?ا‬Go7 F‫ا‬F.g7 N /.Go7
:‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7F'-6-4-4
G (‫ا‬ng7 o‫?ا‬Fo7 8‫و‬G?N F‫ل‬Go7 ، FG6G 7 GG G‫و‬7G ‫ي‬䩆7G 7‫ا‬6Fo7 .‫ن‬FG ‫? ل‬N7 Go7 'N‫ا‬7
، GN‫ا‬GF. ‫ي‬䩆G7G /G7. GF ?G 7GG6o ‫ا‬7GGG' ‫ي‬䩆7GGG ‫و‬G'N F‫ل‬Go7 GGG 7?. N7‫ و‬7 7‫و‬p 77‫با‬GG/ g7?G 7 ? o
GN‫?(و‬o7 7 GGG7 /‫ا‬G' 7GG ‫و‬GG ،F‫ا‬GGFGo7 G F ' gGG7?. ‫ي‬䩆7GGG 7 G‫ا‬G7. G G 7?Go7 N77‫ و‬7 F‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Go/
.1 /
..‫ها‬F‫ل‬䑅' *g‫و‬GG :‫ا‬NF/
7GGG ‫ا‬GGF/ ،...‫ا‬GG> G ‫'ا‬/o7 ، G G7?o7 ، G G‫ا‬GG.g7 GN‫?(و‬o7 7‫ب‬Gp7 7GGG GG‫و‬Go F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F 7 G?N
7GG ، G ‫?ا‬G G?G '‫و‬7G NGG (‫ا‬G7'' Go ‫ا‬G‫ن‬.7‫ا‬N 7 7 N7 ‫نا‬G7?G( ‫ 'و‬o g7?G 7 .
:G7N ‫ا‬G ‫ نا‬7G ?7/ 7 F.7‫ ا‬7 6?( 7G ‫نا‬OF.G 7 7G' o7 ‫و‬G 7
:G'‫د‬G‫ل‬䐣'-1
>GGF' ‫ا‬GF'‫ إ‬.‫ن‬FG 7 g G‫ا‬GFG 'G'‫ا‬. 7GG ‫ا‬GG'o ‫ا‬G>' 6' G7 ‫ا‬o7 ‫و‬GG 7 7GG 7 GGG7 ?.
F ‫ا‬GG?G ‫و‬GGG ‫ا‬GGGG ، G/p7 ‫و‬GGGG 7GGG 7 GG7 ‫ا‬GGG7‫با‬GG/ 7 GGG7 G'N G/.' .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫و‬GG‫ن‬FG F
?‫ا‬GGNG7 g G‫ا‬GGF 7 ‫ ل‬N‫و‬GG'Go7 ' o‫ا‬GG G7 ?‫و‬GGGo7 ، 7 G GG7 GGGG G ‫ا ا‬GGO‫ا‬FG 7GGG F‫و‬GGGG. G/p7
‫ا‬7‫ا‬G6Fo7 7‫ب‬Gp7 7‫ا‬G? 7 7GG GG‫و‬Go .‫ن‬FG 7 G'N ،‫ا‬G‫ ن‬g77 GFo7 F‫ا‬GGG 7 GG7 G/ .‫ن‬FG7o
7G G>Go7 7GG 77 ‫ا‬GG ?. ،'GG o‫ا‬/o7 '‫و‬7GG ‫ ل‬G G(‫ ا>و‬7 7G G>Go7 7GG 77 /7 G GGg G G G7?Go7 F‫ا‬GG Fo7
‫و‬GG ‫ا‬GG' ،‫ا‬G‫ن‬FG FGG6. Go7 7 ‫ا‬GFG7o ‫ا‬G' ?G. 7 GG7 7‫ل‬G 9‫و‬FG. ،.‫ن‬F 7 7 G/ 7. o‫و‬G‫ أ‬7
‌.48 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ،G7 'o7 G‫و‬N .‫ا‬G‌- 1
33
‫ا‬GG .‫ا‬/ N‫ب‬.‫ا‬G . ،‫ا‬GG ' / ‫ا‬GG 7‫با‬.77 G N‫?(و‬o7 FGG 77Fo/ N‫ب‬.‫ا‬G . 7 G GG7 7‫ل‬GG G F‫إ‬GG N‫و‬GG (?o7 ? G o ‫ا‬GG?G
.1‫ا‬G 7‫'ب‬G7 7 o‫ا‬o7 ‫ا‬.‫ا‬o7 ‫ب‬⡊7. F N?FN ،FGG67 GF/o7
GGGG ،F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F 7 7N‫و‬GGG. ‫ ل‬G ‫ ا‬G7 GF‫ب‬7o7 ‫ب‬GGG?N G( F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F 7 ‫ا ل‬GGFFG gGGG 7 GGG7 F‫إ‬GG 7‫ل‬GG
.g ‫و‬6F 7 N‫>ا‬o7 N‫?(و‬o7 7G?7o ‫نا‬Fo7 7Fo7
:K‫و‬.‫م‬䕱'-2
FGG G GG G7. G G7N7 Go7 G G 7G?o7 F‫و‬GG GGo GGG G 77 o7 .‫ن‬FGG G 7 ‫و‬GG GGG gGG GG GGG G 77 o7 ?‫و‬GG GGo7 G G?N
GGG 6( 77‫ا‬GG ‫ ن‬7 7‫ا‬GG ? 7 g G >F. ‫ي‬䩆GG7G 77 ‫ا‬GG 7 97 G 7 G ?n ?‫و‬GG Go7 G 7/ F‫إ‬GG 7‫ل‬GG o ، G G>FG 7‫و‬G /N
/GG6' GG6/ ‫ ل‬7 G 'N 97 G 7 G GG G .‫و‬N G 7/Go7 ،‫ا‬GG NGG/. 7 7 G GG7 FGG '/ ‫ي‬䩆GG7G 7 G‫ا‬GG7N
‫ا‬GG 7 N F‫ل‬GG o7 ‫ا‬GG GG7 7 G F/Go7 77‫ا‬GG ‫ب‬GNg7 N‫ا‬GG F( ‫ ل‬o‫ل‬GG ' G‫ا‬GG 7N ،?‫و‬GG Go7 ‫ا‬GG O‫ا‬FG 'GG ‫ا‬F. G F7Gq
.27‫ ا‬GNg7 ‫نا ل‬F G6Go g ‫ ا‬7 ''7‫و‬. F G' 7/G F G 7‫ ا‬GN7 97 G7o
G '7 . 77‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G G ‫?ا‬G 7GGG GFGG/o7 GG7?GN F .‫ن‬FGG 7 gGGGFG/N/q ‫ي‬䩆?GG7N ‫ا‬GGG ‫و‬GGG ?‫و‬GGGo7
g G‫ا‬GG F 7 F ‫ا‬GG 'o7 ، G G 7?Go7 7‫ب‬G p7 G G‫ 'و‬G '/ ، 2014 G F 7p7' G ‫?ا‬N .‫ن‬FGG 7 7 G GG FGG '/
FGG '/Go G ?G NGGG ‫ي‬䩆GG7G ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G >F. ‫ا‬GGG7‫ ا‬GN7 gGGGN G o7 ‫' ا‬7 G .‫و‬o7 77‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬7 o‫ا‬GG>Fo7 ‫ا‬GGG G?Go7
.3 ‫ب‬7 7G ‫ا‬G N / o o7 .‫ن‬F 7 7 G
.38 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،g‫ا‬O‫ ?ا‬7 ‫?ا‬o7 ‫ا‬N‫ا‬F 7 N‫و‬G ‫ل‬ 77 o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ،F7G ‫ا‬FG 7( Gp ،g ‫'ا‬o7 g ‫ا‬7 7( . -1
.95 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ،G7 'o7 G‫و‬N .‫ا‬G -2
،g G7?Go7 g778 ،N G/.Go7 G 7GG 7‫و‬G/N F7‫و‬GF?( .G‫ا‬GF 7 N G/. 77‫ا‬G'G ‫ا‬G‫ب‬7/GG 7GGG GG 'G GGG G77 ،‫ب‬⡊ G?o7 F77 N -3
.03 F ،G1437-G1436 ، N ‫?و‬7o7 (‫?ا‬o7 G7G 7 ، G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬7?o7 7'
34
‫ب‬GGG ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G >F. ‫ا‬GGG7‫ ا‬GN7 gGGGN ‫ا‬GGG‫و‬7? 7 7‫ا‬GG? 7 7GGG GG‫و‬Go ‫و‬GGG ?‫و‬GGGo7 F F‫و‬GG'o7 7GGG' GFG
.g p N‫?ا‬G
:7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7-3
NGGFo7 ‫ا‬GG> GN7 gGG7? 7 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬N GN Go7 G/(7? 7 G o‫ا‬GG 7 GG>F 7 ‫ا‬GG o‫?ا‬Fo7 7GGG 7GG77 GGGG
. 7 G F'/ o
g N‫و‬GG. GGGG G 7N7 . ‫ ل‬gGG7? 7 ‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬7G GG7N ‫ب'ا‬GG7G g G ?G 7‫و‬G /N 7GGG g7‫ا‬GG‫ب‬G G 'N‫ا‬/o‫ ا‬G 7G
-gGG7? 7' GGGG ?N7 GGo7 F‫ا‬G'7 7GGG FGG(7‫ا‬o7 7'‫ا‬GGo7 G'N‫ا‬/o7 ‫ب‬GGG?. ،7‫و‬GG>F 7 FGG 7‫و‬o7 7‫ا‬GF?o .‫ن‬FGG 7 7GGG ‫و‬GGGN
،‫نا‬GG7N7 . 7‫ا‬G 7 g ‫ا‬GGG7o ‫ب‬GG ‫ا‬FG G 'N‫ا‬/o F‫ا‬GGG 7 G GG7 FGG '/Go ، ?N7 GGo7 G 'N‫ا‬7 -g ‫ا‬GG 7 -‫ل‬GG G7Go7
‫ا‬GG ?‫ب‬. G ?G. ،g ‫ا‬GG 7 ?‫و‬GG Gp G G‫'و‬ ‫ل‬GG GFGo7 G G‫ 'و‬g ‫ا‬GG 7 7 G G/ ‫ا‬/‫أ‬GG G. ‫نا‬GG 7F' G 'N‫ا‬/o7 F ‫ا‬GG G7G
.1‫نا‬FG g GG7 7 N‫?(و‬o7 ‫ا‬F77Fo7 7FFo7 o‫>ا‬F7o
‫ا‬GGG' ،g ‫ا‬GG F ?N7 G. GFG ‫نا‬GGG 7‫ا‬G 7GG' Go7 GG‫?ا‬o7 ‫ا‬GG/o7 GG6Go ?N7 GGo7 FG 7‫ا‬7 G?G.
‫ا‬G7 8‫ (ا‬7G ،g ‫ ا‬7 7. 9 ‫ ا‬7G 9‫ا‬ 7‫ و‬7 7G g ‫ا‬G ?N7 Go 7F. o7 O‫ا‬p7 ‫ا‬/o7 G6.
:2 G‫?ا‬o7 ?N7 Go7
.N‫'ا‬og7 'N‫ا‬7 -
.77‫و‬o7 'N‫ا‬7 -
.N‫ا‬F'G g7 'N‫ا‬7 -
‌ .108‌‫‌ص‬،‫‌المرجع‌نفسه‬-‌2
35
. .‫ و‬7 ‫ا‬6G'g/ g7?Go7 'N‫ا‬7 -
.FN‫ا‬Fo/ ?N7 Go7 'N‫ا‬7 -
.‫>ا‬F 7 ?N7 Go7 'N‫ا‬7 -
G ‫ ?ا‬7 F‫ا‬GGFNg gGG7? 7 ‫ا‬GGo ‫و‬GG'N Go7 77‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬7 ‫ ا‬G .7?G g7 7GGG GG‫و‬Go ?N7 GGo7 FGG 7‫ا‬/
. /N G ' 7 ‫نا‬FG 97‫ 'و‬g G GG ،‫ب'ا‬7G ‫ ا‬N /.Go7 gGN g7?GG7o G7?o7 g ‫ ا‬7
:G‫و‬F.F' -4
.G ‫ب‬GGo7 ?N7 GGo7 G/N ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG/. G7/ ‫ي‬䩆G7G g G‫ا‬GG7 7 ‫و‬GG G‫ا‬G6o7 ‫ا‬GG?o7 GG‫نو‬Fo N‫و‬G'Go7 F'
G G 7G?o G G G8FG 7GG G O7‫و‬GG G G 7G?' ،g G G N '7 g G‫ا‬GG G F 7 gGG G 7?. ‫ ل‬G G ‫ب‬7/o7 G G ?(‫ا‬GG ‫ ل‬G G /GG 7 GGG G G 7?Go7
7 GG7 F '/ ‫ ل‬6Fo7 ‫ا‬GFo7 ? G ‫?ا‬G O' GG‫ا‬. o7 7G?o7" ‫و‬G g7?Go7 N‫'و‬. ...?N7 Go7
g7‫و‬GO 7G7G/ g ‫و‬G6F 7 7 GGG7 FG '/ 7GG' oGG ، G( N?G6o7 g‫و‬G'o7 7‫ ''ا‬o‫ 'ل‬،.‫ن‬FG7o G‫?ا‬o7
F‫و‬GGG ‫ا‬GGG 77 GO' ‫ ل‬9‫ا‬G 'o7 7GGG G.‫ا‬Fo7 ‫ا‬G ‫ب‬o7 7 .GG 7 ‫ا‬G‫ ن‬gGGGN G 7GG" ‫و‬GG N‫و‬G'Go7 ،1" GFGG
‫ا‬G ‫و‬o7 ‫ب‬G7o7 F‫و‬GG ‫ب‬G ‫ا‬FG 777‫ا‬G7 6‫ا‬G.7 ‫ا ل‬GGGG7 7‫ل‬GG 7GG g ‫ا‬FG g7 N‫'و‬Go7 9‫و‬G‫و‬G ،g‫ا‬G‫>ا‬o7
.2" /‫?و‬Fo7 o‫ل‬. ‫ب ا‬77o7 ‫ ل‬F. 7‫و‬F'o7 FFG ‫نا ل‬G‫با‬.' 7G' o7
‫ا‬GGo‫ا‬.‫ا‬q ‫ نا‬7 GG FGG '/ ‫ا ل‬GG‫ن‬G‫ا‬/ ? GG 7GGG G'‫أ‬Go7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G G G 7?Go7 G7 ‫ ؤ‬7 N‫و‬GG'Go7 G‫ا‬GG7N
،‫نا‬GG7FFo ‫نا‬G?GG Go7 7 GGG7 N‫و‬GG ‫ا ل‬G7‫ا‬G7G / /GGFGo G‫ا‬G‫ب‬o7 ‫ا‬G‫ن‬G‫ا‬G /GGFN o‫ل‬G( ‫و‬GG ، G G 7?Go7
.08 F ،2018 ، N ‫?و‬7o7 (‫?ا‬o7 G7G 7 ،'GGo7 g77 ، '‫و‬oG7 G‫ ب‬،g 7?Go7 ‫ ل‬N‫'و‬Go7 ، G‫ا‬6o7 7‫ 'و‬-1
،g‫ل‬.‫ا‬GG G7 ‫ا‬GG>' G ‫ن‬. 7GGG G 7 G(g7 G7G‫ ا‬7 ‫ل‬GG GF. ? Go GGG 77 o7 G F/Go/ ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G7FG F‫و‬GG(?o7 N‫و‬GG'Go7 ' o‫ا‬GG ، Go‫و‬N G‫ا‬GGFG -2
G?G‫ا‬. ، '‫ا‬G7'g7 G G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬G7?o7 G 7' ، G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬7?o7 g77 ،F‫ا(و‬. 7. g77 ' 7F. ? ‫ ا‬7 g ‫نا‬ Fo 7GGG g‫ل'ا‬G
.23 F ،2015-2014 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ،G77‫بو‬o7 ،F ‫ن‬G 7( n‫?ا‬o7
36
‫ا‬GG> g G7?Go7 77‫ا‬G‫ن‬G 7G ‫ا‬G> g 7?Go7 77‫نا‬G G‫ا‬7G'7 ‫ ل‬GF/o7 o' O F‫ل‬o7 ? 7 ‫?ا‬G
NGG7.Go7 g‫ا‬GGG ‫ا‬GG6G'7 o‫ل‬GG' ،g‫ن‬GGG 77 FFGGN g‫ن‬N G o ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G GF. .GGo G o7 ?‫ا‬GGNG7 77‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬7 7GGG
.1‫نا‬F G ‫نا ل‬G'‫?ا‬G g7?Go7 /‫?و‬O G 77 o7
N?GG6o7 G‫با‬GG '‫ا‬G6 7 G ‫?ا‬ Go6 GF ?G g‫ا‬G‫ا‬G> ‫ي‬䩆GG7G gGGG 77 GO' ‫و‬GG N‫'و‬Go‫ا‬GG G 7G
.‫ ا‬F‫و‬7o7 ‫ا‬n' '‫ا‬6 7 7. '‫?ا‬G
9‫و‬GGo" : o .f7 ‫ا‬FN‫?ا‬Go7 F77 ' 7G' N‫'و‬G7o ‫?ا‬o7 ‫نو‬F 7 7G GG7G ‫نو‬FG .‫ن‬F 7 N‫'و‬Go
،‫ا‬GG?G ‫ا‬GGG‫ ن‬7' 77 G. G.77 . ‫ا‬N G'Go ،GGG 77 o7 .‫ن‬FG 7 7GGG ‫ا‬GGG‫و‬7? 7 FGGG' F‫ا‬GG. Go7 ‫ا‬G 7G?o7
G o G7 ‫ا‬GGG‫و‬7? 7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ب‬o7 FGG/ ‫و‬GGG ،.‫ن‬FGG 7 Go6 F‫ا‬GG6( ' ‫ا‬GGO 77‫ا‬G 7 6‫ا‬GG.7 ‫ ل‬g G‫ا‬GG7 7 G . 7GGG
7‫ا‬GG 7' ‫ ل‬،g G ?GG ‫ا‬GG ‫'ا‬/ ‫ا‬GG & ( ‫ ل‬.‫ن‬FGG 7 G 7G‫ ? ا‬G G 7GG G ‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬7Go ‫ ل‬NGG 6G. G o7 G7‫و‬G 6o7
.2"g p 7 G
GGG‫ا‬/ ? G 7 G F '/ ? G .‫ن‬F 7 7G‫ ? ا‬G 9‫ ا‬7 ‫ ا‬FN gGN 7GG ‫و‬G N‫'و‬Go7 F6'
. .‫و‬7 7‫و ''ا‬N‫?و‬. F?G 7‫ ''ا‬FF?o
،g‫ل‬.‫ا‬GG G7 ‫ا‬GG>' G ‫ن‬. 7GGG G 7 G(g7 G7G‫ ا‬7 ‫ل‬GG GF. ? Go GGG 77 o7 G F/Go / ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G7FG F‫و‬GG(?o7 N‫و‬GG'Go7 ' o‫ا‬GG ، Go‫و‬N G‫ا‬GGFG -1
.24 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7
37
:.‫ه‬F‫ل‬䑅' *g‫و‬GG ‫ي‬䩆. ‫ة‬Fg?F'-5
،N‫'و‬Go7 ?N7 Go7 ‫ا‬7' g7?Go7 /6' 7‫ب‬p7' ?‫و‬Go7 ، 7 GG7 GG .‫ن‬F 7 ‫و‬GG F'
‫ا‬G7F?( ‫ا‬G‫ ?ن‬/ N‫ب‬.‫ا‬G. ،g7?GGo7 ‫و‬GG ‫ا‬G‫ ?ن‬/ 7 G6F. F‫ل‬Go7 ‫نا‬GG‫ >ا‬g GG ‫ا‬GG‫ا‬N‫و‬/. ? ‫ب‬7 ‫نا‬G7FGG/
1
. '/FG N‫و‬6G
G/o G G ، GO‫ا‬p7 GG‫?ا‬o7 N‫?(و‬o7 7 GG7 .‫و‬. 9‫و‬G‫و‬G gG .‫ن‬FG ' N7 ( GF
7‫ل‬GGG ،‫ل‬GG GFGo7 ? G o ‫ا‬GGG‫ا‬.7 g G 7 G '‫ا‬G G G‫ا‬GG.7 G N‫ا‬G 77‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G 7GGG G ' '/ F‫و‬GG(‫ ا‬7 G F'N‫ا‬G
.‫نا‬FG ' F'/ o7 g7 'o7 g7‫ نا‬7 9‫' 'و‬7G F7Gq 7‫?ا‬G ‫ا‬G‫و‬7?G '7/G. 7 GG7
?‫و‬GGGo7 7 GGG7 G/?o ، G G‫ن‬F 7 G ‫ ?ا‬7 F ' ?‫و‬GGGo/ ‫ي‬䩆GG7N ‫ا‬GGG F‫و‬GFG. 77‫ا‬GG ‫ا‬GGFG 7GG
‫ا‬G 7 G?( g7? 7 O‫و‬GN G ، .7‫ب‬N g7?Go7 /6' ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. 7‫ ا‬GN7 O' F‫ ا(و‬7 GGN ‫و‬7p 77‫نا‬G O'
g‫ن‬N G G G G G G o .‫ن‬FGG G G G G G 7 7 G G G G G G G 7GG G G G G G G FGG G G G G G '/ ‫ا‬GG G G G G G G ? G G G G G G G g‫ن‬G7?GO G G G G G G G N‫و‬GG G G G G G '. ‫ا‬GG G G G G G o ‫ل‬GG G G G G G GFGo7
،.‫ن‬F ‫ ا‬7 GG ?‫و‬Go7 g7?Go7 /6' 7G ' O' ‫ا‬o‫ ا‬F ' ‫نا‬G7‫?و ل 'و‬. N‫'و‬Go7 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬7 F F
‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬7N‫و‬/Go ?‫و‬GG Go7 7 G GG7 G‫و‬7GGG 7. ‫ا‬GG G O' ‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬G F ' ‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬G‫ا ل 'و‬GG 6N FGG .‫ا‬. g7?GGG o7 /GG 6' F ‫ا‬GG G'
g7 ‫ا‬GG6o/ FGG‫ب‬FN .‫ن‬FGG 7 ?‫و‬GGGp F G / G/ / g G FG G ?77 '‫و‬7GG ?‫ا‬GGN ' GO O' G N‫>ا‬Fo7 ‫ >نا‬GFFG
، N‫و‬G6?o7 G '/F 7 G7F?o7 7‫ل‬GG F G( .‫ن‬F 7 F g ‫نا‬䘧G ،.‫ن‬FG7o G‫?ا‬o7 O‫ا‬p7 7 GG‫ا‬FG
2
.‫ ل‬GFGo7 g7?. O' o G>FG N‫ا(و‬. 7 ‫ 'و‬.76 'FN
،g‫ا‬N‫بو‬o7 ?G‫ا‬. ، Go‫ا‬o7 ' ‫ب‬o7 ‫ا‬7‫ا‬6Fo7 ‫ ا‬F'. ‫و‬7G ‫?ن‬G ، N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 N‫ا‬F( g GF. ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬G‫ا‬p ،F ‫و‬. ‫ا‬7 :‫>ا‬FN -1
.20F ،2021-2020 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7
.19F ، 7F' F.‫ ا‬7 :‫>ا‬FN -2
38
..‫ه‬F‫ل‬䑅' '‫ا‬F. 77) :‫ا‬/F/
7GG GG‫و‬Go ‫ي‬䩆G7G FG7N ‫ نو‬، N‫?(و‬o7 7G?o7 F‫ا‬GG'g G ‫ ا‬G7 7'‫ا‬o7 ‫ نو‬F‫نا‬F 7 /G 7‫'>ا‬
‫ي‬䩆GG7G GGGG7‫ا‬. ‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬o' FGGG7N Go7 ?GG G7 ،g ‫و‬GG6F 7 GN‫?(و‬o7 7 GGG7 FG'o G7?. Go7 ،‫ا و‬GG'‫ا‬o7 ?G G7
. ‫?ا‬G ، F77 ، 7F' ، G‫ا‬GG.7' g7?G / / o7 ''7‫'و‬7
:‫ة‬NG7FGF' 77‫ل‬䐣'-1
o‫ا‬G> F‫و‬GG ‫و‬G'?N ، GN‫?(و‬o7 o‫ا‬G6'o7 F ‫أ‬GF. ‫ ل‬g>FGG GGG‫ن‬FG G‫و‬7G GGG GN‫?(و‬o7 FG77Fo7 F'
G 7G?o7 gGG/ Go7 GN‫>ا‬Fo7 GN‫ا‬GFo7 ‫'ا‬7/F 7 GG .‫ن‬FG7o F77Fo7 ? G7 ،‫' 'نا‬/ ‫ا‬ g 7?Go7
GGGG ، G (?o7 ‫ن نا‬GGG7. Go7 GF.6o7 /GGF 7 G/G. ‫و نا‬GGG ‫ ل‬،‫ا‬GGG >F. 77‫ا‬GG GN7 ‫ا‬GG‫نن‬.‫و‬. GN‫?(و‬o7
G F.6o7 .GG. ‫ببنا‬GG7( NGG7G. ‫ا‬GG?GG67 ‫ا ا‬GG 7GGG 7‫و‬GG o G o7 G G F. FGGGG67 G N‫و‬G G /o o‫ل‬GG(
.1‫نا‬FG ‫نا‬.7 ‫نا‬/7G ،O‫?إ‬. ‫ ا‬g‫ا‬/ ‫ي‬䩆7G G(/ ‫ نا‬7G 8‫ا‬Fo/
GFG g7 ‫?ا‬GG67 GF ،.‫ن‬F 7 7G O‫ب‬N F‫ل‬o7 9‫ ا‬G7 /o FGG67 ‫نا‬FG F7/FN o7 NF‫ا‬o‫ا‬
، ‫و‬G 7 G?( ‫ا‬G/?( '‫ا‬GFG F/ 7G‫ 'ؤ‬،g‫ و‬7 ‫ 'ب ا‬g7 7G ‫ي ا‬䩆7O G/o ‫ا‬FN F g/ G/ 7G‫'ؤ‬
G.‫و‬o G.‫ ا‬G GG‫ن‬GF. ‫و‬G' ‫ا‬GGF G F‫ا‬G7'g7 F 'Go‫ا‬/7o F‫و‬G'' GG‫و‬7?G .‫ن‬FG 7 7‫ل‬GG GN7 .‫ن‬FGG / ‫و‬G7
No‫ا‬GN .‫ن‬FG 7 7‫ل‬G F F‫ ''و‬،7 F. .‫و‬. g 7 G7 ? o ‫ ا‬F F‫'و‬N 7' . ،‫ي‬䩆FFN '
GO‫و‬N ‫ا‬GG .‫ن‬FG 7 7‫ل‬G ‫ ل‬F‫و‬GN F 'G ،F ‫?'ا‬o7 9‫ ا‬G7 ‫و‬G .‫ن‬F 7 N‫ا‬F( ? 7G ‫ا‬7 7 ‫ا ا‬
G G F / 7G‫ؤ‬GG' ، G G7 ‫ ا‬F 7G‫ؤ‬GG' ‫ا‬GGF'G ‫ ا‬g ‫ا‬GG‫ب‬G g‫ا‬GG o7 F‫و‬GGGo7 F‫ا‬GG7'go g‫ا‬GG>Fo7 ، GG7 ‫ ا‬F7
.32 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 g7G ‫ ل‬G 'G ،g ‫ا‬7 G7G F‫ا‬G‫ا‬ Gp ،F7 ‫ا‬o7 ‫ب ا‬G Gp -1
39
.‫ن‬FG 7 ?‫و‬Go F 8‫و‬Gn g .‫ن‬FG 7 7‫ل‬GG GN7 G/‫و‬/‫ب‬G g G‫ا‬GF 7 7‫ل‬G F‫و‬G. F ،7‫ا‬ 7N 7 'o/ 7G‫'ؤ‬
G‫ا‬GGG' F F‫و‬GGGN F7 G ( g G ( GFGG g7 G (?o7 .G‫ا‬GGFG ‫ي‬䩆GG7G 7‫ل‬GGG ‫ا‬GGFG'N g F‫ا‬GG'g7 7‫ل‬GGG No‫ا‬GGG ‫ا‬GGG
9‫ا‬GG G7 7‫ل‬GGG 8‫و‬GG?. ‫ا‬GG'7 ‫ا‬GGo‫?ا‬N‫ا‬FG( G (‫?ا‬o7 G >7o7 No‫و‬GG Fo7 N‫ا‬GG G Go7 G N‫ و‬7/g7 G >7o7 ‫ ا‬G Go‫ا‬o‫'ا‬
.17 '‫ؤ‬.
7‫ا‬GGG G7 FGG ‫ب‬/. ‫و‬GGG F‫و‬GG'' F /GGG G7 F G ‫'ا‬G 9‫ا‬GG ‫و‬GGG GFGG77Fo7 9‫ا‬GG G7 7‫ل‬GGG F‫إ‬GG 7‫ل‬Go
7GG g>FGG F‫ا‬G‫ن‬FG ‫ب‬GG g7?GGG7o ‫ا ا‬GFN‫ ع‬Go6 G (?o7 F7 o ‫ا‬F.‫ ا‬G ‫نا ل‬6 ?' o7 F77Fo7 o‫>ا‬Fo7
. (‫ ا>و‬7 7 Gg7 7. F '/ .7
:‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g' 77‫ل‬䐣' -2
/7?Go7 ‫ ل‬/GG. ،‫ا‬G‫ ل‬FF. F‫نا‬F 7 FG ‫ ل‬g‫ا‬/‫ ؤ‬7 G‫ا‬GG.g7 ?‫'و‬o7 GG G‫ا‬GG.g7 ? G7
‫ا‬GG G ‫ن‬7G O' G G o G G o7 FGGG G 6 7 ‫ا‬GG G .‫ ا‬GGg7 7 ‫و‬GG G 7. G G o7 ( ‫ا‬GG G ‫ ب‬7 g G G 'o7 FGG G GGGG7o ‫ال‬GG G '/o7
‫ا‬GG >Fo7 G G‫ا‬GG.g7 FGG 77Fo7 /GG GFG GGG 6. ?‫و‬GG 'o7 7‫ل‬GG G ،‫ا‬GG ‫' 'ن‬/ ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G F‫ا‬GG o G o7 7 G GG7
GG‫ ا‬7 ?G G7 7GG ‫ا‬G ‫ ا‬FGGG67 G?N : ‫و‬GGp G '‫و‬o7 NN‫?ا‬G( ، ‫?ا‬GG67 7G FGGo FG GG‫ا‬GG.g7
.G‫ا‬GG F 7 F‫إ‬GG FGG GG67 FGG 77 7GG G FGGG 6. G (?o7 7 G G F G G ، G 7 7 .G‫ا‬GG F 7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ ن‬7G OGG ‫ب‬. G o7
G?' ‫ا‬Go ‫ا‬GG' ‫ا‬Go‫ا‬7‫ا‬7 G' >G6. .GG7. F 7 GG7 7‫ل‬G F '/ ‫ي‬䩆7G G?. F 'n 7 7
.2‫ا‬Nf FGGo 7G N7G. ‫ا‬G .‫و‬o .G‫ا‬F 7 7G F G
.62 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 N‫ا‬F( g GF. ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬G‫ا‬p ، Gp 8‫و‬7‫ا‬7 -2
40
g‫ا‬GG 67 ‫ا ل‬GG G7‫و‬/. 7 7‫ا‬G FGG GG67 ‫ا‬GG .‫ا‬/ FGG 7?G. G o7 GGG G G G‫ا‬GG.g7 ?GG G/ G F'N
Go7 '‫ا‬GG7'g7 G F7‫و‬o7 G 7FNG7 G FN o7 GG 7 ،FGGGG67 G ‫'ا‬/ o‫ل‬GG' ، G F'Go7 G G7?o7 N ‫ا‬GGFG7g7
FGG G 77Fo7 /GG G GFG GGG G 6. ?‫و‬GG G 'o7 7‫ل‬GG G G ،‫ا‬GG G ‫' 'ن‬/ ‫ي‬䩆GG G 7G F‫ا‬GG G o G G o7 7 G G GG7 ‫ا‬GG G ‫ن‬7G O' G G ‫ن‬N
G Go7 G G (?o7 FGG G77 G G/ ‫و نا‬GG GG ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬GG G?GG67 7GG GG FGG GGo FG GG‫ا‬GG GGG.g7 ‫ا‬GG G>Fo7 G G G‫ا‬GG.g7
‫ا ل‬GG‫ن‬7' GG?. G o7 /GG6'G7 ‫ا‬GG ‫و‬o7 ?N7 GGo7 ‫ ا‬G .7?G ' GG >F. .‫ن‬FGG 7 ?‫و‬GGGp G / ‫ا‬G7 G(
.1‫' 'نا‬/ ‫ ل‬G‫ ا>و‬7 G‫ا‬GG.g7 7 GG7 :‫و‬7‫ب‬o F7FG 7‫ا‬7'
N G Go7 FGGG GN/ G Go6 ‫ا‬GG GNf FGG GGGo 7GG GG NGG G7G. G G G‫ا‬GG.g7 ?GG G G7 F7 >GG GGF' 7‫ل‬GG GGG
( ‫ا‬GG G ‫ب‬G FGG G G G G‫ا‬GG.g7 ?GG G G7 ‫و‬GG G '. ، G G ‫'ا‬/o7 N ‫ا‬GG G FG7g7 G G G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫ا‬GG G G‫ 'و‬7 ‫ا‬GG G>o7
.F‫نا‬F 7 ‫ب‬G G ‫'ا‬/ FGG67 7G g7‫و‬O '. GG ،‫ا‬o ‫ي‬䩆 ‫ا‬GG. ‫ا‬G 7?.
:‫ة‬N7GFF' 77‫ل‬䐣' -3
‫ا‬G‫ن‬F> Go7 G/‫و‬/ .‫ا‬G 77 7GG ‫ا‬FGG 7 ?FFo7 g7G FG ' / ‫ا‬7F?( G 77 o7 .‫ن‬F 7 N‫ب‬.77
gGG7G /‫و‬GG/ ‫ا‬GG 77 ‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬o' .7GGO‫و‬. G o7 ( ‫ا‬GG‫ ب‬7 ‫ ل‬F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬FG7o G F'Go7 ?GG G7 G /GG. ، G '‫'و‬. G ‫ا‬F‫ب‬o
g7?GGo7 G? ‫ب‬7 F‫و‬GG .7 7 ?GG 7 G.77 7 Go‫ و‬G G.‫ا‬.‫ ا‬GG7 7‫و‬GG 7 ‫ا‬GFN g7?GG 7 G? ‫ب‬7 F‫و‬G ?FFo7
G F? 7 7‫ل‬G' G 77 o7 .G‫ا‬GF 7 N‫ا‬GGF‫ (ب‬G F? 7 F' ، G'‫'و‬. 7‫ل‬G FF. F‫ا‬G‫ن‬F 7 FGGG GFG ‫ا‬Go‫ا‬G7‫ا‬G 'Gn Go7
g7?GG 7 ? ‫ب‬/o '7 G 7‫و'و‬GN F 'n g' F ، G‫ا‬Fo7 7‫ل‬G ‫(?ا‬/ 7G‫ا‬ ‫?ا‬G 7G g (g ‫ا‬G‫ ل‬FFG(
.37 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 9‫' ا‬G ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬G‫ا‬p ، G 7G G( -1
41
OGG?G ، o‫ل‬GGo GG8Fo7 ‫ب‬GG7o7 G6 GG7?. 7‫و‬G.‫ا 'ا‬GGG gGG7?. O' F ‫ؤ‬GG. F 7GGG' Go7 ‫ا‬GG>o7 G6
.1g7?Go7 g 7?Go7 F G( ‫ ا ا‬F7?G. .‫ن‬F 7 N‫ا‬F( ‫ا ل‬/‫ؤ‬G G‫ '?ا‬7FFo7 ‫'(?ا‬o ‫ا‬FG 77 F o6
‫ا‬GGGFo7 ‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬o' G O‫و‬. G o7 G G7?o7 . ‫ا‬GGGFo7 G 7FFo7 F ‫ا‬GG'o7" :‫ا‬GG'/ ‫ا‬GG6N G 7FFo7 ?GG G7 OGG?.
‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G 7 F ‫ؤ‬G. /‫ا‬G/G7 7‫ل‬GG F ،GGG 7?Go7 ?FFGo7 g7G O‫ ا‬،?FFo7 g7G /‫ا‬/G G G' F‫?(و‬o7
.2"‫ب 'نا‬/. ‫ ا‬G .7? ' ‫نا‬G >F. ' o‫ا‬ ،‫ا‬oo‫و‬Gp N / .G‫ا‬F 7 N‫ا‬F( ‫ل‬
g‫ و‬G 7‫با‬GGg7 ?( ‫ل‬NG7 F‫ا‬N > o ‫أ‬p GG 7FFo7 ? G7 F F‫'و‬o7 ‫ا‬FFG' 7‫ل‬G 7G
.F‫نا‬F 7 7‫ ?ا( ل‬G 7 7‫'ب‬. ? G F‫نا‬F 7 ‫ ل‬7FFo7 Go‫ا‬G 7‫ 'ل‬،g7?G 7 ‫ا‬.‫ا‬G
:‫ة‬NG‫ل?ر‬䑅' 77‫ل‬䐣' -4
7GG G N‫ل'ا‬GG o7" :‫ب‬GG G?N GGG 77 o7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ ن‬7G ‫و‬GG 'N G o7 ‫ا‬GG ?(G7 7GG G ‫ا‬GG G‫ن‬G 7 G G?( G ‫ ?ا‬7 ‫ب‬GG G?.
‫و‬GG GGFo7 ‫ ل‬G G ‫ا‬ G G ‫ ?ا‬7 .GG G'‫ا 'ا‬GG G ،N‫ل'ا‬GG Go7 7‫ل‬GG GG F‫ا‬GG GG' GGG GG G G ‫ ?ا‬7 F‫ا‬GG G7'go G G ‫ ا‬G7 7‫و‬G G G 7
‫ا‬GGG‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬GGGG7 ‫ا‬GG' ، G7 ‫ا‬o7 G (?o7 7 GG GG ‫ب‬GGG7 G' ‫ 'ا‬G( ‫و‬GGGFN g G G ،N‫ا‬G7'g7
7&GG G7 G G7F' F‫أ‬GG 7N F G G( g .‫ن‬FGG 7 FGG G7‫ و‬،GGG 7 7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ ن‬G7‫ا‬N F 'GG n G Go7 ?GG G7 7GG G
:" o‫ا‬Go7
G.‫ن‬F 7 ‫ نا‬7G GG6N F 'n o7 ‫ ?ا‬7 ? ‫ب‬7 ‫ا‬G -
G‫ نا‬7G F‫و‬Fo7 7 FG ‫ا‬G -
G G7 G (‫?ا‬o7 G >7o7 gGG77 ، G ' ‫ب‬/. ‫ا' ا‬GG7o ،9 ‫ا‬GG7o7 GGG 7 7o7 ، G ' ‫ب‬/Go7 ‫ا‬GGG 7?Go7 9‫ا‬GG 'G ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬GG‫ا‬p 7N G o‫ا‬N ‫ا‬GG6G -1
.02 F ،2020-2019 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ،F‫ا‬7G7. ?G‫ا‬. ، ‫>ا‬7o7 G7 f7 7' ،n‫?ا‬o7
.24 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،‫نا‬7N7 . F 7‫ا‬7 ‫نا‬GG‫ا‬FG (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 ،G7 7‫و‬o7 9‫با‬G N‫ا‬Go7 ‫ب‬G ‫ ?ا‬،GG7N 7G G7G 7 -2
42
G‫''نا‬o F7 .‫ن‬FG7o 7G' N ' -
‫ي‬䩆G7G .‫ن‬FG 7 GG?N o7 G‫?ا‬o7 7 GG7 F '/G( g‫ن‬7. G 7?. G 7 ‫ا‬ o7 7‫ ?ا‬7 97‫ 'و‬GG ‫ا‬G -
1
G‫' 'نا‬/
‫نا‬G‫و‬GG GG‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG G‫ن‬G? ‫ب‬7 ‫ا‬GG G‫ن‬GN‫ >ا‬G G G 7GG GG .‫ن‬FGG G 7 ?‫و‬GG GGp 7GG GG ‫ا‬GG GG‫ن‬G ‫ا‬GG G‫ا'ب‬. GGG G6. G G ‫ ?ا‬7 F'
7GG G/' ‫?ا ل‬G7o F‫ إ‬،‫ا‬G7 ‫ا‬FG GGF g7 7‫>و‬F 7 ‫ ?ا ل‬7 ‫ا ' و‬G gG 7G ،‫ا‬G G ‫ا‬G7 ‫ا‬FG
G 7. FGGG FGGFGN ‫و‬GG‫ ن‬G ‫?ا‬G7o GGFGG g7 7‫و‬GG>F 7 ‫ا‬GGG ، G '?o7 ?GGo7 ‫ا‬GG/ G 7 7 7N7 G FG ‫ا‬FGG77Fo7
N G 6N G FGo ، G ‫ ?ا‬7 7 ‫ا‬GG FG 7GG G F‫ ا‬G 7 7 F77 G FG G '?o7 ?GG o7 7GG G G ' 7‫ا‬GG ‫ب‬GG7 ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G ‫ا‬FGG77Fo7
G GN‫بو‬Fo7 FGG 7o7 "N‫ا‬GG Go7 F&‫ا‬GG 'o7" ‫ ا‬FGG G' ‫ ل‬G G/GG 7 GG‫و‬GG o7' ‫و‬GG G G G / ‫ا‬GG /' ‫ا‬GG /o/ 77 G GFG ‫ا‬GG G‫ ن‬o'
.2 / /Fo7
G ‫ ?ا‬7 O' g‫ا‬G>Fo7 NG7G. 7‫ل‬Go ،‫ا‬Go ‫ا‬/‫أ‬GG. ‫ا‬G' / ‫ا‬G7‫با‬.77 F77Fo7 ? G/ ‫ ?ا‬7 ? G7 N‫ب‬.‫ا‬.
‫ا‬GG' ،‫ا‬G‫ن‬F ‫ا >ا‬G‫ن‬G >F. G‫و‬7G ‫ا‬G‫ن‬G F( ‫ا‬G‫ ن‬7G F‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬G7 ‫ا‬G‫ن‬G? ‫ب‬7 G 7G ‫ا‬F77Fo7 FGN/
O' G'GF' GGF g7 ''‫'ا‬7 7G g‫ا '>ا‬F 'o F ?‫ ب‬g N G ‫نا '>ا‬. O' ‫ا‬/. ‫ ?ا‬7 N FF. F
:GG g‫ا‬o g G O' ‫ ?ا‬7 .FFO ' ، ‫ ?ا‬7 N FF. F‫و‬G ?‫ا‬N ‫نا '>ا‬.
.F/F 7 ‫ ا‬Oo‫ا‬o7 ‫>ا‬7o7 /G N‫و‬G‫ا‬o7 ‫ ?ا‬7 -
. ? ‫ب‬/o7 G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬7?o7 /G ‫ب‬N‫ا‬GGo7 ‫ ?ا‬7 -
.G7 f7 F‫و‬FFo7 /G o‫ا‬G'7 ‫ ?ا‬7 -
.44 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،g 7?Go7 ‫ ا‬F'. ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬FG ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬G‫ا‬p ،F‫ و و‬7 ‫ب ا‬G G‫ ا‬-1
43
.7N o7 FNg/ O?. 7FNG7 ‫ ?ا‬7 -
.1 N7‫ا‬Go7 F77Fo7 G G7 g‫ا‬o 7G 'G6 7 O‫ا‬p7 g G‫ا‬F 7 G6. F.6o7 ‫ ?ا‬7 -
'Gn F‫ا‬G‫ن‬F 7 ‫ا‬G‫ن‬FG F‫و‬GGGN Go7 ‫ ?ا‬7 ? ‫ب‬7 GG 77 o7 g ‫ ا‬7 GG ‫ ?ا‬7 ? G‫ا‬ ‫ا‬Go/
g ‫ا‬GG 7 g‫ا‬GGG7‫ا‬G 'GGG G 7G ، GF ?G G 77 G7G‫ا‬G GG( ، G ‫ ?ا‬7 G G7?o7 g ‫ا‬GG / gG7G .‫ن‬FGG 7 F‫و‬GGGN F
.‫نا‬G‫ا‬G 7 7 'GGo7 ‫نا ل‬G >F. F ' ،NFo7 ?‫و‬G7G '7G ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ ?ا‬7
..G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. :‫?ا‬.'1
‫ ل‬G ?77‫و‬o7 77‫و‬GG /Go7 7G >Go7 'GG 7G 7‫و‬GG/G. ،g G GGGG G '‫ا‬/GG G 7GG G G 7?Go7 G 7G?o7 F'
7‫و‬GG /. ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G NGG 7‫و‬GG ‫ا‬GGG7‫و‬/. F‫إ‬GG G 7G?o7 7‫ل‬GGG ‫ ل‬gGG GG7 ‫ا‬GG FF?o7 ‫و‬GGG F‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬F 7 FG ، ‫ا‬GG ?GG67 g‫ا‬G o7
‫ ل‬F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F 7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G FGG'N ‫ا‬GG 7' ‫ا‬GG ‫و‬. F‫و‬GGGN N7‫ا‬G.' F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F 7 7‫و‬GG/. ‫ب‬GGG?N ،‫نا‬GFGGO' ‫نا‬/N G / ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬GG‫ا‬FG
. o ‫ؤ‬7G F 7‫و‬/N ' o‫ ا‬g G F ‫ا‬N‫و‬/Go7 7GG gG. ، 7'' gFGN7 7‫ >نو‬F‫ا‬G
:.G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. G‫هو‬GG -1
NG/. 7 ?‫ا‬GN ‫ا‬GG 'G7/ g/' N‫ا‬ P?N" :‫نا‬FG g/' ‫ا‬FN‫?ا‬. .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. ‫نو‬FG ‫ل‬N‫ي‬䨣
‫ا‬GGG' ،N‫و‬GG'Go7 O' 7 GGG7 7GGG .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ا‬GO‫ا‬FG FGG / ‫ا ل‬GG>Fo7 g ‫ا‬GG' PGG?N G7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/Go‫ا‬G ، GFG 'GG7/N ‫ا‬GG
7 GFo7 FG‫ا‬Go7 7‫ب‬GG. 7 'GGGo‫ 'ا‬G( ‫ا‬/‫أ‬GG. G ‫ا‬/‫ؤ‬G. .‫ن‬FG / GFG. Go7 GG7‫?و‬o7 F / F ‫أ‬FGN
N7‫و‬G. ‫ل‬ .G‫ا‬GF 7 ‫ ل‬/ /GG7 7 7 GN GGo7 6?( F‫ا‬N ' P?N 7 o6 ‫ و‬،... ‫با‬GG 7
.36 F ، N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 g7G ‫ ل‬G 'G ،g ‫ا‬7 G7G F‫ا‬G‫ا‬ Gp ،F7 ‫ا‬o7 ‫ب ا‬G Gp -1
44
F‫ا‬GG N ' G FG F‫ا‬GG o7 ‫و‬GG G ‫ا‬GG G' ' o‫ا‬GG G7 ‫ا‬GG /o7 ?‫و‬GGG 7G ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G F‫و‬GGG 6 7 ?‫و‬GGG 7G ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G ‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬FG
.1"n'...F‫ب‬G 7 N‫'و‬Go7 ‫ '>ا‬7/ g 7?Go7 ‫ ل‬f7 ' ‫ا‬o7 ، /N o7 ‫و‬7?o7 ‫ ا‬Go‫ا‬o7
g‫ا‬GO‫ ?ا‬7 7G>Go7 G‫'ب‬7‫و‬ G‫ن‬N Go G G' .‫ن‬F 7 N‫'و‬. ‫ي‬䩆7G 'Gg g‫و‬/N .‫ن‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. ?N
‫ا‬GG‫ب‬7/GG FGGG ‫ا‬GG (‫ا‬n' GG‫ا‬FGo7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G g7 ‫ا‬GG'o7 '‫ا‬GG7'g7 GF.6o7 N‫ا‬GGF( G >( ،FGGGG67 G ‫'ا‬/o7 G ‫ ?ا‬7 ‫ل‬
‫نا‬G>‫ ا‬G O ‫ا‬GG ?. /G G7‫و‬o7 GG >o7 7 G GG‫ ا‬،7‫ا‬GG O‫ا‬FG FGG G. ‫ف‬.‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG /. N‫ب‬.‫ا‬G N ، G .7>GG ‫ا‬GG F?o7
G'F. G‫ب‬7/o7 ?‫و‬GG7 GG FG G> .G'‫ 'ا‬76' ، FGG6. F‫ل‬Go7 '‫و‬7G7o7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G og ‫ا‬G‫و‬G ‫ا‬/' /‫ب‬FGo
g>FGG 7 ‫و‬GGF' 7 GGGF Go7 GG >Go7 G '/ .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG/. ‫ا‬GG?N G 7G ، G G FG ‫ا‬GG/'G7 G 77 o7 G7G‫ ا‬7 O'
FGG 7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 N G / O' F ‫ؤ‬GG N F‫ل‬G o7 ، G FG N‫و‬GG . .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫و‬GG GG FGG / ‫ ل‬F‫و‬GG (‫ ا‬7 G / o F‫ل‬GG o7
.GG 7?Go7 ‫>ا‬Fo7 7 G F '/ ‫ ل‬.N‫ا‬F' ?‫و‬G7G
‫ ل‬GGF ' G >. /7 GG' GF'( gGG. Go7 7N7‫ا‬G.g7 G‫و‬Go" :‫ 'ا‬.G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/G( ‫ا‬6N F'N
FGG '/ ‫ ل‬.‫ن‬FGG 7 7‫ل‬GG G G 7G‫ ا‬g o8 G F'( ‫و‬GG G 7 7‫ل‬GG G G ' ‫نا‬GG 6?( .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫و‬GG GG ? G G7
7 GGGG 7 7 6GG ?( ،FGG GG67 ‫ ل‬7 GGGG 7 7 7G >Go7 FGG G ‫ي‬䩆GG ‫ا‬GGN G 7?' ، G FG g‫و‬GG .‫ ا‬7 7 G GG7
.2" ‫?ا‬o7
‫ا‬GG G g G GG ‫ب‬GG G gGGG N ،FGG GG67 ‫ ل‬7GG O‫ا‬o7 7G G>Go7 FGG GFN .G‫ا‬GG F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG /. F PGG ?N 7‫ل‬GG G
./. F‫ ?ا‬/‫ب‬F o 7 N . F 7/Go nN g ‫و‬F'G 7N7‫ا‬.'
G G (‫?ا‬o7 G GG7G 7 ،No‫ا‬GG o7 ،‫ا‬GG 6F7o N‫ا‬G G 7 77 ،‫ا‬GG o‫ب 'ا‬/. ‫نا‬GG 7 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬GG O‫ا‬FG G G 77 o7 .G‫ا‬GG GF 7 ،‫ي‬䩆F/GG FG G G Go7 G G‫ب‬G FGG O -1
.71 F ،2000 ، N ‫?و‬7o7
.137 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، 77 o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ ا ا ل‬،g G7‫(ا‬7 7N G‫ ا‬-2
45
:.G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. *'‫و‬7. -2
:‫نا‬/ 7 N g G F .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. gGN
..‫ن‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. N GGo7 ‫ا>ب ل‬o7 -
G o7 G / o7 ‫ا‬GG >o7 FGG G g FGGG . ‫ا‬GG o G N '7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ا ل‬GG ‫ا‬N ' 'GG n G o7 G N‫?(و‬o7 7 G GG7 G N /-
. G '. 77 ‫ ل‬g‫ن‬7. 7‫ب‬o7 ‫نا‬6 ?N
. /(7?G 7G‫ا‬GGG 7G‫ ا‬N‫ا‬N‫و‬/. /N -
. o‫ا‬G gN‫ا‬FG( G7?Go7 7 GG7 F '/Go 7‫و‬/ 7 .‫ن‬FG7o F‫و‬G6 7 ?‫و‬Go7 7‫ ا‬GN7 -
. ‫ا‬/ 7 .‫ن‬F 7 F ‫ب‬/Go ‫ا ب‬F 7 7G?G7 7 ‫و ا‬o7 N / -
. ?' 7 .‫ن‬F 7 ' ‫ا‬F. /N G ?N7 . ‫ا‬7 7‫ ا‬GN7 -
‫ ل‬977 G 7 7GG GG ‫ي‬䩆G7G G‫ب‬N‫ا‬. .‫ن‬FG 7 FG ‫ب‬/. 'Gn GN‫ا‬N‫و‬/. G/N FGG G?( 7‫و‬G/ 7 .‫ن‬FG 7 'N‫ا‬.-
. G'‫?ا‬G 7‫و‬/ 7 .‫ن‬F 7 ‫و ل‬.‫ و‬7 7p7 ‫?ا‬G 7G 7GGG' oG 7‫ا‬FGG 7'‫ا‬G
g‫و‬GG G G‫ن‬.G7 7 G7 G G GG8Fo7 G G G 7 7 'GG G GGGo7 ‫و‬GG G GG( G G Go6 7‫و‬GG G G/ 7 .‫ن‬FGG G G 7 g G G GG?Go 7 ?GGG G g7 -
. 7G?G7 7
.‫ن‬FGG 7 g GG?. G7G‫ا‬G G‫ب‬. .‫ن‬FGG 7 g GG?Go 7 ?GGG g7 7GGG N‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G'g7 G?( ، GG?(‫ا‬GG 7‫و‬GG/ 7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 g GG?. -
.1 N '7 G 77 o7 ‫?ا‬o7 N7 ( ‫ ل‬F‫و‬G. g ‫ا‬G 977 7 ‫ي‬䩆7G
.100 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 9‫' ا‬G ‫ ل‬77‫ا‬p ، G 7G G( -1
46
:.G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. .NF‫ا‬7) -3
:GG ' o‫ ا‬g G F .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. gGN
:G‫ذ‬o‫ب‬⠧ ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' -1-3
FGG G 'GG ‫ا‬FG. g G 7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ ل‬g ‫و‬GG .‫ و‬7 ‫ا‬GG G‫و‬7? 7 NGG 7G. G 7 g 7 G Go7 GG >Go7 7‫و‬GG /Go7 G G G'
..‫ن‬F 7 7G ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 7‫ل‬G ‫ل‬G gG ،FGG67
:‫ة‬G‫ا‬6‫ل‬䐥‫ب‬⠧ ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' -2-3
g‫ا‬N‫ا‬G7G F‫و‬GG. ‫ا ا‬GGg7 7‫ا‬G'Fo7 7‫ل‬G FO .‫ن‬F / g ‫و‬.‫و‬G 7G. G g N . 7‫ 'ا‬N 6'
.FGG67 ‫ ل‬7O‫ا‬o7 77‫و‬/G7o
:F'‫د‬..7g‫ب‬⠧ ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' -3-3
‫ا('ا‬GG 7‫ا'و‬GG' :F‫ا‬GG/G gGG7?o7 ‫ا‬GG /?G ‫ا‬GGG‫>نا‬. ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬FG G6 /GGO ?‫ا‬GGN GG‫و‬7?o GG‫و‬7?G F ‫ب‬GGG7.
.1‫و ا‬G 7 . N7G7 F‫و‬Go7 ‫ا'و‬G ?G6o7 ./‫ب‬O Ff7 ‫ا‬G ،F‫و‬Go7 ‫ا'و‬G GG N7G7 F/ F‫و‬o‫'و‬N
:7N1‫د‬.F' H‫ر‬7J ..GF' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.4-3
'GFFN F‫ا‬G' ' O?o F‫و‬G6o7 ‫ا‬FFG 'GFN ' ‫ا‬N‫و‬/Go7 7G G‫و‬7 G7 7‫ل‬G ‫ ل‬7 ‫ا‬o7 7G6 7
N‫و‬G'Go7 7 G ‫و‬o7 G'N‫ا‬/o7 /G .‫ن‬F 7 ''7‫و‬. '( F‫ا‬F>' FG ،N' ?‫و‬Go7' ‫ي‬䩆 ‫ ا‬7 G‫ا‬GGo7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/GO7G
.‫ا‬G>
‌‌
08 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، /N o7 ?N7 Go7 ' o‫ا‬ .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. ‫ ا‬G .7? ' ،?G ‫ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆F/FG -1
47
:*g‫ا‬/.Gg' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. -5-3
g‫ا‬GGo ‫ل ل‬GG GFGo7 ‫و‬GGG 9‫ا‬GG 7 O' Go Go7 77‫ا‬GG‫ب‬GNg7 7GGG 97‫و‬G' gGGNG7 G' G7 ‫ا ل‬G‫>ن‬
Go7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬G/Go7 G 7GG ‫ ل‬GG ‫ ا‬G7 'G ?o7 7GGo ... 77‫ نا‬7 ، 77 'o7 ،G7 F/Go7 ''‫'ا‬7 /Gg ?GG
'GG'7‫و‬. G '( 7GGG F‫و‬GG?o ‫ا‬GG/GGg7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG/G( 7‫و‬G‫ا‬GG7 gGG' ‫و‬GGG GGGG‫ ا‬7 ‫ا ل‬N‫و‬GG/Go/ 7‫و‬G‫ا‬GG7 g'‫أ‬G
‫ن‬䘧 GFG ‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬FGG7
..‫ن‬F 7
:‫ة‬N.‫ه‬F‫ل‬䑅' *‫ا‬GN‫ظ‬F.F' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.-6-3
7‫و‬GG/. 6' g‫ا‬GGG7G .G'‫ا 'ا‬N‫و‬GG/Go7 G 7GG F '7 G' F F /GG7' G G‫ن‬F 7 ‫ا‬GG >FG7o ‫ا‬FGG 77 7GG
F‫ل‬GG o7 ?GG 7‫و‬o7 g‫ا‬GG67 .‫ن‬FGG GOo' o ، G /(7? 7 G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7 .‫ن‬FGG G O' 7GGFFF 7 G 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 .‫ن‬FGGG
.17‫ا‬6Fo7 .‫ن‬FG o 77 o7 7 G‫و‬o7 7‫>نو‬Oo' 77 ( ?
:‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' .NF‫ا‬7)-7-3
G 7G?( N‫ا‬G‫ن‬G'7 G 7 G GFG77 7GG 7N G( ،‫ا‬GG‫و‬GG .‫ن‬FG 7 F ‫أ‬GFG. 7G‫ا‬G G 7GG ‫ا‬N‫و‬/Go7 ‫ا? ل‬.
>‫ ا‬G GO 7 G N / ، 7 G GGG7‫ا‬N‫و‬/G( G ‫ب‬. F 'GG n .‫ن‬FGG G7o G‫ا‬GG 6o7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG /Go7 G G/N F‫إ‬GG G G 7G ، G '‫'و‬.
G o' GO ‫ا‬GG / GG ‫ي‬䩆7G N‫ا‬F( ، G >F. ' o‫ا‬ ?‫و‬Go7 7‫ ا‬GN7 ‫>ا ل‬Fo7 ‫?ا‬N o6N‫و‬G ‫ ل‬،‫?ا‬N‫و‬F.
.?FFo7 g7G o‫?( '>ا‬o7 ' o‫ا‬ ،g ‫ ا‬7 F‫ا‬o
7GG G G G NGGG G G 6o7 6GG G G ?( GG G G >G. G G G 7 G G G o7 g7?GGG G G o7 ' o‫ا‬GG G G ?N7 G G G Go7 FGG G G 7‫ا‬7 7‫ا‬GG G G GN7 gGGG G G N o
‫ي‬䩆GG 7G ‫و‬GG '?o7 F‫ا‬GG / 7 ‫ب‬GG ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G gGGGN G ' ، G G 7?Go7 7‫ب‬G p7 ?‫و‬GGGo7 G /7 o 7‫ا‬G >' ، G ' 'o7 ' o‫ا‬GG G7
1
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48
،F(‫ا‬GG 7o7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ ل‬g ‫ا‬GG .GG '‫ 'ا‬G o7 G ‫'و‬7 G 'N‫ا‬/o7 7GG G g G ( gN7‫ا‬G 'o7 ?N7 G . ‫ ل‬G 7Go7 'N‫ ا‬/o7
gGGGN G7 ،977 G 7 ‫ل ل‬GG GFGo7 7 GG g o‫و‬GGo 7‫ا‬G>' ،F ‫ا‬GGFo7 7GGG g G( GGG?G'7 ?N7 Go‫ با‬o‫ا‬GG .GGG7.
. G7?G 7 ( N ‫ا‬Fo7 ‫ا‬Fo7 N‫ب‬G ‫ي‬䩆7G g7? 7 g7 7 g o‫و‬o، /N G ‫ ا‬F'. F‫ا‬N '
N‫و‬GG'. ‫ي‬䩆GG7G g7 ‫ا‬GG7 /‫ب‬GGF. G / ، ‫ا‬GG/GGg7 N‫'و‬Go7‫و‬G ‫' ا‬o7 ' o‫ا‬GG ‫ا ل‬N‫و‬GG/. G7' Go6 7GGG .GGGFN
. G G G G G '7 .‫و‬o7 G G G G G N7‫ نا‬7 G G G G G 7'?o/g‫ا‬67 NGG G G G G 7Gq ‫ل ل‬GG G G G G G7. G G G G G ' G G G G G ''G F‫ل‬GG G G G G o7 ‫و‬GG G G G G GFo7 77 G G G G G 'G
‫ا‬GG >' F‫ا‬GG ' 76' ‫ا‬G G g ،PGG Fo7 7‫ا‬G g7 G .‫و‬Go7 ‫ا ل‬N‫و‬GG /. ‫ب‬G‫ا‬GG FN G 76' ‫ا‬GG F7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG /Go7 7‫ل‬GG G G ?N
F 'GGn G( ،7‫و‬GG/ 7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 FGG ‫ب‬/. ‫ي‬䩆GG7G GG7? 7 'N7 G. ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG/Go7 GGG6N F GGG>‫ب‬FN ‫ا‬GGG' ،o‫و‬GG'‫ا‬GG 7?Go7
‫ا‬GG‫و‬7? 7 77‫ا‬G‫ ن‬7 n‫ا‬Gp7 G‫ا‬G7'' G >( ، GG7? 7 ‫ا‬G 7' ، G (?o7 ‫ا‬G 7' ‫ ل‬7 Gg7 .G7‫ب‬Oo' G'
.77 G77 gN‫ا‬F' G( 7‫و‬/ 7 .‫ن‬F 7 FG G‫?ا‬G7o g‫ن‬7G‫ؤ‬. o/‫ا‬G‫ا‬.g7
..G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. F? FJ‫ؤ‬7‫ل‬䑅' -4
.G'‫ 'ا‬F' ،g G7?Go7 G (?o7 g778‫و‬G( .G‫ا‬GFG7o GG‫?ا‬o7 g77 g7 GG‫ن‬G .G7 o .‫ن‬FG 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. 7GG F'
F‫و‬G(?o7 7GG. 7 G( ‫و‬G'N o 7‫ا‬G ' FGGG ? Go .‫ن‬FG 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬G/. ،‫ا‬N‫و‬G/Go7 G 7GG g>FGN 7GG GGG g77 g7 7‫ل‬G
G G7? 7 FGG G F ‫أ‬G ?Go/ F‫و‬GG (‫ا‬. G ‫ا ''ا‬GG 6 7 G ' '/ ‫ ل‬gG‫ا‬GG 7N '?GG6G G ‫ 'ن‬g‫ا‬GG G/' ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG /Go7 n‫ي‬䨣 G (
.1‫' ا‬7 G .‫ن‬F 7 ‫ نا‬.‫و‬. 7 ‫ل‬F' 7N‫ل‬o7
.‫ن‬FG 7 ‫ا‬G‫ن‬/ GN Go7 7‫ب‬Gp7 FGG 7‫و‬G6N‫?ا‬. 7N‫ل‬Go7 ‫ب‬7/o7 .‫ن‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. ‫ي‬䩆7G G?o7 ‫ ل‬gG‫ا‬7N ‫ا‬G'
.‫ نا‬7G ‫'و‬7 o7 7‫ ?ا‬7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 7‫ و‬77 .
.10 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، /N o7 ?N7 Go7 ' o‫ا‬ .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. ‫ ا‬G .7? ' ،?GG ‫ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆F/FG 1
49
G 7 7 .G‫ا‬GFG ‫ ل‬F7‫'ل‬7 >Go7 N7‫ا‬.' O' 7‫ا‬FG ‫ا ل‬G ‫ و‬7 '‫ا‬. F‫ا‬.' ‫ن‬6o7 G‫?ا‬o7 F'
7‫ل‬GGG N‫ا‬GGG7' ‫ ل‬7‫و‬G7G?G. g 7GGo F‫و‬GG6 G /‫ب‬GF ، G ? ‫ب‬7 ‫ا‬G7‫و‬G> O' g'‫ل‬G G7. 7‫ا‬GG‫ب‬G'7 7‫و‬Go‫و‬G :F ‫ا‬G7
G'G G( ، Go 7‫و‬GGG77 gGG'G ? Go gG7?N ‫ا‬GG g7? Go ،‫ نا‬7G ' n 7‫و‬G ، o ‫أ‬FGG ‫ ل‬7& G7 7‫?و‬G ،F‫و‬6Fo7
G7'G G?GG7N G'‫ إ‬G.7‫ (ل‬gG7?. F ‫ي‬䩆G7G ‫ب‬Gn ‫ا‬G GF? ، G>Fo F 7GG g G( g7?o7 N6G o ، 7FF( G‫ن‬
.7> 'G ‫ي‬䩆7G GG?N F 7G g (
G 77 o7 .G‫ا‬GF 7 ‫ا ل‬G>Fo7 g ‫ا‬GGg g7‫و‬GG. 7N‫ا‬GGF 7 N‫ا‬GG7?o7 ‫ب‬7 7G 7‫و‬G o7 .'‫ 'ا‬76' 7‫ل‬GG
GGGGo ،G‫ل‬GG‫ ن‬7 G‫ل‬GG6 7 G77‫ ''ا‬G o7 FGGGG67 7GGG g‫>ا‬GGFG g7‫و‬GGO O' G 7 7 G N‫و‬/ G . 7GGG G N‫?(و‬o7
7G‫ا‬GG GG gGG G7? 7 G‫ا‬GG GGGo7 /‫ب‬GG GF o ،g‫ن‬GG G7F'/ F ‫ا‬GG G'o7 7‫و‬G G/FGN ،‫ا‬GG G‫ ن‬G G 7?Fo7 go‫ا‬GG G G ‫ل‬GG G GFGo7 97‫ا‬GG G'
،gGG ‫ب‬G7Fo/ g‫ا‬G o7 GGG G 7 7 /‫ب‬GFGo g G‫ا‬GFo7 ‫ا‬GGFo‫ ا‬. G (‫ا‬. ‫ ل‬G o' 7‫بو‬GF' ‫ا‬GG FG '/ ‫ ل‬7N G‫ا‬G7G
،goo7‫و‬G G NGG7Gq 7GG‫ ن‬7 97‫و‬G ' NGG7Gq g‫ن‬GGG 7 G G N7 ‫ل‬GG GFGo7 97‫ا‬GG' G G ،g‫ا‬GG /7o 7 7 G G' .GG o
gG‫ن‬Fo7 9F/GG g7 ‫ ل‬G .7‫ل‬o7 go77 G7 F‫و‬G'7/N ‫و‬G G‫و‬7G G7 7‫ل‬Go gG' F‫ ''و‬F F /G7. '/ G(
.1g‫ن‬7F'/ F ‫'ا‬o7 7‫با‬FG 7 ،G‫ ?ا‬G g7
.‫ ل‬GF. G7?G ‫ا‬6G 7G F G'7 o ‫ؤ‬7G .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. o ‫ؤ‬7G F ‫ب‬GN 7‫ل‬G 7G
‌‌
.11 F F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، /N o7 ?N7 Go7 ' o‫ا‬ .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. ‫ ا‬G .7? ' ،?GG ‫ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆F/FG -1
50
F‫ا‬/F' F7GF'
.G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G‫ر‬/‫ ⨣ت‬K‫د‬GJ 7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7 ‫و'ع‬F)
.‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ة‬N‫و‬.‫ت‬F'
'‫ا‬FF‫ل‬䐥' ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7 :gJ)
‫ة‬6F‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅' ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7 :‫ا‬NF/
'‫ا‬7F.7g' ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7 ‫ا‬/F/
*gG6‫ل‬䑅' F/ ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7 ‫?ا‬.'1
‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ة‬N‫و‬.‫ت‬F' .G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ب‬⠧ 7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7 ‫ر‬/‫ ⨣ت‬K‫د‬G ‫ا‬7G‫ا‬.
‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ة‬N‫و‬.‫ت‬F' .G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G‫ر‬/‫ ⨣ت‬K‫د‬GJ 7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7 ‫و'ع‬F) F‫ا‬/F' F7GF'
:‫د‬N‫ه‬o
7N7‫ا‬G.' 7GGG g7‫ا‬GG‫ب‬G GGGG ، G. ‫و‬GG gGGG ? GG7 GGGG F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F 7 7GGG ‫ا‬GGFFG ?N7 GGo7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 G?.
، G 7 N‫ا‬GGF/ ‫ا‬G‫ل‬GGFFN gGG7? 7 ‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬7G GG7 o ،‫ب'ا‬GG7G ‫ا‬G 7 G G' ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬/ /. gGGGN ' o‫ا‬GG NGG/N ‫ا‬GG
‫و‬GGG ‫ا‬GGG ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬FG 97‫و‬G ' g G G ‫ي‬䩆GG7G 7GGG6G. GGGG ، G ?(7G7 ?N7 G Go7 F‫ا‬GG'7 7GGG 7GG'7 ?N7 GGo7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ب‬GGG?.
:G7N ‫ا‬G ‫نا‬FG ‫'ل'ا‬ N G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬G ‫نا‬FG F 7'.
.'‫ا‬FF‫ل‬䐥' ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7 :gJ)
:‫ها‬G‫هو‬GG -1
.g‫ا‬G‫ا‬o7 'N‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬6N ‫ي‬䩆G7. g‫ا‬G?G 7 ‫ا‬G‫ا و‬G‫ا‬/' ‫ا‬/o7 7 7G 'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬G ‫ب‬G?.
F 7GGG G‫ب‬7/7o 97 G 7 GG 'N 7‫ا‬GG G7 N77f7 7‫ا‬G? 7 7‫ب‬G.7o ‫ا‬GGG7G F‫و‬FG N‫ا‬GG GGG
7 G GO ?GN g ‫ب‬⡊7GG G G'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬GG G ‫' ل‬GG o‫ا‬/o7 F‫إ‬GG ‫و‬GG ‫ن‬F 7 7‫ل‬GG G N‫و‬GG G ‫ ل‬،...7‫ا‬GG 7FG 7 G ?7‫'ا‬G
.1‫ا‬G‫ا'و‬G G 7?Go7 7G?o7 7‫و‬p ‫ نو‬97 7 ‫ا‬G ،G'7Go7 9‫ا‬GG g7
7GG GG7?G 7 o‫و‬GG7G gG FN G‫ن‬FG G‫و‬7G / G?G N‫ا‬GG g7? 7 ‫ نا‬O‫و‬GN o7 'N‫ا‬/o7 GG
6?‫ب‬G( ?GG7N G7 ، G7‫و‬/F 7 GG7Go/ 9‫و‬GG‫ و‬7 N‫ا‬GG ‫ ل‬gG7? 7 GGFGGN ،97 Go7 7 GG FG '/ .
.2 '7‫ا‬6 7 F 9‫ا‬GG g7 G'7Go7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ و نا‬G ‫ ل‬GFGo7 7 ‫ا‬FG'N G 7?Go7 ‫و ا‬o7
‫و‬GG‫ب ن‬⡊7G 77 F‫و‬GGGN g7?GG 7 ‫ا‬GGG F‫ا‬G?Fo7 ‫و‬GGG gG7? 7 7 F‫و‬GGGN G' 7 G'N‫ا‬7 N‫ا‬G'og7 G'N‫ا‬7 F6'
. G‫ا‬FGG > G'7GG FGG7G
.294 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 /N o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ، /G 77p -1

.74 F G،2004 ،‫?ا ا‬o7 ?o7 ،‫ب‬. 7 7o ،g‫ا‬O‫ ?ا‬7 7 F N 'o7 7‫ا‬/G ( G 7?Go7 7G?o7 F77 ، ‫ي ن‬䩆7 o -2
52
:‫ا‬o‫و‬N? -2
: / N‫'ا‬og7 'N‫ا‬/o G‫ و‬G ‫ب ا‬7 g G '‫ا‬FG
'7 GN G'?o7 F gG ‫ا‬G'GG7 g ‫ا‬GG ‫'و‬/ ‫ا‬GGGGg7 ‫و‬GG N7‫ا‬GGN 9‫ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆G7G ‫و‬GG'. G'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬GG F' -
. ‫'و ا‬7 o g ‫ ا‬7Go7 '7 N '?o7 F N o7 ?FFo7 g7G .‫ب‬/ 7 g ‫ ا‬7Go7
‫' ل‬7?G g7 7GG G.‫ا‬G ،97 7 ‫ي‬䩆7G GG?N ‫ب ا‬7 7?. '‫ا‬o7 7‫ا‬6Fo7 7G ‫ ل‬G7Go7 ‫ا‬/ ‫ا 'ا‬G' -
. .‫>با‬7 ‫ ل‬G7Go7 F‫ و‬G G‫ا‬GG. ‫ا 'ا‬G' ،‫ا‬G‫ ل‬FF. G/N g 7 7 FG
.‫ا‬o76 G ‫ ل‬N‫ ا >ا‬G ‫نا‬7?. ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? / gGo -
، GFG G n g F‫ا‬GN ‫ا‬GG>' 'G7G G‫ب‬.‫ا‬G ‫ا‬GGG‫و‬7? 7 GG'7N GGG7G 7GG g7‫ا‬GG‫ب‬G 97 G 7 G?. ‫ا‬GG' ‫ا‬GG' -
. ‫أ‬7o7 7 7 O' F ‫ؤ‬N 7‫ل‬G
7‫و‬GGo7 g' ‫ل‬GG G7Go7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G ‫ا‬GGG ‫ا‬GGG‫و‬7? 7 G ‫?ا‬G‫ (ب‬F G7 7 GF 7 ‫و‬GG‫ ن‬GN7‫و‬.‫ا‬G' /7GG 97 G 7 GGG/?. -
7GG ‫ا‬GG 6GGF 7 G.‫ و‬7 7GG ‫ا‬GF ‫ا‬N g 77g7 G‫و‬7G7G 97 G 7 ‫ا‬G6N G?n ، ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 G'7. G‫ا‬/o7
.17‫ل‬GG FG ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫و‬G
‫ن‬GG G7 ‫ا‬GG‫و‬7? / GG'7G 7 GN ‫و‬Go G6 G7 ‫ي‬䩆G'‫ب‬. N‫ا‬G'og7 G'N‫ا‬7 F g' G‫و‬GG ?o7 7‫ل‬GG G' FGG
.g‫ا‬G?G 7 ‫ا‬/'G7
-45 F F ،2013 ،01 7 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GG GG ،FGGN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬GG6F7o ‫ا‬GGN‫ا‬. 77 ،?N7 G Go7 'GG o7 ‫ و ل‬.‫و‬GGo7 ، G N8 ‫و‬GG( G /G G‫ا‬GG -1
.46
53
:‫ا‬o'‫ز‬N‫م‬䕅 -3
:1‫نا‬FG 7‫ و‬G g ?( N‫'ا‬og7 'N‫ا‬7 ‫ و‬GG.
G />Go 'G7'G7 GGG G'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬GG F G. G 77 o7 77‫ا‬G' 7 gGGG O' ‫>ا‬Fo‫ با‬.7‫و‬o7 ‫ا ل‬FG7g7 -
. o7 7G‫و‬o7 ‫ا ل‬GN7‫و‬. '
.‫ب‬Go7 nF/o7 ?o7 76 F‫و‬FF7o 'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬G /7F. -
G G'N‫ا‬/( ?N7 G GGo7 gGGG N 6' ، G GG8Fo7 7‫ب‬G GG. 7 ‫ا‬GG 7‫و‬o7 G GG 7‫و‬G G ‫ن‬GGo7 ‫ا‬GG ‫و‬o7 ‫ا ل‬GG FG7g7 -
. N ‫?ا‬o7 F‫و‬FFo7 ‫ ل‬g‫ا‬G‫ا‬o7
.7F'o7 N7‫ا‬G' ‫ 'ب‬G6( ? N‫ 'ا‬7 6?( ' ‫ا‬F. -
.977 7 ‫ ل‬G7?G 7 ' ‫ا‬F. g 7Go ‫?ا‬G‫'ا‬7 GF7' ‫?ا‬o7 g 7?Go7 GF7 ' ‫ا‬F. -
. 'GFo7 '(‫ا‬7o7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 ( N(‫ا‬o7 ‫ي‬䩆7G G‫ا‬7. -
.?FFo7 N‫ب‬G ‫ب‬Fo7 7 G7?G 7 ‫ ل‬9‫>ا‬. -
.g‫ ن‬7 G 7'. ،g‫ ن‬FG8 ‫ا‬G g ‫ا‬. g7GGo7 ‫ي‬䩆7G g‫ ?ن‬G6. -
.‫ا‬.7 . ‫ 'ا‬7F. ‫ا‬G >F. ‫ا‬/' g ‫ ا‬7 F‫و‬G. -
. G‫ن‬F 7 'GGo7 ‫ا ل‬G ، ‫ش‬㑅 F g7‫و‬F( 7‫ب‬p7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 / G‫و‬. ‫ي‬䩆7G G‫ا‬7. -
.g‫ا‬G?G 7 ‫ا‬/'G7 'N‫ا‬/o7 GG N‫'ا‬og7 7‫ا‬7 .7?. 7‫ و‬G 7 7‫ل‬G
G G7 G >7o7 gGG77 ،?GG ‫ ا‬7 g ‫نا‬GG G Fo g‫ل'ا‬GGG ،GGG 77 o7 G F/Go7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G ?N7 G Go7 ‫ا‬GG7 ‫ا‬GG/ ،G77‫و‬G ‫ (و‬G N& ،G7G‫ا‬GG' G n N -1
.40-39 F F ،2020-2019 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ،G77‫بو‬o7 ،F ‫ن‬G 7( n‫?ا‬o7 ?G‫ا‬. ، ‫>ا‬7o7 G7 f7 7' ،n‫?ا‬o7
54
:‫ها‬.NF‫ا‬7) -4
G GG>FG G G'‫?ا‬G G G 7 G G'‫?ا‬G 7GG G ‫ا‬GG FN 7GG G gGG 7? 7 7GGGGG N ' o‫ا‬GG g G GG N‫ا‬GG 'og7 G 'N‫ا‬/o
:1G7N ‫ا‬G ‫نا‬FG ، /.
:‫ر‬6‫ا‬/.F' (‫و‬F7) -1-4
'7‫ا‬G ' G 67‫ا‬FG F 7GGG G‫ن‬FGG6o7 N‫ا‬GG?o7 FGGN‫ا‬7 7GGG GGGG7?o7 9‫و‬GGG‫ و‬7 97 G 7 G 'N G G
N G G F‫و‬GGGN ، G FG N‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G'g7 G ?( ‫ا‬GGG' N‫ا‬GG'og7 N‫ا‬GGF/ F7‫ؤ‬G 7o/ ‫ا‬GGG7o7 oGGG ، ?GGGG7 7 ‫ل‬GG GFGo7
7GG GFG 7 GFN ‫ا‬GG go‫ا‬G>GFG F‫ 'و‬GN G o' F‫?و‬GGG7N G‫ب‬7/o7 7‫ا‬GGG7G F‫و‬GN ‫ا‬GN 7‫ا‬GG7G 97 7
.97 o7 FG N‫نا‬G'7 ?( ‫>نا‬FG ‫نا‬7GN N‫>ا‬o F ‫'ا‬G ‫ا‬G‫و‬7?G
:N/N6‫و‬.F' 6‫?ر‬F' (‫و‬F7) -2-4
GG7?G 7 g G‫ا‬G6G FFGN 7GG ‫ا‬G 7G?o7 ‫ا‬G7‫و‬G>o7 F ‫ا‬G'o7 / G‫و‬Go G/ G‫و‬Go7 N‫?ا‬o7 ‫ن‬N
7 G ‫و‬o G(‫ا‬GGo gGG7? 7 / GG‫و‬. :‫ا‬GG‫ن‬7/G 7G‫و‬GGG ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬FG GN‫?ب‬. GN‫و‬G7 ، G G F6‫ا‬GGGFo ،‫ا‬GG g‫ا‬GG ‫ با‬7
.‫ا‬G
:‫ة‬7FF' (‫و‬F7) -
G7‫ا‬GG. NGG77‫و‬G N‫ا‬GG ‫ ل‬gGG7? 7 ‫ا‬GG‫ب?ن‬GN Go7 GO‫ا‬p7 7 GFFGo7 7N7‫ا‬G.g7 :‫ا‬GG'/ GF'o7 ‫ا‬G?.
‫ا‬GG o N7 G G7g7 ‫ا‬GG ‫'بو‬o G‫و‬GG 7'o7 o‫ا‬GGGG 7 NGG 77‫?و‬o7 g7‫ا‬GG 6.g ،97 G o7 9‫و‬GG G‫و‬G ‫ ل‬F‫ا‬.GG F‫ا‬GG GG
G G ، GF'o7 G'N‫ا‬/( G G7?o7 G ‫ ?ا‬7 F‫ا‬G g7? 7 F ‫ا‬FGN G‫و‬7 G7 7‫ل‬G ،‫نا‬FG N7‫ا‬Gg7 ‫نا‬6 7
،7G Go7 ،g‫ا‬G‫ ن‬7 G> ‫ا‬p ، ‫و‬G‫ا‬G6G ?G‫ا‬. ، ?( 7G g7?Go7 ‫ا'و‬G (?o7 7' G، G‫?ا‬o7 ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ،N‫ ا‬F7o7 G7G Gp FFG -1
.36 F ،2020 ،01 7
55
G FG 'GG‫ب‬p 'GG ‫ا‬FG G‫و‬7GG ‫و‬GGG G ‫ب‬7/o7 G FG G '/F 7 G o‫ ?'و‬7 G G7?o7 F G .Go7 G o‫و‬. O' FGGG7N
.goo‫و‬G7G gG7‫ا‬GG ‫ب ل 'ا‬7/o7
:/‫ر‬6F' (‫و‬F7) -3-4
:‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ا‬6o7 g‫و‬7 N7‫و‬G. ، G‫ب ن‬7/o7 ‫ي‬䩆7G 6G> ‫ ا‬7FGo7 / G‫و‬Go7 ( F'N
7‫و‬GG GG7 7‫ا‬GG 'Fo7 / G G‫و‬. 7‫ا‬GG ‫ '>ن‬7‫ا‬GG 6o7 G G‫ن‬G F‫و‬GG G. G ( ،‫ي‬䩆GG '7N FGG ' ‫ا‬GG o ‫ا‬GG 6o7 F‫و‬GG GN g F -
‫ا‬GGG ‫ي‬䩆GG7G ‫ا‬GG6o7 'GGFFN F GGG>‫ب‬FN ‫ا‬GGG' ،?‫ا‬GGN O' G/'' 7GGG Gn7 GGo7 F‫ا‬GG'G'g7 ، G ‫ ا‬G7 GN‫ا‬G‫'و‬7
‫و‬GG. ،‫ا‬F?GGG g‫و‬GG7 g‫ ن‬FGGGN7 7‫ا‬GG‫ب‬GGg/ ‫ل‬GGNG7 FGGG GG‫ب‬77 ?‫و‬GGG7 ‫ا‬GG' G‫ا‬GG G‫و‬GG. 97 G 7 G'G?N
.g‫ن‬F ( N ‫ا‬Fo7 ‫ا‬Fo7
97 G 7 G'G?N Go7 8‫ا‬GFoG7 7GG G/' ‫ ل‬97 G 7 ‫نا‬7G?GG7N o7 G‫و‬7 G7 7‫?ب‬Go7 8‫ا‬FoG7 >7o7 -
. p > O?G 76 G‫و‬G7G o GG > 6G‫ >ا‬F‫و‬G. G‫ب‬7/o ‫?ا‬G 7‫'ا ن‬
:1)‫ا‬G‫ما‬䕱'J ‫د‬NFF.F' (‫و‬F7) -4-4
‫ا‬GG F G7'N ،7 G?( 7GG F‫و‬GG7?G 7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ا‬N ‫ا‬7‫ا‬G6Fo7 F‫ا‬G? G7 6?‫ب‬G( g7? 7 ‫ ا‬7 ( F'N
‫ا‬GG 76' ،G‫ا 'ب‬GFG O' F‫ا‬GGo g gG‫ 'ب‬/‫?و‬GO F G( gGGN G' G‫و‬7 G7 7‫ل‬G 7‫ و‬G 7G ،g7? 7 7?FN
GG gGGo7/' GG7?G 7 ‫و‬GG F/Go g G '7 ' o‫ا‬GG G7 7GGG G' ‫ا‬GGG' ،g G '7 G& ‫ن‬Go7 7 GGg7 gGG7? 7 7GG7G
‫ل‬GG GF. FGG G G‫و‬7GG G7 7‫ل‬GGG /7GG FN ،gGG 7? 7 G 7?FN G 7?FN ‫ا‬GG G 77‫ا‬G G. g ‫ا‬GG G‫و ع‬GG7G G '/ ‫?ا‬GG 6N ‫ل‬GG G7.
.‫ ' ا‬o7 ‫ ا‬G7 7G‫ ا‬7
.37 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، G‫?ا‬o7 ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ،N‫ ا‬F7o7 G7G Gp FFG -1
56
:G7‫و‬F' (‫و‬F7) -4-4
‫ا‬GG ‫و‬. Go‫ا‬G ‫ ل‬oGG G7o7 7 G ‫و‬o7 7‫ل‬G?. Go‫ا‬G ‫ ل‬GG>F7o7 ‫ا‬G6Ng7 ‫ا‬G 7G 7 ‫و‬G
7 G7 g‫و‬GG ‫ن‬.G7 ‫ا‬GG G8FG NGG O‫و‬o7 F G G/ 7‫و‬G G 7 ?N7 G . GGG F ،‫نا‬G‫ا‬GG 6N' NGG O‫و‬o7 G GN‫و‬N F / G o
. ‫ا‬67o ‫ب‬7/o7 g‫ا ل ن‬/ ‫ا ا‬G> G7‫ا‬GGo7
:‫ا‬o'‫و‬7.-5
:1‫نا‬FG 7‫و‬/N g G ‫ب‬G gG. N‫'ا‬og7 'N‫ا‬7 F /‫ا‬G N7 N‫ا? ا‬N
'(‫ا‬GG 7o7 G ‫ب‬G/o7 ‫ا‬GG G‫و‬7?G G ( 97 G 7 N(‫ا‬G N G G :‫د‬FF N‫ه‬G.F' J) ‫ة‬FF G‫د‬F‫ل‬䑅' :OJ‫ل‬䐣' )‫و‬FF 7p' -1-5
.97 o/ g‫ن‬G‫ا‬GGG7 g7/g g N '7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? /
g‫ا‬GG‫ا‬o7 G'N‫ا‬/( g G '7 7‫ا‬GG G7‫و‬.‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 N‫ا‬GG g‫و‬G/p7 7‫ل‬GG ‫ ل‬gGGN :6‫ر‬F?F' :‫ة‬FNF‫ا‬/F' )‫و‬7p'-2-5
.G 77 o7 NFo7 ‫ ل‬Fo7 .7 g>?G ‫>ا‬G7N F‫ل‬o7
G ' 'o7 ‫ا‬GGG‫و‬7? / g G N '7 ‫ا‬GGG‫و‬7? 7 97 G 7 N(‫ا‬G N ‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬:‫ة‬FFF2'‫لو‬䑅'J 7.‫ر‬FFF' :‫ة‬FF/F‫ا‬/F' )‫و‬FF7p'-3-5
. FGNg7 ‫ب‬6o7 . ‫ 'أ‬،‫ا‬G‫ن‬F ( '?6 7 ‫ا‬O‫ا‬F?o7 ‫ي‬䩆7? ‫?ا‬G. oG
G G7?o7 ‫ا‬GGGGG7 ‫ا‬GGG G?Go7 FF.GGG 7 ‫ا‬GGFG gGGGN :GNFFG?.F'J 7‫ا‬.F.FF 7g' :‫ة‬FF?.'‫ر‬F' )‫و‬FF7p' -4-5
‫نا‬7‫با‬FG 7 g G‫ا‬F 7
NGG 77‫و‬G ‫ ل‬G ‫ب‬7/o7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ ن‬o' G O‫و‬. G o7 ‫ا‬GG GGG7 ( ‫ا‬GG ‫ ب‬7 ‫ا‬GG FG gGGG N :FFF N.7. :‫ة‬FF 7G‫ا‬p' )‫و‬FF 7p' -5-5
.GFFo7 ?N7 Go7 ‫ ل‬g N '7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 . ‫ب‬/. F'( g N .
‌‌
.34 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، G‫?ا‬o7 ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ،N‫ ا‬F7o7 G7G Gp FFG -1
57
:n‫ي‬䨣 ‫ا‬G F‫و‬GGN N‫'ا‬og7 G‫و‬7 G7‫ا‬G F F‫ا? ا‬N ‫ا‬GF (
. 7 Gg7 7G‫ا‬G ‫ نا‬7G F7/N N6/ N ‫ن‬o :OJ‫ل‬䐣' ‫ة‬F/‫لر‬䑅'. 1
:‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬F/‫لر‬䑅'. 2
G GN / g‫ن‬G‫ا‬GG G‫ب‬G'' G G ‫ل‬GG G GFGo7 FN‫و‬GG G6G' GGG 7FFo7 7 G GGg7 G7N‫ا‬GG GG GGG G6. g‫ا‬GG GG‫ا‬/G7o 7 G GGg7-
. 7‫?ا‬Go7 ' o‫ا‬
. /6'G7 N / ‫ ا‬G7 ‫نا‬7‫ ''ا‬g‫ا‬G‫ا‬o7 7 G N / /G F‫ا‬GFo7 7 Gg7 -G
‫ا‬GG G>GF 7 G G(‫ا‬G' ،‫ا‬G G G?( 7‫ا‬GG G‫ب‬GN7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG G/. ، G GFFGo/ g‫ا‬GG GG‫ا‬o7 G G(‫ا‬G' GGG G6N PGG GFo7 7 G GGg7 -F
.1g‫ا‬G‫ا‬/G7o G‫ا ب‬FG ‫ ?ا‬NFo7 ‫ي‬䩆7G 9F7g7 ‫'ا'ب‬7 ‫ 'ا‬7?Go7
FGG GG '(‫ا‬GG G7o7 g‫ا‬GG GG‫ا‬/G7o G‫?ا‬o7 7‫و‬/p7 G G?.7‫ا‬o 97 G G 7 G GoFN ‫و‬GG G'N : G G ‫ن‬GGo7 :‫ة‬FF F/F‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬FF FF/‫لر‬䑅'. 3
g‫ا‬G‫ا‬o/ FG. / ‫ا‬G F7 g ‫ ا‬7 N . 9‫و‬G‫ و‬7 F‫ 'ا‬76' ،‫ ل‬GFGo7
N‫ا‬GGG g‫ن‬G‫ا‬G‫ب‬G'' G ‫ل‬G GFGo7 FGG '‫ا‬G7'' ‫ا‬GG7FG ? G N ‫ا‬G‫ ن‬gGGN :‫ة‬FG‫د‬F‫ل‬䑅' :‫ة‬F?.'‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬FF/‫لر‬䑅'. 4
g‫ا‬G‫ا‬/G7o ‫ ا‬G7 7‫ا‬G G7
G 7‫ا‬GG'، ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 g G >F. 9‫و‬GGG‫ و‬7 ''7‫و‬GGG 7 7 G />. GGG 6N :6‫ر‬FF?F' :‫ة‬FF 7G‫ا‬p' ‫ة‬FFF/‫لر‬䑅'. 5
g7?Go7 ‫ي‬䩆7G G‫ا‬7. ‫ ا‬G .7? 7
7‫ا‬GGG G7 g G‫ا‬GGF 7 F ‫ا‬GG'o7 gGGG ‫ل‬GG GFGo7 FGGG gGG7? 7 7GG.7N ‫ا‬GG‫ ن‬:‫ة‬FF7gp' :‫ة‬FF7/‫ا‬7F' ‫ة‬FFF/‫لر‬䑅'. 6
.g‫ا‬G‫ا‬o7 ‫ ل‬g 77‫و‬o7
.35 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، ?( 7G g7?Go7 ‫ا'و‬G (?o7 7' G، G‫?ا‬o7 ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ،N‫ ا‬F7o7 G7G Gp FFG -1
58
.‫ة‬6F‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅' ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7 :‫ا‬NF/
gGG7? 7 G( G‫ب‬7/o7 97 G 7 G( F‫و‬FGG6o7 77‫و‬Go7 7GGG F‫و‬GGo" :GGGG 77‫و‬Go7 G'N‫ا‬/( ‫ا‬GG6N ‫ا‬GG?.
G7 ‫ا‬o7 g G‫ا‬GF 7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 O' F‫و‬O‫و‬o7 O' 77‫و‬o7 F ‫ؤ‬N F 7‫ ا‬، (‫و‬. 7& g7‫و‬O ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ ل‬GFGo7
G G'N‫ا‬7 G ?FGo G‫و‬7GG ‫ 'أ‬g‫ا‬GG G/ 7 G 67‫ا‬F 7 .GGG 7. ،g G N . F ‫ا‬GG 'G ‫ا‬GG 6G'7 ، G 67‫ا‬F 7 9‫و‬GG G‫و‬
.1"g‫ا‬G‫ا‬o7
97 G 7 G( 77‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G 7 GN G67 7GG6G F7‫ؤ‬G g7/'" :‫'ا‬/ F F 7 F ‫و‬. ‫?ا نا‬N
G‫با‬GG G7/G 7&GG G7 G .‫و‬G( 97 G 7 G‫ب‬N ، G.77 ' 97 G 7 7‫ا‬G ‫ ع‬g‫ن‬GG7F' G( G‫ب‬7/o7
.2" ‫ا‬G G?. ‫ا‬.‫ا‬GFG '
G( GG‫ا‬FGo7 7 ‫أ‬G/Go7 9‫ا‬GG ‫ي‬䩆GG7G ‫و‬GG'. G'N‫ا‬7 GGGG G67‫ا‬F 7 G'N‫ا‬7 F F‫و‬GG'o7 7GGG' 7‫ل‬GGG 7GGG
.97 o7 ‫ ل‬g7?G 7 '7‫ ل ' ا‬g‫ن‬7. 'N‫ا‬7 G‫ ن‬g‫ن‬7F' ‫ ل‬GFGo7 ( ‫ ل‬GFGo7 97 7
:‫ا‬o‫و‬N? -2
:3‫نا‬FG ‫ب ا 'ل'ا‬7 g G 67‫ا‬F 7 'N‫ا‬/o F‫' إ‬N‫ا‬7 G'

..7‫و‬o7 ‫ن‬G7o ? 6G F‫و‬GG 97 o7 7 G 7G 67‫ا‬F 7 F‫ا‬. 7 -
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59
.gG> F 7G :‫'ا‬Fo7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ب‬7/o7 6?( 6‫و‬/G7N 7 -

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60
.7N‫ا‬Nf7 N77& 7?G7 (7 & ،77‫و‬o7 G‫و‬7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ب‬7/o7 G7 . -
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61
G G G 7?Go7 G G 7G?o7 7‫و‬GG Gp ‫ل‬GG G G7Go7 G G?. ‫ل‬GG G GF. G G( 7?G GGg7 ‫ي‬䩆GG G7G FGGG G6. G G67‫ا‬F 7 G G'N‫ا‬/
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62
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63
.'‫ا‬7F.7g' ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7 :‫ا‬/F/
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.211 F ،2008 ،‫ا‬FG ،F‫'ا‬g7 ‫ب‬GGG ،?N7 Go7 g7?Go7 g 7?Go7 ‫ ل‬G‫ا‬6o7 ،‫ا‬FFo7 ‫ (و‬g‫و‬F -2
64
GGG GFN oF'GGG 7 'GG o‫ا‬/o7 G G7 (' G N‫و‬N N‫ا‬GGF'G g/ g7?GGG o7 F G /‫ب‬o7 G ‫ب‬N ،‫ا‬GG ‫ا‬G gGG ‫ن‬G7?. G ?.
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65
7GG' g G o‫?ا‬o7 g‫ب‬Gp7 .G7‫و‬o7 G‫'ن‬7 'G7/. ‫ ل‬7GGG. ‫ا‬F'G g7 'N‫ا‬7 G‫ و‬G F‫ إ‬7G
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.126 F ،2010 ،F 7G7 ، ‫ا‬6o7 77 ،?N7 Go7 O' N G ،F FGFo7 77p 7 ‫ ن‬-2
66
.7N‫ا‬Nf7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ا‬GGGg7 7G 7‫ا‬/Go7 G7?G 7 ‫?و‬. -
.7‫ا‬GG(g7 97 (g7 GF. ‫ي‬䩆7G G?. -
GG‫و‬7?G7o g7?GG 7 ‫ا‬6G'7 o7 g7/g7 FN‫و‬6Go7 FFN 7G G?o7 ‫ و‬g7?G 7 ? 7 g o8 ‫ي‬䩆7G G?. -
. 7FF(
.N‫'و‬Go7 ' '?o7 7/Go‫ ا 'ا‬7?o7 o‫و‬G7 7 ‫ي‬䩆7G G?. 7‫ا‬Fo7 GFGo7 GF. ‫ي‬䩆7G G?. -
. 7FF( G‫و‬7? 7 ‫ا‬6G'7 7‫ا‬6Fo/ g7?G 7 ‫ ا‬7 FFN 7G g7?Go7 8‫ا‬FGG7 ‫ي‬䩆7G G?. -
N‫ا‬GGF'G g7 G'N‫ا‬/( N7‫و‬G GG'/F 7 GGFGo7 7 .GG / Fg GG g7 O' GO‫و‬G7o ‫ا‬GO‫ ا‬g7?GGG7o ‫و ا‬G. -
.17‫با‬FG g7
F ‫ا‬GG 'o7 ‫ا‬GG 6G'7 ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G g7?GGG G7o G O‫ا‬ G '. ‫ا‬GG '‫ ل 'و‬N‫ا‬GG F'G g7 G 'N‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬GG (‫ا‬n' 7.7GGG .
g G N '7 FGGG6 7 FGGG G G‫?ا‬Go7 G 7G ‫ن‬GG7 o 7GGGF. GGGGF. 7N‫ا‬G Nf7 O' N‫و‬GGG7o G G.‫ا‬G F G 7FF(
.N‫ا‬F'G g7 7‫و‬/N F‫ب‬G. FFN 7G ‫نا‬7G
:‫ا‬o'‫و‬7. -4
:GG 7‫و‬/N g G N‫ا‬F'G go
،PG‫و‬GG G o7 – GGG G>7‫ا‬Fo7 7‫ا‬G G7g7 ‫ا‬GG G7FG 7 .GGG G 7 ،9‫ا‬GG G 'o7 ، ‫ا‬GG G77G7 7 .GGG G 7 ،N FGG GFGo7 ، G G>GF 7
، /(‫ا‬GG 6o7 7G >G 7 ، ‫ا‬GG ‫ب‬o7 GG 7F. ، ‫ ا‬G G‫ا‬Fo7 7N‫و‬GG G. ، G 7‫ا‬.' ‫ا‬GG FN‫?ا‬. G GG، ‫ؤ‬GG ‫ب‬FGo7، G O7‫و‬Go7
.. ‫ا‬GFo/ G‫ با‬G7 N(7 ‫ي‬䩆7G '77 ‫ا‬7 >N F 7‫ا‬G 7 FFN 7G 'o‫ا‬/o7 G‫ؤ‬. ‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬G ،'N‫ا‬GGo7
،' o‫ا‬GG G ‫ا‬GG G7 ، N G Go7 ‫ا‬GG GF?o7 ‫? ل‬N7 G GGo7 g G‫ا‬GG GFG ، 7 G G ‫ب‬G G GGp G G7G G Go‫ا‬N ، G G' ‫ا‬F F7‫ا‬GG G ‫و‬GG GGp G GGp :‫ا‬GG G>FN -1
.73 F ،2012 ،01 7 ،F 7G7 ، (7' ، N o7 'GGo7 G‫ا‬G ، ‫ ا‬G .7? '
67
‫ ل‬F ‫ؤ‬GGN F‫ل‬GGo7 /.‫ا‬GGFo7 GGG'/F 7 GGGFGo7 ‫ا‬GG7 7GGG G?O. ،N‫ا‬GGF'G g7 ‫ا‬GG6GG g7 G'N‫ا‬7 F‫إ‬GG 7‫ل‬GG
. g7?G 7 ? o 7‫ ?ا‬7 N‫ا‬F( ‫ا ل‬G 7 ‫ ا‬F‫و‬GN o7 7‫ ?ا‬7 7G G‫و‬Go G6. O' ‫نا‬Fo7 7Fo7
G 7‫ا‬.' 7‫و‬G/N ‫ي‬䩆GG7G ‫و‬GG'. Go7 G'N‫ا‬/o7 G7. ‫ا‬GG'/ N‫ا‬GGF'G g7 ‫ا‬GG6GG g7 G'N‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬GG?.
. ‫ب‬7/o7 ? o GG7?o7 ‫ ?ال‬7 ?‫و‬G7 7 g o‫و‬o F ‫ؤ‬. /(7?G 7777GG
-:1 .f7 7‫و‬/p7 F N‫ا‬F'G g7 'N‫ا‬/( ?N7 Go7 ‫ل‬FFN
:F'‫ؤ‬7F' J) ‫ة‬FG6‫ل‬䑅' ‫د‬N‫د‬/. 1
،NGG 7GGo7 7GG G G G o‫ا‬N ، 7GGG 6G G G& G ‫ي‬䩆7GG G 97 G Go7 87‫ا‬G G(7 ‫و‬GG G N‫ا‬GG F'G g7 ‫ ل‬g‫و‬GG /N F F7
‫ي‬䩆GG7G G.7 7 97 G 7 G ‫ن‬. G G G' 9‫و‬GGG‫و‬G7o 7 GGg7 g ‫و‬GG. ‫ا‬GG‫>ن‬. ،GFGG/o7 gG‫ا‬GGGG7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G 6‫و‬/GG7.
G7GG 97 G 7 G‫ب‬N 67 7GG6 7' GN‫ا‬o7 ‫ي‬䩆7GGG G?‫ب‬N ‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬GO ‫ا‬GF7‫و‬G GFG ?. g . g7‫و‬F( 97 o7 g7‫و‬7(
G GN / ‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬FN‫?ا‬. ‫ي‬䩆7GG G o‫ل‬GG ' gG G‫ا‬GG 7N GFGG /o7 G ‫ب‬7 7GGG 7GGG 6 / 9‫ا‬GG7Gg7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G g G‫ا‬GG7 7 ‫ل‬
F‫و‬GG GG. F7‫ؤ‬G G g7‫و‬GG GO ‫ ل‬G GN7 ‫ب‬o7 ‫ ل‬F‫و‬GG GG. ،N‫ا‬GG GF'G g7 G G 7GG FGG G /'7 G G G/'' ‫ا‬G G G GG ‫ا‬GG G G‫ا‬O‫ا‬FG
. G7‫و‬7 ،F‫و‬7G ، ‫ا‬7FG G ‫ي‬䩆7G /‫ا‬.g7
*‫ا‬N6‫ر‬GF' 6J. 2
7‫ا‬GG /G F7‫ؤ‬G G7o7 7GGG 6G7o G GG7‫ؤ‬G F‫و‬GG 7G '‫ب‬GG 7G g‫ا‬G GGG7 ‫ا‬GG F G. ‫ ا‬G G‫ا‬Fo7 G ?.
NGGFo7 GFGG7 F.‫ا‬GGG ‫ي‬䩆G7G FG'. 7GG6 7 o ‫ا ب‬F 7 ‫ ا‬G‫ا‬Fo7 7?77 G‫ن‬G F7 .N‫ا‬F'G g7 /‫ب‬o7
g GGG 6( ‫ا‬GG G7‫ا‬77 ‫نا‬G>‫ ا‬G O ‫ ل‬g G p /GGG7 ‫ ا‬G G‫ا‬Fo7 F‫و‬GGG. F GGG>‫ب‬FN .g ‫ا‬GG 7 97 G G G .‫و‬G(
68
?GGG?. g ،GFG/o7 .G6' g‫ب‬GGN ?‫و‬GG7G 'G ‫ا‬F. ،gGG7?o7 F ‫ا‬G'G FGG G67‫ا‬FGG F‫ا‬G> ، GN ‫أ‬Go7 G‫'ب‬N
‫ ا‬G G‫ا‬Fo7 7‫ل‬GG / G‫و‬G( 97 7 .‫و‬. g G‫ا‬7‫ب‬G GF/o7 ‫'و‬N .'F?Go7 ‫ و‬GGo7 97‫'و‬7 7G 9‫ 'و‬F
.GF/o7 F / ‫ب‬7 7G G‫نو‬FG F‫و‬G. ( ‫با‬G .G‫ ا‬G?. g G‫ا‬FG 7G ‫ا‬G‫و‬G?77 o7
:1‫ة‬/‫ت‬F‫ل‬䑅' *‫ا‬N6‫ر‬GF' ‫ة‬/7 1‫ا‬...'. 3
7GGG 6G7o G GG?'G F‫و‬GG 7G Go /‫ا‬GG .7 ‫ا‬GG o '(‫ا‬GG 7o7 g‫و‬GG /p7 ‫ ل‬G G?' 7 ‫ ا‬G G‫ا‬Fo7 G ?.
‫نا‬F G‫ا‬GG6G ‫ا‬GG ‫(?ا‬7 FGG ' 7G‫ا‬G G' 7 G67‫ا‬FG GFG/o7 G‫ب‬7 7GGG ‫نا‬GG67‫ا‬FG gGGN 67 ،G‫ا‬GGGo7 9‫و‬GG‫و‬G
7GG GG 7 G 7 ‫ب‬GG'7 FGG/ .‫نا‬G/GGO ? GG 7GGG FGG'/G7o Go6 g‫ ا‬7‫و‬G G 7 G G7?o7 '‫ا‬GG g7 Go G7 N‫و‬GGG ‫ل‬
PGG?N F7 97 G 7 F /GGG7N G Fo7 7‫ل‬GGG ‫ ل‬.N‫ا‬GGF'G Fo 7GGF. 7 .7‫و‬o7 FFN 7G 9F7g7 ‫نا‬FG
. ‫ ا‬GG‫ا‬Fo/ 7FG ‫ا‬ o7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 o G7 ‫ نا‬7 n F7 7G' o7 F.7‫ ا‬7 N / ‫ي‬䩆7G GF/o7
GG‫ا‬Fo7 F‫و‬G‫ب‬7 7GG F‫ا‬. G?' 7 ‫ ا‬G‫ا‬Fo7 /F( F7?G. o7 7N7‫ا‬.g7 F‫ا‬GGG 7 ?(
Go G/ G GG G G G‫ا‬Fo7 .GG'‫ 'ا‬76‫ا‬GG ،‫ا‬GG‫ن‬7 7/G( 7‫و‬G‫ا‬G7 F7 GFG/7o F‫ب‬G o7 o G7 N‫و‬G ‫بو ا ل‬7 G
G Go‫'بو‬G G G> /‫ب‬GG GF. ‫ا‬GG G'‫ ا‬F ‫ا‬GG G'o7 G Go G/ G GGG G 7GG GG. G GG 67 ، G Go‫'بو‬G /‫ب‬GG F. ‫ا‬GG '‫ا‬ ‫ا‬GG G‫و‬7? 7
‫ ا‬G G G‫ا‬Fo7 /GG GO 7‫ا‬GG G‫ب‬GN7 . ‫ا‬GG GG' N‫و‬GG GG ‫ ل‬g G N . NGG77‫و‬G ‫ ل‬.GGG‫ ا‬G?Go7 ‫ا‬.‫ا‬GFGGG g7 7 .GGG 7
/GG GO ‫ا‬GG G‫ب‬/7 gGG G. ‫ا‬GG G FN 7GG GG GGG Go7 ،GFGG /o7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ ن‬7G G GFG GGG Go7 ‫ا‬GG G‫و‬7? 7 O' 7 ‫ا‬FGGG 7 G GG?' 7
?‫و‬GG GGp 9‫ا‬GG G 7 ‫ي‬䩆7GG GG G G &G‫ا‬7 .G‫ ا‬G G G?. ‫ا‬.‫ا‬GFGGG G 7 O' G GO‫و‬Go GFGG G/o7 F ‫أ‬G Go7 /GG G GO G G G G
‫ب‬GG ‫ا‬F 7 ‫ا‬GGG?' 7 FGGG ‫ ل‬9‫ا‬GG g7 G/GG ‫ا‬.‫ا‬GFGGG g7 7‫ل‬GGG . Go G7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ب‬o/ G GG 7 ‫ ا‬G G‫ا‬Fo7
‌ .60 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ، G7?o7 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬.g7 GF. ‫ ل‬/N o7 ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 7G‫ ا‬،F ‫ا‬F7o7 ‫ي‬䩆 ‫و‬G g'‫ا‬G - 1
69
GFGG/o7 F ،g‫ن‬G‫ا‬GG 7‫ا‬GG/. Go7 g‫نن‬.7‫و‬G. Go7 '‫ا‬GG6 7 NG77‫ و‬7 G'‫?ا‬G ‫ا ل‬GGG G‫ا‬GG7 7GGG G Go7
.1g N . N77‫و‬G ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ب 'نا‬/G( F‫و‬G‫'و‬N ‫ب ا‬o7 o G/ GG 7 . ‫ا‬GFo7 O' F‫و‬7GO‫و‬GN 7N‫ل‬Go7
:G?'‫و‬F) -5
:‫ا‬/ G‫ 'و‬O' N‫ا‬F'G g7 NFFN
:‫ر‬o' '‫ا‬7F.7g' -1-5
‫ا‬GG G 77 o GG8Fo7 /G6'G7 7 G7 7‫و‬G 7 7GG 7&G G7 9‫و‬G' 'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ ا‬GN/ g7?G 7 ‫ ا‬7 ‫و‬G
7GG ‫ا‬Go7 N‫ا‬GF'G g7 G?N ، G ? ‫ب‬7 ‫ا‬G7‫و‬G> / 7‫و‬GG 7GG Go‫و‬G / Go ‫ا‬G g‫ن‬ FG6G 7G .7‫و‬N
GFGo GG 'GG G 7'G ‫ا‬G 7GG 7 .GG 7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G 77 ‫ا‬G7 oFN 7G F‫و‬GN g7?G 7 FG N‫ا‬F'G g7 97‫ي 'و‬䩆77
‫ا‬G‫'و'ن‬. ‫نا‬F FGF. ‫ا‬GG‫و‬7? 7 g G>F. ‫ي‬䩆G7G 77 ‫ا‬G7 F‫و‬GN 6' ، ‫ ?ا‬7 O' F‫و‬O‫و‬7o ‫ا ب‬F 7 F‫و‬7o7 FG 7G
.‫نا‬FG ' ‫ا‬F 7 7‫ ا‬GN7
:G.‫لو‬䑅' '‫ا‬7F.7g' -2-5
‫ا‬GG 7 FFGGN 7GGG Go6 ، G‫ ن‬.‫و‬. 97 G 7 7‫ا‬G ' .G/ ‫ا‬7‫ا‬GG6' 7GGG 'GGo‫ا‬/o7 G( ‫و‬GG'N ‫ا‬GGG ‫و‬GG
7GGo g7?GG 7 ‫ي‬䩆7G GG?N GF/7o ‫ا ب‬F 7 /6'G7 7N7‫ا‬.g7 N / /‫ب‬7o /N 7 G‫ ع‬97 7
7 G G 7GGG' N‫ا‬GGF'G g7 7GGG 9‫و‬GGFo7 7‫ل‬GGG F' ،g G o7 7 G GG7 FGG '/ O' GGGG‫ا‬N G p /GGG7 7‫ا‬GG7' ‫ل‬
GGG7?o7 G/‫ب‬o/ ‫ا‬G 'o7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G 7N7 ‫ا‬G7 ‫'ب‬G7 7 ‫ ل‬/‫ب‬F o 7/Go7 /‫ب‬o7 ‫ي‬䩆7G GF/o7 'N7 . 7GG
g ‫ا‬GG g7 7GGG' N‫ا‬GF'G g7 7‫ل‬GGG F NGGo‫ ؤ‬7 ?‫ا‬GN ، G .7‫ل‬o7 g‫ن‬G 7(‫ا‬GG7 GF.6o7 gG ‫و‬GG‫ن‬. ‫ي‬䩆GG7G 7N GGG?G
70
N‫ا‬GF'G g7 G/‫ب‬o7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G G7 GGN F Go G(g 'Go‫ا‬/o7 F 6' ،‫ا‬G‫ن‬FG GN 7 Gg7 GO‫ا‬N ‫ا‬FG 77 G ‫ ل‬FG
7‫و‬G'‫ا‬G 'Go‫ا‬/o7 G?. O' G/N o7 G (?o7 g‫و‬GG FGG FGFGN ‫ا‬GG 7‫ل‬GG G ‫ ?ا‬7 O' F‫و‬GO‫و‬7o G7F' ‫ي‬䩆7G 7 GG?G
‫ي‬䩆GG7G G' ‫ا‬G G g ، ‫'ب‬GGG7 7 ‫ ل‬G 7G F‫و‬G G ‫ا‬GGG O' 'GGo‫ا‬/o7 G& o Go6 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G g o8 G G 7?Go7 G 7G?7o
. o‫ 'ل‬F‫و‬GN F FG '7/G. o7 ?G‫'ا‬7 7G‫ ا‬7 G7‫(و‬
.*gG6‫ل‬䑅' F/ ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7 :‫?ا‬.'1
،gGo7/g GG7?G 7 ‫ا‬GG FGG6 7 6?( ‫ا‬7 ‫ي‬䩆7G GG?. ?N7 Go7 ‫ ل‬/N o7 ‫ا‬/o7 7G GG
7‫ل‬GG G G ‫ا‬GG G ?( / G G G‫و‬. ‫ا‬GG G FG gGG G 7? 7 7 ،g‫نن‬.7‫و‬G G . G G o7 FGGG G 6 7 G G ' g‫ن‬GGG G ? 7 g o8 G G >( G G o6
. o7 O' F‫و‬O‫و‬7o 7‫و‬/p7 O' g‫ نن‬.‫و‬. FG6 7
7‫ا‬G?G 7GG GN o ‫ا‬GG ‫ا‬G‫ا ن‬Fo7 .G7N NGF. 7GG" :‫'ا‬/ FG6 7 G 'N‫ا‬7 ‫?ا‬.
(‫ا‬GGGG g7 F‫و‬GG G. ، G o ‫و‬o‫أ‬GG G ? G o NGG 7‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫ب‬7/G (‫ا‬GGGG g7 G . 7GG G 77‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬G '(‫ا‬GG G ‫ب‬GGG
.1"N7‫ و‬7 FG6GN F‫ل‬o7 N‫و‬G>o7 ?‫ب‬7o7 67‫ا‬FGo7 G ‫ن‬G7N ‫ا‬G GG g‫با ا‬o
،F‫و‬GG 7G ‫ا‬GG.' O' ‫ي‬䩆?GG7 ، F7‫ؤ‬G o‫أ‬GG 7o' 7GGG6o g7?GGG 7 G G .7‫و‬GN GGGG 7?. F‫ا‬GGG' GGGG
‫ا‬G‫ن‬FG GFN ،GGFGo7 G/‫ب‬o7 ‫ ل‬G G7?o7 G'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫و‬G/N G/‫ا‬o FG7' ‫ ل‬G‫ب‬.‫ا‬G 7‫و‬G/ ‫و‬G'N o‫ل‬o
.2‫ ا‬FG ‫ب‬G?N ‫ب‬G g G?. O'
،F‫ا‬GG GG ،FGG N8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬GG 6F7o F‫ا‬GG 7‫ا‬Fo7 77 ،g G G7?Go7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG /. ‫ ل‬g‫ا‬GG 'G ،N‫و‬GG 'Go7 ?N7 G GGo7 ‫ ا‬G .7?G G ' ، 7'GG 6o7 6 ‫ا‬GG 7 ‫و‬GG Gp -1
.286 F ،2019 ،01 7 ،F 7G7
.59 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،G7N7 Go7 F/Go7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ?N7 Go7 ‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬/ ،G77‫ (و و‬N& ،G7G‫ 'ا‬n N -2
71
‫ي‬䩆GG7G GGG?N N GG G‫و‬7G GGG FGG6 7 GG G'N‫ا‬7 F F‫و‬G'o7 7GG' ‫ا‬GFN‫?ا‬Go7 7‫ل‬GG 7GG
Go7 O' F‫و‬GO‫و‬o7 ‫ا‬G‫ ن‬F‫و‬GGN G'N‫ا‬7 GGG GGFGo7 G 7‫ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆G7G ‫ ل‬GFGo7 G7 GN ‫ نا‬،GG7?o7 GFGo7
. '(‫ا‬7o7 G(‫ا‬7GGG 7GF. ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ ا‬FN 7G g7?G 7 GG?N ‫ ا‬.76
:‫ا‬o‫و‬N? -2
:1‫نا‬FG FG6 7 G 'N‫ا‬/o .‫ن‬. G‫ و‬G g G '‫ا‬FG
FGG'/GF. g o‫ل‬GG( ،‫نا‬GG6?( F 8 ‫أ‬G GG ، '(‫ا‬GG7o7 7‫و‬G/p7 FGG G. G / G‫ب‬7/o7 6GG?( '7 G N g G7 -
.g‫و‬.‫ ا‬7 . ‫ا‬GFo7
.‫ ل‬GFGo7 6?( o -
.g‫ن‬FG 7‫>ا‬Fo7 -
. 77 o7 F/G7. g ? '7 ' G ‫ ن‬/ FG6G -
‫ي‬䩆GG7G g‫ن‬7‫ا‬GGF.7 GG O' F ‫ؤ‬GGN ‫ا‬GGG ، G‫ب‬7/o7 ‫ا‬GG‫>ب‬7 F‫و‬GG G ‫ ل‬FGG 7‫و‬Go7 G G FGGGNg7 G/ ‫ا‬GGG ‫ا‬GG‫ب‬o‫ >ا‬-
‫ا‬/G6N ،‫ا‬GNf7 6?‫ب‬Go7 .N ‫نا‬6?( 7‫ ا‬GN7 O' 97 7 g7? 7 ‫ا‬/6 ‫نا‬G 77 o ‫نا‬F ?( 7G6G
G‫و‬7GG G ‫ب‬7/o7 'GG 7GGN F //GG G 6G‫ا‬G G 77 o7 F‫و‬GG G. 7‫ل‬GG o ، FGGG 6 7 FGG / G 77 O'
. 'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬G 7 .G 7 7G 9‫ ا‬G7 7 ‫و‬G GG7?o7 GFGo7
. 7G6 7 F‫و‬G g‫و ا‬G 7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 77 -
.‫ ل‬GFGo7 .6' ?‫و‬G7G ' ‫ا‬F. o7 7G6 7 N / ‫ي‬䩆7G g7? 7 g7 7 G -
.131-130 F F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ،‫ب‬⡊ G?o7 G‫و‬N .‫ا‬G -1
72
. ‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬G /G ‫ي‬䩆7G /7 G g7? 7 F‫و‬GN g 7 -
.1F‫'ا‬.‫?نا ع‬G G‫?ا‬G7o G7G 7N‫ا‬F' N ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬GG' O' 'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬G F‫ا‬G/ -
‫ا‬GG' ‫ا‬GGG' ،9‫ا‬GGFo7 GG‫ا‬G GFG ‫و ا‬GGG. F 7GGG' g G o‫ا‬G g‫ب‬GGN FGGG6 7 GG G'N‫ا‬7 'GG7/G. F6'
.g/' ‫با‬N7 . G6G'. N‫و‬/o7 .7‫و‬o7 '7/G. ‫'ا‬7 ‫ا‬G' ، 7G6o7 o‫ا‬6'o/ gGo ‫ا‬G‫'و‬7 7G ?G‫ب‬.
:‫ا‬o'‫ز‬N‫م‬䕅 -3
:2‫نا‬FG ‫ 'ل'ا‬o7‫و‬G g G 'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬
. 7G6 7 G ‫ ل‬7G ‫ا‬GGGg7 G 7?Go7 7G?o7 7‫و‬p ‫ ل‬G7Go7 7‫با‬GG7 -
. 77 o7 7‫ و‬7 F / ‫ا ا ل‬G?G 7 7G' -
. 7G6G7o ' ‫ا‬F 7 o7 ‫نا‬FG 7‫ا‬GG o7 F‫و‬7o7 7G /‫ب‬7o ‫ ل‬G7Go7 GF. /. -
. G‫ا‬GG.7 F > FG ?. ،F77‫و‬o/ ?N7 Go7 N(‫ا‬. -
. ‫بنا‬N‫ا‬. F‫و‬7G ?77' G?o/ ‫ا‬GFo7 N(‫ا‬. -
.GG‫ا‬G'7 G?o7 F ‫?أ‬Go7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ ل‬GFGo7 F G6. -
GG ‫ ل‬G‫'ن‬7 F‫ل‬G( ‫ي‬䩆G7G ‫ل‬G GFGo7 ‫و‬G F/ ،GGFGo7 ‫ ل‬G' ‫ ا‬7 7N‫و‬G. /G ، G 7 N‫ا(و‬. 7 G F'/ -
. FG6 7
. ?77‫و‬o7 g‫ ا‬o7 ‫ ل‬FG6 7 ‫ن‬.7‫و‬G ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫?و‬Go7 ‫ ل ل‬GFGo7 F. -
، ‫ ا‬G .7?G ' ،' o‫ا‬G ،FG 7‫ا‬7 ، N Go7 ‫ا‬GF?o7 ‫? ل‬N7 GGo7 g G‫ا‬FG ، 7 ‫ب‬G Gp 7G o‫ا‬N ، ' ‫ا‬F F7‫و ا‬Gp Gp -1
.62 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7
73
.g‫ن‬F ( '/o7 8‫?و‬. ،‫ ل‬GFGo7 g7? 7 ( 7F?o7 F‫'و‬. -
.‫ ل‬GFGo7 FG .‫ا‬GFG g7 7 7/Go7 77 'o7 GGF. -
‫ ل‬GG‫ا‬/ GF? ، G7FF( FGG6 7 GG G'N‫ا‬7 7‫ا‬G G G' F‫و‬G. F 7G' 7‫و‬GG7 7‫ل‬G '
‫ا‬G' ‫ا‬GG' ، GO7‫و‬G 7 97 G(g7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G 7 G‫ا‬G7N 7‫ل‬GG ، o‫ا‬G N‫ا‬G 77 /7 7G' '/ FFG'N ‫ا‬G 7G6G G
G(‫ا‬. ‫ل‬G GFG7o ‫ب‬G7Fo/ ‫ب‬GG?. 'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ نل‬، '/ G( F7G. 7 .‫ ا‬o7 N77‫ و‬7 FG G‫?ا‬Go7 ‫ي‬䩆7G gG ‫?و‬.
.1 G‫ و‬o7 go‫ ا‬G ‫ ل‬g‫ن‬G??. 7 o7 ' 'o7 FG6 7 ‫ن‬.7‫و‬G ‫ي‬䩆7G ?G6G
.F ‫ب‬/Go7 G?o7 g‫ا‬GFo7 ( N(‫ا‬. -
. ‫ب‬7/o7 ? o /‫ب‬o7 GFGo7 ‫ي‬䩆7G g7 'o7 GGF. -
.g7?Go7 ‫ ل‬g‫ن‬7F' ‫ي‬䩆7G gG ‫ا‬GGG7 g‫ن‬7F'/ ‫ب‬7/o7 '/ GGF. -
.FG‫ا‬FGG ‫ا( ا‬n' ‫' نا‬o‫ا‬/o7 F‫و‬GN -
FG7N GG‫ا‬GG'7 GG?o7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G F GG6Go7 ‫ ل‬G/GG. FGG 7 GG G'N‫ا‬7 ‫ا( ا‬n' F F‫'و‬o7 7G'
.g‫نن‬.7‫و‬. o7 N77‫ و‬7 FG G‫?ا‬Go7 ‫ ل‬g‫ن‬7F' ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ا‬GGGFo ‫ ل‬GFG7o '/o7 N‫ا‬/G' F ‫?أ‬Go7 7
:‫ا‬o'‫و‬7. -4
‫ ل‬FGGG G6 7 G GG G .7?G G 7 7 .GGG G g G GG‫و‬FG 7 g G G?G 7 7‫و‬G G/p7 7GG GG G GG‫و‬Go '‫ا‬GG GFG
:G7N ‫ا‬G FFN 7G /GG. F‫?(و‬o7 ?N7 Go7
.62-61 F F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،G 77 o7 F/Go7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬/ ،G7G‫ 'ا‬N& ،G7G‫ 'ا‬n N -1
74
GN / ‫ي‬䩆GG7G g G‫ا‬GG7 7 F‫و‬GG?o7 N G'. FGGN‫ا‬7 7GGG g‫و‬GG/p7 7‫ل‬GGG gGGG. :‫ا‬o‫?ا‬N.FF7'J ‫ة‬FGFF6‫ل‬䑅' ‫د‬FFN‫د‬/ -1-4
G Go ‫ا‬G G FG G G7GG ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G g7 G G'o7 G o F‫و‬GG GN ‫و‬GG ‫ا‬GG G N‫و‬GG G ‫ا ل‬GG ‫ن‬FG '7‫ب‬G ?GO ، 7GGG 6 7 9‫و‬GG G‫و‬G G ?.
. 7G6 7
?GG G7 FGG / F‫و‬GG G7' GFGG /o7 F G G'‫أ‬Go7 'GG n :‫ة‬FGFF 6‫ل‬䑅‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬FF 7..‫لر‬䑅' GNG‫ا‬FF G‫ل‬䑅' '‫د?ا‬.FF 7' -2 -4
GFGG/7o g G‫ا‬GG7 7 N G'. ‫ي‬䩆GG7G gGG7? 7 G G?N ، 7GGG6 7 9‫و‬GGG‫و‬o G ' / 7‫ا‬GG‫ب‬.77 G 7FG ‫ا‬GG G o7 GG7‫'و‬o7
. o7 O' F‫و‬O‫و‬o7 O' F ‫ؤ‬. o7 ‫ا‬G 7?Go7 G7‫?و‬o7 F G‫و‬. ،‫ا‬G7F. ‫نا‬7 7/ ‫ي‬䩆7G G?o/
‫و‬GG'N FGGG6 7 G G G .7?G 7 7‫و‬G/N 7GGG g‫و‬GG/p7 7‫ل‬GGG :‫ا‬FFG‫ر‬N‫و‬7.J FFFo' ‫ة‬FF7. /'‫ت‬FF' -3-4
. 7& G7 N‫ا‬G N '. ‫ي‬䩆7G G?o/ g7? 7
'‫ا‬GG 6G F‫ا‬G?GGG 7 ، 7GGG6 7 ‫ا‬GG O‫ا‬FG FGG / 7‫ا‬GG ‫ '>ن‬/ G G‫و‬. FFGG N 7GGG :FFF o' ‫ة‬FF 7. ‫ذ‬FFNGF. -4-4
. 7G6G7o /' G‫ا‬Gp7 . ‫ا‬GF7o 'g‫و‬O ، G‫و‬FGG g ?GG
7GGG6G7o Go7 GG FG GFGG 7GGG G '‫أ‬Go7 G 7GG gGGG. g‫و‬GG/p7 7‫ل‬GGG ‫ ل‬:GFF ‫و‬F. FFFo' FFFNF/ -5-4
. 7& G7 6?( FN‫ا‬7 7G 'o‫ا‬/o7 o' O F‫ل‬o7
:‫ا‬G1‫ا‬N..' 7J‫ر‬6 -5
:1GG FG6 7 G 'N‫ا‬7 ‫نا ل‬G‫با‬.7 'n 7 ‫ ا‬g G '‫ا‬FG
7GGG6 / 7‫?و‬GG6o7 FG ،‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G'‫?ا‬G ‫ ل‬g‫ن‬G.‫ا‬GGG ،g‫ن‬GGG‫>ب‬7 ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G / ، 7GGG6 7 G G '( G ‫ب‬7/o7 ‫?ا‬GG6N F -
.‫ا ب ا‬F 7 F‫و‬7o7 ?G7. GFGo7 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7G7G 7G
75
G/‫ب‬.‫ا‬G ،N7‫و‬G7o7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫ب‬7/o7 97 G7o ‫و‬F'G /G7 O?G 76 ?77 g7‫ا‬G. 7 7G6 7 F‫و‬G. F -
'GG ‫ا‬F 7 Go7 ‫ا‬GGn' ،‫ا‬GG‫ن‬7 7/ ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬// ‫نا‬GGG 77 ‫' ل‬7‫ا‬GG6 7 7GGG FGG G'7 7GGGGGN oGGG G 77 o7 9‫و‬GGG‫و‬o
.‫ا‬
77 G'( 7GG6 7 ‫ب‬G ‫ا‬FG GG FG ،go77 G7 ‫ب‬7/o7 .6' ?‫و‬G7o ‫ا ب‬FGG g7‫ا‬/ 7 7G6 7 F‫و‬G. F -
.GG 7?Go7 N7‫ و‬7 7G go‫ا‬/7'7 O' o6 F ‫ؤ‬N G GFo/ ،g‫ن‬N o 7‫با‬Gg7 o‫و‬G ‫ب‬7/o7
97 G 7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G ، G o7 F G G ‫ ل‬g' ، FGGG6 7 G G ‫ ل‬G ‫'ا‬og7 G 'N‫ا‬/o7 F‫ا‬G?GGG 7 7GGG ‫ا‬GG?G(g7 -
‫ي‬䩆GG7G 9FGG7g7 g‫ا‬GGo7 gN7‫ا‬G'o7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G G‫ب‬7/o7 GG FGGN‫ا‬7 7GGG 7GGG6 7 GG ‫ي‬䩆GG7G g‫ نن‬.‫و‬GG. G‫ب‬7/o7 ‫ا‬GG 7'
G o‫ و‬G 'GG 7G G ' g‫ن‬FGG ( ‫ ا‬o ‫ؤ‬GG 7 7 FGG N8‫و‬. ، G o6 GG > FGG 67 'GG GGo7 7GG G G G‫و‬FG 7 G ‫ ?ا‬7 g ‫ا‬GG G
.g' ‫ا‬o o‫ا‬G ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬6Fo7 ‫ي‬䩆7G gG‫ و‬F/ 77‫ا‬GG g7 ‫ي‬䩆7G g‫ ?ن‬G6. .77 7
G 'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ل‬GG G 7‫و‬G /N G ‫ا‬/ 7‫و‬G Gog7 G G FGG N‫ا‬7 7GG G G N‫?(و‬o7 ‫ نا‬7 G G G 'N‫ا‬/o7 7 ‫ي‬䩆GG 7G ‫و‬GG '?o7 -
G G 7?Go7 9‫ا‬GGG G7 ‫ا‬GG>o7 .GG'‫ا 'ا‬GGG‫ن‬G ، G 77 o7 G G7‫ا‬G G ' ‫ ل‬G7‫ا‬GGO g G G‫ا‬. g7‫و‬GGF( ‫ا‬GG‫بن‬7‫?ا‬.
‫ي‬䩆GG7G G ‫ب‬7/o7 97 G 7 G n F‫ل‬GGo7 GGGG 7?Go7 NGG7‫ و‬7 N‫و‬GG6o G 'N‫ا‬/o7 G G7‫ا‬G NGG G. GGG>‫ب‬FN G ( G 7 G7o
g GGG ،F‫ا‬G>Fo7 ‫ا‬GG7‫ا‬7' ‫ ل‬FGG6 7 GG ‫ ل‬GGG7?o7 GGFG7o 7‫ا‬G7G 7‫و‬/p‫ا‬G ، g‫ن‬7F' N7‫و‬7o7
.1 G‫'ا‬7 7‫ا‬Fo7 '7‫?ا‬Go7 g >FGo7 7‫ل‬o g‫ ا‬o7 F77 ‫ ل‬/ /
76
.‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ة‬N‫و‬.‫ت‬F' .G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ب‬⠧ 7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7 ‫ر‬/‫ ⨣ت‬K‫د‬G :‫ا‬7G‫ا‬.
G?(77G7 G. ‫و‬GG gGG GG GGG F‫و‬G(?o7 .‫ن‬FG 7 ‫ا‬GO‫ا‬FG 7GG ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬G 7‫ا‬GFFG ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ‫ب‬G?.
G . ‫و‬Go G( ‫ا‬/‫أ‬GGG. ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬7?n ‫ا‬GGG 7‫ل‬GGG ، G F ( ‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F ( G FFo7 7GGG' g G o F‫ل‬GG FFGo7 GGG7?Fo7 FGG ‫ب‬/Go7 GGGG
. 7 G F '/Go G7‫ 'و‬7G 9‫ 'و‬G( ( O‫ا‬p7 ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 o F‫ل‬o7 ‫و‬G .‫ن‬F ‫ ا‬،?‫ا‬NG7
:GFG ‫ر‬7F? ‫ا‬G‫و‬G ‫ة‬N‫و‬.‫ت‬F' .G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ب‬⠧ 7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7 ‫ر‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-1
/GG 6G. ،.‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫و‬GG GG 7GG G ‫ا‬GG G‫ن‬G ‫و‬GG GG ‫ا‬GG '‫ 'و‬/GG 6GN ?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 ‫و‬GG ‫ن‬FG FFGG N 7GG G
‫ا‬/‫ؤ‬G. ،?‫و‬GGo7 7 GGG/ N‫ب‬.‫ا‬G. GG‫ ن‬،?‫ا‬GNG7 .G‫ا‬GF 7 ‫و‬GGG G( ‫نا‬F ( F ‫با‬G 7 /‫أ‬Go7 ‫نا ل‬GG 7
g7? ‫ا‬GG ،?N7 GGo7 G'N‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬GGGF( N‫ب‬.‫ا‬GG g G7?Go7 G 7GG ‫ا‬GG/ ، G G 7?Go7 ‫ا‬GG ‫و‬o7 /GG6'G7 7‫ا‬GG GN7 ‫ل‬
7‫ل‬GG GgG7?. ‫ا‬GG ‫ي‬䩆G7G gGG NG ' GgG7?. NG ' ،gG7?' ‫ا‬GG GgG7?. 76‫ا‬G G G/‫ا‬o7 g GG‫'ا‬o7 FFGN 7G G?N
GN‫و‬7 G7F?o7 F/ 'G.7 g G7‫ا‬G(7 G 7G G' ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G ، .‫ن‬F 7 ‫و‬GG ( N(7?o7 FGG /G‫و‬. g G‫'ا‬o7
7 G GG7 FGG '/G. ‫ا‬GG o G o7 7 G ‫و‬o7 GGG G G 'N‫ا‬/o7 FG G o6 ،.‫ن‬FGG 7 ?‫و‬GG Gp G 7N7 Go7 G 'N‫ا‬/o7 G (
O' .‫ن‬FGGG 7GGG G'N‫ا‬/o7 NGG7G. ، G G 7?Go7 g ‫ا‬GG 7 ?‫و‬GGGp FGGN‫ا‬7 7GGG G G7‫و‬o7 97 G7o ،.‫ن‬FGGG7o g Go7
، G 77 o7 g ‫ا‬G 7 ?‫و‬GG7G FGGN/ ‫ا‬G6N NG7G. 7 '‫ا‬G7N F‫ل‬Go7 ‫ا‬GGFo7 G >F. G‫و‬7 '7/ ،‫ا‬N&
G o7 ?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 7‫ا‬GG GG ‫ا‬G G FG g7? ‫ا‬GG ، G G 7?Go7 ‫ا‬GG ‫و‬o/ G ' / g7‫و‬GG F( ?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 G FG.
7GGG GG ، G G 7?. ‫ا‬GG 7GGG NG7‫ و‬7 Go6 'GG ‫ا‬FN ‫ا‬GGG ‫ا‬GG6N 7‫ا‬GGG ‫و‬GG‫ ن‬،GGGG 7?. NGG7‫و‬G G' 'G ‫ا‬F.
.1 7 GG7 F '/ GG 7G ?‫ا‬NG7 G‫ا‬G. ‫ي‬䩆7G G?. 7 ‫و‬o7 'N‫ا‬/o7
1
- https://www.al-jazira.com/2018/201801141/rje.htm.
77
‫ ل‬F‫ا‬GG FF'Fo 7(‫ا‬GG 7 GG > 7N7 G GG 7N ‫و‬GG . FFGGG 6N ?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬GG F 7 7GG G FGG ' F'
'GG o‫ا‬/o7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 97 G 7' G G 7?Go7 G 7G?o7 GGG /F/ G ?o ‫نا‬GG 7N7 . FGG 7‫ا‬7 G 77 o7 .G‫ا‬GG F 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG /.
97 G 7 ‫نا‬7G?GGG7N ، ?N7 G Go7 G'N‫ا‬7' ‫ي‬䩆GGG7. G.7‫ب‬N .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ا‬GGG‫ب‬G G‫ا‬GG7FN ?‫ا‬GGN 7 G O' G.‫ا‬/
، G'N‫ا‬/o7 .‫ن‬FG 7 F ' ‫ا‬GNf7 ‫ي‬䩆G7G ‫ا‬/ GG 6F. 7G' g g7?G 7 O' g7?o7 77‫ نا‬7 7‫ ?ا‬7 'Fo
77‫و‬GGp ‫ ل‬PG> .‫ن‬FG 7G /G( F ‫ و‬7N7 . F 77 ‫ ل‬7 G 77‫و‬Gp ‫ ل‬7' ‫ا‬G‫ن‬FG F F‫'ا‬N ‫ا‬GG
،g7?GGG7o g7‫ا‬G‫ ن‬7 gG7?7o G77‫ا‬Fo7 7 G ‫و‬o7 g7 G7 GGG ?N7 GGo7 G'N‫ا‬/ ، G7N7 . F 7‫ا‬7 ‫ ل‬G‫ا‬. NG
G o‫ و‬G G G 7(‫ا‬7 G ‫'ا‬6 g7?GGG 7 ‫ا‬GG GG FGG G GGGG 7FG GGG G 7?Go7 NGG 7‫و‬G7o G G FG G 7F?o7 .GG '‫ا 'ا‬GG G7G
.1g ‫ا ا‬/' ‫'ا‬GG F ''o7 7 GG7 .'‫'ا‬
G ‫ا‬/‫ؤ‬GN ‫ا‬GNfo GGG ‫ا‬G‫ن‬FG G ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 .‫ن‬F 7 ( FFo7 7G' g ' P?N 7‫ل‬G
. ( ‫ا‬/‫أ‬GN
:.‫ه‬F‫ل‬䑅' *g‫و‬G‫ب‬⡅ 7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7 ‫ر‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-2
G G?N F ،.‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫و‬GG GG G 'N‫ا‬/o7 G ( G 7N7 G 7 ‫ا‬GG7F?o7 G / '77 ' 7GG G gGG7?G7o G ( g
/ GG‫و‬. 7GGG' .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ل‬GG FF. ‫ ل‬G'N‫ا‬7 FG GG‫با‬.' GFG ‫و‬GGG 7 7‫ل‬GGG G( GG‫ا‬GGo7 G‫ب‬G FGG '/ ‫ي‬䩆GG7G
: ‫ا‬Go7 ‫و‬/Fo7 7G .‫ن‬F 7 ‫و‬GG ?N7 Go7 ‫ا‬7 ( ‫ا‬/‫أ‬Go7 7FG
78
:‫ة‬NGNF?.F'J ‫ة‬N‫و‬.‫ت‬F' G'‫د‬G‫ل‬䐣‫ب‬⠧ 7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7 ‫ر‬/‫ة ⨣ت‬Fg? -1-2
7GGG NGGO G ' ‫ ل‬.‫ن‬FGG 7 7 G G 7GGG GG G ' FGG '/Go g FGGG. ?N7 G. G 'N‫ا‬7 GN / GGGG
7‫'ا‬GG 7 7GG' ،‫ا‬GG‫ ' و‬7G‫ا‬G G 7 G'N‫ا‬/( .‫ن‬FG 7 97 N F g7? 7 ‫ي‬䩆7G 'n 7‫ل‬o ، 77 o7 ‫و‬FFo7
‫ ل‬G‫ا‬G7. Go7 ‫ا‬G/o7 7GG G7 .GG 7 7GG' ‫ا‬GG G ‫?ا‬G 9 7 Go7 7GG 97 GGo G 7?Go7 7 GG7 7G
.97 o7 7 G F '/
:K‫و‬.‫م‬䕱‫ب‬⠧ 7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7 ‫ر‬/‫ة ⨣ت‬Fg? -2-2
7 GG 'N‫ا‬/o7 g7?Go7 g ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G ?‫و‬Go‫ ا‬،?‫و‬Go7 'N‫ا‬/o7 ( ' / 7FG ‫ا‬7‫با‬.77 o‫ا‬FG
G o6 .‫ن‬FGG 7 ?‫و‬GGGp G '‫?ا‬o ‫و‬GG'N F‫ل‬GGo7 ‫و‬GGG g7? ‫ا‬GG ، 7 G GG7 FGG '/ 7GGG6N F‫ل‬GGo7 (‫و‬7GG ‫ل‬GG FFGo7
‫ ل‬G'N‫ا‬/o7 G / ‫و‬G'?. ،?‫و‬GGGo7 G'‫?ا‬G ‫ ل‬7 G‫ا‬G7. Go7 G G 7?Go7 ‫ا‬G ‫و‬o7 ?N7 GGo7 ‫ا‬G7 7 .GG /
.1 G 7?Go7 7 GG7 F '/Go ‫ ل‬GFGo7 G‫ا‬7N G6( ?‫و‬G67 '‫?ا‬G
:‫ة‬NGNF?.F' F‫ائ‬7‫و‬F‫ب‬⠧ 7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7 ‫ر‬/‫ة ⨣ت‬Fg? -3-2
?N7 G Go7 G 'N‫ا‬7 77‫ا‬GG GN/ g7? ‫ا‬GG ، G G 7?Go7 ‫ا‬GG ‫و‬o7 ?N7 G Go7 ‫ا‬GG7 G ( G ' / G 7FG Go‫ا‬FG
G'N‫ا‬/o‫ ا‬،9 7 Go7 G'‫?ا‬G ‫نا ل‬G .GG7N G'N‫ا‬/o7 ' ‫ا‬F. o7 G 7?Go7 ‫و ا‬o7 7‫ ا‬GN/ ‫'و‬N ‫ا ب‬F 7
G / G G 7?Go7 7 ‫و‬o7 7‫ ا‬GN7 7G (F ،97 o/ O‫ا‬p7 7 GG7 F '/Go G‫ا‬GG( FFG?. 7 ‫و‬o7
.' ‫ا‬F 7 .7‫و‬o7 ‫نا ل‬G7 .G 7 F‫'ا‬.g7 ‫و‬G‫و‬o7 ‫ نا‬GG7‫ا‬N
.09 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،N /.Go7 7GG 7‫و‬/N ،GG GGo7 ‫و‬7N -1
79
:G‫و‬F.F‫ب‬⠧ 7N1‫د‬.F' F‫ر'ئ‬7 ‫ر‬/‫ة ⨣ت‬Fg? -4-2
7G7G 9‫ا‬G‫ب‬G> G7/Go7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬G/Go7 G 7 F‫ا‬G' 76' GO‫ا‬N ‫ا‬G' / ‫ا‬G7‫با‬.77 N‫و‬G'Go/ 'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫با‬.77
‫ل‬GG GFGo7 G 7 7 ‫ا‬N GG G.‫ و‬7 ‫ا‬GGo ‫و‬GG'N ?N7 GGo7 G'N‫ا‬7 N‫و‬GG'. ،‫ل‬GG GFG7o ‫ب‬GG ‫ا‬FG ‫ا‬GGG‫ا‬/' ‫ا‬G/o7
77‫و‬GG7G gG7?G7o /GG‫و‬. o7 ?.7‫ا‬o7 N‫>ل‬Go7 7 ‫ا‬FG G7 77‫با‬GNg7 ‫ ل‬GFGo7 . ‫ا‬G' ‫ب‬G?. ،g‫ن‬7F'7
.1?N7 Go7 ‫ل‬
.10 F ،F(‫ا‬7o7 F.‫ ا‬7 ،N /.Go7 7GG 7‫و‬/N ،GG GGo7 ‫و‬7N -1
80
‫ة‬F F FGF F .‫ا‬F F F F F F.
‫ة‬o‫ا‬.
:‫ة‬o‫ا‬.
?N7 GGo7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G ‫ا‬GGG/N ? GG G/N o7 GN‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GGF 7 9‫و‬GGG‫و‬G 7GGG ‫ا‬GGG GGG// GN‫نا‬F(
: nf7 O' ‫ا‬FF7N
‫ا‬G‫ن‬7N7 ‫ ل‬GFG o ‫ؤ‬7G F‫و‬G. 7 7 7G ‫ا‬6. G>F. G '. ‫ا‬G 7‫ا‬6' ' ‫و‬G .‫ن‬F 7 /1
.‫نا‬.7‫ا‬N
‫ا‬GG NG' ‫ ?ال‬7 ''‫'ا‬7 ‫ي‬䩆7G ‫'و‬7 .‫ن‬FG7o N 'o7 ‫نو‬F ‫ ا‬، N o7 N 'o7 ( .‫ن‬F 7 ‫نو‬FG 7‫و‬/. /2
...... G‫ا‬GG.g7 ، '‫و‬77o7 ، '7 .‫و‬o7 ، ‫ ?ا‬7 ''7‫'و‬7 ' F ‫أ‬FG N o7 ‫نو‬F 7
. 7 GG7 o‫>ا‬o7 F '/ O' ‫ي‬䩆?7. //q ‫ ا‬G .7? 7 N/N ‫'ا‬/ 'N‫ا‬/o7 ‫?ا‬./3
7‫ل‬GG GFGo 7‫ا‬GG? 7 F‫ا‬GGFNg gGG7? 7 ‫ا‬GG FN 7GGG ‫ي‬䩆?GG7N g7?GGG 7 gGG7? 7 G( GO7‫و‬. G 7GG ‫و‬GGG ?N7 GGo7/4
. G‫ا‬G 7 ' o‫ ا‬G7 ‫و ا‬o7 o6 ‫ ل‬FG?G7G
‫ا‬GG G‫و‬7? 7 F‫ا‬GG FNg 97 G 7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ ن‬7G G GG?N G o7 G G//. 7 7N7‫ا‬G .g7 ‫ا‬GG '/ ?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬GG ?./5
.g ‫و‬6F 7 7 GG7 F '/ ‫ي‬䩆7G go G‫ا‬7G 7‫ ل‬GFGo F ‫'ا‬o7
N‫ا‬G?G. .G‫ا‬GF 7 F ‫ا‬GG' GF ?G ‫ا و‬G'7 ?G ‫ي‬䩆G7G OG‫ب‬. ‫و‬GGG g GG 7GG6G. 97‫ 'و‬g G F‫نا‬FG7o/6
g‫ا‬GG 67 .‫ن‬FGG G ، 7GG FFF 7 G 77 o7 7‫و‬G 7 .‫ن‬FGG G ‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬FG gGG /' G N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GG F 7 97‫أ'و‬G ، G N . ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG /Go
.7‫ا‬6Fo7 .‫ن‬FG ،.G o7 .‫ن‬FG ، ? 7‫و‬o7
. 7 ‫'ا‬G'7 g G ‫ ا‬.‫ن‬. ‫ا‬G' 7‫ و‬G g ?( 97‫'و‬G7 7‫ل‬G ‫ و‬GG. /7
82
‫ة‬o‫ا‬.
OGG‫ب‬N ،N‫و‬GG'Go7 ،?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 ، G G 7?Go7 ‫ا‬GG ‫و‬o7 ،?‫و‬GGGo7 GGGG ‫و‬GGGG G ?(7 7GGG .‫ن‬FGG 7 F‫و‬GGGGN/8
. ‫?ا‬G ? ، 7F' ? ? ، G‫ا‬GG.7 ? ، F77 ? ' ? g G ‫ي‬䩆7G .‫ن‬F 7
‫ب‬GG .G‫ا‬GF 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬G/. G 7GG gGG. 7 ‫ا‬G'' gFGGN7 ‫ا‬G‫ ن‬.?7 ‫ا‬G 76' ‫ا‬N‫و‬/G7o N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 N‫?ا‬G.
. 7‫و‬/N g G
‫ا‬GGGg/ ،‫ا‬N‫و‬GG/Go7 F7 ‫ب‬GGG g/ ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG/Go7 ‫ل‬GGo/ ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG/Go/ ‫ا‬GGG' F‫و‬GGG. .G‫ا‬GGF 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬GG/. ' o‫ا‬GG /9
G'N‫ا‬7 ، G67‫ا‬F 7 G'N‫ا‬7 ،N‫ا‬G'og7 G'N‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬G‫ن‬F ( 7GG G/N G G' 7 97‫ 'و‬g G ‫ي‬䩆7G ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 F‫و‬G/
. 7 ‫'ا‬G'7 g G ‫ ا‬.‫ن‬. ‫ا‬G' 7‫ و‬G g ?( 97‫'و‬G7 7‫ل‬G ‫ و‬GG. FG6 7 G 'N‫ا‬7 ،N‫ا‬F'G g7
‫و‬GG .‫ن‬F ‫ ا‬. ‫و‬GG 7‫ا‬O‫ا‬FG 7G g‫ن‬G ‫ا‬FFG ‫ 'و'ا‬/N o7 N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬F / ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬/‫أ‬G. /10
?‫ا‬GNG7 .‫ن‬FG 7 ‫و‬GGo ‫ا‬G/N G7FG ?N7 GGo7 FG 7‫ا‬/o ،‫ نا‬7 GG FG'/ Go7 ‫ب‬G ‫ا‬F 7 'N‫ا‬/o7 7‫ا‬GG F‫ل‬o7
.N‫'و‬G7o G‫?ا‬G GG .‫ن‬F 7 ?‫و‬Go G' ‫ب‬/Go7 ''‫'ا‬7 GG 7 GG/ N‫ب‬.‫ا‬. G‫ن‬
83
‫‪F‬ائ‪G‬ة '‪䑅‬ل‪7‬ا‪䑅'J 1/‬لر'‪.‬‬
G‫ر‬GF' H(‫ر‬FF'
F 7G :7 N7 7
7NG'‫و‬FF'J G.‫ل?ا‬䑅'
، G G F ‫ا(ا‬GG G. o‫ا‬GG G'8 GG‫ا‬GG G6o7 G GGp ?'‫أ‬GG G/ ،N G G o7 9‫و‬G‫ا‬GG G7 gGG GG?G ،7N G Go7 G Go F /& 8 GG GFo7.1
.2008 ،‫ا‬FG ،g‫ا‬G‫'ا‬o7 ، N o777
. 2004،047 ،‫ا‬FG ، o o7 ‫ا‬6o7 ‫ب‬GGG ،N ‫و‬o7 gG?G ،g‫ا‬G‫'ا‬o/ (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 FGo.2
. 1994. ،037 ،F‫ا‬F‫ب‬o ، (،7 ‫ا‬O 77 ، 5 F ،G‫?ا‬o7 F‫ا‬7o ،7‫>و‬FG 7(7 .3
.'‫لر‬䑅'J 1/‫ا‬7‫ل‬䑅'
،F‫ا‬GGG ،N‫ا‬FGO77 ،'GGGo7 G 7/ .G‫ا‬GF 7 ،o‫ا‬G 7 G ،G ‫?ا'و‬o7 N‫ ا‬G ،PN ‫و‬o7 'G‫ا‬O ‫ا‬7G(7 .1
.2013 ،017 ،F 7G7
1995 ،‫ا‬FG ،g‫ا‬G‫'ا‬o7 ،'GGo7 G‫ا‬G ،g 7?Go7 .G‫ا‬FG ‫ا‬N‫و‬/. ،N‫'ا‬7o7 7G F .2
.1999 ،‫ا‬FG ،g‫ا‬G‫'ا‬o7 ، N‫ا‬F 77 ‫و‬7/G7 ‫ب‬GGG ، F 7 G Gp ، '‫و‬o7 GG7G F .3
،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GGGG ، ‫ا‬G6o777 ،GG7 G(g7 GGFGo7 G GF. ‫و‬G7?o7 .G‫ا‬GGFG ،F7 GF G/‫ب‬GGO GoF. ‫و‬G( .4
. 2007 ،017
7GG(7 77 ، G G7?o7 ‫ا‬GGG‫ا‬.g7 G GF. ‫ ل‬G /N o7 ?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 G 7G‫ ا‬،F ‫أ‬FGG7o7 ‫ي‬䩆GG ‫و‬G g'‫ا‬GGG .5
2019 ،01 7 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GG ،FN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬6F7o ? F'
2008 ،‫ا‬FG ،F‫'ا‬g7 ‫ب‬GGG ،?N7 Go7 g7?Go7 g 7?Go7 ‫ ل‬G‫ا‬6o7 ،‫ا‬FFo7 ‫ (و‬g‫و‬F g‫و‬F .6
‫ا‬GG 6Fo N‫ا‬FGG O 77 ،?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 G (‫?ا‬o7 G >7o7 .G‫ا‬GG FG ،‫و‬N‫ا‬GG G G G‫ا‬w7 F‫ا‬GG '' ،‫ا‬GG N78 GGG 7G ?GG .7
. 2014 ،047 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GG ،FN8‫و‬Go7
2010 ،F 7G7 ، ‫ا‬6o7 77 ،?N7 Go7 O' N G ،F 'GFo7 77p 7 ‫ ن‬.8
،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GG GG ،FGG N8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬GG 6Fo ‫ا‬GG N‫ا‬. 77 ،?N7 G Go7 ' o‫ا‬GG ‫ و ل‬.‫و‬GG o7 ، G N8 ‫و‬GG ( G /G /‫ا‬GG O .9
2013 ،017
،‫ا‬G6F7o N‫ا‬G 7 77 ،‫ا‬Go‫ب 'ا‬/. ‫نا‬G7 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬GO‫ا‬FG 77 o7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ،‫ي‬䩆F/FG Go7 ‫ب‬G FO .10
2000 ، N ‫?و‬7o7 (‫?ا‬o7 G7G 7 ،No‫ا‬o7
‫ا‬GG 7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬GG‫ا‬FG ، G (‫?ا‬o7 G >7o7 ،G7 7‫و‬G o7 9‫ا‬GG ‫ب‬G ،N‫ا‬GGGo7 G ‫ب‬G ‫?ا‬GG ،GG7N G o7 G 7G GGG 7G G 7 .11
2005 ،057 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GG ،FN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬6Fo ‫ا‬6o7 77 ،‫نا‬7N7 .
G G G?G‫ا‬.،7‫نو‬FG ( G G (?o7 G G G 7' ،.G‫ا‬GG G F 7 g GGG G F. G‫ا‬GG G G G G Go7 G G ‫ب‬G ،7GG G G7G G G Go7 G G ‫ب‬G .12
.2010 ،‫ا‬FG ، N7 FG g7
G ?G‫ا‬. ،‫ا‬GG 6Fo7 G G‫با‬/7o GG / 7GG (7 77 ، G 77 o7 .G‫ا‬GG F 7 ‫ ا ل‬G ‫ ا‬،g G7‫ا‬G (7 G 7N G G‫ ا‬.13
. 7‫?ا‬o7 ، O‫ و‬7
،‫ا‬GFG ،‫ا‬G6F7o g7‫و‬FF 7 ?G‫ا‬. ،‫ا‬o‫ا‬G >F. ‫ا‬G‫ا‬O‫ا‬FG ‫نا‬7 ‫نا‬G‫نو‬FG .G‫ا‬F 7 ،‫ي‬䩆 ‫و‬G Gp 7‫ ؤ‬.14
.2001
،17 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GGG ،FGN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬G6F7o 67 77 ،?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ،G7 'o7 G‫و‬N .‫ا‬G .15
.2017
،g‫ا‬G‫ا‬GG 'o7 ،'GG GGo7 G‫ا‬GG G ، G ‫ ?ا‬7 FGG Go ‫ ل‬F‫و‬GG (?o7 .‫ن‬FGG 7 ‫ا‬GG '7/FG ،g G7‫ا‬G (7 ‫و‬GG N‫?و‬o7 G ‫ب‬G F G o .16
.2002 ،01 7 ،‫ا‬FG
،F‫ا‬GG GGG ،FGG GN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬GG G6F7o .G‫ا‬GG GF 7 77 ،?N7 G GGo7 FGG G 7‫ا‬7 G G/N o7 .G‫ا‬GG GF 7 ، G G /G GGG G7G 7GG G7p .17
.2013 ،F 7G7
،F‫ا‬GGGG ، GG‫با‬/o7 FGGN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬GG6Fo gGG7 7 77 ، GN‫?(و‬o7 ‫ا‬/7/GGF 7 G‫و‬GG ‫و‬G ،GGG7G G7o7 GGp .18
2011،F 7G7
77 ، G G G N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GG G G F 7 gGG G G 7G ‫ ل‬G 'G،gGG G G ‫ا‬7 GGG G G 7G F‫ا‬G‫ا‬GG G G G G G Gp،F7 ‫أ‬o7 ‫ ا‬G G G ‫ب‬G G G G Gp .19
2016 ,17،7G o7 ،N‫?ا‬FO،'GGo7
N Go7 ‫ا‬GGF?o7 ‫? ل‬N7 GGo7 g G‫ا‬FG، 7 G ‫ب‬G GGp G7G Go‫ا‬N، G' ‫ا‬F F‫ا‬G‫ا‬G ‫و‬GGGp GGp .20
2012 ,17، F 7G7، (7'، N o7 'GGo7 G‫ا‬G، ‫ ا‬G .7? 7 ' o‫ا & ا‬7
F‫ا‬G7‫ا‬Fo7 77 ،g G7?Go7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬G/. ‫ ل‬g‫ا‬G'G N‫و‬G'Go7 ?N7 Go7 ‫ ا‬G .7? 7 ، 7'6o7 6 ‫ا‬7 ‫و‬Gp .21
2019 F 7G7،F‫ا‬GG ،FN8‫و‬Go7 ‫ا‬6Fo
‫ا‬G6F7o N7 G > 77 ، G/N o7 ?N7 GGo7 ' o‫ا‬G .G‫ا‬GF 7 ‫ا‬N‫و‬G/. ‫ ا‬G .7?G 7،?GG ‫ا‬G ‫ي‬䩆F/FG .22
2011 ،17 ،F 7G7 ،F‫ا‬GG ،FN8‫و‬Go7
G (‫?ا‬o7 G>7o7 g‫ل‬.‫ا‬ G‫و‬Go ،F‫?(و‬o7 N‫'و‬Go7 G 7?Go7 .G‫ا‬F 7 ، GN‫ (ا‬7( 7F‫ا‬o7 ‫ب‬G،7‫ا‬o G. .23
.‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ‫ل‬
2018 ،'GGo7 g77 ، '‫و‬oG7 G‫ ب‬،g 7?Go7 ‫ ل‬N‫'و‬Go7 ، G‫ا‬6o7 7‫ 'و‬.24

G G?G‫ا‬. ، G G?( 7GG G g G 7?Go7 ‫و‬GG '‫ا‬G G G (?o7 G 7' ، G GG‫?ا‬o7 ?N7 G GGo7 FGG 7‫ا‬7 ،N‫ ا‬FGG 7o7 G GGp FFGG G .25
.2020 ،01 7 ،7G o7 ،g‫ نا‬7 > ‫ا‬p ، ‫و‬G‫ا‬6G
G ‫?ا‬o7 ‫ا‬GGN‫ا‬F 7 N‫و‬GGG ‫ ل‬G 77 o7 .G‫ا‬GGF 7 ،FGG7G ‫ا‬GGFG 7GG( G Gp ،gGG ‫'ا‬o7 gGG ‫ا‬7 7GG( G . .26
.2016 ،17،g‫ا‬G‫'ا‬o7 ، ‫ا‬G‫و‬7? 7 F'. ‫ا‬6F7o N(7 7 '‫ ا‬،g‫ا‬O‫ ?ا‬7
:‫ة‬N?G‫ا‬n' F‫ائ‬7‫ر‬F7
G7G‫ا‬p7 FGG7o7"G 7 G(g7 7‫و‬GG/o7 G G 7?Go7 G 7G?o7 ‫ ل‬F‫و‬GG(?o7 F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F 7 ‫ا‬GG/ N‫ا‬G G GN‫ و‬G ، G'7 F‫ا‬GG?( .1
G Gp G ?G‫ا‬.، ‫>ا‬7o7 G G7 G 7'، (‫?ا‬o7 G >7o7 G f7 gGG77،? ‫ ا‬7 g ‫نا‬GG G Fo g‫ل'ا‬GG G ،"‫ا‬GG.6‫و‬G
2021/2020 ‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7،g‫ا‬G7( ،‫ا‬6 N
g ‫نا‬GG G Fo g‫ل'ا‬GGG GGG 77 o7 G F/Go7 ‫ي‬䩆GG7G ?N7 G Go7 ‫ا‬GG7 ‫ا‬GG/ ،G77‫و‬G ‫و‬GG( G N&،G7G‫ 'ا‬G n N .2
‫>ا‬7o7 G7 f7 7' ،n‫?ا‬o7 G G7 >7o7 g77 ،? ‫ ا‬7
NGG G ‫و‬G 7 7‫و‬GG /o7 ‫ا ل‬GG GGF‫ا‬F( ‫نا‬GG 7 ، (‫?ا‬o7 G G>7o G G G 7?Go7 .G‫ا‬GG F 7 ، G GG7‫ ا‬G G(‫ا‬G ، G G' 7 F/‫ا‬GG G .3
،‫ا‬GG G G 7‫'و‬7 ،G‫>ا‬GG G G 7G ،F‫و‬GG G G FFo7 n‫ا‬GG G G ?o7 G7 f7 gGG G G 77،? ‫ ا‬7 g ‫نا‬GG G G G G G Fo F‫ا‬GG G G . g‫ل'ا‬GG G G G ،‫ا‬GG G G .6‫و‬G
2019/2018
G Fo g‫ل'ا‬G،G 7 G(g7 ‫ ل‬GF. ? o 7O7‫و‬Go7 gN‫ا‬FGo7 GF. ‫ا ل‬G7 ?N7 Go7 F 7‫ا‬7، w 7‫ا و‬G .4
‫ا‬GG 7‫'و‬7، g‫ا‬GGG 7(،‫ا‬6 N G Gp G ?G‫ا‬. ، ‫ا‬GG >7o7 G7 f7، G (‫?ا‬o7 G >7o7 G7 f7 gGG 77 ،?GG ‫ ا‬7 g ‫نا‬GG
.2020/2019
G 7 G(g7 G7G‫ ا‬7 ‫ل‬G GF. ? o G 77 o7 F/Go/ ‫نا‬G7FG F‫?(و‬o7 N‫'و‬Go7 ' o‫ ا‬، o‫و‬N G‫ا‬FG .5
‫و‬GG7?o7 G 7' ، G G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬GG7?o7 gGG77 ،?GG ‫ ا‬7 g ‫نا‬GG G Fo G 7GGG g‫ل'ا‬GGG ،g‫ل‬.‫ا‬GG G7 ‫ا‬GG>' G ‫ن‬. 7GGG
2015/2014 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ،G77‫بو‬o7 ،F ‫ن‬G 7( n‫?ا‬o7 ?G‫ا‬. ، '‫ا‬7'g7 G‫ا‬GG.g7
G 77 ' F‫ا‬GG‫ن‬F 7 F‫و‬GG(?o7 G ?Fo7 G ( ?N7 G Go7 FGG 7‫ا‬/o .‫و‬o‫ و‬G ‫و‬ FGGG ‫و‬GG 7. ، ‫نا‬GG GGG ‫ا‬7 .6
G 7' ،9‫ا‬GGG.g7 gG7G gG77،? ‫ ا‬7 g ‫نا‬G Fo G 'G g‫ل'ا‬G ، F7'/ N ‫و‬G 7 g 7?Go7 g‫ل‬.‫ ا‬G 7 7/
2020/2019‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ، F7'7 ،7‫ا و‬G Fo8 ?G‫ا‬. ، G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬7?o7 '‫ا‬7'' ‫و‬7?o7
7GG GF G ‫ي‬䩆G7G G '7 G G 77 6‫ا‬GG G7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ي‬䩆G7G .G‫ا‬F 7 ‫ ل‬7 >Go7 ‫ا ا‬G?'7 ، G‫ا‬w‫ (و‬g ‫ا‬G .7
G 7' ، G G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬GG7?o7 gGG77،? ‫ ا‬7 g ‫نا‬GG G Fo G 7GGG g‫ل'ا‬GGG ،9‫ا‬GGG7 G N 7( ‫ا‬/GG ‫و‬GG g‫ل‬.‫ا‬GG
2019/2018 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ،F 7‫و‬o7 ،‫ا‬6p F ‫ن‬6o7 ?G‫ا‬. ، '‫ا‬7'g7 G‫ا‬GG.g7 ‫و‬7?o7
:*'‫ر‬6‫ما‬䕱'
‫و‬GG G 7?o7 gGG G77 ، G G ?G‫'ا‬7 G G ' ‫'ا‬G7 G G G‫بو‬/ 7، N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GG GF 7 9‫ا‬GG G 'G ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬G GG‫ا‬p ، G G G 7G GG GG(.1
2021/2020 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ،g8‫ با‬. ،‫ب ا‬G G7 ‫ا‬G G?G‫'ا‬7 ‫ ا'و‬7، G‫ا‬GG.g7
/g‫ا‬GG o7 ‫و‬GG 7G G /o‫ا‬/o7 ‫و‬FGG Fo7 g G 7?Go7 ‫ا‬GG F'. FGG 7‫ا‬7 .G‫ا‬GG FG 7‫ا‬G G‫ا‬p ،F‫و‬GG ‫ و‬7 ‫ ا‬G ‫ب‬G G‫ا‬GG .2
2019/2018 ، 7‫?ا‬o7 ، 7 >( ?G‫ا‬.، g‫ ا‬o7 ‫و‬7G g77 ، G‫با‬O 77
G ' ‫ب‬o7 ‫ا‬7‫ا‬GG 6Fo7 ‫ا‬GG F'. ‫و‬GG 7G G ‫?ن‬G ، G N‫?(و‬o7 .G‫ا‬GG F 7 N‫ا‬GG F( g GGG F. ‫ ل‬7‫ا‬G G‫ا‬p ،FGG ‫و‬. ‫ا‬GG 7 .3
2021/2020 ‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7، g‫ا‬N‫بو‬o7 ?G‫ا‬. ، Go‫ا‬o7
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2019/2018
7‫ا‬GG G G'G ‫ا‬GG G G‫ب‬7/GG 7GGG G GG G G GG 'G G G GGG G G G77 N G G G/.Go7 G G G 7GG 7‫و‬G G G/N ،‫ب‬⡊GG G G G?o7 FGG G G77 G G GN .5
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1437/1436
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2020/2019 ،‫ ا‬7‫'و‬7 ،F‫ا‬7G7. ?G‫ا‬. ،n‫?ا‬o7 G G7 (‫?ا‬o7 >7o7 g77، ' ‫ب‬/.
: *gG'
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2004،‫?ا ا‬o7
:‫ة‬NFJ‫ت‬GF‫ل‬䐥' F'‫لو‬䑅'
https://lahodod.blogspot.com/2013/04/blog-
post_3670.htmlm1.
https://lahodod.blogspot.com/2018/03/blog-post_345.html.
https://www.al-jazira.com/2018/201801141/rje.htm.
www.dspce.unv.com
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‫ا‬N '. ‫ا‬G

N7 G'
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07.............................................................................. N G
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09......................................................................... ‫نا‬G7‫ 'و‬:g
34....................................................................... ‫ا‬o ‫و‬GG :‫' ا‬/
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7.7G
: ‫داسة‬F‫خص ا‬F‫م‬
N‫ ا‬7 H ‫ا‬77 G‫ج ت‬77F‫جت‬./‫ا هك‬77‫ك‬G 7 /NN.7‫' ا‬G‫ج‬77HG7‫ ا‬: H‫ أ‬77‫ إ‬7 ‫ ا‬/7‫ ا‬/F77G G77.F‫ت‬
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‫ م‬7.‫ا‬/'7‫ فا ا‬7G‫ت‬ ‫ج أص‬G.‫ط إ‬F' G ‫'ج‬G7‫ ا‬F‫ه‬ /G'‫ ه‬/'‫ ت‬F7 G/‫ع‬7‫' ا‬G‫ج‬HG7‫ا‬
H/7‫ هك‬F7G‫ أ‬7 /7.7‫ا ا‬7 N‫ ا‬7 N7 .'‫م ت‬7 ‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬F‫ه‬ /G'‫ ه‬F 6‫تا‬N‫ت‬ ‫ج أص‬G
‫ج‬77'. ‫جم‬7F7 7‫ع‬F'F7‫ ا‬7G.N.7‫ ا‬F7F‫ ع‬7.7‫ا‬ 7.‫'ج‬7‫ ا‬F7G 7'N ‫ل‬䐣‫' ا‬G‫ج‬7HG7‫ا‬ ‫ج‬7./‫ هك‬F7‫ه‬
‫ا‬77 N‫ ا‬7 ‫ج‬77 '. H‫ج إ‬77 G‫ ف‬7 7G 7 7‫جص‬.7‫ ا‬7 /77 .7‫ا ا‬7 7 N‫ ا‬7 ‫ج‬77 '. 7 7F ‫ن‬77 ?/.‫' ه‬FH77 G7‫ا‬
FFH‫ بع‬N‫ تأث‬N‫ل? تأثع‬䐧 ‫جك‬HG H‫'م أ‬G‫ج‬HG7‫'ج ا‬. F ‫?ن‬/.‫ ه‬7 /.7‫ا‬
7 /.7‫ ا ا‬N‫ ا‬7 ‫م‬N‫أثع‬.7‫ م ا‬/NN.7‫' ا‬G‫ج‬HG7‫ ا‬: ‫مفتاحية‬F‫مات ا‬F‫ك‬F‫ا‬
Résumé de la pédale :
Cette étude résume que : les programmes d’études dans toutes
leurs composantes sont un élément important du processus
éducatif Les systèmes éducatifs s’efforcent donc constamment
de développer leurs programmes en fonction de l’évolution et
des changements de la société pour suivre leur rythme. Et le
programme d’aujourd’hui n’est plus seulement un corpus de
connaissances, mais il touche à tous les aspects. Il est devenu
basé sur un ensemble de bases, et les méthodes
d’enseignement sont considérés comme la composante la plus
importante des quatre programmes, à savoir l’aspect appliqué
et la traduction réelle de celui-ci. Le succès du programme
dépend du succès de ses méthodes d’enseignement. Le succès
des méthodes d’enseignement dépend du succès du
programme.
Mots-clés : programmes pédagogiques, impact, méthodes
d’enseignement

G) رGذ FNF *ا.F7.G FG6 F .Xد.. .ر..n ت7ال䑅') /اه6 (/ل䐣'J ةغFF' ف䅊 ب⡊ر?F' ةNGNF?.:77n *اغFF' ل䑅' F. ةGو7و:F

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G) رGذ FNF *ا.F7.G FG6 F .Xد.. .ر..n ت7ال䑅') /اه6 (/ل䐣'J ةغFF' ف䅊 ب⡊ر?F' ةNGNF?.:77n *اغFF' ل䑅' F. ةGو7و:F

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