إسهامات الفن التشكيلي في إبراز القضية الفلسطينية

‫'‪G.F‬هو‪N7‬ة '‪.F‬ز'ئر‪N‬ة '‪F‬د‪FGN‬ر'ط‪N‬ة '‪N.?6F‬ة‪.
‬‬
‫و‪?F' GNF?.F' )7'8‬ا‪ NF‬و'‪/.F‬ث '‪.NGF?F‬‬
‫‪.‬ا‪?G‬ة أ‪G. N.‬ر ‪FF.‬ا‪N‬د‪7GF.-‬ان‪.‬‬
‫‪NFG‬ة '‪f‬د'( و'‪FF‬غا* '‪䐣‬ل‪N.F.‬ة‪.‬‬
‫‪FGF' :G7F‬ون‪.‬‬
‫‪G‬ذ‪G‬ر) ‪6 FNFF‬هاد) '‪GF‬ا‪.7‬ر ‪FGF' NG‬ون '‪NFNG6.F‬ة‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬خصص‪ :‬د‪7'7‬ا* ‪FGF' NG‬ون '‪NFNG6.F‬ة‪.‬‬
‫‪F? ./.‬و'ن‪:‬‬
‫إسهامات ا‪ HGF‬ا‪F‬تشك‪ NG NFN‬إب‪7‬ا‪ 8‬ا‪F‬قضية‬

‫ا‪FGF‬سط‪N‬نية‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬ح‪ .‬إ‪6‬ر'ف '‪䐣‬لس‪:0'.‬‬ ‫إع‪' /'/‬لط'لب‪:‬‬

‫د‪N6.F. .‬ر ?‪.‬د '‪F‬ر‪'8‬ق‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬ا‪N7‬دي أ‪NG/‬د‪.G‬‬
‫أعض'ء لجنة 'لمن'ق‪6‬ة‪:‬‬
‫د‪ .‬طر‪6‬اوي ‪/F.‬اج‪7.......‬ئ‪7N‬ا‪.‬‬
‫د‪N6.F. .‬ر ?‪.‬د '‪F‬ر‪'8‬ق‪6G.....‬ر‪G‬ا‪.‬‬
‫د‪. .‬و‪?6‬و‪G/G 7‬د '‪䐣‬ل‪NG‬ن‪FG...‬ا‪6F‬ا‪.‬‬
‫ا‪F‬سنة ا‪F‬جامعية‪.G1026/G1025 :‬‬

‫ا‪F‬عـــــا‪ G‬ا‪F‬هج‪7‬ي‪.I2341/I2346:‬‬
K‫و‬N ‫ى‬F‫ إ‬GF( ‫ى‬F?‫د و‬G/G ‫ا‬F‫د‬N7 ‫ى‬F? Kg7F'‫) و‬g7F'‫و‬
.‫ر‬.G‫ل‬䐣' ‫?ث‬.F'
''‫د‬FF F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F G‫إ‬
FG ‫ى‬F‫ة وإ‬WN.‫ل‬䐣' FN77FFG ''‫د‬G6 ‫و'ح‬1) ‫ى‬F‫ إ‬.......
‫ل‬䒋' I1‫ا‬. N.F' 81‫ل‬䐣‫ا‬. G.FFF FWF?. GF7G‫ و‬N.‫?ر‬
FN‫د‬G‫ا‬7F' FN7.'‫ر‬GF' FN77FFG NF‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F‫وإ‬،‫ا‬GF‫و‬/
GF‫ا‬/.7 ‫ل‬䒋' G‫ر‬G‫ظ‬N L) ‫ى‬F‫ إ‬F/F' ‫ى‬F? FN‫ر‬.‫ا‬7F'‫و‬
'‫و‬F‫ )?ا‬FN‫ذ‬F' FNGF7GF' FG ‫ى‬F‫وإ‬، g.( K) g.‫ى ?ا‬F‫?ا‬.‫و‬
G?‫ )ض‬GF0‫د?ا' و‬F‫ا‬. ‫و‬F‫ و‬FN77FFG NG GGF'‫إخو‬
.L‫ا‬GN‫ل‬䐥'
*'‫ر‬FF F F F F F F F F F F F F F FG6.
41 ‫ة‬Nf' L‫ا‬GFF)ÿ٤١Ā ‫ر‬N7GFX '
O N NNF‫ إ‬G
N NX N‫د‬F'‫و‬N F‫و‬N NF ‫ر‬X G
O 6'
X LN) (:‫ى‬F‫?ا‬. J‫ا‬FF
G.N'‫د‬G. NF? GF‫ا‬F.G‫ى إ‬F? ‫ى‬F‫?ا‬.‫ و‬GF‫ا‬/.7 ‫ل‬䒋 ‫ر‬G6F‫ا‬. K‫د‬F.) ‫ة‬N'‫د‬.
FG F.F‫ و(خر' و‬g‫د )و‬G/F' GFFFG،GF?F' .F7 1‫ا‬7G NG GFNG‫و‬.‫ و‬G.G/1‫و‬
FG NF G‫و‬G‫د‬F‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F? FNGN‫ر‬GF' ‫دي‬F'‫و‬F
W ‫ر‬G6F‫ا‬. K‫د‬F.) ‫ا‬GG،&N6
‫ر‬N‫ خ‬NF? GG2‫ا‬. GGFF‫ا‬FG،N.7'1/ K‫ا‬G.‫ى إ‬F? 7‫ر‬/‫ر و‬N7N.‫ة و‬N‫?ا‬1
‫ا‬GG،GG‫ا‬FFG‫ و‬GG7‫ا‬. WFG
O (1‫ا‬FF‫ل‬䐣'‫ة و‬F&‫?ا‬F' /'‫ر‬G) FG ‫ى‬F‫وإ‬،''‫ز‬.F'
‫ا‬FG‫و‬N ‫ى‬F‫ إ‬N.F‫و‬G7 ‫ذ‬FG ‫ا‬FG‫ر‬/ ‫و‬F‫ و‬NFGF? FG FG ‫ر‬G6) L) NF.‫و‬GNg
FG ‫ى‬F‫وإ‬،H'2‫ر‬F' ‫د‬.? ‫ر‬N6.F. G‫ر‬6GF' 1‫و‬.G‫د‬F' ‫ر‬G‫ذ‬F‫ا‬. 7‫و)خ‬،'‫ذ‬G
NG GG‫ا‬7 FG FG ‫ى‬F‫ إ‬J‫و‬7‫و‬G ‫ر‬G6F‫ا‬FG،1'‫و‬7‫ل‬䐣'‫ا&ر‬7 NG GNF?.F' )‫ر‬7)
.(‫ا‬./‫ل‬䐣' FG ‫ى‬F‫وإ‬،‫ة‬GFG. ‫و‬F‫ و‬FG?F' '‫ذ‬G 2‫ا‬.F‫إ‬
‫مُـقـــــــدُمة‪.‬‬
‫خطــــــ‪F' /‬بـــــحث‪.‬‬
‫مـــــ‪F‬دّمة‪ّ .‬‬
‫'‪GF‬صــــــــــــــــل ّ'‪䐣‬ل‪H‬ل‪ :‬جذ‪H‬ر ‪H‬أص'‪FG /F‬سط‪N‬ن ‪F' NG‬م'ض‪H N‬نظر‪GF'?F' /‬‬
‫'‪?F‬رب‪>F'H N‬رب‪.'GF N‬‬
‫'‪F‬مبحث‪ :1‬أصل ‪FG‬سط‪N‬ن ‪?H‬ر‪H‬بت‪.'G‬‬
‫'‪F‬مبحث‪ :2‬مك'ن‪FG /‬سط‪N‬ن ?ند '‪F‬مس‪F‬م‪N‬ن‪.‬‬
‫'‪F‬مبحث‪ :3‬نظر‪?F' GF'?F' /‬رب‪>F'H N‬رب‪FF N‬قض‪FGF' /N‬سط‪N‬ن‪. /N‬‬
‫'‪GF‬صـــــــــــــلّ'‪F‬ث'ن‪GF' :N‬نّ'‪F‬تشك‪H NFN‬تجس‪N‬د‪FF G‬قض‪FGF' /N‬سط‪N‬ن‪ّ ./N‬‬
‫'‪F‬مبحث‪ :1‬أ‪H‬ض'ع '‪䐧F‬لجئ '‪FGF‬سط‪N‬ن‪ NG N‬أ?م'ل '‪GF‬ن'ن‪N‬ن خ‪䐧‬لل نكب‪.)1491( /‬‬
‫'‪F‬مبحث‪ :2‬مرح‪F' /F‬نكس‪H)1491( /‬طر‪N‬ق‪ /‬م?'‪F‬جت‪ 'G‬من طر‪GF' G‬ن'ن‪N‬ن‪.‬‬
‫'‪F‬مبحث‪G :3‬ن '‪F‬ك'ر‪N‬ك'ت‪H‬ر ‪H‬من'صرت‪FF G‬قض‪FGF' /N‬سط‪N‬ن‪./N‬‬
‫'‪F‬جـ'ن(ّ'‪F‬تطب‪N‬ـ‪ :NF‬تح‪NF‬ل نم'ذج من أ?م'ل '‪GF‬ن'ن‪N‬ن‪.‬‬
‫خ'تمـــــــــــــــة‪ّ .‬‬
‫م‪F‬ـــــــــــــــح‪ :H‬ب‪>HN‬ر'‪GF' 'NG‬ن'ن‪N‬ن '‪FGF‬سط‪N‬ن‪NN‬ن‪.‬‬
‫‪'F‬ئمةّ'‪F‬مص'درّ‪F'H‬مر'جع‪ّ .‬‬
‫'‪GF‬ــــــــــ‪G‬رس‪ّ .‬‬
‫مـــــــقدمـــــــــــة‪.‬‬
.‫ة‬G‫د‬FG
: ‫ة‬G‫قد‬G
G‫?ا‬F) ‫ف‬䅊 ?G.o FG ‫ها‬FG ‫ن‬䙊‫?ا‬N ‫ة‬.?6.G ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6F +‫ ?د‬7GFN K‫و‬NF) ‫ا‬F?F)N ‫ى‬F? ?F7G) L)
FG ‫ها‬.N‫و‬7.N ‫ها‬F/ ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬GG) /N/ FG ,N‫ا‬G.. ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF) G.‫ا‬G L‫ أ‬/N/،‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ب‬⡊‫?ر‬F) F7‫و‬F) ‫ف‬䅊N
F7‫و‬F) ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF) K‫ أ‬NG ‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FF) L‫ى أ‬F? ‫ⱅجاع‬g‫ا‬. H‫ا‬G.) I‫ا‬FG FGF.‫ر‬.f ?G.o
‫ر‬.GN /‫ر‬6N ،G.‫ا‬7‫د‬FGN ‫ة‬.‫ا‬G‫ر‬/ .G‫ه‬.F‫أ‬N GF7N .F7 .?6 7o FF?.. ‫ا‬Gg GF0 ،‫ب‬⡊‫?ر‬F)
‫و)ع‬F‫? أ‬F6‫أ‬N 12‫ا‬o) ?6.‫ أ‬GF/ ‫ف‬䅊 ..G.1‫ أ‬.?6F) )‫ذ‬G L‫أ‬. ‫د‬n N77FG .N1‫ا‬.F ?...G)N ،)‫ر‬7F
.‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F) ‫ها‬.G‫ ?ر‬nF) .N‫?ذ‬.F)
‫ا‬GN -‫د‬/ ‫ا‬G G>1 ،‫ا‬G&)/ O‫و‬F‫ أ‬GG‫د‬F. ‫اع‬.?7) ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG N7)‫و‬G FG‫ى أ‬F.N FGF
*‫و‬FFF) H?0N FN‫ر‬7F) ‫ر‬7.0 ‫ة‬FN7N FG ‫ا‬G ‫د‬.g ‫ة‬F‫ا‬7‫ر‬F) G.‫ا‬G J‫ا‬7NgN ،FN. ‫?د‬. gN. -‫د‬o
‫ال‬G?‫ل‬䐣‫ق ا‬N‫ ?ن طر‬N‫أ‬،,go)N ‫ر)&د‬n) N‫أ‬،‫)?ة‬0g)N L‫و‬N‫ز‬GF.F‫ا‬G Kg?g) F&‫ا‬7N GF.‫م‬䔮 ‫ب‬⠱? ')‫و‬7
‫ة‬NG‫ أ‬GF L‫ل‬䐣 GF0،‫ها‬NG ‫ر‬/‫ؤ‬NN ‫ا‬o ‫ر‬/‫أ‬.NG ،.F. O) ‫ا‬.F. +‫ا‬No) ?G 7N FGF‫ا‬G .)‫ات‬/‫و‬FF‫ة (ا‬N‫ن‬GF‫ا‬
‫ة‬N6FF) ‫د‬N?7 ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G‫ أ‬،‫ة‬G‫ة ?ا‬G7. L‫ا‬7Fg) O‫د‬F N?‫و‬F) ‫ر‬6F ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ا‬7N GF‫و‬G ‫ف‬䅊 FGG. ‫>ة‬F‫ا‬.
‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F) JN‫د‬F) F.)/ 81‫?ا‬G) GF.‫م‬䔮 ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F) Jg. FG GF0N ، ‫ا‬o GN‫?ر‬.F) O' ‫?ى‬7NG ‫ة‬NFN77FGF)
LN/ ‫د‬F.F) )‫ذ‬G P‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣 ‫?ة‬6.F) G.FG‫?ا‬GN ‫ن‬䙊‫و‬N‫ه‬7F) Jg./g) ‫ة‬FNF/ G6G Jg. FG ،‫ها‬.1‫ا‬. N‫أ‬
.‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7Fg) .F‫ا‬. +‫ر)?ا‬G
/‫ر‬7 FG ،H/‫ أ‬.&‫ا‬.F O) J‫و‬7‫و‬F)N ‫ر‬/G‫ة أ‬7)1‫د‬F) G.‫ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 FG?.FF P1N‫ر‬6F) FG GF‫ أ‬O‫ر‬F GF‫ذ‬F
:‫⩊ت‬f‫ا‬G NGN ،//.F) ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6g g/ ‫ها‬F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g) L‫و‬G. ‫ة‬F&7‫ل‬䐣) 6?.
‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FFF ‫ة‬NGg7g) N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F) *‫?و‬6F) +‫د‬F‫ا‬7G ‫ى‬F... ‫ا‬GNG -1
G‫?ا‬FF ‫ا‬G2)‫ر‬.'N ، ‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FF‫ا‬. ‫ة‬7‫ا‬/g) ‫ف‬䅊 NFNG6.F) FGF) ‫ة‬NG‫ أ‬O‫د‬G ‫ا‬G -2
‫ب‬⡊‫?ر‬F) ')‫و‬7 L‫ا‬FGF) ‫ر‬GGF ‫ة‬G‫مر‬䕱) ‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FF) ‫ف‬䅊 -)‫د‬/‫ل‬䐣)N .F)‫و‬n) 2‫ر‬.‫ أ‬NG‫ا‬G -3
‫ب‬⡊F.g) N‫أ‬
‫أ‬
‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FF) F? .?.F) ‫ف‬䅊 1‫و‬.‫ا‬GN1‫ا‬GF) FG GG‫ا‬7 GNG -4
: ‫ث‬/‫ب‬F‫ة ا‬NF‫إشكا‬
‫ا‬FG N?‫د‬.7N،‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FFF G2)‫ر‬.'N NN77FGF) NFNG6.F) FGF) F? /N‫د‬o) L'

‫ى‬F? GN‫ظر‬F) G‫ذ‬G ,‫ر‬/‫ أ‬GNGN،NN77FGF) ?G..GFF ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g)N ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F) GN‫ظر‬F) ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G
.NNFN77FGF) NF‫ا‬FGF)N FGF)
: ‫ث‬/‫ب‬F‫داف ا‬G‫أ‬
FG ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G )‫ذ‬GN،FG)‫ر‬F) .F‫و‬F) ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFNG6.F) L‫و‬FGF) ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG L‫ا‬N. O' ‫ة‬7)1‫د‬F) G.‫ا‬G G‫د‬o
/g7G ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G?.7)N،NFF.G) FG0 O' +‫ر‬GGF) J‫ا‬7N‫إ‬. 1‫د‬.‫ل‬䐣) ‫ا‬G‫و‬G،(1‫ا‬FF) 7GF ‫ف‬䅊 /‫أ‬.N ?FN
‫ة‬N‫ >ا‬FGFF L‫ا أ‬GG،‫ر‬6‫ا‬o) ‫ا‬F.FN ‫ف‬䅊 NF. )‫ذ‬GN،G7?.F)N /)‫د‬..7g)N GF‫ظ‬F) J‫ا‬G6‫ أ‬6?.F KN‫ا‬FG
N *‫?ر‬F) ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6F K‫أ‬. FF?. ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬7‫ا‬.،.N1‫ا‬.F) ‫ر‬G ‫ى‬F? -)‫د‬/‫ل‬䐣)N ?&‫ا‬F‫و‬F) FN.7. ‫ف‬䅊 FGG. O‫ر‬.‫أ‬
.N77FG NGF7G)
: ‫ث‬/‫ب‬F‫ة ا‬NGG‫أ‬
‫ا‬NG‫?ر‬G ‫ا‬7‫ا‬6F G1‫ا‬..?‫ا‬.،NFNG6.F) FGF) ‫ة‬NG‫ أ‬2)‫ر‬.' O‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 //.F) )‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG ‫ى‬F...
FG?F‫ا‬G،O‫ر‬.‫هة أ‬. FG (/‫ا‬.G)N GNFF) .N7‫ر‬. O'N،‫هة‬. FG F&‫ا‬Fo) G6G O' ‫?ى‬7N ‫ا‬G/‫ا‬G
H‫د‬7 N ‫ة‬N?‫و‬6‫و‬G FG. .?.F)N،+‫ا‬No) ,g‫ا‬oN .F)‫و‬. .6F G‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G )1N/ .?FN NGF)
‫ا‬o)1‫و‬7.N ‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FF‫ا‬. FF?.N ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬7‫ا‬.،GF‫ذ‬F *‫ر‬F‫ل‬䐣) L‫ا‬FGF) L‫و‬G -)‫د‬/‫ل‬䐣) ,‫ا‬N‫ر‬o F?
N‫أ‬،‫ة‬N6FFF J/‫ ?ا‬F/ /‫ا‬ng K‫?ا‬F) P‫رأ‬F) ‫ة‬6G‫ا‬FG ‫ة‬N>. GF0N،N?‫ا‬G..g)N N7‫ا‬N7F) ‫د‬N?7F) ‫ى‬F?
‫ة‬7‫ر‬G //.F) )‫ذ‬G ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ا‬GG،NFN&)‫ر‬7g) G‫ر‬7F)N N77FG ‫ة‬FN/ N. ‫ر)ع‬7F) +‫د‬/ FG GNG..F)
.L‫و‬FGF) J‫ا‬o ‫ى‬F? ?F7GN //‫ا‬. FGF،NN77FGF) NFNG6.F) FGF) ‫ى‬F? ‫ع‬g7gF
‫ب‬
: ‫ث‬/‫ب‬F‫دود ا‬/
‫د‬G‫ذ أ‬FG ‫ة‬G&‫ا‬6 ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7F' ‫ة‬N6F ‫ا‬G L‫ أ‬1‫ا‬..?‫ا‬.،N77FG ‫ة‬FN/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬F// ‫وع‬6‫و‬G ‫ا‬F‫ر‬7/ ‫د‬FF
‫ا‬G‫أ‬،G‫ر‬7‫أ‬. G‫?ا‬F) O' ‫ا‬G)‫د‬7 J‫ا‬7N) ‫ف‬䅊،‫ز‬NGG) 1N‫د‬F) NN77FGF) NFNG6.F) FGF) .?F GNGN ‫د‬N?.
FGFF ‫ة‬NF?GF) ‫ة‬Fg7Fg) .N1‫ا‬. ‫و‬GN،)8491(‫ة‬F7 FG ‫ة‬N)‫د‬. ‫ا‬G‫د‬N‫د‬/ G.G //.FF ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G‫ز‬F) /N‫د‬o)
.‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G) NN77FGF) NFNG6.F)
: ‫ث‬/‫ب‬F‫نهج ا‬G
‫ة‬FF?.G)،‫ة‬N6‫ا‬G) -)‫د‬/‫ل‬䐣) /‫ر‬7 ‫ف‬䅊 Np1‫ا‬.F) .‫ه‬FG) /‫ا‬G.?‫إ‬. ‫ا‬FGF،‫ة‬7)1‫د‬F) G.‫ا‬G ')‫ر‬.g
FG .0‫ا‬G FNF/.F NFNF/.F) NG7‫و‬F) .‫ه‬FG)N،FN&)‫ر‬7'N N77FG N. ‫ر)ع‬7F) ,‫ا‬NGF0
-)‫د‬/‫ل‬䐣) ,‫ا‬N‫ر‬.o ‫ة‬Fg? ‫ا‬G nF)N،NNFN77FGF) NF‫ا‬FGF) 6?.F ‫ة‬NFGF) J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣) ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/G.G)،,‫ا‬FN?F)
.‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FF) .N1‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 +21‫ا‬.F)
: ‫وضوع‬GF‫ار ا‬N‫? اخت‬G‫دوا‬
FGG ‫ة‬N.)‫ذ‬F) ?G)N‫د‬F) ‫ا‬G‫أ‬،‫ة‬N?‫و‬6‫و‬G)N ‫ة‬N.)‫ذ‬F) ?G)N‫د‬F) FG ‫ة‬F‫ ⱅج‬GF // P‫ة أ‬.‫ا‬.GN‫ أ‬/)‫ )?د‬L'
?G)N‫د‬F) ‫ا‬G‫أ‬N،‫ر‬7FF) ./ GF)‫و‬G) GF.‫م‬䔮 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬o‫د‬F‫ا‬7GN ‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FF) ?G G7‫?ا‬.F) *‫ا‬.
‫هة‬. FGN،‫هة‬. FG NN77FGF) NFNG6.F) FGF) .F‫ا‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ع‬g7g) ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬7‫ا‬7‫ أ‬F/G..G ‫ة‬N?‫و‬6‫و‬G)
‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F) JN‫د‬F) NF‫ا‬. 1)‫ى >ر‬F?،NN77FGF) FGF) ‫ر‬.‫أ‬. O' ,/‫ أ‬nF) *‫ا‬.7‫ل‬䐣)N FG)‫?و‬F) ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G O‫ر‬.‫أ‬
.NN77FGF) NFNG6.F) FGF) .F‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ي‬䩅/‫ا‬G‫ أ‬-‫و‬/ /‫و‬.N K‫ ?د‬O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬.،O‫ر‬.‫ل‬䐣)
: ‫ث‬/‫ب‬F‫?وائق ا‬
‫ى‬F? ?.)‫ر‬G)N 1/‫ا‬7G) ‫ة‬FF،//.F) )‫ذ‬G +/‫ا‬G ?‫ف ⱅج‬䅊 ‫ا‬F.6??) nF) F&)‫?و‬F) GG‫ أ‬FG
2)‫ر‬.' ‫ف‬䅊 G.Fg?N،NFNG6.F) FGF) J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ,‫ا‬7)1‫د‬F) ‫ة‬FF O' ?.)1 )‫ذ‬GN،,‫ا‬..GG) O‫و‬.7G
‫ج‬
K)‫?د‬F' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬.،7‫و‬7p) G.N ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FF)N،K‫و‬G?F) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7Fg) ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF)
P‫ذ‬F)N،‫ة‬NFGF) ‫ة‬..Go ‫د‬.)‫و‬.G ‫د‬/)N *‫ا‬.G )‫?د‬،NN77FGF) NFNG6.F) FGF) F? -‫د‬/.. nF) ..GF)
‫ف‬䅊 /‫أ‬. .F‫و‬F) FG‫?ا‬F L‫ا أ‬GG،‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G) NN77FGF) NFNG6.F) FGFF ‫ة‬N‫ر‬GGF) ‫ة‬NF.F) L)‫و‬F? FGo
.//.F) /)‫ة )?د‬NFG?
‫د‬N‫د‬/N،‫ها‬NF' NG‫ر‬N nF) G)‫د‬G‫ل‬䐣) )‫ذ‬GN //.F) ‫ة‬NG‫أ‬N،‫ة‬7)1‫د‬F) ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6g 8‫?ر‬.F) ‫?د‬.
//.F) )‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G ‫ة‬NGNG O' H‫ر‬7.F،‫وع‬6‫و‬G) )‫ذ‬G 1‫ا‬G> 8‫و‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ?..G) .‫ه‬FG)N //.F) J‫ا‬o
: ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F) ,)‫و‬7p) ‫اع‬..) Jg. FG
FG P‫و‬.o NF7G O' ‫ة‬7p) GN7F.N،‫وع‬6‫و‬GFF ‫ة‬G‫ة ?ا‬G‫د‬FG FG L‫و‬G.. ‫ة‬7. ?6‫و‬. ‫ا‬FGF ‫ة‬N)‫د‬.
1N‫ذ‬. L)‫و‬F? ./ .1/‫أ‬G JN‫ل‬䐣) F7GF) ‫ا‬G‫أ‬.F/FGN ‫ا⩅تة‬. O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬. //‫ا‬.G ‫ة‬/g/ ‫ى‬F? F7G
//‫ا‬.G ‫ة‬/g/ ‫ى‬F? F7GF) )‫ذ‬G P‫و‬.o،‫ا‬G ‫ب‬⡊‫>ر‬F)N ‫ب‬⡊‫?ر‬F) G‫?ا‬F) +‫ظر‬FN N6‫ا‬G) ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬7‫أ‬N
//.G)N،NGF7G) ‫د‬F? N77FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F) //.G)N،‫ها‬..N‫?ر‬N N77FG F7‫ أ‬JN‫ل‬䐣) //.G)
FGF‫ا‬. L‫و‬V F?G ‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F) F7GF) 7p ‫ا‬GNG ‫ا‬G‫أ‬،‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FFF ‫ب‬⡊‫>ر‬F)N ‫ب‬⡊‫?ر‬F) G‫?ا‬F) +‫ظر‬F /F‫ا‬/F)
JN‫ل‬䐣) //.G)،//‫ا‬.G ‫ة‬/g/ ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬.f) ‫و‬G P‫و‬.oN،‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FFF G‫د‬N7.N NFNG6.F)
F? L‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F) //.G)N،)8491(‫ة‬.GF Jg. NF‫ا‬FGF) J‫ا‬G?‫ف أ‬䅊 NN77FGF) &.gF) ‫اع‬6N‫أ‬
./ '‫ا‬.G /F‫ا‬/F) //.G) ‫ا‬G‫أ‬N،NF‫ا‬FGF) G‫ر‬7 FG ‫ها‬.n‫?ا‬G ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7N )8491( ‫ة‬7GFF) ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G
F/G.N P‫ذ‬F) NFN.7.F) .F‫ا‬n) O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬.،‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FFF G.‫ر‬7‫ا‬FGN 1‫و‬.‫ا‬GN1‫ا‬GF) FG L)‫و‬F?
‫وع‬6‫و‬o ‫ة‬Fg? ‫ا‬G nF)،NNFN77FGF) NF‫ا‬FGF) 6?.F ‫ة‬NFGF) J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣) FG .0‫ا‬G FNF/ ‫ف‬䅊
.‫ة‬7)1‫د‬F) ‫وع‬6‫و‬G ‫ة‬FG‫ا‬6 ‫ا⩅تة‬.N NNFN77FGF) NF‫ا‬FGF) ‫ا‬NG)‫و>ر‬N. F/FG O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6'،‫ة‬7)1‫د‬F)
‫د‬
‫ا‪F‬فصـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــ‪ F‬ا‪䐣‬لول ‪:‬‬
‫ج ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـذور وأصـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـا‪F‬ة ‪FG‬سط ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪䩆‬ي ‪䅊‬ف ا‪G‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـا‪6‬ي‬
‫و‪F‬ظ ـ ـ ـرة ا‪ ?F‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـا‪䑅‬ل ا‪?F‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـر‪⡊‬ب وا‪F‬غـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـر‪⡊‬ب ‪ G‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـا‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬أصـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪FG F‬سط ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪䩆‬ي و?روبت ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـها‪.‬‬
‫‪G -‬ك ـ ـ ـ ـ ـا‪F‬ة ‪FG‬سط ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪䩆‬ي ?‪F‬د ا‪G‬س‪䩆GF‬ي‪.‬‬
‫‪F -‬ظرة ا‪?F‬ا‪䑅‬ل ا‪?F‬ر‪⡊‬ب وا‪F‬غر‪⡊‬ب ‪FF‬ق‪6‬ية ا‪FGF‬سطي‪F‬ية‪.‬‬

.'GF N‫غرب‬F'H N‫عرب‬F' GF'‫ع‬F' /‫نظر‬H N‫م'ض‬F' NG ‫ن‬N‫سط‬FG /F'‫أص‬H ‫ر‬H‫جذ‬ : ‫ل‬H‫ل‬䐣' ‫صل‬GF'
: ‫د‬N‫ه‬G.
FF ‫ا‬gF G/N77FG ‫ة‬N6F ‫ف‬䅊 6‫و‬p' O' ‫ا‬F?G‫د‬N ‫ة‬Fo )‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G' ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF' F? /N‫د‬o' F'
N. 9'‫ر‬7 ‫ر‬Fg' ‫ة‬FNF/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫و‬G FN&'‫ر‬7'N N77FG N. &‫ا‬FF' 9'‫ر‬7F' FGF‫ة‬G&‫ا‬6F' ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF' N.
FF g'.N1‫ا‬.F' ‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? Jg./g' FF G‫و‬F7 )‫ ?د‬N77FG 61F .G‫د ?ر‬FFGF7‫ا‬.F'N Fo'
pF' JN‫د‬F' FGGNNFN77FGF' F.F FF )1‫ر‬G.G' *'1‫و‬/F' >1 ‫ة‬F‫هو‬7. GGFN G P‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' Jg./g'
FN&'‫ر‬7'N N77FG N. 9'‫ر‬7F' ‫ة‬N6F g' ‫ها‬.N‫ر‬/N ‫ا‬GgF.7' .F‫ا‬F *'‫ر‬G?.7F F? )1‫ا‬.? .F‫ا‬G
‫ة‬NF.7FN ‫ة‬NF/F /N/ FF J'‫و‬Fg' (1‫ا‬6. O' 9'‫ر‬7F' '‫ذ‬G 1N‫ذ‬. ?.‫ر‬.N ‫و‬NF' O' ‫ة‬G&‫ا‬F .F'2g
NN‫د‬F' .F‫ا‬n' FF ‫ا‬FFNNp1‫ا‬.F' .F‫ا‬n' FF '‫ذ‬GN77FG 61F .FG7 pF' ONg' (‫?و‬6F'
N.N.'?7' ?F‫و‬F N77FGF FF ‫ا‬FF ‫د‬/F PF ‫ى‬F? ‫ى‬Gpg ‫ا‬GG‫ة‬NFN‫د‬F' *‫ا‬7‫د‬FG' ‫د‬.'‫و‬. G/.G
G‫?ا‬F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬7N7N ‫ها‬NF? ‫ر‬7N7N FF GFF FNF o/‫ا‬.N1NFN ‫ا‬N7(N ‫ا‬NFN‫ر‬G' NG +g/ *'1‫ا‬F N. 7.‫ر‬N
GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 ‫د‬Gp ‫ا‬FF‫و‬71 O‫ر‬7F N‫ه‬G‫ة‬NN‫ا‬G7F' *‫ا‬F‫ا‬N‫د‬F' ‫هد‬F ‫ب‬⠱.?. N77FG FF ‫ا‬GGG‫ر‬7‫أ‬.
‫ة‬.‫ا‬/7F'N '‫ا‬N.Fg' 6?. 4‫ا ?ا‬G‫ى >هر‬F?Ng?F' *'N‫ا‬G7F' O' G.'‫?ر‬F o FFN ‫ها‬NF' F7N
{: GFN‫ز‬F. Gp ‫ف‬䅊 g?N F. ‫ا‬F.1 ‫ها‬F? J‫ا‬F ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬.G' 61g' N‫ه‬G '‫و‬FG/ ‫ها‬NGNNo‫ا‬7F'N
GN‫ر‬V FVF GF‫و‬/ ‫ا‬FG1‫ا‬. P‫ذ‬V _F' ‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬V .V 7GF' OV' V'‫ر‬o' ‫د‬V .V 7GF' FFV gQ NF VG‫د‬V .?V. O‫ر‬7F P‫ذ‬V _F' F‫ا‬/.7
V .F' ?NGV 7_ F' ‫و‬G G_FV' ۚ ‫ا‬FV.‫ا‬N( FFV
G?‫ا‬6.. pF' ‫ا‬o ‫د‬.‫ا‬7G' >?F ‫د‬.'‫و‬. O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6'.}ÿgĀ N7
)‫د‬N‫ا' ?د‬w‫أ‬. ‫د‬FF' ‫ذ‬FF N77FG .G‫د ?ر‬FFP‫و‬.FF' ‫د‬.7G'N '‫ر‬o' ‫د‬.7G' ‫?د‬. 1‫و‬.g' ‫ها‬NG
o‫ا‬.6 FG 6N G F‫ا‬NG '‫ا‬6F'N /‫هو‬NFF N77FG /FF ‫ة‬N6F ‫ا‬FFN‫ا‬G NNF7g' F‫ا‬G7FF ‫ة‬.7FN
‫ة‬N?‫ر‬6F' '‫ا‬7> ./N P‫و‬F 0‫و‬GF ‫ا‬G pF' JN‫د‬F' FF /‫& ?د‬7'‫و‬.. F‫ا‬GGG‫?ا‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬.'‫و‬.G'
FF7 N6G.7 FGFN77FG ‫ة‬FN/ g' ‫ا‬GgF.7' *'‫ر‬G?.7G' FG J‫ا‬F. FF FN/.7G' FGG‫ة‬NFN‫د‬F'
F.F FF ‫ر‬Fg' GN .FN ‫ة‬N6F NG ‫ا‬G'NF7‫ا‬.F'N Fo' N. F7GF' ‫ف‬䅊 G NF'‫و‬G'N /‫هو‬NF' ‫ى‬F? G'
.‫?د‬. FFN
1
: ‫ها‬.‫ و?روب‬FN‫ط‬7FG F‫أص‬ .I
‫ها‬F‫د‬FF'‫ا‬wF )‫ ?د‬.G‫ ?ر‬61g' G.‫ا‬G F‫أ‬. O‫ر‬N ‫د‬N?. ‫د‬FF ‫ذ‬FF N77FG .N1‫ا‬.F ?...G' F'
'‫ا‬F‫د‬F ‫ا‬G‫ه‬FF7F FN‫ذ‬FF' )P‫ا‬G6F' '‫ز‬.FF( Retenu‫و‬FN.1N )n‫و‬Fn' '‫ز‬.FF( kharu N1‫ا‬.":
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NG7.F' G‫ذ‬G O' )1‫ا‬6' JNF ‫د‬.‫و‬.N )F‫?ا‬FG(NF )F‫?ا‬FG 61F( ( /g.F' .Nw o " NN‫ر‬7G'
G‫ذ‬G G‫ر‬G‫ذ‬. P‫ذ‬F' 7g'N ./gNG' F.F ‫ا‬F‫ر‬F ‫ر‬6? ‫ة‬7o O' ‫ا‬G‫ر‬7? ?.‫ر‬N pF' ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬G?F' F. *‫ا‬N‫ر‬G/
*1‫ا‬6FNkana’an) F‫?ا‬FG( kinahnakinahi )‫ا‬FG‫ا‬FNG( NF )NG‫ا‬FNG( ‫و‬G *‫ا‬N‫ر‬Go'
1
." ‫ا‬N1‫و‬7 ‫ها‬NG ‫ا‬o F/1g' ‫ر‬g n‫?ة >ر‬F'‫و‬F' /g.F' O' 7g' '‫ذ‬o *‫ا‬N‫ر‬Go' G‫ذ‬G
‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG )‫ر‬G.F )‫ر‬.G '‫و‬G‫ ?ر‬NNF‫?ا‬FGF' F‫أ‬. ‫د‬n 1‫و‬7?F' ‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? N77FG .N1‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 FF‫أ‬.G'N
‫ة‬N1‫و‬7 '‫و‬F7‫و‬.7'N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' )‫ر‬N‫ز‬n' FF .H 0022 ‫ة‬F7 F‫و‬NF‫?ا‬FGF'‫ر‬.‫ا‬G":J‫و‬FF' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 /6‫و‬F
GFN )P'‫و‬.1g'‫ر‬og' /g. PF( ‫ة‬NFNFNG 7' F/‫ا‬7F' P‫?ا‬FG ‫ى‬F? F‫و‬NF‫ا‬F‫و‬NF' FF7FN‫ة‬N.‫و‬Fn'
2
." 1‫و‬7FN‫د‬N7 )/'N1F(3N/'1F3‫و‬F.N..1‫>ا‬NF ‫ة‬NFNFNGF' F‫د‬G' GF‫ا‬G
‫ه‬GF‫و‬NF‫?ا‬FGF' ‫ا‬FF " : NFN‫ا‬F ‫ه‬F? FNF ‫د‬FG NNF‫?ا‬FGF' ‫ة‬FNF/ ‫ى‬F? G‫?ر‬.F FF ‫ا‬F/1F '0'
N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFN&'‫ر‬7g' N> F&‫ا‬.FF' FG ‫ى‬F? F.7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ه‬w' FF7N ‫ا‬F‫ا‬N/FNn‫ ?ر‬NF‫ا‬7 .?6
." N‫د‬.F' (‫?ر‬F' F&‫ا‬.F FF 'N‫أ‬6F NN‫ب‬⠱?F' FF GN‫?ر‬F GFF >1 '‫ذ‬G
– 7&‫ا‬GFF' 1'/(07 pNF7 N‫ر >ز‬.( o/ P/‫هو‬N N‫ >ز‬JNF ‫ذ‬FF )0501 – .H0002( ‫ي‬䩅‫د‬FF' N77FG .N1‫ا‬.F‫ا‬. g7g' ‫ر‬G> -1
01005 )0195*NN.
005) 0220 ‫ة‬N1‫و‬7 -F6F/ - ‫ر‬GGF' 1'/ ( 007NFg7g' n‫?ر‬F' .N1‫ا‬.F' 7F7FFNF. ‫و‬.F NF‫و‬6 -0
2
NNF‫?ا‬FGF' F' " : Breasted ‫د‬N.7N‫ر‬. .1‫ؤ‬G' J‫و‬F N ‫ه‬F?N )‫ا&د‬.F' (‫?ر‬F' FF F‫و‬NF‫?ا‬FGF' ‫ب‬⠱.?NN
1
" .H 0022 ‫ذ ?ا‬FF N77FG .F7‫و‬.7' pF' ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' F&‫ا‬.FF' FF
‫ف‬䅊 /6‫و‬F ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG I‫ا‬FG ‫د‬FF' ‫ذ‬FF ‫ه‬.F‫ا‬F' ‫و‬G 61g' G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 (‫?ر‬F' ‫ة‬NF/F ‫د‬G‫ؤ‬N ‫ا‬GN
*‫ا‬N‫ر‬Go' J‫د‬. ‫ا‬GG ‫د‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F>‫و‬F 1‫و‬7? ‫ذ‬FF N77FG 61F F‫ا‬7Fg' FG7 ‫د‬FN " :J‫و‬FF' '‫ذ‬G
‫ة‬FN‫د‬F JNF FF ‫ا‬GG‫'?ة‬1‫ز‬F' FF J‫و‬/.F' ‫ف‬䅊 ONg' P‫ا‬7Fg' 1‫و‬7.F' F/'‫ر‬F ‫ها‬61F *‫هد‬6N1‫ا‬/f' N
N?‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬F7 ‫و‬o GF0N N77FG NF‫ر‬6 J‫شا‬㑅 ‫?ة‬F'‫و‬F' )‫ا‬o1F( ‫ة‬FN‫د‬F NG .N1‫ا‬.F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G‫د‬NN6. O‫ر‬.
."1‫ا‬/f' '‫ا‬GF? ‫ر‬G‫ذ‬N ‫ا‬G.7/ .H 8222 O'
‫ذ‬FF N77FG FG7 F‫ا‬7Fg' FF O' N6. 1‫ا‬/( I‫ا‬FG" : J‫و‬F. O‫ر‬.F ‫>ر‬F ‫هة‬.N FF ‫ا‬GG
-GFF01( 7N7‫و‬F' P‫ر‬.o' ‫ر‬7?F' N6N ‫ا‬GG) .H 01 - GFF 022( ‫ي‬䩅‫د‬FF' P‫ر‬.o' ‫ر‬7?F'
‫د‬F ‫ا‬F‫د‬F?N.‫ة‬NG‫و‬7FF' )1‫ا‬6o‫ا‬. G‫?ر‬N ‫ا‬o .F/o ‫ة‬N1‫ا‬6/ )‫ا‬N/ J‫ا‬G6F /‫و‬.N O' ) .H Gg(8
F‫ا‬G7F' '‫و‬/.7F /N/ ‫?ة‬7'N o‫ر‬.G .F‫ا‬G) .H 0022( (‫?ر‬F' )‫ر‬N‫ز‬. FF F‫و‬NF‫?ا‬FGF'
F‫ا‬7N. F‫د‬F F/FN77FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬F N ‫ة‬FN‫د‬F p&F F? FFN g ‫ا‬F 'N‫أ‬6FF ‫د‬FN/g.FF NN7‫ا‬7g'
." o .N.N ?.7F' ‫&ر‬.N /N‫د‬7FN FNFp'N ‫ا‬GN/N ‫ا‬G? N FgF7?N
FF GNNN‫ر‬FF' ‫ا‬7‫و‬7.NNNF‫ا‬o' N77FG FGF >?F FF N.1‫ؤ‬G' *‫ا‬F/ O‫ر‬N"N/ ‫ف‬䅊

F.F N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 *‫ر‬F.7' oF' ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' F&‫ا‬.FF' FFN‫ة‬NFN77FGF'N ‫ة‬N1‫و‬G?F' N ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬FGF' F&‫ا‬.FF' J‫ا‬7FF
0'‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫>ة‬FF'N g7g' ‫?ه‬Gn‫د‬/'N .N7F ‫ف‬䅊 ?NGn' .F‫د‬F' /N/G‫?د‬.N NFg7g' /.GF'
2
." ‫ا‬F‫ر‬F ‫ر‬6? ‫ة‬/g/ J'‫و‬7 NFg7g' Go' ./ '‫و‬.‫?ر‬.7'N '‫و‬GF7F
pNF7 N‫ر >ز‬.( o/ P/‫هو‬N N‫ >ز‬JNF ‫ذ‬FF )0501 – .H0002( ‫ي‬䩅‫د‬FF' N77FG .N1‫ا‬. F‫ا‬. g7g' ‫ر‬G> -1
.27265 ) F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F (
*'1‫ا‬6.7g'N *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬FF ‫ة‬F‫و‬.N‫ز‬F' ‫ز‬G‫ر‬F ( ‫ة‬/FFFN )‫د‬N‫ز‬F ‫?ة‬.7)‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G' ‫ا‬o'1‫و‬7.N ‫ة‬Np1‫ا‬.F' ‫ا‬o‫ا‬NGF.‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF'‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -2
.13105 0200 ) F‫ا‬F.F – *NN.
3
‫ر‬F.7' .?6 JNF O' ‫ة‬.7F F‫?ا‬FG 61F 7‫ا‬. 1‫و‬7?F' ‫د‬FF ‫ذ‬FF N77FG .Nw ‫د‬FN "
‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' )‫ر‬N‫ز‬n' FF ‫ر‬.‫ا‬GNF‫ا‬7 n‫ ?ر‬.?6 G F‫و‬NF‫?ا‬FGF'N/gNG' F.F 5222 P'‫و‬/ ‫ها‬NG
G/g. ?F‫و‬F ‫ة‬NGF G/ )N/G ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬. *'N‫>ز‬F (‫?ر‬F' F‫و‬NF‫?ا‬FGF' 6‫?ر‬. ‫د‬FN ‫ا‬6F' /g. FG7N
.‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/ ‫هة‬. FF ‫ا‬G‫ا‬F>N ‫ا‬o'N. )‫ر‬GNN ‫ها‬61F ‫ة‬.‫و‬7.N ‫هة‬. FF )N77FG PF (n‫>ر‬F' ‫ا‬o‫و‬F.N
‫ر‬/ 1‫ز‬. FFN )O‫>ر‬7F' ‫ا‬N7( ( ‫ا‬NG‫ر‬. (‫ >ر‬FF ‫ر‬.‫ا‬G P‫ر‬/ .?6 ‫ه‬GF‫و‬NFN77FGF' ‫ا‬FF
'N.F 'N‫ر‬F.7'N ‫ا‬6F' /g. F/'‫و‬7 O' /gNG' F.F 00 F‫ر‬FF' F&'NFN 00 F‫ر‬FF' ‫ر‬.'NF P'‫و‬/ Gn'
FN‫ر‬F?N../N‫د‬7FFgF7?)‫>ز‬:NGN F‫د‬FN GF‫ا‬G 7o '‫و‬F.Nn‫و‬Fn' N77FG F/‫ا‬7 ‫ى‬F?
7' /1N o ‫ة‬N‫ب‬⠱?F' ‫>ة‬FF‫ا‬. F‫و‬NFN77FGF' PF ).7F.( 7' /1N /gNG' F.F 902 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊N. .
‫ي‬䩅‫د‬FF' ‫?هد‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 )NFN77FGF' 61F( 7' /1N GF‫ذ‬GGF0 ‫?د‬. Philistia)‫ا‬N.7FG( G/g.
palestine Syria ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ا‬N1‫و‬7 NF )N.7F‫ا‬.( 7' ‫ا >هر‬G‫?د‬.N *N/NNG ‫ف ?هد‬䅊N

1
." ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ''‫ر‬/7F' o/ ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o' N77FG FF NF.'‫د‬F'N NF/‫ا‬7F' '‫ز‬n' ‫ى‬F? FF7N F‫ا‬G P‫ذ‬F'
(‫?ر‬FF NG N77FG 61F FF ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' .N1‫ا‬.F' ..G ‫ى‬F? 9g7g' Jg. FF ..F.7N ‫ا‬GN
GNF? NG'‫ر‬.' F/ FN‫ذ‬F' F‫و‬NF‫?ا‬FGF' (‫?ر‬F'N " J‫و‬FF' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 '‫ا‬. ‫ا‬GG NG'‫ر‬.' ‫ا‬F‫د‬N7 ‫ذ ?هد‬FF
‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' N77FG 61F F‫ا‬G7N (‫ا‬/7F ‫ة‬FNFo' ‫ف‬䅊 G G/‫ا‬G/FN G/gNFN ‫و‬G ‫ه‬NF? ‫ا‬GN6 g7F'
F‫ا‬G7 JN‫أ‬G F‫و‬NF‫?ا‬FGF' (‫?ر‬F' G‫) ?ر‬1‫ا‬6o'N .N1‫ا‬.F' ‫ر‬.G ,g.F‫ا‬.G1‫و‬7?F' ‫د‬FF ‫ذ‬FF
‫ة‬F>‫و‬G' ‫ة‬Np1‫ا‬.F' ‫ة‬FF2g' ‫ذ‬FF F‫?ا‬FG 61‫أ‬. FG7F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬Np1‫ا‬.F' ‫ة‬NF.7g' G F‫و‬G. GF‫ذ‬.NN77FGF
‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N/‫هو‬NF' *‫ا?ا‬o /‫و‬.N FF NF7F' Gg( F.F F‫ا‬G ?.7F‫ا‬. '‫ذ‬GN'‫ذ‬G ‫ا‬FF‫و‬N o/N ‫د‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊
Gg( )‫?د‬. ‫ها‬61F ‫ى‬F? G/‫و‬.N ‫?د‬. ‫ا‬6NFN /gNG' F.F ‫ر‬6? /F‫ا‬/F' F‫ر‬FF' /N‫د‬/ N77FG 61F
*'‫د‬N1‫و‬.F'N FN‫و‬7.FF )‫د‬/.G' ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6F'(0 7N77..G' FF ‫ة‬.p GNF‫أ‬.‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF'N N77FG:‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫و?ة‬7‫و‬G' :F? gFF -1
.125 0228) ‫ة‬/‫و‬.GG' 3‫د‬FF' ‫?ة‬F‫ا‬. ?F FN‫?ا‬.F‫ا‬.
4
FF g'‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' N6'1gF FG'‫ر‬F' NFN&'‫ر‬7g' P‫ر‬G7?F' Jg./g' FF >‫ر‬F‫ا‬.NNF7F' FF

o/N )‫ >ز‬9‫ا‬7FN F/1g' ‫هر‬FF ‫ة‬N.‫>ر‬F' ‫ة‬G6F' ‫ف‬䅊 G61F ‫ى‬F? 6N?N J'‫ز‬Ng NN77FGF' n‫?ر‬F' .?6F'
‫ه‬Gg7F /‫ا‬G/F G ?F'‫و‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 'g‫ؤ‬GN0118 P/gNG' ‫ذ ?ا‬FF ‫ة‬F.o' ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' N6'1g' F.'/
F>.GG61F FF GFG NN77FGF' .?6F' /‫ر‬7 ‫ة‬FN‫ها‬7F' 9‫ا‬7.7' ‫و‬F o/NNNF‫?ا‬FGF' (‫?ر‬F' ‫?>ا‬F'
1
." ‫د‬.g' O' ‫ة‬G&‫ا‬F ‫ة‬FNFo' G‫ذ‬G
'‫ذ‬GN ‫ها‬NG 7.F gN ‫ها‬NF? 1‫ا‬.>g ‫ة‬FNF/'g7g' gF N77FG ‫ه‬F7‫و‬o (‫?ر‬F' ‫ة‬FNF/N
FG. FG /‫هو‬NF' ‫ا‬FFN ".3‫د‬FG' 61F .N1‫ا‬.N J‫و‬7F ‫ف‬䅊 N//‫ا‬.F' FF (‫?ر‬F' N> o/ G‫د‬G‫ؤ‬N ‫ا‬F
)N>7 ‫?ة‬F1 ‫ف‬䅊 )/N‫د‬p ‫ة‬NFF2 )?G ‫ها‬NG '‫و‬GG/N‫ا‬.7> ‫ا‬G‫و‬F7‫و‬.7' F'N 7F ‫ا‬F7N N77FG G
N. FGG.1‫ا‬7Fg' ‫ف‬䅊 '‫و‬..6.N ‫ها‬F? '‫و‬F/1 o ‫ها‬NF' 'N‫د‬GN FN.7 P‫ر‬.‫ ?ا‬N> /‫هو‬NF' FGN GN‫ة‬FN6
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7N‫ب‬⠱F' ‫ة‬NGFG' ‫ة‬N?Gn' ‫و‬6? NFNF' 7N7F‫ر‬G )1‫و‬.G‫د‬F' " :J‫ا‬/G' FN.7 ‫ى‬F? '‫ذ‬o NF&‫ا‬FF' NN.‫>ر‬F'
(‫ا‬/7F G /‫هو‬NF' g (‫?ر‬F' F'( : N77FGN 3‫د‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 n‫?ر‬F' 7Fn' 1'‫ر‬G.7' )‫ر‬G‫>ا‬F ‫ها‬// ‫ف‬䅊
.) ‫?ة‬7FFG' N> )‫ر‬G.7G' ‫ة‬..‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬Np1‫ا‬.F' ‫ة‬F7F' GF.
P‫د‬FF.G7g' N.‫و‬F‫و‬.N‫ر‬/Fg' )0110-0801(* 1‫ز‬N‫ر‬G 7GN. N7FF ‫ر‬.( J‫و‬F I‫ا‬FGN

)N‫>ز‬F' F.F ‫ها‬.F7‫و‬.7' pF' F&‫ا‬.FF' *‫ا‬N10 G N77FG N/gG FF ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F‫ا‬. NF7‫ا‬FF' F'(:1‫هو‬6G'
-‫و‬.GFF ‫ه‬NF? .>7 F'N‫ها‬FF '‫?و‬F.FN GN ‫ها‬F? '‫و‬GGFN G 61g‫ا‬. NF7.F '‫و‬F'2‫ا‬F g'N‫ة‬NF&'‫ر‬7g'
.2")'‫و‬F‫ا‬FFN '‫و‬../ g‫إ‬G *‫ا‬.‫و‬F
.885 7/ ‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' 1‫ا‬N‫د‬F' ‫ى‬F? 9'‫ر‬7F'pNFF ‫ى‬7‫و‬F ‫ا‬7? - 1

0191 )‫د‬. )JNg' NN/‫?و‬7F' '‫ا‬./g' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬F (‫ا‬.G ‫ف‬䅊 *‫ر‬6F( 07 3‫د‬FF' N N77FG ‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬1‫ا‬7? 1‫و‬G>F' ‫د‬.? ‫د‬oF -2
.0105:5
5
)N.7F‫ا‬.(":‫ها‬FF ‫ة‬FF2g'N 1‫و‬7?F' ‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬wF )‫?د‬. N77FG .G‫د ?ر‬FF
F‫ا‬G P‫ذ‬F' .?6F' 7' FF F.6F ‫هو‬G )N77FG( G‫و‬F7FG (‫?ر‬F' G.‫ ?ر‬P‫ذ‬F'palestine
'‫ذ‬G O' )1‫ا‬6' JNF F?FN )F‫و‬NFN.7FGF'( ‫ى‬G7NNN77FG FF ‫ة‬N.‫و‬Fn'N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6F' J‫هو‬7F' FG7N
N/ adadnirar ?.'‫ر‬F' P1'NF /'/F P1‫و‬6g' GFG' GFF7F P‫ذ‬F' plastu ‫و‬.7g. 7g'
GFG7N F‫ا‬G P‫ذ‬F' n‫و‬Fn' ‫ا‬6F' F/‫ا‬7 PFphilistia ‫ا‬N.7FG F/‫ا‬7 O' 7g' GF‫ذ‬. 1‫ا‬6F
.F‫و‬NFN.7FGF'
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬FN‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬Ng‫و‬F' ‫ى‬F? 7g' '‫ذ‬G (‫?ر‬F' FF7F ‫د‬FN‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' N77FG ‫ة‬GFG .F/.F' )N.7F‫ا‬.(FFN
g7g' F.F ‫ر‬G.F ‫ف ?هد‬䅊 7g' '‫ذ‬G '‫و‬.‫د ?ر‬F '‫و‬F‫ا‬G (‫?ر‬F' FF ‫د‬.gN .)ONg' N.7F‫ا‬.()‫ا‬G7G'
. (‫ا‬7p' F. ‫ر‬G? n‫د‬G‫?ا‬F ‫ف‬䅊/g.F' 77N ‫ة‬F7FF ‫ى‬F? -‫و‬6‫و‬. FF7F 7g' '‫ذ‬G Fg GF0N
/g.F'N ‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' /g.F' F/F‫ة‬N‫ز‬F1N ‫ة‬N‫ا?ر‬6O‫ر‬.F '‫ا‬wF N77FG ‫ى‬F? .FF7F ‫د‬FN
.1" '‫ا‬.f' /g.N )'1‫و‬.F' /g.N)/‫و?و‬G'
‫ا‬FF ‫ى‬6g.N GF0 F‫إ‬G‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' 61g' ‫ف‬䅊 Fo' G F‫أ‬. /‫هو‬NF' O‫?و‬/ 7p ‫ا‬GNG ‫ا‬FF
NN‫د‬F' .F‫ا‬n' FF ‫ا‬FFNp1‫ا‬.F'N NN‫د‬F' N.F‫ا‬n' gG FF ‫ا‬o 3‫ا‬FF' ONF gg‫ا‬o NGF7G' ‫ة‬NF/F
V ‫?ر‬GF‫ا‬V. 'N‫ر‬FFN )‫ا‬G‫_ز‬F' '‫ و‬.(N )g7
GN V 1g' ‫ف‬䅊V G‫_ا‬FG_ F FV' FN‫ذ‬V _F'{: O‫?ا‬.N I1‫ا‬.. GF‫و‬FG
_ F' '‫و‬F‫ا‬FF 6
‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? Fg' >?F NG ‫ة‬NFg7g' ‫ة‬Fg‫ا‬G2}ÿ١gĀ 1V‫و‬Fg' ‫ة‬.VF‫ ?ا‬GV _FVFN ۚ ‫ر‬V GFGF' FV ? '‫ هو‬FN
.F‫ا‬F GF‫ذ‬.N‫ر‬GFG' F? .gN GN‫?ر‬G‫ا‬. *‫ر‬F‫أ‬G G' ‫?ة‬N‫ر‬6. .GG/ ‫ا‬gF GF0‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' .N1‫ا‬.
pNF7 N‫ر >ز‬.( o/ P/‫هو‬N N‫ >ز‬JNF ‫ذ‬FF )0501 – .H0002( ‫ي‬䩅‫د‬FF' N77FG .N1‫ا‬.F‫ا‬. g7g' ‫ر‬G> -1
.22215)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F (
(‫ا‬.GF' J‫د‬NN ‫ر‬/7F'N FN‫د‬F' ‫ة‬7'1/ G?‫و‬6‫و‬FN '‫د‬Fo ‫ر‬6? N/' ‫ف‬䅊 ?FNN )pG‫ذ‬F' F7>F'( ‫ى‬G7G' G.‫ا‬.G. 1‫ز‬N‫ر‬G 7GN. N7F' G‫* ?ر‬
." (1‫ا‬Fg' N>. ,'N‫ز‬F'N ‫ة‬NG7‫و‬7F' "Gw' ?.'‫ر‬G' FF ‫?د‬N (‫ا‬.G GFN ‫ها‬p1'‫و‬.N (‫?و‬6F'N *‫ا‬F‫ا‬N ‫د‬F‫ا‬. ?7'N ‫ا‬G'N ‫ة‬FN/N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬F ‫ى‬F?
.)10( ‫ة‬Nf' .o' )1‫و‬7 - 2
6
‫ا‬GG‫ة‬N/‫و‬.?F‫ا‬. G/'‫ر‬G'N 61g' ‫ف‬䅊 O‫?ا‬.N GF‫ا‬/.7 G' ‫د‬N/‫و‬. ‫ه‬.N‫ >ا‬.F‫ا‬G FN‫ذ‬F' '‫ا‬N.Fg' +'NF
F‫ا‬GNF7N /N'/ +'No FN‫ر‬N‫د‬n' F‫و‬NFNFo' ‫ة‬/1‫و‬F' gF F‫و‬GF7G' FF‫ؤ‬N ":J‫و‬FF' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 GF0 ‫ى‬F..N
‫ة‬N?‫ر‬6 FFN‫د‬N/‫و‬.F' ‫ة‬N'1 ./ FF‫ز‬F' FF ‫ا‬//1 N77FG '‫و‬GG/ FG ‫ه‬No‫ا‬7N FN&'‫ر‬7' N. '‫ا‬N.FF N
(1/ ‫ى‬F? FN‫ا&ر‬7F'NF7‫ر‬F' 'g‫ؤ‬G ‫?د‬. FF ‫د‬N/‫و‬.F' ‫ة‬N'1 '‫?و‬G1 gg NGF7G' O' .F‫و‬/ ‫ها‬GG/
.'‫ا‬N.Fg'
7.7. 'N&‫ا‬.N G'‫ا‬N.FF '‫و‬F.FN ‫ه‬..G '‫و‬G‫ر‬/NFo' FN‫ر‬7 F? '‫و‬.GF. /‫هو‬NF' FF F‫و‬GF7G' ‫د‬F.?NN
1
. " G.6>N GF‫ا‬/.7 G'
‫ف‬䅊 ..6.F'N GN.F' GF‫ذ‬. '‫و‬F‫ا‬FGG.?N‫ر‬6N G' '‫ا‬N.FF F? 'N/‫ر‬oN 'N/‫ا‬/ /‫هو‬NF' FF GN‫?ر‬FN
‫ _د‬6F F_ ‫د‬.V .F {:O‫?ا‬. GF‫و‬F ‫ف‬䅊 GF0 ‫ى‬F? F(‫ر‬FF' 7F ‫ا‬GG NGF7GFF )N'‫د ?د‬6F gFN61g'
2
} ۚ '‫و‬G‫ر‬6F FN‫ذ‬V _F'N /‫ هو‬NF' '‫و‬FF( FN‫ذ‬V _FVF )QN'‫ ?د‬3‫_ا‬
V FF'
J‫و‬7F FFNN77FG 61F ‫ى‬F? 1'‫ر‬F.7g' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NF.7g' G NGF7G‫ا‬G Np1‫ا‬.F' .F‫ا‬n' FFN
NGN‫ا‬Np1‫ا‬.g N ‫ا‬NFN/g 61g' G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 F/ /‫هو‬NFF 7NFNNGF7GFF F‫ا‬G N77FG G.G‫ ?ر‬G/
‫ا‬FF .G‫ها‬.. N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 /‫هو‬NFF Np1‫ا‬.F' Fo' ?'‫ز‬F F'" ‫ه‬7GFF /‫هو‬NF' o/ ‫ا‬G‫د‬G‫ؤ‬N ‫ة‬FNF/
FF ‫ ?ا‬0022 ‫و‬o F.F 61g' G‫ذ‬G 'N‫ر‬G? N77FG '‫ا‬F.‫أ‬G ‫ه‬61F ‫ف‬䅊 NGF7G' (‫?ر‬F' F/
‫ا‬o /‫هو‬NF' ‫ة‬F7 .?7FF' FF ‫?د‬. o‫ا&ها‬F/F ‫ف‬䅊 'N‫ر‬G.7'N)/N'/ ‫ة‬GFG( ‫ه‬.FN/ FN&'‫ر‬7' N. '‫ا‬6F'
N. ‫ا‬7‫و‬7.( FN‫ر‬F ‫?ة‬.1F P'‫و‬/ )‫ها‬FG 7NFN( N77FG FF ''‫ز‬.F /‫هو‬NF' G/ ‫د‬FFFf' O'
3‫ر‬GF'N NN1‫و‬6f‫ا‬G JN‫د‬F' FF GN> G/ J'2 ‫ا‬GG ‫ه‬GG/ J'2N ) .H 081-0222
.150225‫ب‬⠱GG‫و‬F‫ة‬/FFF ‫?ة‬.7‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ف‬䅊 F‫?و‬.1g' F&‫ا‬Fo'‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -1

.)80( ‫ة‬Nf')‫ا&د‬G' )1‫و‬7 -2
7
‫و‬G NFg7g' Go' F‫ا‬GN.G61F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬.7'1 N77FG .?6 F> ‫ا‬GFN.F‫ا‬FN‫ر‬F'N FN‫>ر‬g'N ‫ة‬F?'‫ر‬GF'N
.)‫ا‬F‫ ?ا‬12( ‫ة‬N.NF7F' )?GF' '‫ا‬F/.7‫إ‬. )0109-151( ‫ة‬F7 0022 P'‫و‬/ ‫ر‬G.7' /N/ J‫و‬7g'
F‫ر‬FF' o/N - 050‫ذ‬FF( ‫?ا‬0822 ‫و‬o N77FG. ‫ا‬NFG? /‫هو‬NF' ‫ة‬F7 .?7FF' ‫د‬FN
‫ة‬NFN‫د‬F' ‫ه‬GNF‫?ا‬. .F‫ر‬/N F.‫ها‬NG P/‫ا‬N1N P1‫ا‬6/ NF N7‫ا‬N7 ‫د‬.'‫و‬. G F‫و‬GN FF FN/ )FN‫ر‬6?F'
/‫هو‬NF' FF /‫ا* ?د‬7'1/ .7/ – FN‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G' /‫هو‬NF' FF %82 FF ‫ر‬/GF F'N .‫ها‬NF' )/‫?و‬F'
‫ا‬NF‫و‬F F‫و‬.‫ي‬䩅g ‫ا‬GGN77FGF ‫ة‬F7 P‫أ‬. ‫ا‬Np1‫ا‬. F‫و‬.‫ي‬䩅g -‫ر‬F.7‫و‬G ‫ر‬/1( N‫ه‬6F' ..‫ا‬GF' F/F ‫ه‬7GFF
– ‫ة‬N?. F&‫ا‬.F NGN )2‫ا‬FG6g'(1‫ز‬p' /‫هو‬N O' /‫?و‬. ‫و‬NF' /‫هو‬NF ‫ة‬F/‫ا‬7F' ‫ة‬N.F>g‫ا‬GFN&'‫ر‬7' N.F
)/‫ ?و‬F/ ‫ة‬o F‫ا‬G F‫إ‬G.P/gNG' FF‫ا‬/F' F‫ر‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 */‫و‬oN2‫ا‬F‫و‬FF' P‫شا‬㑅 ‫ف‬䅊 NF. .F‫ا‬G ‫ية‬䩅‫د‬F ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬.
N77FG. /‫هو‬NF' FF?. O‫?و‬/ F' o ‫ا‬N7N1 (‫و‬F. O' ‫ا‬G'N N77FG O' 7NF ‫هو‬G/‫هو‬NF' 'g‫ؤ‬G
g7F' GNF? ‫ى‬7‫و‬F O' ‫ا‬G6Fg' 6G1 FN&'‫ر‬7' N. >?F FF ‫ة‬FNF/ ‫ا‬FF GF.g ‫ا‬o ‫ه‬7‫ا‬..1'N
‫ه‬NF? 6‫ ?ر‬FF ‫?د‬. F.‫ا‬. FF ‫ها‬NF' )/‫?و‬F' ‫ه‬G>?F 6G1 ‫ا‬GG‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' 61gF G.N7F ‫ف‬䅊
N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 /‫هو‬NF' /'‫?د‬F /‫ز‬. G G‫ذ‬G ‫ا‬FF‫ا‬NF o/ .N1‫ا‬.F' J'‫و‬7NGF0 41‫و‬F N71‫ا‬GF' 1‫و‬7'‫ب‬⠱Fg'
1
" G‫?ا‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 /‫هو‬NF' FF %12 F? G'‫و‬/F F6GF ‫ف‬䅊
‫ة‬./ GF.GFN&'‫ر‬7' N. FF g7F' GNF? ‫ى‬7‫و‬F 9‫ا‬..F gF ‫ة‬NFN/ ‫ة‬./ GFN‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ا‬F N
H‫ا‬/7'N NG'‫ر‬.' F&'Ng' '‫ا‬.f'N ‫و‬NF' /‫هو‬N N. 7.‫ر‬. ‫ة‬Fg?g":‫ة‬/7F' FF ‫ا‬G 3‫ا‬7F g ‫ة‬6/'/
G‫ذ‬G ‫ر‬G? FF ‫ر‬G.F .FN ‫ف‬䅊 '‫و‬G..'N '‫و‬6‫ر‬FF' F&'Ng' FN&'‫ر‬7' N. Fg g7F' ‫ه‬NF? (‫و‬F?NN
.0-15)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ف‬䅊 F‫?و‬.1g' F&‫ا‬Fo'‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -1
8
‫ا?ة‬Gn' FF )O/g' H‫ر‬6F' ‫ر‬G? FF ‫ة‬F7 Gg( ‫ة‬7o( GGF‫ؤ‬F ‫ف‬䅊 o/ .NFNG .1‫ؤ‬G' J‫و‬FNN.‫ا?ة‬Gn'
‫د‬.‫و‬NgN''‫و‬Gg' N H'‫?ر‬g' /‫?د‬.F NF.F GF‫ا‬/ FF ‫ة‬GF‫ؤ‬F .F‫ا‬G g7F' GNF? ‫ى‬7‫و‬F ‫ا‬G/‫ا‬F pF'
GNF? G7‫و‬N G' pF )‫د‬F'N )FN6'1(FN/'1 /‫ا‬G/F O‫و‬7 FN&'‫ر‬7' N. O' G.7F FG‫ي‬䩅 FF ‫ه‬FN.
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." g7F'
N77FG. /‫هو‬NFF .o ‫ة‬F7 FF ‫ا‬F FF ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NF‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o' N?2 G‫د‬G‫ؤ‬N ‫ر‬.( J‫و‬F ‫ف‬䅊N
P‫ا‬Gg' 1‫و‬7'‫ب‬⠱FgF G.F.‫ا‬FF '‫ا‬F/F ‫ة‬NF‫و‬N‫ه‬7FF N/N‫ر‬F' (g' J‫ز‬.‫ر‬G 1N/‫و‬N/ J‫ا‬F ‫يا‬䩅‫د‬FN " : g&‫ا‬F
: NFN‫ا‬F ) ‫و‬NF> (
*‫ر‬F ‫د‬FFN‫ة‬/N/7 ‫ة‬NGFF H‫و‬F/ ‫ة‬NF )‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' N77FG( ‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' 61g‫ا‬. ‫ا‬F7.‫ر‬Ng )/‫هو‬NF' Fo(
+‫د‬/.N ‫ا‬GF/F 7FG +‫د‬/.F ‫ها‬F? ‫ا‬F/‫د‬/ '0'N‫ة‬N/‫هو‬N 61g' G‫ذ‬G .F‫ا‬G FF ‫ذ‬FF )‫د‬N‫ ?د‬J‫ا‬N.F
2
." ‫د‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 FN‫?ر‬F' FF‫ز‬F' FF F/ F? '‫ر‬G'
: NG'‫جغر‬F' FN‫ط‬7FG ?F‫و‬G -1
7.‫ر‬N P‫ذ‬F' ‫?ها‬F‫و‬F ‫ة‬NGF ..7. '‫ذ‬GN*'N‫ ?د) >ز‬.N1‫ا‬.F' ‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? N77FG .G‫د ?ر‬FF
F?.‫ا‬G‫ة‬NN‫ا‬G7F' F‫ا‬N/g' 7.‫ه‬F ‫ا‬g‫و‬G O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬. ‫ا‬NFN‫ر‬G'‫ا‬.N1NF‫ا‬N7( : *'1‫ا‬F +g/ N.
FG6 /‫د‬/.N GN":J‫و‬FF' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 N.F ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG‫ة‬FF2g' ‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? ?7..N FN6. ‫ة‬NG'‫>ر‬n' ‫ها‬./‫ا‬7F
N77FGF P‫ا‬7N‫ب‬⠱F' Jg./g' ‫ا‬NF g' '‫ذ‬G ‫ا‬F‫ر‬7? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬NF? G1‫?ا‬.G' ‫ة‬NG'‫>ر‬n' ‫ا‬G/N‫د‬/N N77FG
‫ة‬.F‫?ا‬.G' 1‫و‬7?F' Gg..‫إ‬. ?7.NN FN6N N77FG 61F ‫د‬N‫د‬/ F‫ا‬G ‫د‬FN)0105-0102(
3
." ‫ا‬6F' /g. FF ‫ا‬Np1‫ا‬. '‫ز‬. .F> ‫ا‬gF N> ‫ها‬NF?
.015)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' 1‫ا‬N‫د‬F' ‫ى‬F? 9'‫ر‬7F'oNFF ‫ى‬7‫و‬F ‫ا‬7? -1

.105 )F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(oNFF ‫ى‬7‫و‬F ‫ا‬7? ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' FNF/‫د‬.‫?ا‬F' NG'‫ر‬.':F?gFF -2
.005 0220 ‫و‬N‫ا‬F )‫ا‬N‫ز‬NF‫ا‬F -1‫و‬.Gg'‫و‬G( 07 ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫ه‬FF *‫ا‬7'1/ ‫ة‬F7F7 N77FG‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -3
9
: FN‫ط‬7FGF ‫ة‬NF‫حا‬F' ‫حدود‬F'-2
)N/ FG6N G‫ا‬NG‫ا‬. 1‫و‬G>F ² G 921 P'‫و‬/ ‫ها‬FF ² G09209 N77FG ‫ة‬/‫ا‬7F >F.."
‫ة‬F‫و‬o' )N/ F/F G‫ا‬G.FF GFF N.G 7F 6‫?ر‬. ‫د‬FN.NG' ‫ر‬/.F' ‫ة‬/‫ا‬7F G7F N ‫ة‬F‫و‬o'N ‫ا‬N‫ب‬⠱7
‫ ?ا‬FN&'‫ر‬7' *‫ر‬7N7 ‫د‬FN0181 ‫ ?ا‬.NG' ‫ر‬/.F' F‫ا‬7F (‫و‬F. ‫ا‬NFG .G. pF' ‫ة‬F7FG'N
F/G.G' NF‫ا‬.F' Jg./' */‫?ا‬FNN77FG ‫ة‬/‫ا‬7F 9‫و‬Go FF ² G00222 P'‫و‬/ ‫ى‬F? 0118
.0119 ‫) ?ا‬² G510( )‫ >ز‬9‫ا‬7FN )² G0122( ‫ة‬N.‫>ر‬F' ‫ة‬G6F' ‫ف‬䅊
N. 0115 ‫و ?ا‬F7NF ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G.' ?NF‫و‬. ‫?د‬.N

NF7. o FN&'‫ر‬7'N ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ر‬N‫ر‬/.F' ‫ة‬G>FF
FF 6?. F? ‫ها‬6?. ‫ة‬F‫?ز‬FFN )N>7 F7‫ا‬FF
)‫ >ز‬9‫ا‬7F FF %12 P'‫و‬/N ‫ة‬N.‫>ر‬F' ‫ة‬G6F'
)N7F F'.‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬NF7‫و‬F' ‫ة‬7F7F' O'
‫ى‬F? – FN&'‫ر‬7'N NNFN77FGF' N. ‫ة‬N‫و‬7.F'
.F'2‫ا‬F – )‫د‬N‫د‬6F' ‫ها‬..‫?و‬7 FF >‫ر‬F'
O' g.( F g.‫ا ?ا‬gF N‫د‬.NN)‫ر‬G.7F
'‫ز‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫و‬FN ‫ة‬FF.7F ‫ة‬NFN77FG ‫ة‬FN/ FNG6.
FF N77FG ‫د‬o‫ة‬Np1‫ا‬.F' N77FG 61F FF
GF‫و‬7 F/‫ا‬7. 77‫و‬.G' ‫ر‬/.F' (‫>ر‬F'
‫ا‬N1‫و‬7 NF‫ر‬6F' J‫ا‬G6F' FF ‫ا‬G‫د‬oN G001
F‫ا‬F.F J‫ا‬G6F' FFN G92 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7 /N‫د‬/
3F‫ر‬F' ‫ى‬F? (‫و‬Fn' ‫ى‬7FF ‫ف‬䅊N G91 /N‫د‬/
10
‫ا‬G‫د‬/.G n‫>ر‬F' (‫و‬Fn' FF ‫ا‬FF G02.0 NN77FGF' F/‫ا‬7F' J‫و‬7 >F.N ‫ة‬.F?F' .NFp P‫ا‬G6F'
‫ة‬FN‫د‬FN ‫ة‬.F?F' .NF. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬.‫ا‬7 N. ‫ا‬GNG /N‫د‬o' G‫ذ‬G ‫د‬.oN G012 J‫و‬7. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬7G' '‫ا‬FN7 ''‫ر‬/7
.NF. o/ ‫ة‬.‫ ?ر‬P/'NN .NG' ‫ر‬/.F'N F/1g' ‫ر‬g ‫ا‬G‫د‬/NG H‫ر‬6F' FF ‫ا‬FF77‫و‬.G' ‫ر‬/.F' ‫ى‬F? /G1
‫ة‬G7.N G510 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7 >F.N /N/ /N‫د‬o' J‫و‬7F NG ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬NF/1g' /N‫د‬o' G‫ذ‬GN‫ة‬.F?F'
N77FG ‫ة‬/‫ا‬7F ‫>ر‬7 ?F ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FF ‫ة‬FN‫و‬7 /N‫د‬/ NG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬/.F'N ‫ة‬N‫ب‬⠱F' ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' /N‫د‬o' F‫إ‬G ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬
‫ة‬FFN P‫و‬7F' N77FG FG6 ‫و‬G /N‫د‬o' G‫ذ‬G J‫و‬7 ..7N G181 ‫ا‬G‫و‬7 9‫و‬Go >F.N /N/
H‫ر‬6F' FF ‫ها‬6‫ا ?ر‬FF G152 (‫و‬Fn' ‫ى‬7FF O' J‫ا‬G6F' ‫ى‬7FF FF N77FG J‫و‬7G .‫ها‬6‫?ر‬
‫ا‬FF G02-92 N. 6‫?ر‬F' -N'?N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6F' ‫ة‬F7FG' NGG‫ا‬.‫و‬F. ‫ا‬F‫ه‬.' ‫ا‬GFG /'/‫ز‬NG (‫>ر‬F' O'
‫ا‬FFN G009 O' F7N /N/ .NG' ‫ر‬/.F' – )‫ة >ز‬FN‫د‬F 6‫ ?ر‬7. GF/GNG ‫ا‬G 6‫ى ?ر‬7FF
. G01 G6‫?ر‬N G00 GF‫و‬7 >F.N /N/ FG6F' FN7.7F ‫هو‬G FNFn' ?.7F
1
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: FNGF7GF' ‫د‬F? FN‫ط‬7FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG .II
G' ‫ها‬F? +‫د‬/ pF' ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬.G' 61g' ‫ا‬gg F7F FG .FF ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GF N77FGF F'
V'‫ر‬o' ‫د‬V .V 7GF' FFV gQ NF VG‫د‬V .?V. O‫ر‬7F P‫ذ‬V _F' F‫ا‬/.7 {:J‫ا‬F /N/ GFN‫ز‬F. Gp ‫ف‬䅊 O‫?ا‬.N GF‫ا‬/.7
V .F' ?NGV 7_ F' ‫و‬G G_FV' ۚ ‫ا‬FV.‫ا‬N( FFV GN‫ر‬V FVF GF‫و‬/ ‫ا‬FG1‫ا‬. P‫ذ‬V _F' ‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬V .V 7GF' OV'
2.}ÿgĀ N7
G. P‫ر‬7F ‫ا‬GFN/ F7N GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 ‫د‬Gp ‫ا‬FN.FF ,'‫?ر‬G'N ''‫ر‬7g' ‫ة‬//‫ا‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 )/1N ‫ا‬G' ‫ة‬Nf' G‫ذ‬GN
*‫ا‬N( )‫ ?د‬I‫ا‬FG FF ‫ا‬GGg?F' *'N‫ا‬G7F' O' G. ,‫ ?ر‬o‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7G' O' '‫ر‬o' ‫د‬.7G' FF
F7‫و‬F N ‫ة‬NN‫ا‬G7F' *‫ا‬F‫ا‬N‫د‬F' 7.‫ه‬F ‫ا‬g‫و‬G‫ة‬G‫ر‬.N ‫ة‬7'‫د‬F FF 61g' G‫ذ‬G ‫ا‬F N.. ‫ي‬䩅‫ر‬GF' F(‫ر‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊
.115) F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(N77..G' FF ‫ة‬.p‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF'N N77FG -1

.)0( ‫ة‬Nf'''‫ر‬7g' )1‫و‬7 - 2
11
F&‫ا‬F FF ‫ ?ز‬GF‫و‬FN77FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GFN ‫ة‬NGF ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬6NF J‫د‬. pF' *‫ا‬Nf' N. FGGG61F ‫ف‬䅊 G' '‫ا‬N.FF
1
.}ÿ١gĀ NGV F‫?ا‬FVF ‫ها‬NVG ‫ا‬FG1‫ا‬. pV_F' 6
V 1g' OV' ‫ا‬Q7‫و‬FN G‫ا‬F N_NN {:
.N. O' )‫ر‬.G‫ا‬. g7F'N )g7F' F6GF ‫ا‬FN.F ‫ى‬F?N GNF? NG'‫ر‬.' ‫ا‬F‫د‬N7 GFNF. G' ‫ر‬FF ‫د‬FF
. ‫ر‬G‫ذ‬F' ‫ة‬GF‫ا‬7F' ‫ة‬Nf' ‫ف‬䅊 '‫ا‬. ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬.G' 61g' NGN 3‫د‬FG'
‫ة‬.N7F' 61g' G‫ذ‬G O' J‫و‬.‫د‬F‫ا‬. GF‫و‬F ‫ر‬FF g7F' ‫ا‬FN.F ‫ى‬F?N GNF? ‫ى‬7‫و‬F ‫ا‬F‫د‬N7 FF ‫ا‬GG
61g' '‫و‬F./' V‫ و‬F ‫ا‬N{ : O‫?ا‬.N I1‫ا‬.. GF‫و‬F ‫ف‬䅊 GF? ‫ة‬N‫ا‬G/ GNF? F(‫ر‬FF' 7F ‫ا‬F ‫و‬GN‫ة‬G1‫ا‬.G'
2 V . '‫و‬.VFF F . G G1V ‫ا‬./F ‫ى‬F? 'N‫د‬.‫ ر‬. gN GF G_FF' ..G pV_F' ‫ة‬7_‫د‬FGF'
.}ÿggĀ FN‫ر‬V 7‫ا‬
‫?د‬. )/‫ا‬.?F' 1N/ G‫ر‬6F N77FG 61F ‫ى‬F? F?. O‫?ا‬. G' FF .N1 gN GNG G6g ‫ا‬GN
P‫ذ‬F' g7g' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GF ‫د‬.‫ا‬7G' /F‫ا‬/N N.F.FF' ONF ‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7G' ‫ف‬䅊 g/G.F '‫ر‬o' ‫د‬.7G'
‫د‬6. g99: F7N GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 G' J‫و‬71 J‫ا‬F /N‫د‬o' ‫ف‬䅊 '‫ا‬. ‫ا‬GG ‫ه‬NF' g' J‫ا‬/‫ر‬F' ‫د‬6. g
3
88‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7G'N '‫ذ‬G P‫د‬.7FN '‫ر‬o' ‫د‬.7G' : ‫د‬.‫ا‬7F ‫ة‬/g/ O' g' J‫ا‬/‫ر‬F'
99: NF7.F' ‫ى‬G2FN )g7F' F6GF GNF? J‫ا‬F ‫د‬.7G' '‫ذ‬G F6G ‫ا‬FN.F ‫ر‬.( /N‫د‬/ ‫ف‬䅊N
.N. ‫ف‬䅊 )g7F'N)g7 GF‫أ‬. P‫د‬.7F ‫ف‬䅊 )g7F'N)g7 GFF ‫ا&ة‬o '‫ر‬o' ‫د‬.7G' ‫ف‬䅊 )g7F'
4
.88 )g7 ‫ا&ة‬G7G0 3‫د‬FG'
.)90( ‫ة‬Nf''‫ا‬N.Fg' )1‫و‬7 -0

.)00( ‫ة‬Nf')‫ا&د‬G' )1‫و‬7 -2
‫ا‬o'1‫و‬7.N ‫ة‬Np1‫ا‬.F' ‫ا‬o‫ا‬NGF. ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF'‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p /N'/‫و‬.FN G.‫ا‬F F.'N F7FN P1‫ا‬..F'/N‫د‬o' PN'1 : F? gFF - 3
.005)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F( )‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G'
.005)G7GF ?.‫ر‬G' (‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p P'‫ب‬⠱7F' G'N1 F7/ /N‫د‬/ : F? gFF - 4
12
GNF? /( F‫د‬F FF‫د‬N/‫و‬.F' ‫ف‬䅊 o‫?و‬/ .F/o FN‫ذ‬F' ‫?ا‬No G' '‫ا‬N.FF 61F NG N77FG
‫د‬.7G' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫?ا‬No o ‫ى‬F7 P‫ذ‬F' g7F'N )g7F' GNF? ‫د‬Gp ‫ا‬F‫د‬N7 NN.FF' o‫ا‬. O' g7F'
.‫ر‬6.FF ‫ا‬o G' ‫ه‬/?. pF' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬7‫ر‬F' )‫د‬/N ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬Fg/ ‫ى‬7Fg'
(‫و‬F?NN H‫ا‬/7'N FN?‫ا‬w'N 7‫و‬FN NG'‫ر‬.' ": ‫ها‬61F ‫ى‬F? '‫و‬6‫ ?ا‬FN‫ذ‬F' '‫ا‬N.Fg' N. FGG
‫ا‬GGF(‫ر‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 G‫ر‬G0 /1N FG g7F' ‫ه‬NF? ‫ى‬7N?N OoN ‫ا‬N‫ر‬G2N ‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7N F‫ا‬GNF7N /N'/N G7‫و‬NN
/‫ر‬N G FG FN&'‫ر‬7' N. '‫ا‬N.FF FF ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' ‫ها‬61F ‫ى‬F? 4‫?ا‬N. F7N GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 ‫د‬Gp ‫ا‬G1'2
?6‫و‬N /N/7F' /N‫د‬o' ‫ف‬䅊 G‫ر‬G0 /1N FGN'‫ا‬N.Fg' ‫ه‬7‫و‬7. .F‫ا‬G ‫ا‬F‫د‬F?F(‫ر‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 G‫ر‬G0
1
". g7F' GNF?
G./‫ا‬.? ‫ة‬N>. '‫ذ‬GN61g' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬.‫ا‬7F '‫ا‬F.. F7‫ر‬F'N '‫ا‬N.Fg' O‫?ا‬.N GF‫ا‬/.7 G' ‫ر‬FF ‫د‬FF
‫ها‬NF‫ا‬/N '‫ر‬o' ‫د‬.7G' 61g' ‫ى‬F? ?6N ‫د‬.7F JNF F‫ا‬GGG.1N ‫د‬.?F' N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' ‫د‬N7‫ و‬.FN
J‫و‬71‫ا‬N .FF : J‫ا‬F GF? G' N61 10 nF F?G "GN‫ر‬6F' /N‫د‬o' GNF? 7F ‫ا‬GG ‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7G'
‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7G':J‫ا‬F PF o:.FF:J‫ا‬F '‫ر‬o' ‫د‬.7G':J‫ا‬F gNF 61g' ‫ف‬䅊 ?6N ‫د‬.7F PF G'
2
" GNG F6GF' F_ ‫إ‬GGF7G ‫?د‬. )g7F' G.G1/F ‫ا‬GFNF o ‫ة‬F7 F‫?و‬.1F J‫ا‬F ‫ا‬G‫ه‬FN. F‫ا‬G G:.FF
O‫ر‬6_ . GF‫أ‬6 F_ . GFF o/O‫?ا‬.N GF‫ا‬/.7 G' ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬GN>? ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GF ‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7GFF F'
F?/.GN FF F. F G.G. F7N GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 ‫ر‬6_ . FF )‫و‬.FF' g?F FF GF.N"G/.G. ‫ي‬䩅‫ر‬GF' GF‫و‬71
.005 )F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F()‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G' ‫ا‬o'1‫و‬7.N ‫ة‬Np1‫ا‬.F' ‫ا‬o‫ا‬NGF. ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p - 1
*‫ا‬7'1‫د‬FF 3‫د‬FG' .N. ‫ز‬G‫ر‬F(07.N1‫ا‬.F'N...‫ة‬FNFo' ‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7G'NFN‫د‬FF' ‫ى‬7N?P1‫ا‬..F' ‫ا‬Fg' /N‫د‬o' PN'1:F?gFF - 2
.0150228)‫ة‬NFN/‫و‬.F'
13
":J‫ا‬FG /F FF ‫ة‬.F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫و‬GN I‫و‬.. )N‫ف >ز‬䅊 F7N GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 pFF' .N.F J‫ا‬F GF‫ا‬F F. G‫?و‬
o F>F' 5‫?ا‬FG GNG ‫ذ‬.‫أ‬N F‫ا‬.‫و‬F o3‫د‬FG' .N. /.G on‫و‬F:‫ا?ة‬7F' P‫د‬N N. ‫ا‬.7 /‫?د‬F
g' (‫?ر‬F' FF .N. ‫ى‬F.Ng ‫ة‬F.G o‫ا‬7.‫ا‬7 F>NG1‫ا‬FN/ ‫ا&ة‬F F.‫ر‬F' ‫ى‬7?N o/ J‫ا‬G' ‫ة‬6‫ا‬G.7'
‫ة‬N‫ >ا‬FG ./‫ة‬N‫ >ا‬NF‫ا‬o ./ GF‫و‬.‫أ‬NG FN1‫>د‬NG‫ر‬G7g' N. N.N GFN. F‫و‬G. ‫ة‬F‫د‬G oG.F./
1
" ‫ا‬GFF ‫ر‬6? ‫ا‬F/'
FN.7 ‫ف‬䅊 7NGFF'N 7GFF' J‫ذ‬. FF F‫و‬GF7G' GF‫د‬F ‫ا‬o ‫هد‬6N ‫ة‬FF2g'N 1‫و‬7?F' ‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? .N1‫ا‬.F' F'
‫ر‬6FN ‫ا‬G‫ر‬N‫ر‬/ NG ONg' ‫ه‬.G‫ه‬F .F‫ا‬GN‫ا?ا‬G/ ‫يا‬䩅F N77FG 61F ‫ى‬F? F‫و‬GF7G' ?G'/ ‫د‬FFN3‫د‬FF' ‫ر‬N‫ر‬/
FF‫ر‬G O' F7N GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 J‫و‬7‫ر‬F' /?. FF ‫ذ‬FF oF/ '‫ذ‬G F‫ا‬GG‫ها‬61F ‫ى‬F? '‫?ا‬o ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' FN/ g7g'
‫ر‬G. nF JNg' NGF7G' ‫ة‬GNF. '‫ا‬. G‫?د‬. FFN g7g' ‫ف‬䅊 J‫و‬.‫د‬F' O' G‫د?و‬N G‫ر‬7? I‫و‬FF O'N N‫ر‬F' GFF
>?g' ‫ة‬GNFp' ‫ر‬FF F‫ا‬GN‫د‬N?7 F. ‫د‬F‫ا‬. NGF7G' /‫و‬FN ‫?ة‬7'‫و‬F' (‫ر‬o' *F‫د‬."/N/ GF? G' N61 FN‫د‬7F'
9‫ا‬G‫د‬F' 7. NG1‫ا‬. N‫ر‬F' ?.'‫ر‬.N‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' N77FG O' ‫ة‬F?‫ا‬7F‫ا‬G FF7F'N .)G' ‫ر‬7F.7'N ./ gN ‫د‬FF(:
2
." N77FGN J‫ا‬G6F' (‫?ر‬F
‫ف‬䅊 GN ./‫ا‬7 .g ‫ى‬F? 1‫ا‬7NGF7G' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬Ggp' GF? G' N61 (‫ا‬7p' F. ‫ر‬G? P‫و‬. ‫?د‬. FFN
‫ا&د‬FF GF? G' N61 (‫ا‬7p' F. ‫ر‬G? ..G ":J‫و‬FF' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 GF0 ‫ى‬F..N ‫ا‬GG3‫د‬FF' ‫ر‬N‫ر‬/ ''1N N?7F'
‫د‬FG NF61NF 7' ‫ا‬FF‫ا‬FNF‫و‬..‫ا‬G ‫ا‬NFN' F.F FF ‫ها‬w' F‫ا‬G pF' )'‫ا‬NFN'( 3‫د‬FF' O' N6‫ي‬䩅 FF NGF7G' 6N.
)‫د‬N.? nF O' ‫ر‬G? NFF‫ؤ‬G' NFF ‫ة‬F‫ا‬71 ‫ف‬䅊 /1N P‫ذ‬F' 7g' ‫و‬GN 3‫د‬FG' .N. ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G' F‫و‬GF7G' ‫ى‬wN*‫ا‬F
: ‫ها‬7F '‫ذ‬GN‫ا‬G‫ه‬F? G' N61
N/‫ر‬F' Fo‫ر‬F' G' 7.(
)‫د‬N.? nF ‫ا‬6F‫ا‬. GFF‫ ?ا‬O' ‫ر‬G? G' ‫د‬.? FF(
.005)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(.N1‫ا‬.F'N...‫ة‬FNFo' ‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7G' NFN‫د‬FF' ‫ى‬7N?P1‫ا‬..F' ‫ا‬Fg' /N‫د‬o' PN'1 :F? gFF - 1
.915)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(3‫د‬FF'N N77FG ‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬1‫ا‬7? 1‫و‬G>F' ‫د‬.? ‫د‬oF - 2
14
G.‫و‬.. ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬F PF O' PN6.7. G.‫ا‬.G NF7N ‫د‬FNGN.F ‫ى‬F? NF7FN‫و‬Gg' GF'g P‫ذ‬F' G' ‫د‬oF P‫إ‬G‫?د‬.‫ا‬FF
.1") g7F'NGN‫د‬N ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬/.GN G' F‫إ‬G 3‫د‬FG' .N. O' N7G‫ا‬. G' J‫و‬71 ? F.' 1‫ا‬6F ‫د‬FN
: ‫ا‬GF7 ‫دس‬FF' ‫ر‬N‫حر‬.‫ة و‬N‫ر‬G?F' ‫ة‬FN‫وث‬F'-1
F/‫ي‬䩅 ‫د‬GN GNF' ,‫ر‬. o/ NFg7g' 6Nn' ?F 3‫د‬FF' (‫ر‬F O' F7N NGF7G' ‫ة‬GNF. /‫ا‬G ‫ا‬FN "
GN‫?ر‬G' ‫ها‬w‫ا‬. ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G' NF7. HN1‫ا‬GF' ‫ة‬GNFp' ‫ى‬F? 6‫ ?ر‬P‫ذ‬F' 3‫و‬NFN‫ر‬G7 FN‫ر‬7.F' ‫ه‬7F1 ‫ى‬F? F‫ا‬G7F'
NG‫ا‬GNP‫ا‬FN‫ر‬F' ‫ها‬w‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬FN‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G' ‫ها‬Fp .F/N‫?ا‬F'NN ‫ا‬w' /‫و‬.‫و‬F' FF .Np pF' NF61NF g )'‫ا‬NFN'(
:2" G.‫د‬G‫?ا‬FN NF7.F' ‫ة‬FN/N P0
N/‫ر‬F' Fo‫ر‬F' G' 7.("
.F‫ا‬Fg' FF '‫ا‬NF' FGF NFF‫ؤ‬G' NFF (‫ا‬7p' F. ‫ر‬G? G' ‫د‬.? ‫ى‬7?F ‫ا‬F '‫ذ‬G(
‫ه‬7&‫ا‬FG FG7.g GFF‫ها‬.FF‫ا&ر‬7N ‫&ها‬N‫ر‬.N ‫ها‬GNF7N g‫ا‬.F7N ‫ه‬7&‫ا‬FGFN G'‫و‬FFN ‫ه‬7GFg ‫ا‬F‫ا‬FF G‫ا‬7?F(
gN ‫ه‬FN/ ‫ى‬F? F‫و‬G‫ر‬GN gN G'‫و‬FF FF &N6 FF gN ‫ه‬.NF7 FF gN‫ا‬G‫ز‬N/ FF gN ‫ها‬FF 7F.FNgN ‫د‬ogN
. ‫ه‬FF ‫د‬/F 1‫ا‬6N
./‫هو‬NF' FF ‫د‬/F '‫ا‬NFN‫إ‬. FG7N gN(
.F&'‫د‬G' FGF N7?N ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N‫ز‬n' '‫و‬7?N FF '‫ا‬NFN' FGF ‫ى‬F?(N
FFN ‫ه‬FF‫أ‬F '‫>و‬F.N o/ GF‫ا‬FN G7GF ‫ى‬F? FF( GF‫إ‬G ‫ه‬FF ,‫ر‬. FGG*‫و‬7FF'N N‫ر‬F' ‫ها‬FF '‫و‬.‫ر‬p FF ‫ه‬NF?N(
.‫ة‬N‫ز‬n' FF '‫ا‬NFN' FGF ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬F GNF?NFF( ‫هو‬G ‫ه‬FF ‫ا‬FF
‫ه‬7GFF ‫ى‬F? F‫و‬FF( g‫إ‬G ‫ه‬.F7N ‫?ه‬N. NFpN N‫ر‬F' ?F GF‫ا‬FN G7GF. N7N FF '‫ا‬NFN' FGF FF ./F FFN(
.) ‫ه‬FF‫أ‬F '‫>و‬F.N o/ ‫ه‬.F7N ‫?ه‬N. ‫ى‬F?N
.‫ة‬N‫ز‬n' FF '‫ا‬NFN' FGF ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬F F/F GNF?N‫?د‬F '‫ا‬6 FGG 61g' FGF FF ‫ا‬o F‫ا‬G FFN(
.91-905 G7GF ?.‫ر‬G' - 1

.915)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(3‫د‬FF'N N77FG ‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬1‫ا‬7? 1‫و‬G>F' ‫د‬.? ‫د‬oF - 2
15
. G/‫ا‬7/ ‫د‬7o o/ &N6 GFF ‫ذ‬.‫ؤ‬Ng GF‫إ‬G GFGF O' ?.1 '‫ا‬6 FFN N‫ر‬F' ?F 1‫ا‬7 '‫ا‬6 FFN(
FF ‫ه‬NF? P‫ذ‬F' '‫و‬7?F '0' NFF‫ؤ‬G' ‫ة‬F0N '‫ا‬GFp' ‫ة‬F0N GF‫و‬71 ‫ة‬F0N G' ‫ا( ?هد‬.GF' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬F ‫ى‬F?N(
.)‫ة‬N‫ز‬n'
.)F‫ا‬NG7 nF F. ‫ة‬NN‫?ا‬FN G‫ ?و‬F. Fo‫ر‬F' ‫د‬.?N 5‫?ا‬F' F.N‫ر‬G?N ‫د‬NF‫و‬F' F. ‫د‬F‫ا‬. GF0 ‫ى‬F? ‫هد‬6(
1
".))‫ر‬6? 7o ‫ة‬F7 ‫ر‬6/N ..G
: (‫ا‬.GF'‫ش?ر'ء و‬F' ‫د‬F? FN‫ط‬7FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG -2
.‫ش?ر'ء‬F' ‫د‬F? :1-2
‫ة‬NGF F? FF.g ‫>ة‬F‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NGF ‫?ر‬6FF F‫أ‬. ‫د‬n ‫ة‬FF2g'N 1‫و‬7?F' ‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? .N1‫ا‬.F' *‫ا‬/G7 ‫ف‬䅊 ?F7G' F'
(N‫ر‬/FF I‫ر‬o' N ?G'‫د‬F' ‫و‬G ‫?ر‬6F' F‫ا‬G .N1‫ا‬.F' ‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F?G?FFFN ('‫ذ‬. (‫و‬F7‫أ‬. 2‫ا‬.‫ي‬䩅 ‫?ر‬6F‫ا‬GO‫ر‬.g' F‫و‬FGF'
‫د‬oF ‫ا‬Fg' ,‫ر‬.F ‫د‬FG F7N GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 J‫و‬7‫ر‬F' FF2 ‫ف‬䅊 FG?.7F N g7g' G/‫ا‬.F FG ‫?ر‬6F‫ا‬G .I1‫?ا‬G' N
F':J‫ا‬FG F7N GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 pFF' ‫ى‬.F J‫ز‬FF ‫ا‬F ‫?ر‬6F' ‫ف‬䅊 G' J‫ز‬FF N/ GFFGF‫ا‬F F. .?G F? G‫د‬F7F ‫ف‬䅊
‫د‬G‫ا‬n FF‫ؤ‬G' F'{: F7N GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 pFF' J‫ا‬FG GNG O‫ر‬. GNGN.GF? ‫د‬F ‫ا‬F ‫?ر‬6F' ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ز‬FF ‫د‬F G'
‫ا‬G‫أ‬GF G‫د‬N. N7GF P‫ذ‬F'NGF‫ا‬FN G7GF. ‫د‬G‫ا‬n FF‫ؤ‬G' F'‫?ر‬6F‫ا‬. '‫و‬.GF{:O‫ر‬.F ‫ة‬N'N1 ‫ف‬䅊N}GF‫ا‬7F N GGN7.
2
.}F.FF‫ا‬. g‫و‬/6F.
'‫ا‬.G G ‫هو‬G 1‫ا‬GGF'N NG‫ر‬6GFF ‫ا‬FF ‫ه‬GG 6‫ه‬F.7NN ‫ه‬/‫د‬o ‫ا‬NF‫ ?ا‬F‫يا‬䩅g' FGF ?G‫ر‬N ‫?ر‬6F' F'
F'{:F‫ا‬7o J‫و‬FN F7N GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 G' J‫و‬71 .?w:‫ة‬6&‫ ?ا‬.F‫ا‬F:/N‫د‬o' ‫ف‬䅊N1‫ا‬F./'N ‫ة‬F‫ا‬G'N ‫?ة‬6N
GNF? FF ‫د‬6FNF '‫ب‬⠱FF F‫ا‬7o ?6N G' J‫و‬71 F‫ا‬GN.}GF‫و‬71N G' F? ./G‫ا‬F ‫ا‬G I‫د‬N‫ؤ‬N J'‫ز‬Ng 3‫د‬FF' -N1
3
.NGF7G'N g7g' -‫د‬FN NG‫ر‬6G' '‫ا‬.G ‫ف‬䅊 G1‫?ا‬6F
.98-995)F.‫ا‬7F' ?.‫ر‬F(3‫د‬FF'N N77FG ‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬1‫ا‬7? 1‫و‬G>F' ‫د‬.? ‫د‬oF -1

.005)0221?N2‫و‬.F'N ‫ر‬6FFF ‫ة‬NFGg':F/1g'(07/N‫د‬o' ‫ر‬7?F' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG ''‫?ر‬6('‫ر‬6 F7/ ‫د‬Gp ‫د‬Gp-0
.005G7GF ?.‫ر‬G' -3
16
FF ?.F. *‫ا‬N.F ‫ف‬䅊 GF0 F? ‫ب‬⠱?NN J'‫و‬/g' ?No ‫ف‬䅊 GF7N FGF I1‫ا‬6N G.‫ا‬GFG. ‫ا?ر‬6F‫ا‬G
‫ذ‬FF N77FG. _GF ‫ا‬G? '‫ب‬⠱? NN77FGF' N n‫?ر‬F' ‫ا?ر‬6F' FF QgGG3‫ا‬7/g' H/‫ا‬7F' G.FF NG7
‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ا‬o *‫ر‬F pF' F/'‫ر‬G' GF.q‫ر‬N‫ا‬7 ‫?ر‬6F' FF /N/'‫ذ‬G ‫ا‬FF‫و‬N o/ ‫ها‬NF? ''‫?د‬g' .F‫ا‬G.
.O‫ر‬.g' F/'‫ر‬G' ‫ا&ر‬7N ‫ة‬7GFF'N ‫ة‬.GFF' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬F '‫ذ‬GNP‫ا‬7N‫ب‬⠱F' ('‫د‬.Fg' )?G ‫ف‬䅊 ''‫و‬7 ‫ة‬NFN77FGF'
‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' G‫ا&د‬7F .G6 FN‫ذ‬F' NN‫ز'&ر‬n' ''‫?ر‬6F' N. FF"‫د‬N?F' ‫د‬Gp"‫ا?ر‬6F' F'
P‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' Jg./g'N ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬7N‫ر‬. /‫و‬.N ‫ا‬NF )0151 ( ‫ة ?ا‬NFN77FGF' )1‫و‬/F' Jg. )‫د‬N7F. ‫ب‬⠱?G
:N.F.FF' ON‫أ‬. F/ ‫ا‬F ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬7/.NN ‫ز‬NFNg' ‫ها‬NG .‫ها‬N pF'"‫يز‬䩅‫ا‬.F' N." ‫ ا‬g'‫و‬F?
1‫ا‬./2' 1‫و‬n' F? GF F‫ه‬G 'N/G o‫ر‬. ‫د‬F "‫يز‬䩅‫ا‬.F' N."
1‫ا‬..F' ONg' )‫ة‬F.FF'( ‫و‬7. ‫ا‬.7>N ‫ا‬.7F GF'‫و‬7F ‫ف‬䅊F
1
1‫ا‬.7F' ..FF‫ا‬. ‫ر‬/.FF ‫ا‬GG '‫ا‬F/ *‫ر‬.7F' )‫ة‬F.FF'( J‫ا‬.F
‫د‬/ ‫ى‬F? *g‫ا‬o' ?No ‫ف‬䅊 *‫ا‬F2F FF ‫ها‬F? ..F‫ا‬FN )0118 ( ‫ة‬.GFF' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬F '‫ا‬F/F ‫ا‬FF
FF P‫ر‬7FF' N.‫ه‬.F'N /‫ر‬6.F' O' NN77FGF' .?6F' 6‫?ر‬. N?‫ا‬G..g' ‫د‬N?7F' ‫ى‬F?G ''‫و‬7F'
‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? .N1‫ا‬.F' ‫ا‬G‫هد‬6N G ‫ة‬NFNF/ )‫ا‬F‫?ا‬FN )‫ا‬7‫أ‬F '‫ذ‬G F? ..F ‫ا‬GGF7N 61FN GF2‫ا‬FF
3‫د‬FG' .N. 61‫أ‬. F/ ‫ا‬o /‫د‬FN ''‫?ر‬6F' FF GN>G " ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫و‬."P‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ا?ر‬6F' -'‫ر‬G.1‫و‬7?F'
"/‫ها‬n' *‫و‬7"F'‫و‬F?. GF )‫د‬N7F ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ها‬n'N -‫ا‬GGF' O' G‫ا‬N' ‫ا‬N?'/(‫?ر‬F' (‫?و‬6 G 6‫ه‬F.7NN
:N77FG ''‫?د‬F ‫د‬6 (‫ا‬.6FF ‫ة‬NN‫د‬F ‫ة‬.‫ر‬7G
'‫ د‬GF' -‫ا‬7. ‫ا‬N‫ ا‬FG' HgN '‫ د‬FF' .FG ‫ا‬NG (‫? ر‬F' oG
/‫ها‬n' /‫ها‬n' /‫ها‬n' P/‫ا‬F. '‫?د‬F' .g 1‫ا‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG
.105‫ز'&ر‬n' )?N2‫و‬.F'N ‫ر‬6FF'‫ا?ة‬.7FF n‫?ر‬F' (‫ا‬.GF' 1'/(/N‫د‬o' P‫ز'&ر‬n' (/g' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FGpNG‫ر‬F' G' ‫د‬.? -1
17
1N‫د‬.)?GF' G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬GN>G )‫د‬N7FF' P‫?ا‬FN /‫ها‬n' ‫ة‬GFG GNG 1‫ر‬G.N7‫ا‬o ‫د‬N6F ?F'‫و‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 NGN
.(‫?ر‬F' ‫ا?ة‬.6. )/‫ا‬6g'N (‫ر‬o‫ا‬. ‫د‬N‫هد‬.F' ‫ها‬NGN ‫ة‬NF‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' ‫ة‬FN‫ا‬FFN /‫ها‬n' F?
F&‫ا‬7‫و‬F' o6. ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' ‫ى‬F? NN‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ها‬NG /o 9‫و‬6‫و‬G' 7GF ‫ف‬䅊 O‫ر‬.F ‫ا&د‬7F ‫ا?ر‬6FFN
.1N77FG 61F H‫و‬G )‫د'&ر‬F' (‫ر‬o' G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊
‫?ر‬6F' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬71 " G.‫د‬N7F ‫ف‬䅊 "‫ا‬N‫ر‬G2 P‫د‬GF" ‫ة‬N‫ز'&ر‬n' )1‫و‬/F' ‫ا?ر‬6 ‫ب‬⠱? ''‫?ر‬6F' NF‫ا‬. 1'‫ى >ر‬F?N
'‫و‬F‫ا‬G FN‫ذ‬F'N ‫ة‬.GFF' ‫?د‬. N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 _o‫ا‬F ‫ى‬F?"F‫و‬.‫ر‬G.N"FN‫ذ‬F' G&FNF ‫و‬FN" ‫ة‬7‫د‬FF ‫ا‬NF‫د‬F' ‫ف‬䅊
‫ى‬F?Nn‫?ر‬F' F7‫و‬F' FF '‫ز‬n' '‫ذ‬G 9‫ا‬6F P‫ذ‬F' GFp' ‫ى‬F? G7.7 .N7N ‫هو‬G‫ها‬NG ..7F'
‫ا‬GFN.‫ة‬F/‫ا‬FF' J‫ا‬N.g' N7FN GN7F ‫ف‬䅊 FN‫ر‬GGNgN o'N0N ‫ه‬7GFg F‫و‬6N?N FN‫ذ‬F' '‫ا‬F.g'
:NF‫ا‬.FF ‫د‬7?. NGN ‫ه‬F7N FF ‫?ة‬7F *‫ذ‬.F FN&'‫ر‬7'
‫ا‬Fg‫ذ‬.N ‫ا‬7gG' GFp' ‫ها‬F‫ا‬7N ‫ها‬.7'‫د‬F .7N/ G..‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬F' /NN
‫ ا‬F'‫و‬F .F '‫و‬F1‫ا‬FN..P‫ا‬NFF' ‫و‬G7 G‫د‬G‫هد‬N..‫ى‬G?FF' ‫ى‬F? NGG‫?ا‬N
‫ ا‬F‫ا‬G.F)FN&'‫ر‬7'(FN/ '‫و‬6G>FN ‫ا‬F‫ د‬7‫ر‬.)FN&'‫ر‬7'(1'‫د‬F' ‫ف‬䅊N.'‫و‬F‫ا‬F
.N77FG 61F ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬F‫ا‬NF ‫و‬GN FF/ ‫د‬F FN&'‫ر‬7' /'‫ر‬FN F/ F‫أ‬. ‫ا‬F‫ب‬⠱p *‫ا‬N.g' G.‫ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا?ر‬6F‫ا‬G
"3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬F"‫ى‬7FN G GF‫إ‬G‫ها‬NF' */F pF' (‫ا‬.7gFN ‫ة‬.GFF' N ‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬FF ‫ا?ر‬6F' H‫ر‬7. ‫?د‬.
‫?ه‬G‫د‬N ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G ‫ه‬./N ‫ه‬N‫د‬F ‫ها‬.F‫ا‬GFN ‫ها‬.7'‫د‬F. (‫?ر‬F' F‫يا‬䩅' ‫ا‬6NF 7.N ‫ة‬.GFF' 7. pF'
n‫?ر‬F' (‫>ر‬G' GG1‫ا‬6NN ‫ا‬o/‫?و‬. FF‫ؤ‬G' '‫ا‬G. GFGFN ‫ها‬NG.N ‫هو‬GFG/F' GFG ‫ا‬G‫ه‬F ‫ا‬G/'/?7' ‫ى‬F?
:GF0 ‫ف‬䅊 GFG
‫ ا‬F‫ا‬N'‫و‬7 ‫ ا‬./ G‫ر‬G>. GGFF‫ا‬F )‫ د‬G‫ا‬6 *‫ا‬Nf'N ‫ ة‬.N‫?ر‬F' 3‫د‬F
.00/01 5G‫ر‬7..)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(/N‫د‬o' P‫ز'&ر‬n' (/g' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG pNG1 G' ‫د‬.? - 1
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‫ا‬F‫ا‬/‫ا‬F. ‫ا‬G‫ا‬F?F F.F FF 4‫ا‬.‫ر‬N .&.G‫ا‬FJ‫ا‬.f' ‫ف‬䅊/‫ا‬6F' GF‫ر‬/N
‫ا‬F‫ا‬G7? I‫و‬G7G' GF/ FF FN7N H‫ا >د‬F/‫ا‬.GF ‫ف‬䅊 GGF'‫ا‬F -‫ر‬n'N

1
.‫ا‬F‫ا‬GNN '1‫و‬/7F GGF'‫ا‬FH‫ر‬6F‫ا‬. G .?'‫و‬F '‫و‬.0g ‫ ر‬o' (‫>ر‬G'N
F‫ز‬oN G‫أ‬.NN ‫ها‬/‫ر‬GF -‫ر‬GN ‫هو‬GG.&N. F.'N G?.7. N?‫ا‬G..' F‫ا‬7Fg' FF GNG G6g ‫ا‬GN
-‫ب‬⠱. G ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' F‫أ‬. ‫د‬n G1‫?ا‬6F ‫ف‬䅊 FF‫أ‬.G‫ا‬GN77FG ''‫?ر‬6 F‫ا‬G GF‫ذ‬GN.‫ا‬g‫ز‬o
‫ة‬7F ‫ف‬䅊 '‫و‬F‫ا‬F ''‫?ر‬6F' FF 11.1 ‫ة‬.7F FFN77FG ''‫?ر‬6 *‫ا‬F.7 ‫ز‬N‫ي‬䩅N.."FNF o/ G‫ا&د‬7F
G‫?ر‬F gNN77FG ‫ة‬N6F JN‫ا‬F.N NN77FGF' ‫?ر‬6F' FF % 12 FF ‫ا‬FFF '0' >F‫ا‬.FgN.'‫?ر‬6 N77FG
‫ة‬N6FF' .N1‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬.‫ا‬.G ?F7F FF ‫ا‬F/1F ‫و‬FN NN77FGF' ‫?ر‬6F' ‫ز‬.F' ‫ا‬GG‫ة‬N6F. ‫ز‬.F'‫ا‬F‫ز‬.FF '‫?ر‬6
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬/FF' FF H‫د‬7F ‫?ر‬6F‫ا‬G ..N1‫ا‬. H‫د‬7FN ?7FF ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬FF7o‫?ر‬6F' 5‫و‬7F FF ‫ة‬NFN77FGF'
2
".F'‫د‬NG' FF ‫ها‬FFFG ‫ا‬o F?GF'NGNG *‫ر‬/‫أ‬G ‫ا‬G(1 NF ‫ة‬//‫ا‬o' ‫ر‬7‫ا?ر ?ا‬6F' Fg..N1‫ا‬.F'
NG'‫ر‬.' ‫ا?ر‬6F'‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' J‫و‬/ '‫?ر‬6 '‫و‬..G FN‫ذ‬F' NNFN77FGF' ''‫?ر‬6F' N. FGG
‫و‬G ‫ا?ر‬6F' '‫ذ‬G FGo F‫ا‬G ‫د‬FF.) ‫ة‬NF7‫و‬F' ''‫?ر‬6 NFF(.FF GNF? FF7F P‫ذ‬F'F‫ا‬F‫و‬7 -‫ا‬.GF' ‫د‬.?
/‫ها‬n' -N1 /. ‫ى‬F? 5‫ر‬oN ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' G.FF ‫و‬G FGo NG'‫ر‬.' F‫ا‬GN ": GF? FNF ‫ا‬GG‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫ة‬Fg'
O‫د‬F ‫?د‬.F O' GNG FGNN ‫د‬N6‫ا‬Fg' (‫و‬F7F O' O‫د‬.G' ‫د‬FN.‫?ا‬No (‫?ر‬F' 3‫و‬GF ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NF7‫و‬F'N
‫ها‬NG 9/NF ‫ا‬o N7‫و‬F' 1‫?و‬6F' .‫ه‬FNN n‫ ?ر‬FG /'‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7‫ا‬Go' /?.N FF ‫ها‬FN‫ر‬7 F? 9‫ا‬7.7'N
‫ا‬FN.(‫و‬FFF' O' ‫ها‬./FN 3‫و‬GFF' ‫ف‬䅊 O‫د‬7F' FoF-J'‫ز‬. ‫ا‬FNNFg. G‫د‬N6‫ا‬FF .F‫ا‬GN )‫و‬FN )1'‫ر‬/ FF
.10/11/15 5 )G‫ر‬7..(/N‫د‬o' P‫ز'&ر‬n' (/g' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FGpNG1 G' ‫د‬.? -1

.95)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(/N‫د‬o' ‫ر‬7?F' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG ''‫?ر‬6('‫ر‬6 F7/ ‫د‬Gp ‫د‬Gp -2
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‫ا‬g‫أ‬GNF&‫ا‬FF' FF P1‫د‬Ng ‫و‬GN‫ة‬NF7‫و‬F' F‫ا‬F‫و‬7 ‫د‬N6‫ا‬F‫أ‬. (‫?ر‬F' 1‫ا‬N/ FF N/G ‫ف‬䅊 F>.N (‫ا‬.6F' J'2
:GNG J‫و‬FN )N7‫و‬F(:G‫د‬N6‫ا‬FF‫هر‬6F FFN.‫ي‬䩅‫د‬F p?6 N&‫ا‬F> +'‫ر‬.
'‫ا‬ ‫ه‬.F'N '‫ا‬ F7F'N Jg n' :N7‫و‬F
'‫ا‬ .‫ر‬F'N '‫ا‬ FG'N )‫ا‬. FF'N )‫ ا‬No'N
I'1F F G
‫ ا‬F‫ر‬ GF ‫ا‬ G‫>ا‬N ‫ ا‬G?F F ‫ا‬G‫ا‬ 7
Ig ? ‫ف‬䅊 I'1F F G
I‫ا‬G 7F' > F..

1
"N F7‫و‬F
‫ة‬FN‫ا‬FG' FF O‫ر‬N P‫ذ‬F' ‫د‬N61 N/‫ر‬F' ‫د‬.? J‫ا‬GG ‫ا?ر‬6F' ‫ا‬6NF ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫&ة‬N.F' ''‫?ر‬6 FFN
''‫د‬F( )‫د‬N7F ‫ف‬䅊N ". ‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7GFF G1‫?ا‬6‫أ‬. F>. /N/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬o'N ‫ر‬7FFF FN.7F' NG /‫ها‬n'N
F? NGF7G' ‫ز‬.?N0118 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7G' FN‫ر‬o G7.7 ‫ا?ر‬6F' FF?N )'‫ا‬N/g' O'
:J‫و‬FNG ONg' ‫ه‬.F.F F? 9‫ا‬G‫د‬F'
'‫ و‬Fg' O‫د‬G' 61F ‫ى‬F? *‫?د‬N gf' */'2N (‫ ا‬7G' F /
g Ng'N -‫ر‬ n' ‫د‬N‫ ز‬N ‫ها‬NG ‫ة‬. GF GF‫ر‬/ NF‫ر‬o' /F‫ا‬/‫ا‬N
.015)G7GF ?.‫ر‬G'(/N‫د‬o' ‫ر‬7?F' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG ''‫?ر‬6('‫ر‬6 F7/ ‫د‬Gp ‫د‬Gp - 1
20
'‫ ر‬.g'N FN. F.F' G FN. 7N 1/‫ >ا‬GG7. ''‫ر‬7g' F7‫و‬F‫ا‬N
g /g' ‫ا‬g' F . ‫ه‬F N/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ د?ة‬. GF0 7NFG I‫و‬F‫ر‬o F'
‫ا‬. F Gg ? ‫د‬FN N‫? د‬F' 1‫ ا‬F G. ./.? ‫د‬FN ‫ى‬7Fg' ‫ى‬F? NG7F
‫ ا‬7N F'‫ هو‬FF p?6N '‫ ? ر‬6 G>‫و‬7F F‫و‬. G' ? F‫د‬F' ‫ة‬GNF ‫ا‬F
‫ ا‬.‫ا‬o' ‫ا‬ o ‫و‬G‫ز‬N ‫ا‬o1‫ر‬ / pF' 3‫د‬FF' ‫د‬G‫ ا‬6N -g 7 ‫ا‬N F

1
"‫ا‬ 7.F‫ ر‬6F ‫ و‬N F 7NG ‫ة‬/G7 /.GN ‫ د‬o' ‫ ر‬G 7 F?FG
.‫ر‬7o' g J‫ا‬/G' FN.7 ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬F.‫ا‬7 G‫ا‬F/‫ر‬7F ‫ا‬FN FNN/G (‫?ر‬F' NF NNF77FGF' ''‫?ر‬6F‫ا‬G
.(‫ا‬.GF' ‫د‬F? :2-2
''‫?ر‬6F' ‫ا‬G.G' F? ‫ا‬F‫أ‬6 FFNg ‫ا‬F‫ا‬G.G' ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF‫ا‬. (‫?ر‬F' (‫ا‬.GF' .G' ‫د‬FF
G.FN 3‫ر‬G P‫ذ‬F'NGNG'‫ر‬.g' N6.F' .N6F' ‫ر‬G‫ذ‬F ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. NN‫ز'&ر‬n' (‫?ر‬F' (‫ا‬.GF' N. FGG‫ا‬o
)‫ا&ر‬7.F'( ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬..G )‫د‬N‫* ?د‬g‫ا‬FF Jg. FF GF0N ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' J‫و‬/ G.‫ا‬F‫ا‬G.G' F.N
N77FG ‫ة‬N6F FFN /‫هو‬NF' GF 77p ‫ا‬G F7G.F' O' G‫ا‬N' ‫ا‬N?'/ N77FGN (‫?ر‬F‫ا‬. G‫أ‬F J‫و‬/
*‫ا‬..'N F? +‫د‬/.N )(‫?ر‬F' ‫ى‬F? *‫ا‬..'N(":F'‫و‬F?. GF J‫ا‬FF NGG . F7F N n‫ ?ر‬FG ‫ة‬N6F NG
‫يد‬䩅 FF GF/F n‫ ?ر‬FG ..'N FF F_ FN n‫?ر‬GN ..‫ ا‬G G G..N‫ ?ر‬F? +‫د‬/.NNN77FG ‫و‬o (‫?ر‬F'
‫ة‬.7?F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬G‫ر‬6FN77FG F? )‫ذ'&د‬F' ‫ة‬.7?F' ‫ف‬䅊 G7GF ‫ر‬6/(:'0' GFFN‫ة‬F‫?و‬F FG. N77FG
.5505 )F.‫ا‬7F' ?.‫ر‬G' (/N‫د‬o' ‫ر‬7?F' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG ''‫?ر‬6('‫ر‬6 F7/ ‫د‬Gp ‫د‬Gp -1
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‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬F' G/ NN77FGN‫ا‬NF‫ا‬/ F7FN QgNF n‫ ?ر‬GFgGF0 F? 9‫و‬G‫د‬o 7NFG N77FGF ‫ة‬NF‫>ا‬F'

'‫ا‬FF.F' ‫ى‬F? G/'‫د‬.F J‫و‬N. P/'‫و‬G .?F7 ‫و‬N FF N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 I‫ر‬6 G..N‫?ر‬. GFG ‫ا‬/F‫ا‬/ g7g'N
N77FGF ‫ ?هد‬GFg7‫إ‬. GFN 'N1gF '&‫ز‬F' *‫و‬G' FG/ I‫و‬FNF‫ا‬. G/‫ا‬N. .FG‫ا‬7.NG1‫ا‬6G'N
3‫ا‬FF' J‫ا‬F ‫و‬N FF ‫ة‬.7F N77FG O' GFN,N‫ب‬⠱F' *'0 '‫ا‬G7F' O' ,N‫?ر‬FF P1‫ا‬.F' ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬..' ‫و‬N FF
GF7‫و‬F H‫و‬F?F‫ا‬. 7N ‫?هد‬F‫ا‬. GN GN Fo‫ا‬. FN G'0‫إ‬G 6‫ا‬G )‫>ز‬:'‫و‬F‫ا‬F ‫و‬N F.‫ر‬G? ‫د‬.7F:
1
"..?F‫ا‬n' GFN‫د‬F ‫ة‬F‫ا‬Np‫ا‬. 7NN ‫ب‬⠱Gg'
: ‫ها‬FF ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' NG7 ‫ف‬䅊 .7. *g‫ا‬FF )‫ ?د‬.N6FFN
FF P‫ز'&ر‬. F7F FG FG. ‫ف‬䅊N‫ة‬NF'/ ‫ا‬/N‫ر‬. G.N6F FF P‫ز'&ر‬. F7F FG .FF ‫ف‬䅊 F'N77FG ‫ا‬N "
2
"....‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G *'‫ب‬⠱? G.Fp
": F'‫و‬F? ./ GF )‫د‬N‫ؤ‬F )‫د‬/.G' Fg' .F‫ا‬G P‫ذ‬F' N7F.F' ‫ة‬F‫هز‬F F? GNG +‫د‬/.N ‫ر‬.( J‫ا‬FF ‫ف‬䅊N
"...F‫ا‬N?F' (0‫ا‬G ‫ر‬.G F? N.'‫د‬F' N77FG FNF 9‫د‬7.N
" '‫ا‬N‫و‬Fg' ‫د‬F? F'‫ز‬NG' ‫ف‬䅊 /‫هو‬NF'N (‫?ر‬F' " :‫ر‬.( F'‫و‬F? O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬.
3
" FN‫د‬N‫ر‬N '0‫ا‬FN ‫ا‬G ‫د‬N‫ر‬N '0‫ا‬F " : F'‫و‬F?‫ر‬.( J‫ا‬FF Fo ‫ا‬GG
.555)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(/N‫د‬o' P‫ز'&ر‬n' (/g' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FGpNG‫ر‬F' G' ‫د‬.? -1

NF‫ا&ر ?ا‬7.F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا?ا‬.. *‫ر‬6F *g‫ا‬FG'N( 0115 )‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF' -G1‫?ا‬G' 1'/ 185:5.NGNG'‫ر‬.g' N6.F' ‫د‬Gp :‫ا&ر‬7.F' F‫و‬N? :F? gFF -2
.0005)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(pNG‫ر‬F' G' ‫د‬.?) 0118 0119
.0080100115G7GF ?.‫ر‬G'- 3
22
: ‫ة‬NFN‫ط‬7FGF' ‫ة‬N‫ض‬FFF N‫غرب‬F'‫ و‬N‫?رب‬F' GF‫?ا‬F' )‫ظر‬F .III
.‫ة‬N‫ض‬FFF ‫د‬N‫ؤ‬GG N‫?رب‬F' GF‫?ا‬F' :-1
G‫ا‬N7F .?7‫ة‬F‫ة ?ا‬G7. F7G'N ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. n‫?ر‬F' F‫ا‬7FgF P‫ا&د‬F?F' '‫ا‬G.Fg' G/N
FF /‫ا' ?د‬6F' ‫ف‬䅊G/N‫د‬/ )‫'&ر‬/N G.NFN‫ؤ‬7F ‫ة‬.1/ .7/ QgG ‫ة‬NFg7g'N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' JN‫د‬F' *‫?ا‬G.o
‫ة‬N1N/ NF ‫ة‬Nw1 ‫ة‬G7. ‫د‬F?. pF'‫ة‬NFN‫د‬F' NF ‫ة‬NFo' ''‫و‬7 *'‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G'N F‫ا‬.FF'N *‫ا‬G>FG'N *‫ا‬N?Gn'
‫ة‬N?‫و‬. N - N77FG ‫ة‬N6F – )‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G' ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF' ‫أ‬. GN‫?ر‬.F' O' ‫ا‬Gg. FF ‫?ى‬7. ‫ة‬GF.q *‫ا‬7‫ا‬6F
P‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' F.o' G‫ا‬.' GGF'‫و‬FN G.‫ها‬.‫و‬. ‫ف‬䅊 NN77FGF' .?6F' )‫د‬F‫ا‬7F )1N‫ر‬6. G‫?ا‬F' (‫?و‬6
F'N‫ ?د‬FF G‫ا‬FF.N‫ا‬F ''‫ر‬. G.‫ا‬F‫?ا‬F )‫د‬/ FF GNG..F'N ‫ا‬N‫و‬F?FN ‫ا‬N/‫ا‬F GG?/NG61g .7‫>ا‬F'
. 6‫>ا‬F' F.o' /‫ها‬76'N
P‫ذ‬F' NFg7g' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' ‫د‬NJ‫ا‬/G' FN.7 ‫ى‬F? N77FG ‫ة‬N6F ?‫د‬. pF' *'‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' N. FGG
F.F FF‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ها‬NF' .F( pF' *'1‫و‬7.F' ‫ر‬.( ‫د‬71N //.F *'1N/ FG6. ‫د‬F?N
‫ة‬.N.F ‫ة‬.‫ا‬/o F‫و‬GN ‫ ?ا‬H‫ا‬G.' O' F7‫و‬.F' o FFN‫ها‬NF‫ر‬. ‫ة‬N‫و‬6?F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7‫ر‬.FG' G'‫ر‬7g' ?No 'g/'
. ?F'‫و‬F' 61F ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬FN.7. FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ة‬NFG?
.NG‫ل‬䐧7‫ل‬䐥' ‫ر‬G.‫ؤ‬GF' F? ‫حة‬GF:1-1
0101 ‫ة ?ا‬NFg7g' ‫ة‬Ggp' 7‫و‬F7 ‫ر‬/' ‫ى‬F? 0101 ‫ة‬F7 NFg7g' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' 77‫أ‬."
‫د‬F?F' P‫ذ‬F'/‫?و‬7 J( ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬F' ‫د‬.? GFG' FF )‫د?و‬. ‫ة‬F‫ر‬GG' ‫ة‬GF ‫ف‬䅊 ONg' G.1N/ *‫د‬F? /N/
. ‫ة‬G>FG' G‫ذ‬G JNg' 77‫ؤ‬G' GF‫ذ‬. F‫ا‬GG G.7‫ر&ا‬. ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G'
: ‫ها‬FN. FF pF'N G'‫د‬Gg' FF ‫ة‬Fo FNF/ O' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' ‫?ى‬7N /N/
.NGF7G'N g7g' ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF ‫ة‬FF‫ا‬6 ‫ة‬F‫د‬0 ‫ا‬NFF'*
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.‫ة‬NF.'‫د‬F' *‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7FF 6‫?ر‬.F' FN/ NGF7G'N g7g' *gG6F ?No ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬F*
'‫ا‬oF ‫ف‬䅊 (‫?و‬6FF ‫د‬F.F'N 1‫ر‬/.F' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬/ ‫د‬NN‫أ‬. ‫ف‬䅊 g7g' GNF' ‫د?و‬N P‫ذ‬F' ..'‫و‬F‫ا‬. ‫ا‬NFF'*
1
".‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NFg7g' (‫?و‬6F'N ‫ة‬F‫ ?ا‬G‫?ا‬F'
: ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬7N7. .F/o O‫ر‬.F G'‫د‬GF O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬.
.'‫ا‬6?g' JN‫د‬F' N. NFg7g' FF‫ا‬6.F' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. "*
.GF‫ا‬G6F ?No ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G?.7g' ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬6FF'N‫ة‬N‫ر‬7F?F' ‫ة‬F‫ر‬G.F' ‫و‬p ‫ى‬F? FG?F'*
.?6F' -‫ا‬GG ?/N ‫ا‬G‫ر‬N‫ر‬/N ‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' FG‫ا‬Fg' ‫ة‬Fg7 ‫ى‬F? 8‫ا‬Go' F.F FF FG?F' FN7F.*
.GN6'1F ‫ر‬N‫ر‬/N GF‫و‬F/ 9‫ا‬.?7' ‫ى‬F? G.‫ا?د‬7FNNN77FGF'
.‫ة‬NF7‫و‬F' ‫ها‬F‫و‬F/N ‫ا‬GgF.7'N ‫ها‬.F'‫ر‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫>ة‬G‫ا‬o' FN.7 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFg7g' (‫?و‬6F' ?No -‫ا‬GG ?/*
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".J‫?د‬F' ‫ى‬F? NG&‫ا‬FF' NNFN‫د‬F' FFg'N g7F' ?‫د‬F ‫ة‬F2gF' N.'‫د‬.F' 0‫ا‬0'*
NGF7G'N g7g‫ا‬. ‫ة‬FF?.G' ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF' // ‫ف‬䅊 )‫ر‬6‫ا‬.F ‫?ى‬7 NFg7g' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' 7N7‫أ‬. ‫?د‬.
)‫د ?د‬F?. NFg7g' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' ‫ا‬F ‫د‬FG‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' O‫و‬.7F ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7‫ا‬.NG‫?ا‬F' '‫ا‬oF ?No ‫ف‬䅊
.F'‫و‬. '‫ذ‬GG"N.F ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG G.N‫و‬6? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7‫ر‬.FG' ‫ة‬7‫ا‬.F'‫د‬F.F' 7'‫ف ?و‬䅊 *‫ا?ا‬G..'
NFg7' 9‫ا‬G..' ‫د‬F?G ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF'N NFg7g' G‫?ا‬F' ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6F ‫ة‬7'1/ F.F FF *‫ا?ا‬G..g'
G0592 ‫ ?ا‬N6.'‫ر‬G ‫ة‬FN‫د‬F ‫ف‬䅊 NFg7' 9‫ا‬G..'N 0150 / G0502 ‫ ?ا‬3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬F ‫ف‬䅊
NFg7g' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' ‫د‬F?N. 0110 / G0580 ‫ ?ا‬/'‫>د‬. ‫ة‬FN‫د‬F ‫ف‬䅊 NFg7' 9‫ا‬G..'N 0100 /
G0580 ‫ة‬.o' P0 01 - 01 N. )?GF' ‫ف‬䅊 NGFG' ‫ر‬7FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F‫ر‬GG' ‫ة‬GF ‫ة‬FN‫د‬F ‫ف‬䅊 N.GF'
https://ar.wikipedia.org08:01.NF‫و‬.F' 0201-25-08 NFg7g' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' -0

http://homatalhaq.com 08:10.NF‫و‬.F' 0201-25-50‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o ‫ة‬N1‫ا‬6.7')‫ا‬F‫ا‬o' J‫ا‬G?g Fo' )‫ا‬o ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6 - 2
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‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 I1‫ا‬6NG' Go1 ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬F'‫د‬.? F. /‫?و‬7 GFG' G/..G'N 0110 ‫و‬N‫ا‬F 02 -08
F. ‫د‬Gp .N6F' ‫ة‬FN6GF' ./‫ا‬7N‫ة‬N/‫?و‬7F' ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫ة‬GFGG' ‫ ?هد‬PN ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬F'‫د‬.? F. F7NG NFg'
G‫?ا‬F'N ‫ة‬GFGG' ‫ف‬䅊 '‫ا‬GF?F' FF /‫?د‬N2‫ا‬. F. ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬F'‫د‬.? .N6F'N‫ة‬N/‫?و‬7F' 1‫ا‬N‫د‬F' pGF NG'‫ر‬.'
6?.NNN7o' NFF ‫د‬Gp ,‫ا‬o'NPN‫د‬FF' F7o' nFNP/N/‫و‬G' ‫ى‬F?g' nF F/F NFg7g'
‫ة‬GF ‫ف‬䅊 NFg7g' G‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬7.'1 *‫أ‬6F '‫ذ‬GGN. ‫?ا‬F' GF0 ./ /‫و‬GN FF NFg7g' G‫?ا‬F' *g‫ا‬.1
‫ة‬NFN‫د‬F'N ‫ة‬NFg7g' N./‫ا‬7F' ‫ى‬F? GN/‫أ‬. GF Np1‫ا‬. +‫د‬/NF?‫ا‬GN ‫ه‬F NFg7' +‫د‬/G ‫ة‬F‫ر‬GG'
?‫د‬F‫ة‬NFg7g' /g.F' GF.q FF NF/G 6. FF ‫ى‬F? N7‫ا‬7g' ‫ها‬F‫>ا‬F 7FN/N‫د‬o' ‫ر‬7?F' ‫ف‬䅊
(‫?و‬6F' /‫ها‬. ?/N G' FN/ O' )‫د?و‬F'NNFg7g' ‫ر‬GGF' ‫ر‬6F. ‫ا‬G.Gg'NNGF7G' FF‫ا‬6.
1
." ‫ة‬NFg7g'
3‫د‬FF' ?F FF‫ا‬6.F' ‫و‬N ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬Fo "N NFg7g' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' *‫ا‬7‫ا‬6F ‫ر‬/' ‫ى‬F? /‫د‬7F' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊N
‫ة‬.7‫ا‬Fo )‫ة‬FF ‫ة‬NFN‫ؤ‬7F 3‫د‬FF'( F'‫و‬F?. )N‫د‬F F‫ا‬GNFN NFg7g' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G'N ‫ا‬NGF/gNG NN77FGF' .?6F'N
FN‫?ا‬.F‫ا‬. ‫ا‬NGF/gNG ‫?ة‬F‫ا‬. .F‫ا‬FF‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' *‫?ا‬F‫ا‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 NN77FGF' .?6F' ?F FF‫ا‬6.F'N 3‫د‬FF' ‫و‬N
1‫ا‬6.7F 1‫و‬6/ )‫د‬6‫ا‬/ )N‫د‬F3‫د‬FF' FN‫ؤ‬6F ‫ة‬NGFG' ‫ة‬F.FF'N 3‫د‬FG' .N.F NFg7g' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' ?F
.‫?ة‬F‫ا‬n' ‫ة‬.F7 FF N.G /‫?د‬N N71‫د‬G'N *‫ا‬NFGF' ''‫د‬G?N G‫ا‬7 .N6F' ‫ز‬.?F 1‫و‬.G‫د‬F' ‫?ة‬F‫ا‬n'
‫ا‬NGF/gNG ‫?ة‬F‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' ‫ة‬NGF.F' 0‫ا‬.7F FG‫و‬F ‫د‬oF 1‫و‬.G‫د‬F' ‫ا‬G1'/F pF' ONg' ‫ة‬7Fn'
‫ا‬o/‫?ا‬G 6N?. 3‫د‬FF'N )N‫د‬FF' G‫ذ‬G n‫أ‬.:J‫ا‬FG ‫?ة‬F‫ا‬n' 7N&1 G‫ا‬7 .N6F' ‫ز‬.?F 1‫و‬.G‫د‬F' ‫ها‬NG +‫د‬/
)N77FG ‫ة‬N6FN ‫ة‬N/‫?و‬7F' ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫ة‬GFGG'( *‫ا‬GF‫ؤ‬G )/‫ز?و‬N‫?ز‬F' ‫د‬.? F. ‫د‬F‫ا‬. GFG' *‫ا‬F‫و‬F?F )‫ا?د‬F - 1
http://www.kingkhalid.org.sa08:15.NF‫و‬.F'0201-25-08
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‫ا?ة‬.6F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬7N1/ F‫و‬F‫د‬FN /‫ا‬.?G' ‫ا‬GG ‫ا‬G&‫ا‬F.FN‫ة‬.?7 ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬F/.7' GN‫ف >ر‬䅊 /‫و‬F? ‫?ة‬.7 ‫ذ‬FF
FF P‫?ا‬. pF' ‫ه‬.FN‫د‬F F? F‫?و‬G'‫د‬N GN‫ة‬F‫و‬7.F' ‫ف‬䅊 g‫و‬7G ‫ة‬NG‫ز‬F' ‫ا&ه‬F‫د‬. FN‫ر‬77NN ‫ة‬F‫ا‬7.F'N
FNN6.N 1‫ا‬.6gF 9g.F'N *‫و‬N.FF ‫د‬G FF‫ة‬NF'N‫?د‬F' G.‫ا‬71‫ا‬GN NFN&'‫ر‬7g' Jg./g' *‫ا‬N?'‫د‬.
.N1‫ا‬.F' (‫ا‬7.>' ‫ى‬F? '/‫ا‬.?' ‫د‬F .7.>G' ‫ا‬g‫ا‬NGN ‫ة‬NF‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' FF Gg'N‫ا&ها‬F.F ‫ى‬F? H‫ا‬F.FF
G‫ذ‬G F/F ‫ة‬NGF F‫إ‬G '‫ذ‬FN‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' ‫ا‬G‫ه‬6'‫>ر‬F ‫ة‬F‫د‬pG‫ه‬N‫و‬6.N G.‫ا‬N7?FN G/'‫د‬/FN G?&‫ا‬FN ?N‫و‬7.N
‫ة‬F‫ا‬GF ‫>هر‬.FN‫ة‬NF‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' .N0‫ا‬Gg' G6GN NN77FGF' Fo' .N./. ‫ة‬F7'‫و‬F ‫ف‬䅊 F/G.. *'N‫د‬FF'
" .‫ا‬o‫ا‬7F ‫ف‬䅊 F&‫ا‬Fo' ?6.FN NN/N7FN NGF7F FF (‫?ر‬F' 3‫و‬GF ‫ف‬䅊 3‫د‬FF'
F‫?ا‬FG G' ‫د‬.? 7N1‫د‬.F' FN‫ؤ‬6F ‫ة‬NGFG' ‫ة‬F.FF ‫?ا‬F' NFg' ‫ا‬G‫ا‬FFF "O‫ر‬.F ‫ة‬GFG ‫ف‬䅊 o ‫ا‬GG
3‫د‬FF' F? 9‫ا‬G‫د‬FF .g FF ‫ها‬FF '‫ز‬. (‫ا‬.6F'N ‫ة‬NFg7' N ‫ة‬N.‫ة ?ر‬F‫أ‬G ‫ا‬F.NFN‫ؤ‬7F FF F':J‫ا‬F ‫د‬FG
NF‫ر‬o' P‫ا‬/N N.F.FF' ONF NG NGF7GFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ا‬. 3‫د‬FF‫ا‬G‫ا‬FN‫د‬F ‫ة‬Np1‫ا‬.N ‫ة‬NFN/ ‫ة‬NGF FF ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G
O' F7N GNF? G' ‫ى‬F7 J‫و‬7‫ر‬F' ,‫ها ?ر‬FFN‫ها‬NF' g' J‫ا‬/‫ر‬F' ‫د‬6.g pF' ‫د‬.‫ا‬7G' /F‫ا‬/N
.,'‫?ر‬G'N ''‫ر‬7g' ‫ة‬FNF ‫ى‬F?F' *'N‫ا‬G7F'
)‫ة‬F‫ا‬NFF'(7&‫ا‬FGF' ‫د‬FF ‫ها‬NGN ‫ها‬G‫ا‬FGF ‫ف‬䅊 /N7G' ‫د‬N7F' ‫د‬FN ‫د‬FG NN/N7GFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ا‬.N
F7g' ‫ة‬N.‫ة ?ر‬FN‫د‬F 3‫د‬FF‫ا‬G:‫ة‬Np1‫ا‬.F' ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬FF' FF ‫ا‬FF .G‫?ا‬F' 1‫ا‬7FF FG FF F‫و‬N/N7G' .o ‫ها‬NF'N
G&‫ا‬F.FN G ‫ها‬NG '‫و‬F.N ‫ا‬GN‫ر‬G?N ‫ها‬NG '‫و‬FG7N .H5222 ‫و ?ا‬o F‫و‬N7‫و‬.NF' (‫?ر‬F' ‫ا‬G‫ا‬F. ‫أ‬6FG'N
(‫?ر‬F' G/ ./ Ff' o/N .N1‫ا‬.F' GF0 ‫ذ‬FF -N77FG FF '‫ز‬.G -3‫د‬FF' .F>N. G/‫ا‬G/FN
‫ة‬N‫ر‬GF'N 3‫ر‬GF'N N‫ر‬F‫ا‬G FN‫ر‬G?.7G' F.F FF ‫ا‬N.7F )N7F Jg./' *'?G ‫ها‬FF0 NGF7G'N
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". GN>N
01:22.NF‫و‬.F' 0201-25-08)‫ة‬FF ‫ة‬NFN‫ؤ‬7F 3‫د‬FF'( F'‫و‬F?. )N‫د‬F F‫ا‬GNFN NFg7g'‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G'N ‫ا‬NGF/gNG:F'‫و‬F?. J‫ا‬FF - 1
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‫ة‬G7‫?ا‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 .FF7F' "‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' *'1‫و‬7. ‫ر‬.( ‫ف‬䅊 //.F' 6F‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F?N
J‫و‬/ NFg7g' ‫ة‬GFF' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬7F‫ا‬p' ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬F/.7g' )1N‫د‬F' J‫ا‬G?F ‫د‬/g' ‫و‬NF'‫ا‬.‫ر‬G‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N7NFN‫د‬Fg'
‫ة‬F‫و‬.7F N> ‫ة‬NFN&'‫ر‬7' *‫ا‬G‫ها‬.F' F> ‫ف‬䅊 )'N‫ر‬FNg'( ?‫د‬F' NG‫و‬.N 3‫د‬FF' ‫د‬N‫و‬o *gN‫ا‬pN N77FG
.)‫ >ز‬9‫ا‬7F ‫ى‬F?‫ا&ر‬n' ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬7/N‫ة‬N.‫>ر‬F' ‫ة‬G6F'N ‫ة‬F.o' 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬F J‫ا‬7.
‫ا‬N‫ا‬6F)J/‫?ا‬F' Fo' F.F FF /‫ا‬/g'( F'‫و‬F? ./ n‫أ‬. pF' ‫ة‬GFF' JN‫ا‬F.. FF 1‫ر‬FG' FFN
‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7G‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NFN&'‫ر‬7g' *‫ا‬G‫ها‬.Fg'NGN‫ر‬6F' 3‫د‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 9‫ا‬6Ng' *'1‫و‬7. ‫ا‬G2‫ر‬.F )‫?د‬
NN>.F Jg./g' N?7N‫ا‬NF‫ا‬GF N ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬F2 ‫ى‬7Fg' N7F. *‫ا‬77q ‫ر‬N‫ر‬o P‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' F‫ا‬NGF' *gN‫ا‬pN
.‫ة‬NFg7g'N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫ها‬.N‫و‬G 7G7N 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊'‫يو>ر‬䩅‫د‬F' ?F'‫و‬F'
)NFg7g' FN‫?ا‬.F'( ‫ة‬G>FF F.F FF ‫ا‬G0‫ا‬0' ..'‫و‬F' *'‫و‬7p' F‫?و‬G.o' //.N7 ‫ا‬GG
N6'1g' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫&ة‬N7F' ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬7.Fg' 9‫ا‬6Ng' ‫ى‬F? .F>.F'NGN‫ر‬6F' 3‫د‬FF'N N77FG )‫ا?د‬7G
*‫ا‬NGG J‫و‬./ FN/ J‫و‬o ‫ا‬F 1‫ا‬7o' P‫?ا‬N P‫ذ‬F' )‫ >ز‬9‫ا‬7F ‫ف‬䅊 9‫ا‬6Ng' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6'‫ة‬NFN77FGF'
.9‫ا‬7FF' O' ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g' /'‫و‬G' FF ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G
P‫ا‬7N.7g' ?7‫و‬.F' ‫ة‬7‫ا‬.N‫ة‬F.o' ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' N6'1g' ‫ف‬䅊 *'1‫و‬7.F' FGo ‫ة‬GFF' 6F‫ا‬F.7N
/N/ 0200 ‫ف ?ا‬䅊 GFF922 FF ‫ر‬/GF O' F7N ‫ها‬NG NF7‫و‬.7G' /‫ ?د‬FF O' N6N P‫ذ‬F'
‫ة‬F‫ا‬FF ‫ة‬N&'‫و‬6? ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7N.7' )1‫ؤ‬. 000 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬. ‫ة‬F7‫و‬.7F 010 ‫ف‬䅊 'g‫ؤ‬G G7F FF‫ر‬/GF 6N?N
.‫ة‬F.o' ‫ة‬N.‫>ر‬F' ‫ة‬G6F' N6'1F ‫ى‬F?
PN‫د‬F' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' N6‫ا‬G' P‫ا‬/F' F‫و‬F‫ا‬G /‫ب‬⠱G7N/ 00N01 ‫ف‬䅊 .G‫ا‬6.7' ‫ا‬N7NFN‫د‬F' .F‫ا‬GN
‫ة‬71‫ا‬Go ‫ة‬NF?G' )‫د‬/.G' Fg' ‫ة‬Fn ‫ة‬N‫?ا‬1 ./ ‫ا‬.‫ر‬G‫ا‬. ‫ة‬G7‫?ا‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬F‫أ‬7F J‫و‬/ P‫ا‬/F'
FN‫?ا‬.F' ‫ة‬G>FG ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬Fg' ?F FN‫?ا‬.F‫ا‬. G‫ر‬7.FF ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬FF' N> GF‫و‬Fo NN77FGF' .?6F'
.‫ة‬N7NFN‫د‬Fg' ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p' )1'2NN NFg7g'
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‫ر‬.( )3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G F.F.7G' ‫ا>ة‬N7N ‫ر‬6‫ا‬o' ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬F( F'‫و‬F? Fo P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' //N
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.‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G' ‫د‬F? NFg7g' n‫?ر‬F' ?.‫ا‬7F' 7G7 O' ‫ة‬NF'‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬NFN&'‫ر‬7g' *gN‫ا‬/GFF P‫د‬7.F'N
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‫ة‬NFN‫د‬F' FG‫ا‬o'N *‫&ا‬NG' GF.q FF 3‫د‬FF' J‫و‬/ ‫ها‬NF? H/‫ا‬7G' *'1'‫ر‬FF' ‫?ة‬.‫ا‬.FN ‫ة‬NFg7g'
F'‫د‬F.FF *‫ا‬/?FF ‫ي‬䩅‫د‬F.N 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7. ‫د‬F pF'O‫ر‬.g' ‫ة‬NFN‫د‬F' *‫ا‬G>FG‫ا‬. J‫ا‬7.g'N
‫ذ‬NGF. F‫ا‬G6F ‫ا‬G0‫ا‬0' .n pF' ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG' *'‫و‬7p‫ا‬. FF?..‫ر‬Fg‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NF?G' *‫ا‬G>FG' FGFN '‫ا‬6?g'
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08:58.NF‫و‬.F' 0201-25-08 3‫د‬FF' ‫د‬N‫و‬o *gN‫ا‬p //.F ‫ا‬.‫ر‬G‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 NFg7g' ‫ة‬GFF' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬F Hg7F'Nw‫ا‬FF' g/F -0
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FF -'?F‫إ‬. 0191 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬F?FG' NFg7g' FN‫?ا‬.F' ‫ة‬G>FG ‫ر‬6‫?ا‬F' P1'2‫و‬F' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' 1‫ر‬FN
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.‫ا‬NFg7' '‫و‬6? 00 ‫ة‬N‫و‬6?.N (‫>ر‬G' ‫ة‬7‫ر&ا‬.
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFg7g' JN‫د‬F' )/‫ا‬FF JNg' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' ‫د‬F? P‫ا‬/F' F7o' F/'‫ر‬F' FF )1/‫ا‬.o GFF ‫ر‬G‫ذ‬N
*‫د‬GF ‫د‬FN.‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7G' H‫ر‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 F/G.G' of' NF'‫ر‬.g' FG?F' ‫ر‬/' 0111 ‫ ?ا‬7‫ا‬.‫ر‬F'
NFN&'‫ر‬7g' NN77FGF' 9'‫ز‬FFF F/ FG 6G1N NN77FGF' .?6FF ‫ة‬NFg7g' JN‫د‬F' ?/ ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬GFF'
.0119 ‫?ا‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 NFN&'‫ر‬7g' Jg./g' F.F 3‫د‬FF' ?6N 9‫ا‬.?7' FG6Ng
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.NFg7g' FN‫?ا‬.F'
‫ا‬NF‫ا‬.N1‫و‬FN F‫ا‬F.FN F/1g'N H'‫?ر‬F'N N77FG FF gG 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬Fn 6. (‫>ر‬GFF ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6'N

‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫ة‬GFGG'N J‫>ا‬FN7F'N F‫ا‬.7G‫ا‬.N ‫ر‬.NFF'N ‫ا‬N7NFN‫د‬F'N F'‫ر‬N' N 6N/g>F.N ‫ة‬N1‫و‬7N ‫ا‬NFN>N
.‫ر‬7FN ‫ة‬N/‫?و‬7F'
*‫ر‬.N01912‫و‬NF‫و‬N ‫ف‬䅊 3‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FN‫د‬F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬GNF F‫ا‬G ‫ا?ا‬G..' 01 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬Fn *‫د‬F? ‫د‬FN
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".)‫د‬/.G' FgF ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬N?G.FF ‫ة‬N‫و‬F7F' *‫ا?ا‬G..g'
) ‫د‬N‫هو‬.F' GF‫و‬F ‫ا‬NFN/ ‫ا‬7>6 .F7. 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬Fn (:F'‫و‬F? ./‫ر‬.( J‫ا‬FF ‫ف‬䅊N
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7>6F' Jg. FF "3‫د‬FF' 0‫ا‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 G.‫ا‬NFN‫ؤ‬7F FG/" O' PN‫د‬F' ?G.o' 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬Fn .?/ "
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.‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊‫ا‬F/F'N P‫ا‬G7F'N NGNF?.F' ?6‫و‬F' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬oN‫ها‬NG NG‫?ا‬F'N P1‫ا‬6o'N P‫ا‬7Fg' +N1‫و‬G'
'‫ا‬6?g' JN‫د‬F' -1'N‫ز‬F FN‫د‬F' -g7 n‫>ر‬G' ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p' ‫ر‬N2N Gg. P‫ذ‬F'- F‫ا‬N.F' .F‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬GG
*‫ا‬G>FG' F.'/ ‫ها‬.N‫و‬7. FN‫?د‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬/o G‫?ا‬F' JN/ O‫د‬F F.‫د‬.F‫ا‬. NFg7g' FN‫?ا‬.F' ‫ة‬G>FF ‫ف‬䅊
?6‫و‬F' 5‫و‬70 NNFN‫د‬F' 9‫ا‬og'N F‫و‬F‫ا‬FF' ?F FG.N ‫ا‬o3‫د‬FF‫ا‬. ‫ة‬FF?.G' *'1'‫ر‬FF' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NFN‫د‬F'
.‫ة‬FN‫د‬GFF P‫و‬F‫ا‬FF'
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G‫?ا‬F'N ‫ا‬g'N.N FN&'‫ر‬7' N. ‫ة‬N?N.7 g7 *‫ا‬Fg? '‫ا‬F. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا?د‬7N7"P‫ذ‬F'"N.FN‫د‬F' F/
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‫د‬Gp GFG' ‫ة‬F.FF' 7N&1 /‫هو‬. )/‫ا‬6g'N77.G' '‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬NGF ‫ا‬FN.F J‫ا‬FF ‫ف‬䅊 '‫ا‬. /N/
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*‫ا?ا‬G..' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' /‫و‬G‫و‬F' F‫أ‬. ‫ر‬G0N. ‫?ها‬F FF‫?ا‬.F' ‫ف‬䅊 G.Fg. ‫>ر‬F ‫?د‬.N ‫ة‬N6FF' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬F
G.?.7 (‫ا‬7. GFF .F.7N NF‫ا‬7F' NGFG' (‫ا‬7p' NF‫ا‬6o )/‫ا‬6g' ‫ى‬F? .?oF 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬Fn
‫ة‬.7FF‫ا‬. ‫ة‬FNF/ ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬FFg (‫ا‬7p' '‫ذ‬G F/F O' ‫ة‬.‫ا‬o' 7FF ‫ف‬䅊 Fo"J‫ا‬FN‫ة‬N?F'‫و‬F'N ‫ة‬/'‫ر‬7F'
". ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FFF
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/GG'N ‫ة‬NFN‫د‬F' ‫ة‬/‫ا‬7F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F?‫ا‬GF'N ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g' O‫و‬FFF F2'‫و‬F' 1‫و‬6o‫ا‬. ‫ر‬G0 FF ‫?د‬.N
F' FN‫?ا‬.F'N ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p' FN‫ؤ‬6F' ‫ر‬N2N J‫ا‬Fn1Ng' /‫ا‬/g'N F‫ا‬G.‫ا‬GF'N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫?ة‬F‫ا‬n'N FFg' 7Fo
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‫ة‬NFg7g' ‫ة‬FgF FF ‫ا‬G/‫ا‬GF PN‫د‬F' ?G..GFF ‫ة‬F‫ا‬71 J‫ا‬71g ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FF ‫ا‬6NF FG6 1‫و‬6o' '‫ذ‬G
. ‫ها‬F? 9‫ا‬G‫د‬F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7N‫ر‬/ 3‫د‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ..'‫و‬/
F7F7G' ‫ة‬.G'‫و‬F ‫ة‬FNF‫د‬F' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G' G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 PN‫د‬F' ?G.o' ‫ة‬NFN‫ؤ‬7F FF FF ‫ا‬6NF F.7N
. 9'‫ز‬FF' '‫ذ‬G NFG?N NGF7 F/ /‫ا‬n' ‫و‬o G‫ا‬.g' ?/N NNFN&'‫ر‬7g'N NNFN77FGF' N. N6N‫ا‬G.F'
*‫ا‬./' ‫ى‬F? )1/‫ا‬F O‫و‬F I‫ا‬FG F‫و‬G. FF .n *‫ا‬6N‫ا‬GG' F/'‫ر‬F ‫ف‬䅊" GFF O' 1'N‫ز‬F ‫د‬N7F' 7F.N
/N/ 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬F.FF G.7‫&ا‬1 FF7FF FF GFG' ‫ة‬Fg. G. ‫و‬FN ‫ا‬F '‫ذ‬GN *‫ا‬N?.‫ر‬G' ‫د‬NG‫أ‬.N ..'‫و‬/F'
". ‫ة‬NF7‫و‬F' ‫ة‬N6FF' O‫و‬.7F 7GF ‫ف‬䅊 NG 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬N6F FF G.Fg. ‫د‬GF
‫ة‬NGN‫ر‬Fg' )‫د‬/.G' *‫ا‬Ng‫و‬F' G‫ر?ا‬. P‫ذ‬F' N6N‫ا‬G.F' F7F7G' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬NG‫أ‬.F' )1N‫ر‬6 ‫ى‬F? /‫د‬6N
3‫ا‬7F ‫ى‬F?N GN‫ر‬6F' 3‫د‬FF' ‫ها‬.G7‫ة ?ا‬NFN77FG ‫ة‬FN/ ‫ة‬F‫ا‬F' ‫ها‬.F‫د‬FF ‫ف‬䅊 ..'‫و‬/F' FF /‫ى ?د‬F?
.1"3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G P‫و‬F‫ا‬FF' ?6‫و‬F' 1‫ا‬..?g‫ا‬. ‫ذ‬.g'N 0119 /N‫د‬/
. ‫ة‬N‫ض‬FFF ‫?ارض‬GG N‫غرب‬F' GF‫?ا‬F' :-2
‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FFF FF ‫ا‬GG ‫و‬GN‫ر‬G‫ذ‬F' GF‫ا‬7F' ‫ر‬7F?FF ‫ا‬F.7'1/ Jg. FF >/gN ‫ا‬G
‫ة‬N6FF' ‫د‬6 ‫و‬G FF I‫ا‬FG F.‫ا‬FG' ‫ف‬䅊 GF‫إ‬G‫ها‬GF'‫و‬FN ‫ا‬o‫ها‬.‫و‬.N ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬GGF FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G )‫د‬N‫ؤ‬F ‫&ة‬G
‫و‬GN GF0 FF ‫?د‬.F O' .G0 F.‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' N6'1gF P‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' Jg./g' )‫ر‬GG ?FN ‫ة‬NFN77FGF'
.N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 NF‫و‬F F7N ‫ة‬F‫ا‬Fg ?‫د‬F' FG NG‫و‬.N N7N.
3‫د‬FF' ‫د‬N‫و‬o *‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7F P‫د‬7.FF ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ة‬N.N.'?7' 0208 N 0201 3‫د‬FF' J‫ا‬F .N. ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GN FG? 77q:F'‫و‬F?. J‫ا‬FF -0
www .medi1tv.com 08:10.NF‫و‬.F'2016-03-31
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'‫ا‬.1F FG ‫ف‬䅊‫?ها‬N1‫ا‬6F ‫ذ‬NGF. O' ‫ة‬NF‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o‫ا‬. .?G/ pF' JN‫د‬F' FF ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' I‫ا‬F‫ه‬G
‫ة‬NFG? FN‫ه‬7. o FFN)N77FG( G‫ز‬G‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? 0'‫و‬/.7g'N )‫ر‬7N7F' FF ‫ة‬N'‫د‬. NFg7g' G‫?ا‬F'
‫ة‬NGN‫ر‬Fg' )‫د‬/.G' *‫ا‬Ng‫و‬F'N ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬7N‫ر‬. JN‫د‬F' G‫ذ‬G FFNNFg7g' G‫?ا‬F' '‫ا‬.1F NF‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 F>F>.F'
*‫ا‬.6 FG GNG ?G..NFN77FG 61F ‫ى‬F? NF‫و‬F F7N '‫ا‬6F' ‫ف‬䅊 N7‫ا‬7g' 1N‫د‬F' ‫ا‬..?F F‫ا‬.FF'
.G‫?ا‬F‫ا‬. ‫د‬.'‫و‬.G' /‫هو‬NF'
‫ف‬䅊 /‫هو‬NF' ‫ا‬Gg. *‫ا?د‬7 ‫ا‬F‫ ?ا‬N/g/ FF ‫ر‬/GF N77FG ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬7N‫ر‬. .GG/ ‫د‬FF "
'‫ا‬oF ?No FF N77FG O' )‫د‬G'‫و‬F' )‫ر‬.G' *‫ا‬.‫و‬G J‫ا‬o' ./.G ‫ا‬GG*g‫ا‬o' FG ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG
‫ ?ا‬N77FG 61F ‫ى‬F? FN&'‫ر‬7' ‫ة‬FN/ ‫ة‬F‫ا‬F' /‫هو‬NF' Fg?' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F?‫ا‬G ‫ة‬G‫ا‬7F .G‫ا‬7NG‫?ا‬F'
‫ها‬FFF F‫ا‬G6N ‫ها‬.N‫ا‬oN FN&'‫ر‬7' ‫ة‬N‫ر?ا‬F 1N‫د‬F' .7?F ‫ا‬G‫?د‬.N‫ة‬FN‫د‬F' G‫ذ‬o G'??g'N 0118
FG ‫ف‬䅊 FN&'‫ر‬7' ?‫د‬. J'‫ز‬.‫ا‬F pF' ‫ة‬NGN‫ر‬Fg' )‫د‬/.G' *‫ا‬Ng‫و‬FF P‫ر‬G7?F'N P/‫ا‬7.Fg'N N7‫ا‬N7F'
‫ة‬GF.q *'‫ا?د‬7F FF ‫ة‬N.N1Ng' JN‫د‬F' G.F‫د‬F ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6'‫ها‬.N‫ا‬oN ‫ها‬F? 9‫ا‬G‫د‬F' ‫ى‬F? FG?.N *g‫ا‬o'
1
".FN&'‫ر‬7' O'
J‫و‬. J‫و‬FN?7'N H‫ا‬7F ‫ى‬F? N G‫?ا‬F' '‫ا‬.1F FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬F‫و‬w ./GF ‫د‬F ‫ة‬NF‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o' F'
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ي‬䩅‫د‬FF' ‫?هد‬F' '‫ا‬F.F Fo ‫ا‬F‫د‬/' ‫د‬F ‫و‬NF' o/N 0815 ‫ذ ?ا‬FF ‫ا‬FF' G‫?ا‬F' /‫هو‬N‫ا‬N":F‫ا‬F‫د‬F‫>و‬
/‫هو‬n' .N7‫ر‬. NG /‫ا‬/g' '‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬N‫ >ا‬.F‫ا‬GN‫ا‬NF?F' ‫ة‬N/‫هو‬NF' ‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7G' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o G.G‫ه‬F‫د‬/'N 7.
O'N ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' ‫ا‬FG'‫د‬GF FNF/ O' ‫ة‬NF'‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬/N/o' ‫ا‬F.'‫و‬7. ?F‫?ة‬7'‫و‬F' ‫ة‬N/‫هو‬NF' ‫ا‬F&/‫ا‬.F FGN ‫ة‬FN‫ذ‬.G'
'0' ‫ة‬NF‫د‬G'N ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' ‫ا‬FF‫و‬F/ ‫ى‬F? 8‫ا‬Go' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/G.G' ‫ة‬N/‫هو‬NF' ‫ة‬NFg.g'N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬GGF' ‫ا‬Fo‫ا‬7F ?/
.905)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(N77..G' FF ‫و?ة‬Go‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF'N N77FG -1
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)‫ر‬6.FF ‫ة‬N/‫هو‬N )‫د‬/N ‫ا&ة‬G.7 ./ ‫ة‬NG‫ة ?ا‬G>FF 7N7‫أ‬. ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ا‬/g' '‫ذ‬G /N ‫د‬FN‫ر‬7.FF .6‫?ر‬.
‫ة‬G>FG' G‫ذ‬G .7..1' ‫د‬FN ‫ة‬NGN‫ر‬Fg' )‫د‬/.G' *‫ا‬Ng‫و‬F' '‫ا‬.1F O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6'‫ة‬FN/ FN‫ر‬6?N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊
7. FFp ‫ا‬.N1NF ‫ي‬䩅‫د‬FF'N ‫ا‬GN‫ر‬FF ‫د‬N‫د‬n' NG‫?ا‬F' N. P/‫هو‬NF' FN‫?ا‬.F' FG6.N H‫ا‬/No ‫ة‬76FF'
/N‫د‬o' G‫?ا‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G>FF )‫و‬F ‫ب‬⠱GF ‫ها‬FF ,‫ر‬.NF ‫ة‬G?6F )‫د‬/'N )‫د‬NF? GG‫ر‬/ G7‫ا‬G.F P/‫هو‬N
1
".?oF G‫?ا‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N/‫هو‬NF' ‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7G' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o ‫ى‬F? FFFgN FFGg. FG?.
*‫ا‬Ng‫و‬F' 61F ‫ى‬F? ‫ه‬FF )N.G ‫ة‬.7F ‫د‬.'‫و‬. ‫و‬GO‫ب‬⠱GF' JN‫د‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 /‫هو‬NF' G/ ‫د‬G‫ؤ‬N ‫ا‬FN
‫و‬/F. ‫ا‬GN‫ر‬FF ‫ف‬䅊 /‫هو‬NF' /‫ ?د‬1‫د‬FN"/N/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬7/ .7‫ا‬FF Gg./'Ng/F ‫ة‬NGN‫ر‬Fg' )‫د‬/.G'
*‫ا‬Ng‫و‬F' O' ‫ر‬.‫ا‬G ‫ه‬G>?FN)‫د‬/.G' *‫ا‬Ng‫و‬F' F‫ا‬G7 FF%0 PFNNgF 0.8 – 0.0
2‫ا‬FG6g' /‫هو‬N FF ‫ة‬F/‫ا‬7F' ‫ه‬.N.F>FNFN‫ر‬6?F' F‫ر‬FF' F&'NFN ‫ر‬6? ?7‫ا‬.F' F‫ر‬FF' ‫ر‬.'NF ‫ف‬䅊 )‫د‬/.G'
%02 G‫?ر‬NN‫>ة‬G‫ا‬o' NF ‫ة‬N/g7g' ‫ة‬N/‫هو‬NF' O' ‫ا‬.N‫ر‬F. ‫ه‬/F/ NG.FNN‫ا‬.N1NF H‫ر‬6 FF NF/‫ا‬FF'
2
." /‫هو‬N /‫ر‬o gF %01 J‫و‬FN ‫ا‬GFN.7G0‫و‬/1( g‫أ‬. ‫ه‬7GFF
‫د‬6 ‫ا‬o‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7N ‫ا‬o‫ها‬.‫و‬. FG ‫ف‬䅊 FN&'‫ر‬7' ?‫د‬. )‫د‬/.G' *‫ا‬Ng‫و‬F' FF ‫ا‬6NF‫د‬G‫ؤ‬N‫ا‬FN

09 ‫ف‬䅊 NFN&'‫ر‬7g' .7NFGF' ‫ف‬䅊 F‫و‬.FNFG F. NGN‫ر‬Fg' 7N&‫ر‬F' (‫ا‬7. ‫و‬GNNFN77FGF'
‫د‬F.?F FG Jg. FF '‫و‬..?F"NNGN‫ر‬Fg' F' G J‫ا‬FN*‫ها‬.‫و‬.F' G‫ذ‬G F? ‫ب‬⠱? 0111‫ر‬.‫و‬.GF
)‫ز‬N‫?ز‬F' NFF' FGF F..7/G ‫ا‬Fo‫ا‬7G 7NF '‫د‬. ‫ا‬G FN&'‫ر‬7' '‫ا‬F. F' GN‫د‬F‫ا‬7N G. NN/
G.F‫ا‬. O' GF.7 ‫ا‬GN‫ر‬FF FFN‫ا‬F.N7F NG G.N7F FF '‫و‬G1‫د‬. FF N>.FN"g&‫ا‬F ..N"‫ا‬FNF?
3
".‫د‬.g' O'N Ff'
.915 0221)‫ر‬6FF'N *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬FF *‫ا‬/G7( 171‫ا‬..G' G' .?6-‫ا‬F/– /‫هو‬NF' FG O‫ب‬⠱GF' ‫?ة‬N‫د‬p'F‫ا‬/7 J‫ا‬o ‫د‬Gp -1
.0105)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫ه‬FF *‫ا‬7'1/ ‫ة‬F7F7‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -0
018.5)G7GF ?.‫ر‬G'( - 3
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7N&‫ر‬F' F? FFF‫ا‬F ‫و‬GFN&'‫ر‬7g )‫د‬/.G' *‫ا‬Ng‫و‬F' ?/ ‫د‬G‫ؤ‬N ‫ر‬.( J‫و‬F I‫ا‬FG FF ‫ا‬GG
7‫ا‬p ‫و‬GNJ'‫?ز‬Fg'N G?6F‫ا‬. ‫?ر‬6N F.1 NF'":GF‫و‬F )0115-0181( 4‫و‬. ,1‫و‬. NGN‫ر‬Fg'
1
".P‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' n‫و‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 F/G.. ‫ة‬FgG? )‫و‬F
G7GF /61 P‫ذ‬F'NP1‫هو‬Gn' (‫ز‬o' ‫ف‬䅊 NNGNF' N?‫ز‬F' F‫ا‬F‫ا‬G‫و‬N. *‫ا‬."GF? ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ا‬F ‫ا‬FFN
3‫ر‬N‫و‬GF' /.7F ‫د‬FF ":g&‫ا‬F P/‫هو‬NF' 0‫و‬GFF' F?P‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' P/‫هو‬NF' n‫و‬FF' ‫ة‬61‫?ا‬F G.'NN ‫ة‬7‫ر&ا‬FF
2
".FN&'‫ر‬7' ‫ها‬F./ pF' ‫ة‬N.‫>ر‬F' ‫ة‬G6F' F/F
61F ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N/‫هو‬N ‫ة‬FN/ '‫ا‬6F' )‫ر‬GG .N7‫ر‬. ‫ف‬䅊 O‫و‬7F' ‫د‬NF' ‫ا‬G .F‫ا‬G pF' JN‫د‬F' N. FFN
‫ة‬FN/ ‫ة‬F‫ا‬F' -?F' ‫ة‬FN/ F.1 JNF F'":*‫ر‬.‫ا‬F‫و‬. F‫و‬NF.‫ا‬F F‫ا‬7F ‫ى‬F? GF0 '‫ا‬.‫ا‬GG‫ا‬7F‫ر‬G N77FG
./‫هو‬NF' N> N/N‫د‬o' NNF‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' JNF F‫ا‬GG*‫ر‬.‫ا‬F‫و‬. F‫و‬NF.‫ا‬F F‫ا‬GN77FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N/‫هو‬N
1N‫ذ‬.‫ا‬FN *( Sanhidrin FN1‫هد‬F7F' 7Fo FNG6. /‫هو‬NF' FF .F7 ‫د‬F F‫و‬NF.‫ا‬F F‫ا‬G
//N.)‫ر‬.‫>ا‬F' FN&'‫ر‬7' ‫ة‬GFG FF2 ‫ة‬G&‫ا‬F .F‫ا‬G ‫ا‬NF? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬6F ‫&ة‬NG ‫و‬GN)015 ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF'
/‫هو‬NF' (‫ا‬.GF' F‫د‬.GN77FG ‫ه‬/Fo G‫ا‬N' '‫'?د‬N n‫?ر‬F' H‫ر‬6F' Jg./' ‫ف‬䅊 G.‫د‬F‫ا‬7F ‫ى‬F? 7Fo'
F.F'( G ‫ة‬FN/ FNG6.N N77FG O' )‫ر‬.G' ‫ى‬F? /‫هو‬NF' ?.6. ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬o *‫ا‬GFG F‫و‬..GN
‫ا‬6F' /g. ‫ى‬F? G.Fo '‫ا‬F/F ‫ف‬䅊‫ا‬F‫ا‬N. F‫و‬NF.‫ا‬F 1‫د‬7F 0911 ‫? ?ا‬N.1 ‫ف‬䅊N.)00850111
NF61NF ‫ة‬GFG '‫ا‬6F' )/‫ى '?ا‬F? '‫و‬FG?N FFNG&'‫و‬F ./ '‫و‬F.‫ا‬FN FF ‫ا‬N7(N ‫ا‬NFN‫ر‬G' /‫هو‬N FF GNG .F7
3
.‫ة‬N7F‫ر‬GF' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬Go' ./ G ‫ة‬FN/ 7N7‫أ‬.N FGNG' '‫ا‬F. )/‫'?ا‬N
.0185)F.‫ا‬7F' ?.‫ر‬G'(‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫ه‬FF *‫ا‬7'1/ ‫ة‬F7F7‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -1

.0185)F.‫ا‬7F' ?.‫ر‬G'(0111 31‫ا‬F 5‫ة‬Fo' ‫ة‬Fo :F? gFF - 2
.0820805) F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(N77..G' FF ‫ة‬.p‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF'N N77FG -3
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JN‫د‬F' G‫ر‬7 FF ‫ا‬N‫و‬F ‫ا‬G?‫د‬. ‫>ى‬o ‫ة‬F‫ة ?ا‬G7. P‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' F‫ا‬NGF' NF FN&'‫ر‬7' F‫أ‬. O‫ر‬F N.g' ‫ف‬䅊N
‫ف‬䅊 F‫و‬G.‫ة‬NFN‫د‬F' *‫ا‬G>FG' N *‫ا‬F‫و‬Go'N *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' F? 1‫د‬7. pF' *'1'‫ر‬FF' F. FFN‫ى‬G>?F'
.‫ة‬NFN77FGF' N6'1g' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا&ها‬F. F‫ا‬G6F FN&'‫ر‬7' ‫د‬0 F‫ا‬N/g' .F‫>ا‬
36
: ‫ثـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــاني‬F‫ ا‬F‫فصـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــ‬F‫ا‬
G‫د‬FF F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F N‫ و⨬تس‬NFFF F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F FN‫شك‬.F‫ ا‬FFF F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F FGF‫ا‬
.‫ة‬FF F F F F F F F F F F F F F F NFN7‫س‬FGF‫ة ا‬FF F F F F F F F F F F F F F F FN6‫ق‬FF
.)8491( ‫كبة‬F ‫لل‬䐧‫ي خ‬䩆F‫ا‬FGF‫ال ا‬G?‫ف أ‬䅊 ‫ن‬䙊N7‫س‬FGF‫لجئ ا‬䐧F‫اع ا‬6‫ أو‬-
.‫ي‬䩆F‫ا‬FGF‫ ا‬G‫ر‬7 FG ‫ها‬.‫ل‬䐬‫?ا‬G ‫قة‬N‫ر‬7‫) و‬8491( ‫كسة‬FF‫ة ا‬F‫رح‬G -
.‫ة‬NFN7‫س‬FGF‫ة ا‬N6‫ق‬FF ‫ه‬.‫اصر‬FG‫ور و‬.‫كا‬N‫كار‬F‫ ا‬FG -

‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N6FFF G‫د‬N7.N NFNG6.F- FGF-
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
: ‫د‬N‫ه‬G.
0‫ا‬Ng‫و‬F- ‫ها‬.GNF/ 7N5 '‫ا‬.FN&-‫ر‬7+ ‫ة‬FN5 K‫ا‬NFF ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG- GN‫>ر‬F- FG ‫&ة‬N‫ه‬.. ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬7N‫ر‬. .G‫ا‬F ‫ا‬G‫?د‬.
. GN7F.F- 7-‫ر‬F 7-‫د‬7+ Jg. FG GF6 ‫ى‬F? -‫د‬G‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬NGN‫ر‬Gg- /‫د‬/.G-
‫ع‬N‫ر‬6G ‫ى‬F? ..‫و‬7K1291/11/92 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬7‫ا‬. ‫ا?ا‬G..- /‫د‬/.G- GGgF ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F- ‫ة‬N?Gn- 0‫د‬F?"
J‫ا‬F GF‫ذ‬.N.N‫و‬7.F- F? /‫ر‬6? ‫اع‬F.G-N ‫ا‬.‫و‬7)12( ‫ة‬67‫?ا‬G F.‫ا‬FG ‫ا‬.‫و‬7)29( J‫ا‬F P‫ذ‬F- GN7F.F-
Lg?g- ‫ة‬/‫ر‬G g+ ‫ا‬G5‫?ا‬. G‫ة‬NF‫و‬N‫ه‬7F- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o-N NF7‫و‬.7G- FG /‫ر‬G‫ة >ا‬/‫ر‬G. F.F.7-N 0-‫و‬7g- N/F/
1
." K1291/01/11 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FN‫د‬F- K‫ا‬NF F?
.FN&-‫ر‬7+ ‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7F ?Gg- ‫ة‬7o- .F‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬F5‫ ?ا‬FG. G 7-‫ر‬FF- -‫ذ‬G .&‫ا‬.F L) /N/
‫ة‬FN‫د‬FF %99.1 )²GG194900 (‫ة‬N5‫هو‬NF- ‫ة‬FN‫د‬FF N77FG <7) FG %19.17-‫ر‬FF- ‫ى‬7?)N "
2
."9‫د‬FF- ‫ة‬F7FG %0.1‫و‬oN )²GG114110( ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F-
K‫ا‬NFF- O+ -N‫د‬G?G‫د‬/-N F7N ‫ف‬䅊 NG‫ر‬7F- 6N?N L) FN/.7G- FG GF) /‫ر‬GG. 5‫هو‬NF- FG( ‫د‬FF
L‫ا‬G P‫ا‬.F‫ا‬.N ":J‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 NF. ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GGPN77FGF- .?6FF ‫د‬N‫ر‬6.F-N .‫ه‬.F-N 'g.g- ‫ة‬NFG?.
-6+.NNF7g- <7g- G‫ذ‬G '‫ا‬F.) ‫د‬N‫ر‬6.. g+ <7g- FG ‫ة‬F7FG- G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FN5 FNG6. FG‫ي‬䩅g GF‫أ‬. 7-‫ر‬FF-
NNF7g- L‫ا‬G7F- .‫ه‬.. g+ N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N5‫هو‬N ‫ة‬FN5 '‫ا‬6F+ GG7N‫د‬Fo FGN G‫ة‬FN‫ها‬7FF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ا‬.
.?6F- ‫ع‬g.F- .G‫هد‬.7- pF- ‫ة‬7p- NGN<.NF-5 ‫ة‬7.=F. .G‫ة ?ر‬7. ‫ف‬䅊 5‫هو‬NF- GF?G‫ا‬G ‫و‬GN.‫ها‬FG
NGN‫ر‬G) N‫ا‬7N‫ر‬. G?‫د‬..‫ر‬/FF Go‫ا‬.‫ا‬7?N 5‫هو‬NF- ‫هز‬. ‫د‬FN.1291 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ذ‬FG G67) FG PN77FGF-
.922;)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G(N77..G- FG ‫ة‬.p‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N6FF-N N77FG -1

.92;9019)L‫ا‬G??N8‫و‬.F-N‫ر‬6FFF 7&‫ا‬GFF-7-5(1=NNFN77FGF- N&.gF- ‫ة‬N6F O+ F.‫د‬G‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -9
38
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
‫ا‬FG PN77FGF- .?6F-N/‫ا‬7‫أ‬G ‫ع‬N‫ر‬6G K‫ا‬G) G‫ه‬7GF) L‫و‬NFN77FGF- ‫د‬.N P‫ا‬.F‫ا‬.N‫وع‬6‫و‬G- -‫ذ‬G n‫>ر‬
1
." 5‫و‬G7F-N 5‫ها‬n-N ‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG- 7‫ر‬FN G‫و‬7 ‫د‬NG‫أ‬.F‫ا‬.
o6 ‫ف‬䅊 Go‫ا‬770N G‫ه‬.G-‫و‬G 5‫?د‬.F. 5-‫ر‬G) G..NG‫ر‬. ‫ف‬䅊 PN77FGF- ?G.o- FGo L) N?N.7F- FGN
.‫ا‬.GF-N '-‫?ر‬6F- ‫&ة‬G O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+... GG>N P‫ر‬G7?F-N .N.7F-N NG‫ا‬o- N GF?G- ‫د‬.FG 0g‫ا‬o-
‫ف‬䅊 07‫ا‬/) ‫ة‬F‫ا‬/ FG G‫ا‬. GG‫ر‬G- ‫ها‬7‫ا‬7/+ ‫و‬G ‫&ة‬GF- G‫ذ‬G ‫ز‬N‫ي‬䩅‫ا‬G L) /N/ NNFNG6.F- NF‫ا‬FGF-N
‫ة‬NFG J‫ا‬G?) Jg. FG GF6 F? .?.F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫?ة‬7‫ا‬7G- O+ L‫ا‬FGF‫ا‬. ?G‫د‬N‫ا‬GGg- N) 3‫ر‬GF- '-‫و‬7 ‫ها‬.N7GF
.GFNF> L‫ا‬NG6NN G.‫ا‬7G FG ‫ا‬GGp L-‫ذ‬FF- GF‫و‬G- -‫د‬N7 L-‫و‬Fg-N ‫ة‬6N‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?.7‫إ‬. ‫ة‬N6FF- GF. ‫د‬7.
‫?د‬. /‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G .F‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NFNFo- ‫ها‬.Fg7F- L‫أ‬. ‫د‬n‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o- 7‫ >هو‬.N7‫ا‬.F ?...G‫ا‬G
GF6 O+ ‫ا‬F‫ر‬6) ‫ا‬GGGG8‫ا‬FG FG NNFN77FGFF ‫د‬N‫ر‬6.F-N .‫ه‬.F- ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ة‬N-‫د‬.N FN&-‫ر‬7+ ‫ة‬FN5 K‫ا‬NF
.‫ا‬F.‫ا‬7
‫ا‬G‫و‬GN‫ة‬NFN77FGF- /‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G- ‫ة‬N-‫د‬. ‫هد‬6 PN77FG FG L6) ‫ف‬䅊 ?FNN O‫د‬7 GF )1291( K‫ ?ا‬L+
.?6F‫ا‬. .G) pF- ‫ة‬/7‫ا‬GF-N /‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G- G.o ‫?ة‬F‫ا‬GN ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. ‫ة‬GFGG‫ة‬.GFF- /F77G GNF? FF7)
.I-‫ذ‬F( PN77FGF-
JN‫د‬F- FG ‫ا‬o->F7-‫ى >ر‬F? -‫ر‬.‫أ‬.G ‫ا‬6‫?ا‬.F- /‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o- .G‫د ?ر‬FF
FG?F- O+ G.‫و‬.F- O+ NNFN77FGF- NF‫ا‬FGF- G>?G G-‫ر‬7F-N J‫>ا‬.6- O+ ?.-7 -‫ذ‬GN O‫ر‬.g- ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F-
J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 N.‫و‬G‫و‬GFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ا‬. ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬7-7‫د‬F- ‫ة‬F7-‫و‬G F? GN‫?ز‬F-N G6‫>ا‬F- F.o- ‫ة‬o‫ا‬oN P‫ر‬G7?F-
‫ة‬N5‫ا‬G- GN‫>ر‬F- O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬. Kg- F7‫و‬F- 27‫ا‬. /‫د‬.-‫و‬.G- L‫و‬FGF- 0‫ا‬N‫ي‬䩅5‫ا‬G) ‫ف‬䅊 NFNG6.F- FGF-
.‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G-N
. 21;)G7GF ?.‫ر‬G-(NNFN77FGF- N&.gF- ‫ة‬N6F O+ F.‫د‬G‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -1
39
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
.)8491( ‫ة‬.GF ‫لل‬䐧. FNF‫ا‬FGF' ‫ال‬G?‫ أ‬NG NFN77FGF' &.‫ل‬䐧F' ‫اع‬6‫أو‬: .I
.?G..GF' ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6F F?‫ر‬N.?.F' NG NFNG6.F' FGF' ‫ة‬NGG‫أ‬-8
5-‫ر‬Gg- FG 5‫ ?د‬O‫ر‬.g- NG ‫ها‬..NG‫ر‬. ‫ف‬䅊 FG/ pF-‫ر‬7g- FG ‫و?ة‬Go FG ?G.o FG L‫و‬G.N

P‫ذ‬F- L‫ا‬FGF- ‫د‬n 5-‫ر‬Gg- 'g‫ؤ‬G N. FGG‫ر‬.( O+ 7.6 FG G‫ه‬.G-‫و‬GN Go-7‫د‬F GF.0 FN‫ذ‬F-
7‫د‬.g- FN.7F- GF‫و‬GFGF- FN‫ر‬7 F? ‫ة‬F‫ا‬G)N H‫د‬7 FG. G7GF 0‫ا‬.F. F? .?.F- O+ ‫ا‬G&-5 ‫?ى‬7N
:GF) ‫ى‬F? G‫ها ?ر‬FN. FGG FGF- GN7‫?ا‬. 05‫?د‬. /N/GF‫ذ‬F F/Gg-N
/N/‫ر‬/‫ؤ‬G FNo .‫و‬F7‫أ‬.FN‫ر‬.f- O+ ‫ا?ر‬6G-N 7‫ا‬GGg-N GNFF- F6G) N ‫ى‬w) J‫ا‬7N+N) FFF"
1
".GNF.7G- FN‫ر‬7F- O+ GG5‫ا‬67+N G‫ه‬G‫و‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 /‫أ‬.F- O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫?ة‬.G- ‫ر‬G‫و‬N
L) JN‫ا‬o P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬GGF- =‫ا‬6FF ‫>هر‬G GFg L‫ا‬7FgF ‫ة‬F‫ا‬77 ‫ى‬w) ‫و‬G : N7F‫ر‬GF- L-5N7 J‫و‬FNN
. GG‫ه‬GF L) ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬F7N‫د‬. ‫ا‬FFN?N L)N G‫?ا‬F- G‫ه‬G.N
N‫?ا‬G- 6?. F? .?.F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬7/F. FGF- ‫ة‬G‫ه‬G L+ ":‫ر‬ng L-8‫و‬7 ‫ة‬NGN‫ر‬Gg- /‫ر‬GGG- J‫و‬F.N
.2".?.F- F&‫ا‬7N FG O‫ر‬.) ‫ة‬FN7N ‫ة‬Ng ‫ى‬.‫أ‬.. g ‫ة‬N‫ز‬G7 ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. ‫ة‬FNG?F-
G‫?ر‬N FGF- L‫ا‬G ‫ا‬GN..." G.G‫ا‬F/N G-‫و‬.7G F???N L) ‫ا‬N?N.7NK‫د‬FF- ‫ذ‬FG L‫ا‬7Fg- ?G ‫د‬FN FGF‫ا‬G
L‫ا‬7Fg- ‫ا?ر‬6GN N?N O‫و‬.7G ?G‫ر‬. L) ‫ا‬G7N‫د‬FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬F/ /‫و‬FG‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬G. ‫ز‬NG.NN?-‫د‬.+ =‫ا‬6F GF) ‫ى‬F?
FG6..‫ة‬NG‫ا‬FN5 ‫ة‬Fg? ‫ف‬䅊-‫د‬.) NG8g.G ‫ا‬G‫ه‬.F?.NL‫ا‬7Fg-N FGF- .?o pF- ‫ة‬7.-‫ر‬F- 0‫أ‬6F ‫ا‬FG FG
3
." O‫ر‬.) ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬F FG ‫د?ة‬.G- ‫ة‬N7.6F- ‫?ة‬N.7 =N‫ر‬6FN‫ة‬N/‫ا‬F FG ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬6o- GN‫>ر‬FF ‫ا‬FGN ‫ا‬o‫ا‬N7?G
F.-7-5(1=GG‫ا‬G/)N G.G7FG...G7‫ا‬/(N G7‫و‬7 ‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- FGF-P‫ر‬G?F- /‫ز‬o F. NF? 22;‫ع‬-‫د‬..-N ‫اع‬..-.. NGg7g- FGF-:F? gFF -1
.90; K9010/‫د‬.)K‫ز‬/
.9190;)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G(P‫ر‬G?F- /‫ز‬o F. NF? 92;‫ع‬-‫د‬..-N ‫اع‬..-..NGg7g- FGF-:F?gFF -2
.12;1222)‫ر‬7o G7‫?ا‬G- 7-5 ?N8‫و‬.(9=‫ز‬G‫ر‬F- G‫?ا‬N FGF- ‫ة‬N7? ‫د‬Gp F7p -3
40
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
.‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬NFNG6.F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬/F' *‫ا‬N'‫د‬. :-2
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬ogN/G F? 7‫>هو‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 0‫ر‬.‫أ‬. ‫ا‬G‫أ‬. O‫ر‬N ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o- .N7‫ا‬.F /G7.G- L-
5‫ف ?د‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F- ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- ‫ة‬NFGF- 0‫ا‬G‫ر‬o- .F‫ا‬G -6- ":J‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 GF‫ذ‬F 6) ‫ا‬GGn‫?ر‬F- F7‫و‬F- NF‫ا‬.
‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- ‫ة‬NFGF- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o- L‫إ‬GL‫ر‬FF- -‫ذ‬G F&-N) ‫ذ‬FG ‫ا‬o-‫و‬7. ON) 0)‫د‬. ‫د‬F ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F- 7‫ا‬7Fg- FG
‫&ة‬GF- GGN NF‫ا‬FGF- FG 5‫د >هر ?د‬FG ‫ة‬.GFF- F.F ‫ا‬G)K1291 K‫ة ?ا‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬.GFF- ‫?د‬. g+ )‫د‬.. G
K1222/7‫و‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 -‫هد‬6.7-N‫ا‬G‫ا‬N ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G FG ‫ا‬GN‫ة‬NN‫د‬. FNF. L‫ا‬FGF-N‫ر‬G‫ا‬7F- F7NG L‫ا‬FGF- F/G ONg-
J‫ا‬G?) .F‫ا‬GGN‫ا‬.‫د‬F- ‫ا‬GNN ‫د‬GpN L-7‫د‬. P.N H-8‫ر‬F- ‫د‬.?N L-7‫د‬. J‫ا‬o L‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F- ‫&ة‬GF- ‫ا‬G)
1
." ‫ة‬N.?6F-N ‫ة‬NF‫و‬7.F- 0‫و?ا‬6‫و‬G-7‫و‬7. G‫ه‬6?.
7NF GF) g+‫ة‬NFNG6.F- L‫و‬FGF- J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 =‫ا‬6FF- 6?. ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬NFGF- ‫ة‬/‫ا‬7F- .G‫ ?ر‬0‫د‬FF
‫ى‬F? 7FN ‫ا‬GG‫ها‬FN/ ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F- JN‫د‬F- N‫ا‬FG 6?. ‫ا‬o ?.G.. .F‫ا‬G pF- ‫ة‬NG-?/g- FG .GF- 7‫د‬FF- GF‫ذ‬.
J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 /7NF- ‫ة‬NFGF- 0‫ا‬7‫ا‬G7g- 6?. 5‫و‬.N FG /?GF- GF. F0 G -‫ذ‬G ?G... ":J‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G GF6
‫ة‬7-7‫د‬F- ;‫ر‬G FG ‫ها‬.N.F‫ >ا‬L‫ا‬G‫ر‬o ‫ة‬.N.F‫ة‬N5‫ر‬GF- ‫ز?ة‬FF-N J‫ا‬.7g- FG ‫وع‬F. ‫ها‬FGo ‫ف‬䅊 .G7.- pF-G7‫ر‬F-
7NFN ‫ة‬N-‫هو‬G ‫ة‬/‫و‬FF- ?G .FG‫?ا‬.‫ة‬F‫ر‬G.G 0gN‫ا‬/GG ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- .7‫ا‬..F- GF. 0‫>هر‬G‫ة‬N?-‫و‬F- ‫ة‬N‫ي‬䩅5‫ا‬Gg-
‫ى‬/FG FN‫و‬G. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬FG‫ؤ‬. L) FGGG- FG pF- 0‫ا‬N‫و‬FNg-N .‫ا‬.7g- ?No 0‫د‬FG ‫ا‬G) o/ G-?/‫إ‬G
-?. GNG-‫ر‬.+ -?.:.7‫ا‬..F- G‫ذ‬G 8‫ر‬.) FG L‫ا‬GN‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F- /7G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N‫ر‬GG GNF? J‫?و‬N NFNG6.
5NN-5NP‫د‬F‫ا‬p- 7‫د‬N/N ‫?د‬7 FNF. L-?.NHN7‫ا‬G GN8‫و‬.NP7‫و‬.‫ا‬G 27‫و‬.N/7‫و‬.‫ر‬. -?.N
FG GG>N 2" /5‫ ?و‬J‫و‬6GN.o- ‫ة‬G7‫ا‬GN‫ب‬⡊F/ ‫ا‬NG‫و‬7N-‫ر‬6p- GN‫ر‬6NNGFG .N7N‫و‬GN7g8
.GGN‫ر‬7‫?ا‬
.22;K9001)‫ا?ة‬.7F-N ?N8‫و‬.F-N ‫ر‬6FFF /7G- 7-5(1= n‫?ر‬F- F7‫و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o-P5‫و‬. N7/ ‫د‬Gp -1
.21;K9001)‫ع‬8‫و‬.F-N‫ر‬6FFF ‫&د‬-‫ر‬F-7-5(1=N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- NFNG6.F- FGFF ‫ة‬N‫ر‬GGF- ‫ة‬NF.F-G‫ر‬.-‫و‬n- G7‫و‬N ‫ر‬7F 2
41
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
.‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬NFNG6.F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬/FF ‫ة‬NF?GF' ‫ة‬F‫ل‬䐧7F‫ل‬䐥' :-3

?G P)1291 ‫ة‬F7 ?F7G ?G ‫ة‬NFNFo- G75-‫و‬. 0‫ >هر‬PN77FGF- NFNG6.F- FGF- L+
‫اع‬N6F-N .N‫?ذ‬.F- ‫ع‬-‫و‬F) o6 FG 0‫و‬/ pF-)‫ة‬.GFF-(O‫ر‬/g‫ا‬. N) ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- /‫ا‬7‫أ‬G- ‫ة‬N-‫د‬.
I‫ر‬o-N ?G-‫د‬F- ‫ة‬.‫ا‬/o ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N6FFF ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F- 0-7‫و‬7.F-N ‫اع‬6Ng- G‫ذ‬G .F‫ا‬GG0‫ا‬.6F-N
'‫ا‬F.‫أ‬.N GF7‫و‬. G) P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬N‫ر‬G- ?F-‫و‬FF .‫ر‬Fg- GF‫و‬G‫ة‬7‫ا‬. PN77FGF-N‫ة‬G‫ ?ا‬n‫?ر‬F- L‫ا‬FGF- ‫ر‬GGF
J‫ا‬G?.7‫إ‬. GF6 F? .?.FF ‫?ة‬7‫ا‬7G- O+ G?G5 9‫ا‬7/ .FFN GG‫ر‬G 9‫ا‬7/+ N6 GFgNGF7N
.NFNG6.F- FGF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFN) /5‫ا‬GG L-‫و‬Fg-N =‫و‬7p-
NF‫ا‬FGF-‫ؤ⩅تر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫د‬F // ‫ف‬䅊 FN‫ز‬G- Fo‫ر‬F- ‫د‬.? PN77FGF- L‫ا‬FGF-"J‫و‬F -‫ذ‬G G?‫د‬N ‫ا‬GN
FGF- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 ONg- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G-":K1211?G7N5F6G5 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬F? P‫ذ‬F- .‫?ر‬F- NNFNG6.F-
5‫ر‬6.F- 0‫ا‬GNq FG /‫ا‬/‫و‬.7G ‫ا‬o5‫ا‬G .F‫ا‬G‫ة‬FN?G GN‫>ر‬F .?6. PN77FGF- NFNG6.F-
PGF- ‫ا‬o‫و‬F7) L‫ا‬GN.GF7N FG 5‫ر‬7 .?6 ‫ها‬NFgN pF- ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g- /‫ا‬No- /‫و‬7FN L‫ا‬G‫ر‬o-N ‫اع‬N6F-N
?? ‫د‬FN.N6N /)‫ر‬G-N FG7 FG L-‫د‬.N ‫ف‬䅊 G-‫ر‬F P‫ذ‬F- 5‫و‬G7F- F? .?.N .‫ر‬G ?F-‫و‬F NFN.7.
‫ا‬GG L‫ا‬G ‫د‬FNF/Gg- K‫ة ⩅تا‬F‫ا‬FGF-N=‫شو‬㑅 FN?‫ا‬w+ L‫ا‬FGF- ;g.+N H‫د‬7. ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G F?
1
." ‫ة‬G5‫ا‬FF- J‫ا‬N.gF FN‫ر‬7F- /7‫ا‬F+N‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- PN77FGF- FGF- G&‫?ا‬5 '‫ا‬77+ ‫ف‬䅊.G F6G
":GF6 57N ‫ا‬GG ‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- PN77FGF- FGFF 9‫ا‬7g- ‫ر‬./ .FG6 ‫ة‬.GFF- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G L+
FGG. 0‫ز‬N‫ا⩅ت‬G FG. -FN‫ر‬6?F- L‫ر‬FF- FG JNg- G7FF- – ‫ا‬G‫و‬G? ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G O+ ‫وع‬.‫ر‬F‫ا‬.N
7‫ذ‬n- 0‫ا ?د‬G) g+FGF- ‫ة‬/‫ا‬7 ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N‫ي‬䩅5‫ا‬Gg- ‫ر‬7‫ا‬F?FF .‫ا‬N>NNFNG6.F- N?‫و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 7FF
‫ة‬NFG ‫ة‬G‫ر‬/ /7‫و‬7 ‫ى‬F? 7‫و‬F..F‫ا‬. ‫ذ‬.) P‫ذ‬F-N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- NFNG6.F- FGF- .N7‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 9‫ا‬7g-
.10;)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G(n‫?ر‬F- F7‫و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o-P5‫و‬. N7/ ‫د‬Gp -1
42
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
K‫ة ?ا‬.GFF‫ا‬. F/G.G-‫د‬N‫د‬n- N7‫ا‬N7F- 1‫د‬o- ?G GF?‫ا‬G. ‫ذ‬FG ‫ة‬G‫ر‬/FF‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- K‫هو‬GG‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N?-N
1
." K1291
.G7F ‫ا‬GF/G 1291 ‫ة‬.GF ‫?د‬. ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o- .G7FF- " ‫?د‬. ‫ا‬GNG FGF
5g.F- ‫ف‬䅊N/‫>ز‬N ‫ة‬N.‫>ر‬F- ‫ة‬G6F-N N77FGN FNF. ‫ف‬䅊 G..6G-N ‫&ة‬6‫ا‬FF- .G-‫و‬G- 0)‫د‬.NN77FG
‫ة‬.?7F- 0‫ا‬F‫ا‬GGg-N GN‫>ر‬F- G>7FGF- ‫ة‬7-7‫د‬F FF7F. N&.gF- .F.F.7- pF- /7N‫ا‬o- ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F-
PN77FGF- .?6F- ‫ها‬6‫ ?ا‬pF- N7‫آ‬G-N /‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G- F? GF6 ‫?د‬. PN77FGF- FNG6.F- ?? ‫د‬FN
L‫و‬NFNG6.F- ‫ها‬NG K‫ا‬F) pF- ‫ة‬FGGg- ‫وع‬F.. ‫ة‬N77..F- ‫ة‬NG‫و‬FF-N ‫ة‬N7-7‫د‬F- 75‫ا‬7G- .?‫و‬F.N
2
." G67‫أ‬. G7‫ا‬..7-N ‫ة‬NG‫و‬FF- G.N7‫و‬70 -‫ز‬NG.G ‫ا‬NFNG6. ‫ا‬FG ‫وع‬F.F- -‫ذ‬G F? ..FNL‫و‬NFN77FGF-
‫ا‬.F‫>ا‬N/‫د‬/-N ‫ى‬F.. ‫ى‬wg- G.F‫ا‬77 L) g+ G.‫ا‬G‫ا‬.- Gg..+NG.7‫ا‬6G 5‫?د‬. G>7 FGF‫ا‬G

Jg. FG GF6N /‫ا&د‬7F- ‫اع‬6NgF G6G7N?F-‫و‬F- F? .?.F- ‫ف‬䅊 .G FG6. ‫>هر‬N FGF- L‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G
N) O?G F? .?. g+ ‫و‬G ‫ا‬G"PGF- 2‫ا‬.Fg‫ا‬G ‫ا?ر‬6G-N 7N7‫ا‬/g- G.?N P‫ذ‬F-PGF- FG?F-
F?//.F- ‫ة‬NFG? GNG ‫ر‬G‫و‬.. .‫و‬F7‫أ‬. ‫ها‬o?NGN.7‫ا‬p- G‫?ا‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 L‫ا‬FGF- ‫ها‬7o /7‫ا‬/+ N)J‫?ا‬GF+
3
."‫ز‬NGG- ‫?ها‬.‫ا‬7N ‫ا‬o‫د‬/N ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o >N7 ‫ف‬䅊J‫ا‬G6g-N L-‫و‬Fg-N 0‫ا‬/‫ا‬7G-N=‫و‬7p- 0‫ا‬Fg?
G6G7 F? FGF‫ا‬. .?.F- ‫ف‬䅊 G.)5 -‫ذ‬G L‫ا‬G ‫ب‬⡊F.g- o/N PN77FGF-N n‫?ر‬F- L‫ا‬FGF‫ا‬G
J‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G GF6 ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G‫ؤ‬N ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..- ‫ة‬GN>N G.‫ا‬N7 ‫ف‬䅊 FGo FGF‫ا‬GG?G.o F.-5 ‫ا‬G ‫اع‬6Ng
‫ة‬N7.6NGNG ..F) P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- 3N7 ‫ة‬N‫ها‬FF- ‫ف‬䅊 7G?N L) ‫د‬.g G5‫ر‬n L) ‫ا‬FFN‫ا‬/ ‫ا‬G‫ه‬G FGF-N":
‫ا‬F‫د‬7F '-‫و‬7 N?‫ا‬G..- GF‫ذ‬. ‫هو‬G‫ا‬G 9‫ا‬G?F-N /‫ا‬No- ‫د‬NFN FGF- Lg GF6NG...F) pF- L‫ا‬FGF-
." ‫د‬7FF G K) GF6
.2229;)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G(G‫ر‬.-‫و‬n- G7‫و‬N ‫ر‬7F n‫?ر‬F- F7‫و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- L‫و‬FGF-:F? gFF-1
.29;K9001)N77FG G- K-7 .G‫ا‬FG-‫ز‬G‫ر‬G(1=/‫ذ‬.‫ا‬7g- FG ‫و?ة‬Go GNF‫أ‬. P‫و‬F‫ا‬/F- JNg- G7FF GF?G- FNF5G‫ر‬o-N L‫و‬FGF--2
.12;)P‫ر‬GGF- ‫ع‬-‫د‬.gF ‫ة‬F7‫ا‬6F- ‫ز‬G‫ر‬G(=5/N‫د‬o- FGF-N‫و‬N7.F- ‫د‬Gp -3
43
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
(Sans idée l’art 6N?N L) FGF- ?N7.7Ng /‫ر‬GG LN‫د‬.G"/‫ر‬GG FGo GF‫و‬G O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
FG6F-N FG6F- ?G /‫ر‬GGF- FG-‫و‬. ‫و‬G PGF- FG?F- =N‫ر‬6 JN)N . ne peut pas vivre)
1
." /‫ر‬GGF- ?G
.‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬NFNG6.F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬/F' ‫و'د‬7 8‫ر‬.‫أ‬-9
FN?‫ا‬w+ NFNG6.F- ‫د‬F‫ا‬FF-N L‫ا‬FGF- ‫?د‬N9002 -1220‫د‬FF- ‫د‬NF-‫و‬G FG":=‫شو‬㑅 FN?‫ا‬w+

o/N G.N-‫د‬. ‫ذ‬FG G8‫ا‬FF- PN77FGF- 3‫ر‬.FF G‫ه‬FG. -‫و‬.7) FN‫ذ‬F- NNFNG6.F- NF‫ا‬FGF- 8‫ر‬.)N F&-N) FG=‫شو‬㑅
G pF-‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- ‫ة‬NFGF- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬/FF NF?GF- 77‫ؤ‬G- ?.?NN.L-‫و‬Fg-N ‫ة‬6N‫ر‬F- ‫ها‬NG G7G /‫ر‬G ‫ر‬.(
‫ة‬N6FF- ‫ها‬NG 0‫ر‬G pF- F/-‫ر‬G- GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 G.?6 /‫ا‬N/ ‫ة‬NFGF- G.‫ا‬N/ 7.‫ر‬N L) ‫اع‬7.7- ‫ا‬F‫ا‬FG GF.F G‫?ر‬.
G67‫أ‬. G.?6F 5N‫د‬p gF- G7G.F- ‫ى‬F??F-‫و‬F-N ‫ز‬G‫ر‬F- N. 2‫ز‬G- Jg. FGG.‫ا‬G‫و‬77 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬G)N.‫ة‬NFN77FGF-
.GF‫ا‬G7) F.F.7GN GF‫و‬F/N GGNF F? ‫اع‬G‫د‬F‫ا‬. ‫ة‬.F7F- G.5-7+ ‫ى‬F?NK‫د‬FF- ‫ف‬䅊 .7‫ا‬6F- P7‫ا‬6o- G/N7‫و‬GN
.2" PGF- G.‫ا‬.Fg ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. <7‫?ا‬G GNFN PN77FG NFNG6. L‫ا‬FG JN) ‫و‬GN
?G ‫أ‬n ‫د‬FNG‫ر‬G? FG /‫ر‬6? ‫?ة‬7‫ا‬.F- ‫ة‬N-‫د‬. ‫ف‬䅊 )FN?‫ا‬w+( L‫ا‬GK1291 ‫ة‬.GFF- K‫ف ?ا‬䅊 "
./‫اع >ز‬7F O+‫ة‬NF‫و‬N‫ه‬7F- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬G7?F- 0‫ا‬G>FG- 0‫ا‬.‫ا‬7? ‫ها‬.77‫ا‬G P‫ر‬7F .o ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ر‬/+G.‫ر‬7)
‫د‬FN)‫ر‬o- G7FF-( ‫ة‬FNGn- L‫و‬FGF- ‫ة‬NFG. F/.FNF/‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF- O+ K1210 K‫) ?ا‬FN?‫ا‬w+( ‫ر‬G‫ا‬7
‫ة‬7-7‫د‬F- GN7‫ا‬7G .7GN K-N‫د‬F- 0‫ا‬FN) 27‫ا‬. NF-‫ز‬.7g- P‫ه‬G- FG?F- ‫ر‬o- G7‫ر‬F- G7F GF 3‫ا‬.)
GF?.N /?. GF6 G5-8‫ا‬G-‫و‬7N ;‫ا‬.6) 7‫و‬7N ‫ة‬N?N.7 ‫ا>ر‬FGN ‫ا‬GFN7 0‫ا‬6NG) G77 FN‫ر‬7 F?
‫ة‬G‫ر‬/N ‫ة‬N‫و‬N/ G‫ا‬7?) ‫ا‬GNNG‫>ا‬FF- .g7FF ‫ة‬N?n- ‫ة‬NGN7gGF- ‫ة‬N‫ي‬䩅5‫ا‬Gg- =‫ا‬Gg- F? 2‫ر‬p
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬Gn-N ‫ة‬NFGF- ‫ا‬o‫و‬7G O+‫ة‬N7GFF- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬7G- ‫ها‬.&NG FG G.6‫ا‬GN G7‫و‬.6 ‫ر‬N‫و‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬/N
.111;) G7GF ?.‫ر‬G-(/N‫د‬o- FGF-N‫و‬N7.F- ‫د‬Gp -1

http://www.diwanalarab.com 11:20:.NF‫و‬.F-9012-02-92.‫ا‬N>F- F>...=‫شو‬㑅 FN?‫ا‬w+ ‫&د‬-‫ر‬F-.‫و‬F?N 5NN-5 9N) -2
44
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
?7‫ا‬.F- ‫ف‬䅊N5‫و‬FGGN .F.7G F7‫و‬F NFo-N '‫و‬.FF- FG‫ا‬G)N N.G- ‫و‬o /5N‫د‬6G ‫ة‬NFN77FG /Ggo
JNg- G6‫?ر‬G F )FNo( ‫>ر‬7g- GFNF6 ‫ة‬G7‫ا‬6o K‫ا‬F) K1212 K‫و) ?ا‬NF‫و‬N( 8‫ ⩅تو‬FG FN‫ر‬6?F-N
L‫ا‬FGF <‫?ر‬G JN) GF6 L‫ا‬GN ‫ة‬NFGF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬.F‫ا‬7 J‫ز‬N GN/‫ة >ز‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 )NG>‫و‬G- P5‫ا‬F( ‫ف‬䅊
."N77FG <7) ‫ى‬F? PN77FG
)‫و‬NF‫و‬N( 8‫ ⩅تو‬91 ‫ف‬䅊‫ر‬7‫ا‬FF- ‫د‬.? J‫ا‬o F/-‫ر‬F- P‫ر‬7G- 7N&‫ر‬F- /..G- /‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF- ‫ف‬䅊 " /‫د‬G ‫?د‬.N
FoN F N7‫ا‬.7 5‫ا‬G PN77FGF- L‫ا‬FGF-N F/Gg- K‫ة ⩅تا‬F‫ا‬FGF- ‫ة‬G7‫ا‬6o F GF <‫?ر‬G JN) K1219
‫ة‬7oN)=‫شو‬㑅( FF ‫ة‬/‫و‬F N7oN 7o FG ‫ا‬F‫و‬GG <‫?ر‬G- L‫ا‬GN» PN77FGF- &.gF- « L-‫و‬F?
1
." )N7‫ا‬.7 5‫ا‬G ( FF 0‫ا‬/‫و‬F ‫ر‬6?N)F/Gg- K‫ (⩅تا‬FF /‫ر‬6?
G77 "GF7N ‫ة‬N6FN G.?6 J-‫و‬/‫أ‬. =‫شو‬㑅 K‫ا‬G.G- O‫د‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬NG‫أ‬. I‫ا‬FG ‫ر‬.( ?6‫و‬G ‫ف‬䅊N
‫ف‬䅊 NNFN77FGF- N&.gF- /‫ا‬N/ ?F-N 7‫و‬7. 0‫ا‬/‫و‬F 0‫ا‬FN7Gp- /?G ‫ف‬䅊 =‫شو‬㑅 FN?‫ا‬w+
"/>7F- ‫&ة‬.gF-"N "5‫?و‬N7 FG"N "5‫?و‬F7" G.‫ا‬/‫و‬F 0‫ا‬/‫و‬FF- GF. GG) N. FG .0‫ا‬GN.G-
0‫ا‬/‫و‬FF- GF. FNN‫ا‬F? FG ‫>هر‬N ‫ا‬GGN.".NF7F- ‫ى‬F? N77FG"N "FN) O+"N "n) L‫ا‬G ‫ا‬FG"N
L‫ا‬7Fg- '‫ا‬F. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ع‬N‫ر‬6G F/ .‫ا‬7.>- '‫ا‬. G7‫ا‬..?‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬F FG .‫ه‬.F- ‫ة‬N6F J‫و‬/ ‫ا‬G7‫و‬/‫و ⩅ت‬G
F?..7.>G- Fo- ‫اع‬.?7- )‫د‬.G ‫ا‬FNF/ ‫ا‬G7‫ا‬..?‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/ ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬F FG /5‫?و‬F- ‫ة‬N6F J‫و‬/NGF7N ‫ف‬䅊
‫ة‬NFG8 /‫?د‬7) ‫ة‬/g/ N. ?Gn- ‫ا‬o 5-7) GF‫أ‬. =‫شو‬㑅 FN?‫ا‬w+ J‫و‬FN ".NF7F- ‫ى‬F? N77FG" G./‫و‬F
J‫ا‬6FF- .n P‫ذ‬F- F.F.7G- -.)N0‫ا‬GN.G- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬FF- /‫ا‬No-N <7g- L-‫د‬FGN ..6.F- NG
.2"J‫ا‬G7g- /5‫?ا‬7N Kg7 F.) FGN GF.) FG
.)F.‫ا‬7 7‫د‬7G(.‫ا‬N>F- F>...=‫شو‬㑅 FN?‫ا‬w+ ‫&د‬-‫ر‬F-.‫و‬F?N 5NN-5 9N) -1

99:92.NF‫و‬.F-9012-09-01 PN77FGF- NFNG6.F- FGF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬.GFF-N‫ا‬GF7G ‫ة‬/NFG - 2
https://sites.google.com
45
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
‫ى‬F.‫ا‬G -‫ذ‬GN?G.o- ‫ة‬G‫د‬p G.7.NFGF- GNNG. ‫ف‬䅊 L‫ا‬FG FG ‫ى‬/FG ‫ى‬o PN77FGF- L‫ا‬FGF‫ا‬G
0‫ر‬G ‫د‬F .F‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FNFF K-‫ة" )?و‬.GFF- J‫ا‬G?‫أ‬. FF?. ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. =‫شو‬㑅 FN?‫ا‬w+ PN77FGF- L‫ا‬FGF- J‫ا‬G?) ‫ف‬䅊
L‫ا‬G'‫و‬.FF- 0‫ا‬GNqN ‫ف‬䅊‫ا‬FG- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ع‬8‫و‬.. N?F.FG-N FN‫ر‬.‫ه‬G- ‫وع‬o .F‫ا‬G ‫ا‬GNGN‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬.GFF- ‫ى‬F?
-‫ة‬/‫و‬F– ‫ة‬.‫ر‬7F L‫ا‬F?F- GF-‫و‬Fg FF7‫أ‬G‫ة‬.N‫ر‬F /5‫ ?و‬FG G>G ‫ها‬FN/ ‫ا‬F/-N =‫شو‬㑅 FN?‫ا‬w+ NFNG6.F- L‫ا‬FGF-
.Fo /‫د‬N7F ‫ف‬䅊 NG‫ر‬GF- O‫ر‬GF- ‫د‬.? .GF- PN77FGF- ‫ا?ر‬6F- ‫د‬N6F GF-‫و‬F‫أ‬. -7N‫ا‬o"5‫?و‬F7" ‫ا‬G-‫و‬F?
1
." G7GF L-‫و‬F?F-
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PN77FGF- /‫ر‬G-6 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬G8 ‫?د‬...
g /‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G G7N‫د‬. .?6F- <‫?ر‬.NN
?7F- ‫ة‬GG/ .F/G‫ا‬G FN/G
0‫ا‬G7 8‫ر‬.) O‫د‬/+ 5‫و‬G7F-N
‫ة‬/‫و‬F 0'‫ا‬.GPN77FGF- .?6F-
&.gF- /8?G 7‫و‬7FG L‫ا‬GNF7
GNG.G ‫ى‬F? FGo PN77FGF-
0‫ا‬/‫و‬F 0'‫ا‬. ‫ا‬GG9‫د‬FF-
‫?ة‬N.7F- FG 7‫ا‬7+ FG6 7‫ا‬.7F-
O+ 6N -/) -‫ز‬G7 ‫ة‬.G‫ا‬7F-
.2"NNFN77FGF-
‫وط‬G6 FN?‫ا‬G7' ‫ان‬FGF' "‫?ود‬F7 " ‫ة‬/‫و‬F

(.F )‫ر‬N‫ز‬.F')
http://www.aljazeera.net92:90:.NF‫و‬.F- 9012-02-91‫ة‬.GFF- /5‫?ا‬.7-N NFNG6.F- FGF-NFN‫ر‬6F- ‫د‬o) -1

.G7GF7‫د‬7G- -2
46
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
Jg. ‫?ة‬7-‫و‬F- ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- /‫ر‬.G- ")1291( .‫ر‬/ F? ...F pF- ‫ة‬N/7‫ا‬GF- .&‫ا‬.FF- N. FG
NNFN77FGF- FG G‫و‬Fg- 0‫&ا‬G ‫ر‬76- 6+.‫ر‬/FF ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g- .&‫ا‬.FF- GG) FG 1292N1291 NG‫?ا‬
‫ر‬N5 ‫ة‬/‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬7‫ا‬.NNNFN77FGF- ‫د‬6 ‫ة‬FN‫ها‬7F- ‫ا‬G‫ذ‬GF pF- ‫ة‬NF‫و‬N‫ه‬7F- ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬G7g- 0‫ا‬NFG?F-N .‫ر‬o- F?G.
‫?د‬. ‫ها‬NF+ /5‫?و‬F- FG) ‫ى‬F?‫ا‬N‫ر‬7F N77FG FG 2N‫ر‬p- O+1291 FN‫ر‬.+/L‫ا‬7NF FG ?7‫ا‬.F- ‫ف‬䅊 N7‫ا‬N
.1" ‫اع‬6Ng- 7-‫ر‬F.7-N .‫ر‬o- '‫ها‬.F-
FN?‫ا‬w+ L‫ا‬FGFF ) FN) O+( ‫ة‬/‫و‬F PN77FGF- &.gF- ‫ة‬N6F ‫د‬7. pF- ‫ة‬NFGF- J‫ا‬G?g- N. FGN
. =‫شو‬㑅
.910;)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G( ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N6FF-N N77FG -1
47
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
: F/Gg- G7‫ ?ا‬K‫⩅تا‬
K‫ ?ا‬0N. O+ ‫ها‬FG) ?G ‫ة‬.GFF- ‫ا‬o5‫ر‬6K1221 K‫ها ?ا‬NG /5‫و‬F‫و‬G- ‫ا‬G‫ا‬N ‫ة‬F.- ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬FGF-
/‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF‫ا‬. ‫ة‬FNGn- L‫و‬FGFF P‫?ا‬F- ‫?هد‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 L‫و‬FGF- ‫ة‬7-7‫د‬F ‫ة‬/?. 0N. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬7‫ا‬FG- ‫ة‬NFG ‫ها‬./FGK1291
1211K‫?هد ?ا‬G- FG FGF- 7N7‫د‬. /8‫ا‬.+ /5‫ها‬6N ‫ة‬FNGn- L‫و‬FGF- /5‫ها‬6 ‫ى‬F? .F7/K1212 K‫?ا‬
‫ها‬.N8 ‫?د‬. ‫ا‬GNG /.7) P‫ذ‬F-N=‫شو‬㑅 FN?‫ا‬w+ L‫ا‬FGF- ?G PG <‫?ر‬o 1219 K‫?ا‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 .G7‫ا‬6/‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF- ‫ف‬䅊
=‫شو‬㑅 FN?‫ا‬w+ ‫ها‬.N8 .G7‫ا‬6‫ر‬7‫ا‬FF- ‫د‬.? J‫ا‬o F/-‫ر‬F- 7N&‫ر‬F- <‫?ر‬G- -‫ذ‬G /..G-N PGF- ‫ا‬o75 FNG7N
.G‫?ا‬F- JN5 FG.G 5‫ف ?د‬䅊N‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F- JN‫د‬F- G>?G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬GG‫ا‬G?g .GNF) pF- <7‫?ا‬G- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊
.?6F- 1-‫ر‬. ‫ا‬G‫ ?ا‬N7o FG‫ر‬/G) O‫د‬G ‫ى‬F?N‫ها‬.6N7 ‫ع‬-‫د‬.‫إ‬. 7‫و‬7. L) K‫ ⩅تا‬.?‫ا‬7.7- ‫د‬FF
‫?ها‬GN ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- /‫ا‬7‫أ‬G-N ‫ة‬N6FFFN PN77FGF- ‫ب‬⡊?6F- 1-?FF K‫ ⩅تا‬G.7?) ‫ا‬G L+/‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G ?F-NN PN77FGF-
.)/N/7 7G?F-N FN?‫ا‬w+ F? /N‫د‬o- LN5 K‫ ⩅تا‬F? /N‫د‬o- .?7N GFg( FN?‫ا‬w+ ‫?ا‬.7
‫ة‬F‫ا‬FG JN) NGN1219K‫ ?ا‬/‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N7.6 ‫ا‬6‫?ر‬G GNF. ‫ة‬NFN77FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬FG JN) K‫? ⩅تا‬.?.
FG /‫&د‬-‫ر‬G n‫?ر‬F- NFNG6.F- ‫وع‬.7g- ‫ف‬䅊 .G‫ر‬G ‫د‬FN ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- L‫و‬FGF- 0‫ا‬N‫ي‬䩅5‫ا‬G) FG 2‫ر‬... ‫ة‬NFN77FG
.PN77FGF- NFNG6.F- FGF- 5-N7
K‫ز‬.F. L) K‫ ⩅تا‬.?‫ا‬7.7-0-‫ذ‬F-N ‫ة‬N‫و‬G- F? //.F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ‫ف‬䅊 /75‫ا‬.G- K‫ا‬G8 G7‫ ⩅ت‬L) .?‫ا‬7.7-
/??G1-?F-N /7‫ا‬6o-N .N7‫ا‬.F‫ا‬. ‫ها‬G7‫⩅ت‬N ‫ها‬N?N Jg. FG L‫ا‬7Fg‫ا‬. ‫و‬G7N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬GNG-‫د‬Gg- ‫ى‬w‫أ‬.
1
."1-‫د‬/gF ‫ها‬.6N‫?ا‬G Jg. FG PN77FGF- 1-?F-N ‫ة‬N6FF- F?
.)G‫ر‬7..(101;9002/10/23‫ا‬.FF- ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. -0‫ا‬N‫د‬/N ?F-N– PN77FGF- ‫ب‬⡊?6F- 1-?F-N FGF- ‫ؤ⩅تر‬G ?&‫ا‬FN0-?F F7/?. Oo-1
48
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
0g‫?ا‬GFg- 7G?N ‫ا‬G+ " FGF- L‫أ‬. : P‫و‬N5 L‫و‬. J‫و‬FN ?G.o- 3N7 7G?N ‫ا‬G+ FGF‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FoN
1
." ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g- /‫ا‬N/FF ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬G>Fg‫ا‬. ‫ة‬7..‫ر‬G-7‫ا‬GGg-N
FN?‫ا‬w+ NF‫ا‬FGF- J‫ا‬G?) Jg. FG ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g- ‫ة‬N‫>ا‬F- FF/ GF‫أ‬. ‫د‬n‫ة‬.GFF- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G FG ‫ف‬䅊 FG‫أ‬.G-N
.?.F- ‫ف‬䅊0‫ا‬NFN7Gp- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 L‫ا‬F/g- /n ‫د‬FN":J‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GGF/Gg- K‫⩅تا‬N =‫شو‬㑅
‫ى‬F? .F> 6+G‫?ا‬F- O+ .‫و‬GFG- L‫ا‬7Fg- 0‫و‬7 J‫ا‬7N- Jg. FG PN77FGF- L-‫د‬.‫و‬F- F? H5‫ا‬7F-
FGF- 0‫ا‬G‫ا‬.- F? GF‫ذ‬. FN‫?د‬..G‫ا‬F‫ا‬N/) ‫ة‬N‫ز‬G‫ر‬F- 6?. FG6.G-P.?.F- N?F-‫و‬F- .‫و‬F7g- ‫ا‬GG‫ا‬G?)
FG6. ‫ة‬NGN‫ر‬Gg-N ‫ة‬N.N7Ng- ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- L‫و‬FGF- 05‫ا‬7 pF-NG.-'‫ا‬F.N FG6F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬//‫ا‬.F-‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- NFNG6.F-
‫ا‬GG‫ا‬G(N ‫ا‬G‫ه‬.F‫ا‬7G 3‫و‬6NN‫ا‬G‫ه‬F‫و‬F/ ‫ة‬N?N‫ر‬6GN ‫ا‬G‫ه‬.N6F ‫ة‬N?F-‫و‬. FF7G- ‫ا‬GG‫يا‬䩅+ O+ GF6 ?.‫ر‬NN;‫ا‬.
GG)N/‫ر‬.N .?6F- -‫ذ‬G 3‫ر‬. NG pF- N77FG FG ‫ا‬F)/‫د‬N‫د‬. ‫ة‬G7FG ‫دع‬.) G ‫ا‬F) "=‫شو‬㑅 J‫و‬FN -‫ذ‬oN
2
."NFG) N NG) NG ‫ا‬GG NG) N
N&.gF- 0‫ا‬GNq NGG "‫&ا‬.g /.7) L) ‫ذ‬FG PN77FGF- .?6F- /‫ا‬N/ NFNG6.F- FGF- 3?N G
pF- ‫ة‬FN6F- ‫ة‬F8g- L-7‫د‬. 8‫ر‬.) F?FNG‫ه‬.N‫و‬GN G‫ه‬67‫أ‬. NNFN77FGF- G7‫ ⩅ت‬F? ??. ‫ة‬G?6G //G G7-‫و‬F
.F/ /5‫?و‬F-N ‫ا‬FF7N N77FG:‫ة‬FGGG- L-‫و‬Fg-N J‫ا‬G6g- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬G. 4‫ر‬7.
GF?F-N N77FG ‫ة‬7N‫ر‬.:-7‫ا‬6.F- ‫ا‬G‫ر‬/G) FGNN&.gF- 0‫ا‬N‫ر‬G6N J‫ا‬G( L-7‫د‬n- K‫و‬77 7G?.N
9‫د‬FF‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- /‫ر‬G-‫ذ‬F- FG7. L‫د‬GN FG‫ا‬G)N5‫و‬7g-N 6N.g-N ‫ر‬og-N ‫ر‬6.g- GF-‫و‬F)NPN77FGF-
0-7‫ا‬N.F- ‫ا‬6N)N 0-7‫ا‬FG-N 7-‫و‬7g-N ‫د‬.‫ا‬7G- .‫ا‬.F O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬.‫ا‬G>N /‫ر‬7‫ا‬FF-N ‫ا‬G?N ‫ا‬GN/N ‫ا‬G‫ا‬NN
.3" 3g7F-N G/FG- N&-‫د‬GF-N ‫ة‬F>F/ ‫ة‬N7.6N ‫ة‬NG‫و‬GF-N /N.‫ا‬GG-N
.11;)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G(G‫ر‬.-‫و‬n- G7‫و‬N ‫ر‬7F‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- ‫ر‬GGF- ‫ف‬䅊 FGF- ‫ة‬G7FGGNG-‫ر‬.- ‫ا‬N‫ر‬G8:F? gFF -1
.29-22;)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G(G‫ر‬.-‫و‬n- G7‫و‬NPN77FGF- n‫?ر‬F-‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F- FGP‫و‬.‫ا‬F)G‫و‬F-‫د‬F.:F? gFF -2
.12;K9010)0N.0-7‫ا‬6.7g-N 0‫ا‬7-7‫د‬FF ‫ة‬F‫و‬.N‫ز‬F-‫ز‬G‫ر‬G(1=PN77FGF- &.gF- /‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G‫اع‬FG N?GN‫ا‬.N? O‫ر‬G -3
49
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
.FNF‫ا‬FGF' ‫رف‬7 FG ‫ها‬..F‫?ا‬G ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7‫) و‬8491( ‫ة‬7GFF' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G .II
: NFN77FGF' ?G..GF' ‫ى‬F? 8491 (‫ر‬/F ‫ة‬N.F7F' .&‫ا‬.FF'-8
K‫ا‬G8 ‫ف‬䅊 GG/.F- FG ‫ة‬NF‫و‬N‫ه‬7F- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o- FG‫⩅ت‬NN77FG <7) O+ ‫ة‬N5‫هو‬NF- /‫ر‬.G- ?.‫ا‬.. ?GN
‫ة‬G>Fg- 6?. J6‫ا‬0 -‫ذ‬GN‫?ها‬G ‫ة‬N.‫>ر‬F- JN‫د‬F- &7-‫و‬.N ‫ها‬FN/ 5‫هو‬NF- 5‫ ?د‬/5‫ا‬N8NN77FG F.-5 7‫و‬Gg-
F? FF.g PN77FGF- .?6FF /‫د‬N‫د‬. /‫ا‬F‫?ا‬GN /‫ا‬7‫أ‬G /5gN ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ا‬7 GF6 FG O‫ر‬.) FG-‫?و‬N‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F-
./‫?د‬7g- GF.q ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N7‫ز‬G ‫اع‬6N) ‫ها‬F? ...F /N/‫ة‬7GFF‫ا‬. /.g- G‫ذ‬G .G‫ ?ر‬pF-N1291 ‫ة‬.GF
<7g- ‫ف‬䅊 ;‫ا‬.6) ‫ة‬7o F7) FG NF/- L‫إ‬G) ‫ا‬G ‫د‬/ O+(1221 .‫ر‬/ o 1291 .‫ر‬o ‫ة‬.N.F"
0‫ا‬GN.G- ‫ف‬䅊 6N?N ‫ا‬.N‫ر‬F. N&.gF- G7F FG FF) J-‫ز‬N ‫ا‬GN.G‫ه‬FG FN7‫د‬/FG- N) N&.gF- FG GG ‫ة‬F.o-
O‫ر‬.g-N )‫ة‬NF‫د‬G-( 0‫ا‬GN.G- FG %21 ‫ا‬.N‫ر‬F. GG‫د‬/N L‫&و‬.gF- ‫ها‬F7FN pF- N&.gF- 0‫ا‬GNq FG6.N
."1 )‫ة‬NGN‫ر‬F-(
FN‫ر‬7 F? GF6NPN77FGF- ?G.o- O‫و‬.7G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NFNF/ ‫ة‬/7‫ا‬G O+ 1221 ‫ة‬7GF 05) ‫د‬FF
‫ة‬NFN77FGF- /‫ر‬7g- .6‫?ر‬. ‫د‬FG 1221 K‫ا ?ا‬G) "GF ‫ة‬F‫و‬GG- ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g- ‫ة‬NFp-N /-‫و‬FF- GNGG.N .‫ر‬6
‫ة‬G6F- N6-7) G7F /75‫ا‬7G .‫⩅ت‬N‫ا‬6N) PN77FG )200000( FG‫ر‬/G) 5‫ر‬7 G.GO‫ر‬.) ‫ة‬N‫ر‬7F /‫ز‬G O+
‫?ة‬G‫ا‬.(‫ها‬NF? 0‫ا‬F7‫و‬.7G- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F+N ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- N6-7g- .G 0‫ا‬NFG? 0‫ر‬G.7-N/‫اع >ز‬7FN ‫ة‬N.‫>ر‬F-
2
.")21;1221‫ة‬/‫و‬.GG- 9‫د‬FF-
N?‫ا‬G..g-N ‫ف‬䅊‫ا‬F/F- '‫ا‬F.F- GF‫ذ‬GN ".-‫ر‬p- N K‫هد‬FF .6‫?ر‬. ‫د‬FG ‫ة‬N./.F- O.F- O‫و‬.7G ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G)
O‫ر‬F L‫ا‬G7 FFF oNG?‫ر‬.N 0‫ر‬F)N‫ا‬.‫و‬F .N.N ‫و‬F‫ا‬NN9-‫و‬G? F/G 1221 K‫ها ?ا‬FG‫ا‬G. O‫ر‬F K‫د‬G o ‫د‬FG
.929;)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G (N77..G- FG ‫ة‬.p‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N6FF-N N77FG -1

.921;G7GF ?.‫ر‬G-- 2
50
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
'‫ا‬F.F- ?F‫ ⩅ت‬L) ‫ا‬G‫أ‬6 FG ‫ة‬NFGNG 7&-‫ر‬0 L‫د‬G-N O‫ر‬FF- 7‫و‬7. FG ‫د‬/N‫ها‬G7FN 0‫و‬N.F- .F‫ا‬. O+ O‫ر‬.)
NFo- ?G.o-:‫>ر‬F-(.0‫ا‬F7‫و‬.7G- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F+ F.‫ا‬FG ‫ف‬䅊GF‫ذ‬G ‫ية‬䩅‫د‬FF- ‫ة‬NF.g- GNG‫ر‬. ?F‫⩅ت‬N ‫د‬N‫د‬n-
1
.")119;1221PN77FGF-
FG 7G?F- ‫ى‬F?N"PN77FGN n‫ ?ر‬FG .FF ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬/)N ?FN ‫ا‬G L‫ا‬G O‫ر‬.)N .&‫ا‬.FF- G‫ذ‬G FG
FN‫ز‬o- J‫ا‬F.?F-N N6‫ا‬G‫ا‬. O>.. ‫ة‬G‫ا‬/ ‫ة‬N7F‫ا‬GN7 ‫ة‬F‫ا‬/ ‫ا‬G‫ر‬/) L‫و‬6N?N L‫د?و‬.G- L‫ا‬G /N/1291 K‫ية ?ا‬䩅‫ز‬G
.6>N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F- K‫ا‬Np- ‫ف‬䅊 5‫ر‬6.F- 7‫و‬7 8-‫ر‬.g 0‫ا‬GN‫أ‬.F- L‫و‬F7‫ر‬NNNN.G‫ذ‬F- FG‫ر‬F-N '‫ا‬6‫و‬F-N &7‫ا‬6F-N
1221 K‫ ?ا‬L-‫ر‬N‫ز‬/ ‫ية‬䩅‫ز‬G ‫?د‬. PN77FGF- L‫إ‬G-‫ذ‬G FG 7G?F- ‫ى‬F?‫ة‬6‫?ا‬g- 0‫ا‬F‫ا‬7. J6N7F7F-
3N7 ?G '-‫د‬GF- G.‫ا‬6.N/7‫و‬/F-N ‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG- 3N7 .G‫ا‬7.N3g7F- FGo .‫ه‬G‫ية‬䩅‫هز‬FF Kg7.7g- 6G7
.FG6 pF- ‫ر‬N‫ر‬/.F- ‫ة‬G>FG F? g6G‫ة‬NFGF-N ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬F/F- ‫ا‬ogNG6.N ‫ة‬N7‫و‬/F- 0‫ا‬GN>F.F- 0‫>هر‬G‫ع‬-‫د‬.g-
.2"‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N?-‫د‬.g-N ‫ة‬N7‫و‬/F- 0‫ا‬G‫ر‬o- FGF ‫ا‬G‫ا‬6 ‫ا‬.N7F
.8491 ‫ذ‬FG NFN77FGF' NFNG6.F' FGF' FG ‫ة‬NF‫ثا‬F' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬GF' ‫ة‬N'‫د‬. -2
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‫ة‬F‫ا‬o /‫د‬N7F-NG-‫ز‬.G7 5‫و‬GpN0‫ا‬o‫ر‬7‫ا‬F GNG-‫ر‬.+N7‫ا‬G/N 7‫و‬7GN 0‫ا‬o2go- ‫ى‬G77G "

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'‫ا‬w) 0'‫ا‬. ‫ة‬F.o- N77FG F.-5 FGN :-‫?و‬F ‫د‬o)NN78 ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬7N 0‫ا‬G‫ ?ر‬G‫ا‬G?N‫ة‬Gg7 wNJ‫?ا‬F-
FG L‫ا‬N7 FNF.N-‫ ⩅تر‬FG .‫ا‬N5 HN7‫ا‬GNFG‫ر‬GF- ‫ة‬NF-5 FG -‫ر‬GF- FG G- ‫د‬.?N‫ا‬GN/ FG P‫د‬.‫د ?ا‬.? F/G
P7‫و‬p- P‫ر‬7N/‫ر‬7‫ا‬FF- FG N-‫د‬N8 ‫ر‬G‫ا‬7N-‫ ⩅تر‬FG ‫ا‬.NG- ‫و‬.) L-N‫ر‬GN‫ة‬FN‫ر‬F- FG 2‫ا‬o- P8‫>ا‬NI‫و‬.-‫د‬F-
5‫ ?د‬g+ ‫ة‬.N7N) O+ J‫و‬7‫و‬F- ?7.7N GNG7GF. G7GF .75 ‫د‬F NF‫ا‬FGF- 'g‫ؤ‬G FG -.G -5‫ ?د‬L) >/gNN
7N.N /7-78 GF7G No- ‫د‬.? F/G /‫د‬N‫ا' ?د‬w) 0‫>هر‬G NNFN77FGF- NF‫ا‬FGF- 7‫د >هو‬N-‫ز‬.NG‫ه‬FG FNFF
N. ‫اع‬6 ‫د‬FN ‫ة‬G-‫ز‬/ GNG-‫ر‬.-NP7‫⩅تا‬-G ‫ة‬G-‫ز‬p-N0‫ا‬G‫ر‬. 7N. N 7‫و‬7FG L‫ا‬GNF7NN‫ا‬F? FN.FNG‫ر‬6
0‫ا‬FN7Gp-‫ر‬.-N) ‫ذ‬FG FGF- -‫و‬775LN7‫و‬7G G‫?ه‬No(‫ة‬NG7‫و‬F- ‫ة‬N?F-‫و‬F- .‫و‬F7) NF‫ا‬FGF- 'g‫ؤ‬G FG 5‫?د‬
1
." ‫ة‬NG‫?ا‬F-N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F- G7-‫?و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊
‫ها‬F/-‫ر‬G GF.q ??‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N6FF- 1-‫د‬/) FN.7.N FN/‫و‬. ‫ف‬䅊 K‫ا‬G 7N5 L‫ا‬FGFF L‫ا‬G ‫د‬FF
GGg( 6N?N .?6F- -‫ذ‬G FG '‫ز‬.G NNFNG6.F- NF‫ا‬FGF- 7N5 8‫ر‬. H‫ا‬N7F- -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊N..."K‫و‬F?G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG
F.7 ‫د‬NF0NN‫و‬N‫ه‬7F- F.o- G&-‫ر‬. FN/‫و‬. ‫ف‬䅊 K‫ا‬G 7N5 GG L‫ا‬GGP‫>ا‬F- F7‫و‬F- -‫ذ‬G ‫ر‬N‫ر‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 GF‫ا‬G(N
o6 ?N6-‫و‬G F? Go‫ا‬/‫و‬F ./‫د‬/.G‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N6FF- ‫ا‬o 0‫ر‬G pF- F/-‫ر‬G- ?? PN77FGF- J‫ا‬6FF-
.-‫?ذ‬F- L-‫و‬F) o6 ‫ا‬FFG) H-6 GNGN ‫ة‬.GFF- F? 1‫د‬/.. /7‫ا‬.GPN77FGF- .?6F- GNF‫?ا‬N ‫ا‬G
GF? ‫اع‬G‫د‬F-N F7‫و‬F- ./ 9‫ا‬FF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬F‫و‬.F ‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG-NO‫ر‬7g-N'-‫هد‬6F- F? Go‫ا‬/‫و‬F ./‫د‬/N‫ها‬..N.F
.2" GF.) FG L‫و‬GF‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F>) O‫د‬F.N
. 11-19;)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G(n‫?ر‬F- F7‫و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o-P5‫و‬. N7/ ‫د‬Gp -1

5‫?د‬F- ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F- /7-8N F?7‫د‬7. ‫ة‬NF7G ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬F/ ‫ة‬Fo )0-7-‫د‬G(‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG- ‫ف‬䅊 GG/‫أ‬. N L‫و‬NFNG6.F- L‫و‬F‫ا‬FGF-‫ة‬75‫ا‬.?F- N/.7 -2
.91;9011?G7N57G‫ا‬p-
56
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
F.o- G‫ر‬7 FG FNN6.F-N G7?.F- J‫ا‬G6) FG G.-NNF‫ا‬FGF- FG G>G PN77FGF- L‫ا‬FGF- L+

NF‫ا‬FGF- ‫د‬6 Jg./g- 97‫ا‬G"7‫ر‬/.F-N /7‫و‬/F- O+ .?6F- ‫د?و‬.N Fo‫ا‬. F7F. GF‫ا‬G?) Lg -‫ذ‬GN.7‫>ا‬F-
F.7F- F.-5 ‫ى‬FFNN<7‫?ا‬G- FG G.‫ا‬/‫و‬F 75‫ا‬7. n> N/.G L‫ا‬FGF- -‫هذ‬G ?GFF-N FNN6.F- ‫ع‬-‫و‬F) FG
FN?‫ا‬w+ NF‫ا‬FGF- G&FN) FGNF.o- ‫د‬6 /7‫و‬/N ‫ة‬7‫ا‬o G‫ا‬Gn- .‫ه‬F. .F‫ا‬G pF- G.‫ا‬/‫و‬F. ..7.1984
O+ /‫ا&ر‬/ GG‫و‬N? '‫ا‬F.) ‫ة‬/g/N .) -‫هذ‬G 3N‫ز‬FF- Kg(N /‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G ‫ها‬NG ‫د‬7."FN) O+" ‫ة‬/‫و‬F ./‫ا‬7 =‫شو‬㑅
.F7‫و‬F- GF+ ...L‫و‬GF‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F>) I‫ر‬. ‫?د‬. G-‫ر‬7g- ‫ة‬NG-?G- '-‫ر‬/7F- GF. ‫ف‬䅊 .G‫ذ‬. FN)
.?6F- -‫ذ‬G G7‫ها ⩅ت‬NG 7‫و‬7 pF-" FG‫ا‬o- Fo "G./‫و‬F ‫ف‬䅊 7‫و‬7FG L‫ا‬GNF7 NFNG6.F- L‫ا‬FGF-N
-‫و‬G7‫⩅ت‬: PN77FGF- .?6FF ‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬77 N‫ه‬GL‫ا‬G ‫ا‬GFN) ‫ها‬G FGo ‫هو‬G G.‫ا‬7‫د‬FGN G7‫د‬F. KN‫ا‬FG-
GF‫ا‬G?) ‫ف‬䅊 ‫دع‬.) P‫ذ‬F- 7-‫و‬F7F- 6. L‫ا‬FGF-N0‫ا‬.6F-N ‫ة‬.‫>ر‬F- /N‫ا‬7F .F‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G‫ه‬G GG7‫د‬FN GG67‫أ‬.
‫ة‬F‫ا‬.?F- G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 GG'‫ا‬7/+ ?N7.7F g FN7‫و‬N>F- 'g‫ؤ‬G 26‫ا‬GNFN. ‫?د‬. gN. ‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG- /‫ر‬GG FN7‫و‬..
J-‫ز‬N g '‫ا‬7?F- ‫ر‬GN 'g‫ؤ‬G J‫ا‬/G) ‫ى‬7FN g F7‫و‬F- -‫ذ‬G .-‫ر‬. L) g+‫?ا‬No GG‫ر‬G‫ذ‬F ?7.N g J‫ا‬o‫ا‬G
.1" ‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG- ‫ة‬NFGF- Go‫ا‬G‫ها‬7+ FG ‫ا‬FG‫د‬.G
.‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' G?‫ د‬NG FNN.‫غر‬F' FNF‫ا‬FGF'7‫دو‬-3
27‫و‬.( L‫ا‬FGF- -‫هذ‬G "‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N6FFF -‫ر‬G-N ‫>ا‬/ GG‫ا‬G?) ‫ف‬䅊 NN.‫>ر‬F- NF‫ا‬FGFF L‫ا‬G ‫د‬FF
G>7 0‫ ⩅تو‬FF .‫?و‬6F-( ‫ا‬G‫ا‬w ‫د‬FN ‫ة‬F/‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7F+ 0g‫ا‬/ L‫ا‬FGF- ‫ها‬7.7 NG‫ا‬6G /‫ ?د‬G77 ‫د‬F )5N?7
‫ة‬G‫د‬FG ‫ف‬䅊 G77 ‫د‬FG )gN.‫ا‬6 N -?7( /7‫ز‬o N/N FG L‫ا‬FGF- ‫ا‬G‫ز‬n) ‫د‬FN)/‫ر‬G.7G /7‫و‬/F-(N )/.-‫ذ‬G-
/‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬G7g- 0‫ا‬N7.6F- FG ‫و?ة‬Go -7‫و‬7 JNg- '‫ز‬n- ‫ا‬N-N8 FG ‫ة‬NN-8 ‫ف‬䅊N‫ى‬F.FF- //. ‫ة‬N7-‫د‬n-
‫ف‬䅊 )K-‫?د‬g-( ‫هد‬6G G77 ‫د‬G‫ا‬6G- 6?. ‫ف‬䅊NGG>N PNF‫و‬7‫و‬G‫ر‬F.GL‫ا‬N-5LN7‫ا‬6F>N.F/G ‫ية‬䩅‫د‬FF-N
.91;)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G(‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG- ‫ف‬䅊 GG/‫أ‬. N L‫و‬NFNG6.F- L‫و‬F‫ا‬FGF-‫ة‬75‫ا‬.?F- N/.7 - 1
57
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
)GN.GN‫د‬F( ‫ا‬N‫ا‬/6F- ‫ة‬/‫و‬F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ى‬F.FF- G77 ‫ا‬GG‫و‬7‫ا‬GN.F )‫ا‬GNF‫ر‬n-( ‫ة‬/‫و‬F ‫ف‬䅊 L‫ا‬7o- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬7N )‫ا‬N‫ة (>و‬/‫و‬F
1
." ‫ا‬Np7‫ا‬. ‫ها‬F/‫يا‬䩅 ‫ا‬o )gN.‫ا‬6N -?7( /7‫ز‬o 7.‫ر‬N L) 7‫و‬7F- G‫ذ‬G Jg. FG 5-7)N
L‫ا‬.‫ا‬NF- N‫ا‬FG 6?. ??"/N/L‫ا‬.‫ا‬NF- GNG ‫ا‬o G‫?ا‬F- '‫ا‬.7) FG ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N6FF- O‫د‬7 >F. ‫د‬FF
N77FG F? GNG -N?? P‫ذ‬F-)Jg./g- ‫د‬6 NF‫ا‬FG( P7N‫د‬F- <‫?ر‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 NF‫ا‬FGF- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ?? G‫ه‬.G7‫ا‬6o
‫ة‬77‫ا‬. ‫ى‬F? P‫و‬.oN77.G ‫ب‬⡊NG‫ر‬. .‫و‬F7‫أ‬. ‫ا‬G‫و‬F/G pF- GG‫ا‬G?) ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬77‫ا‬p- G‫ه‬G-‫د‬..7‫إ‬.
57‫و‬N6)(L‫ا‬FGF- ‫ة‬/‫و‬F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬GG N>-?F-N 9N?F- F/G‫ة‬NGNF‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬NF‫?د‬G ?7F ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+N N77FG
‫ة‬/‫و‬F ‫ف‬䅊NN77FG ‫ة‬FN5 G6N?. P‫ذ‬F- GGG.F- O+ /7‫ا‬6+ ichirohariu)N7‫و‬NG
L‫ا‬.‫ا‬NF- ‫ف‬䅊 L‫ا‬FGF- L‫أ‬GN‫ة‬NF‫?د‬G- G.-N5)‫ر‬.f- ‫و‬G K‫د‬..7N Mizuko yakuwa)-N‫ا‬GN‫و‬GN‫ز‬G(L‫ا‬FGF-
GN7F.GL‫ا‬FGF‫ا‬. ‫ة‬7No- ‫&ة‬N.F‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NFNG6.F- L‫و‬FGF- =‫ا‬..7-N‫ة‬N?‫ا‬F7F- /‫و‬FF‫ا‬. G5g. ‫ز‬N‫ ⩅ت‬O+ GF‫ذ‬. 6N
O+ N77FG G7FNF 5‫هو‬NF- G&‫ا‬F.. K‫و‬FN P‫ذ‬F- J8‫?ا‬F- 7-‫د‬n- GF‫ذ‬GNN77FG GN7F. O+ 0-7‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬77‫ا‬p-
=‫ا‬G) F? ??NN?‫ا‬G..- ..FGG FGF- ?G GFG‫?ا‬. FF7FG FG '‫ا‬. .‫>ر‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 L‫ا‬FGF- FG‫?ا‬. L+.NG7F
‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF- F? ??N ‫هو‬GGo‫>ا‬FN G‫ه‬.F‫ا‬N5N Go‫ا‬N7F. .GF..-‫و‬FN o/ .‫?و‬6F- N. N‫ا‬7Fg- F7-‫و‬.F-
G‫هد‬NNGNF‫?ا‬GN G7‫و‬7 ?No ‫ف‬䅊 GF?F-N .7?.F- ‫ع‬-‫و‬F) FG ‫ا‬Gg. FG ‫ذ‬.FN ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7F+ GNG‫ا‬Go ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7Fg-
2
.".‫?و‬6F- N. Kg7F- FNF/ O+
.‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FFF G.‫ر‬7‫ا‬FG‫ و‬7‫و‬.‫ا‬GN7‫ا‬GF' FG .III
Jg./g- ‫ة‬77‫ا‬G FG G>‫ر‬F- ‫ى‬F?‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N6FF- 1-‫د‬/) ‫?ة‬.‫ا‬.G ‫ف‬䅊 87‫ا‬. 7N5 FGFF L‫ا‬G ‫د‬FF
‫ة‬/5‫ا‬/ Jg. FG /6-N FG6. GF6 F/‫د ⩅ت‬FFNNF‫ا‬FGF-N FGF- ‫ى‬F? FNN6.F- J‫ا‬G6) FG N‫و‬N‫ه‬7F-
K) ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N.?F- ‫ة‬NFG ‫ة‬NFGF- ‫ة‬N.?F- G7FF K‫د‬FG // /‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7Fg- ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF- G?5 ‫ف‬䅊 NFNG6.F- FGF-7N5 7‫ا‬./ ‫د‬NGo- ‫د‬.? ‫د‬Gp .F. L‫ا‬F/ -1
.101;K9009/M1991JNg- N7-7‫د‬F- F7GF- ‫ة‬NFGF- ‫ة‬N.?F- ‫ف‬䅊 .7.‫ا‬G- ‫ة‬.75 ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7/FF NFNGG. .F7.GG O‫ر‬FF-
. 101-102;)G7GF ?.‫ر‬G-(:‫>ر‬F) -2
58
. : N‫ا‬/F- F7GF-
GF6 ‫د‬G‫ؤ‬N ‫ا‬GN"GG‫ا‬G?) /75‫ا‬7GN G‫ه‬F.7 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬.NNFN77FGF- NF‫ا‬FGF- 6?. J‫ا‬G?) H-‫ر‬/+
‫د‬F ‫ا‬.F‫ا‬G *1N.NFN77FG N./‫و‬F ‫ى‬F?‫ة‬6‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- G‫?ه‬G-‫د‬G L-F N‫و‬N‫ه‬7F- Jg./g- 5‫و‬F. Hg7+ &N6F-
‫ة‬FN‫د‬GFF GGg./- 7‫و‬G..GG- G‫ه‬G‫ا‬/.F- ‫د‬F? GF6N9‫د‬FF- ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F- ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬n- ..GG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬.FF?
‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ FGF /‫د‬N‫د‬6F- G‫ه‬..7‫ا‬p F?‫د‬N‫د‬n- GGg./- ‫ذ‬FGN GF‫ذ‬. -‫و‬FF?NF K1221 K‫?ا‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 G‫ر‬N‫د‬G J‫ا‬F.?g
2
." ‫ة‬NFNFo- N77FG ‫ة‬N‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬NG‫أ‬.F- ‫ها‬.FN‫ا‬p ‫ف‬䅊‫ة‬NFNG6.F- L‫و‬FGF- ‫ها‬FGN ‫ة‬NFN77FG
/7‫و‬/F‫ا‬. K‫ا‬NFFF G?G5NG.&.?.N PN77FGF- F7-‫و‬G- O‫د‬F N?‫و‬F- ‫ر‬6F ‫ف‬䅊 .G‫ا‬7 pF- L‫و‬FGF- N. FGN
F/‫د ⩅ت‬FFN‫ة‬NFN77FGF- ‫ة‬N6FF‫ا‬. ‫ة‬7‫ا‬/g- ‫ف‬䅊 .GN J‫?ا‬FG 7N5 .g- -‫ذ‬G L‫ا‬G /N/7‫و‬.‫ا‬GN7‫ا‬GF- FG ‫د‬n
-‫ر‬7. FG6 P‫ذ‬F- )NF?F' N.‫ا‬F( PN77FGF- L‫ا‬FGF- ‫د‬N ‫ى‬F? .G FG6. N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 7‫و‬.‫ا‬GN7‫ا‬GF- FG
.N‫و‬N‫ه‬7F- Jg./g- ‫ى‬F? GF‫ا‬G?‫أ‬.
?F-‫و‬FFN N‫و‬N‫ه‬7F- Jg./gF G7.7 F? /??G- G.‫ا‬G‫و‬77N NF?F- N.‫ا‬F L‫ا‬FGF- F? 1‫د‬/.F L) F.FN
.7‫و‬.‫ا‬GN7‫ا‬GF- K‫هو‬GG ‫د‬N‫د‬/ FG ‫د‬.gPN77FGF- .?6F- G6N?N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬N‫ر‬G-
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7Ng- ‫ة‬GFGFF ‫ة‬N‫>و‬FF- ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬FF- FG .‫ا‬GN7‫ا‬G ‫ة‬GFG F7) 5‫?و‬N":‫ر‬N.‫ا‬GN7‫ا‬GF' GN‫?ر‬. -8

9‫و‬G‫ا‬F .7/ ‫ا‬6N) .‫ا‬GN7‫ا‬G ‫ة‬GFG 6.N/GgG- 7‫>ها‬+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫>ة‬F‫ا‬.G-N ‫و‬6o- P?.N)caricatura)
.7‫و‬pN G‫و‬6G FG6. ?F-‫و‬F- 2‫ا‬.F+ /5‫?ا‬+N ‫ة‬FNF/FF PG GN‫و‬6. O+ N7F‫ر‬GF- Larousse
‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?N ‫ة‬N‫>و‬F > F&g5 ?? G.N ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬7.- ‫ا‬7G( GF‫و‬G. G‫و‬. J‫ا‬6NG GG‫?ر‬NFG ‫ا‬/g77- ‫ا‬G)
GF. ‫ى‬F? J‫د‬N‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F.g- ?G P‫ز‬G FG6. .‫و‬N?F- GF.q 8-‫ر‬.+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫>ة‬F‫ا‬.G- Jg. FG ‫ة‬FNFo- ‫ر‬N‫و‬/
.) G7‫ر‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FNFo-
FN?‫ا‬w- PN77FGF- L‫ا‬FGFF ‫ا‬GgGN) N77FG ?N.7( L-‫و‬F?. ‫ة‬/‫و‬F ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F-N)‫ة‬.GFF-( L-‫و‬F? ./ NNFN77FGF- 5‫ر‬6. /‫ا‬7‫أ‬G N./‫و‬FF- O‫د‬/- .F/G *1
.=‫شو‬㑅
.22;)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G( N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- NFNG6.F- FGFF ‫ة‬N‫ر‬GGF- ‫ة‬NF.F- G‫ر‬.-‫و‬n- G7‫و‬N ‫ر‬7F -2
59
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GF6 NF?F- N.‫ا‬F ‫ف‬䅊‫و‬. ‫د‬FF

‫ا‬GFq ‫ه‬6F- P7‫و‬.‫ا‬GN7‫ا‬GF- L‫ا‬FGF-
pF- 0‫ا‬G‫و‬7‫ر‬F- FG g&‫ا‬G ‫ا‬GG G'-7N
G.N ‫ف‬䅊 /‫د‬G‫ا‬7F- GGF-‫و‬G ‫د‬7.
N.‫ا‬F :‫د ?ا‬FF"N‫و‬N‫ه‬7F- F.o-
G7‫ر‬N ‫و‬GNG.N6F ‫ة‬FNF/ ‫د‬G‫ؤ‬NF
‫ف‬䅊 GG‫و‬77N G.7‫ا‬.? ‫ف‬䅊 G‫ر‬GG
'‫د‬.F- ‫ة‬7FF NG N77FG":GF‫و‬F
.1"'‫ها‬.Fg- ‫ة‬7FF NGN
L) g+ NF?F- 0‫و‬G G>7N

.‫ ⩅ت‬G)‫ة‬F>F/(G.N7.6N G7‫ا‬GG)
J‫ا‬G?) ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G&-5 /‫د‬7o .F> F.
‫ى‬F? 0‫و‬./FF ‫ة‬Gg?GNF‫ا‬FGF-
/‫ر‬G NF?F- N.‫ا‬F ‫>هر‬NN"Fo-
‫د‬FNGNG F.F P‫ذ‬F- K‫و‬NF- .N7‫ا‬.. O‫و‬F. ‫ة‬F7N ‫ى‬F?)‫ة‬F>F/(7.6 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N/‫ر‬G ‫&د‬-‫ر‬n- 0‫ا‬/G7 ‫ى‬F? O‫ر‬.)
GG‫ر‬.‫ا‬G N‫?د‬F- I75) ‫د‬FNGF7N Kg( N.‫ا‬F G. G7‫ر‬N L‫ا‬G P‫ذ‬F- ?o- .G7F- ‫ا‬GFN.K5 ‫?ة‬F.. ..7F.
2
."G.‫ا‬GN ‫?د‬. o/ G.7‫ا‬o F> ‫د‬FG -‫ذ‬FNNG‫?ا‬F- P)‫ر‬F- O‫و‬.7G ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬/) FGNF?F- N.‫ا‬F
?.‫ر‬G(/‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G- ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7Fg- ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF- G?5 ‫ف‬䅊 NFNG6.F- FGF-7N57‫ا‬./ ‫د‬NGo- ‫د‬.? ‫د‬Gp .F. L‫ا‬F/ -1
.112;)F.‫ا‬7
.‫ها‬7GF ‫ة‬/G7F-NG7GF ?.‫ر‬G- -2
65
NFF F F F F F F N.7.F' .F‫ا‬F F F F F Fn'
.‫ة‬NFGF' J‫ا‬FG?g' FFG ,0‫ا‬FF F F FG FNFFF F F F/
‫تح‪NF‬ل نم'ذج من '‪䐣‬لعم'ل '‪F‬فن‪N‬ة‪.‬‬ ‫'‪F‬ج'ن( '‪F‬تطب‪N‬ق‪:N‬‬
‫‪F‬و‪/‬ة (ج‪ FG‬ا‪/GF‬ا‪FF،)FG‬فنان س‪F‬ي‪G‬ان ‪G‬نصور‪.‬‬
‫‪67‬‬
.‫ة‬N‫فن‬F' ‫لعم'ل‬䐣' ‫ل نم'ذج من‬NF‫تح‬ :N‫ق‬N‫تطب‬F' (‫ج'ن‬F'
.FG‫ما‬䕱' Fo : ‫ة‬/‫و‬F FNF/
.1‫و‬7FG L‫ا‬GNF7 L‫ا‬FGFF
.4‫ا‬GF ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N.N‫ز‬F' L'‫و‬Fg' ‫ة‬7‫ا‬7‫و‬. ‫ذ‬GFG
.G7118×48:G7‫ر‬F' 3‫ا‬NFG
.1791:2‫ا‬ng' ‫ة‬F7
JNg' FG?F' 6‫?ر‬. ..7.،L‫و‬G6G'N ?‫و‬6‫و‬G'N FG6F' /N/ FG ‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F' FG?F' '‫ذ‬G ‫?د‬N
61g' ‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬FGF I?6G 6‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 )‫ر‬G JNg G6‫⩅ت ?ر‬N،J‫هو‬o F.F FG ‫ة‬F‫ر‬7FF K‫?ا‬F' 7GF ‫ف‬䅊N
‫ا?ة‬F ‫ف‬䅊 GF0N،GF)N ‫ا&ة‬G?7.N N?.7N 7o K‫ (( ?ا‬FG FN‫ر‬6?F'N ?7‫ا‬.F' ‫ف‬䅊 GNF) P‫ذ‬F'،‫ة‬F.‫م‬䕱'
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G?6GN ‫ة‬N7.6 61‫?ا‬G ‫ب‬⠱? G6‫ ?ر‬O'‫و‬. ‫ ⭅ث‬FG،3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N/N7G' (‫ا‬.6F' ‫ة‬N?o
.‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' *‫ا‬NF.FG' FG Lf'‫و‬GN،‫ة‬F/g *'?G
F.‫ر‬F )1‫و‬7 GG7.FG ‫ف‬䅊 GF>6N،/N‫د‬pg ?7'N '‫ا‬6G FG FG?FF NFG6F' '‫ا‬F.F' L‫و‬G.N
FG6 K‫?ا‬F' ‫ها‬FG6 ‫ف‬䅊 G.6.،G‫ى >هر‬F? ‫ة‬FNF/ ‫ة‬F.G GFGo ‫ة‬.N.F،?‫ذ‬n' P/FGN F7F' ‫ف‬䅊 F?‫ا‬7
J‫و‬/ G.FN P‫ذ‬F'N،‫ا‬G‫و‬/ ‫'&ر‬/ F./ Jg. FG GNGG. ‫ها‬G7‫ي‬䩅 /N/،‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p' ‫ها‬7‫و‬70،N?F'
G‫ا‬. '7.. I‫ر‬/.. F.‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬G‫د‬F N‫د‬.. ‫ة‬F‫ا‬o' G‫ذ‬G ?GN،OGNF' G?'10 ‫ى‬F? GFG '‫ز‬. O‫د‬.N ‫ا‬GG،G7)1
‫ز‬G1 /N/،F7F' 1‫ا‬.GF /‫ا‬.?G' PN77FGF' ‫ب‬⡊?6F' P‫ز‬F' ‫ا‬N‫د‬.‫ر‬G L‫ا‬FGF' G1‫و‬7 N/ ‫ف‬䅊،FG?F' N‫ي‬䩅
6N.g‫ا‬. L‫و‬FG J'N‫ر‬7F'‫ا‬G)،L'‫و‬FgF G.n‫?ا‬G Jg. FG G.''‫ا‬Fo'N 3‫ا‬.FF' *‫ا‬N7 FN7‫ا‬G. ‫ى‬F?
-‫ا‬6N F.‫ر‬F' FF? J‫و‬/ G.FNN،‫ا‬6N) 6N.g' L‫و‬FF‫ا‬. ‫ها‬F/G "J‫ا‬.‫و‬F"3)‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬7/ GF‫ذ‬G،G.‫ا‬.1‫د‬.N
.P.F' L‫و‬FF‫ا‬. F.1g'N ?10g'N GpgGN G.‫و‬F' L‫ا‬FGF' ‫ )>هر‬N/ ‫ف‬䅊،L‫و‬FF' ‫ر‬o)
68
.G FG6. '‫و‬6F' 1‫ا‬6.F' Jg. FG،‫ب'?ة‬⠱. L‫ا‬FGF' G‫د‬7. ‫د‬FG 1‫و‬FF'N F>F' /N/ FG ‫ا‬G)
P‫ذ‬F' FG6F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬6N) '‫و‬6F' 7NF7. ‫ ⩅ت‬N/ ‫ف‬䅊،‫ة‬/‫و‬FF ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬.NG?F' 1‫>ها‬g GF0N،‫ة‬NGFp' ‫ف‬䅊
L0‫آ‬G'N ‫د‬.‫ا‬7G' ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬F/G.G' *‫ا‬N‫ا‬F.F' FG ‫ة‬Fo ‫ى‬F? P‫و‬.o P‫ذ‬F'،N?F' G.6N
.)‫ر‬.7F' ‫ة‬.F ‫د‬.7G ‫ها‬77‫و‬.N،7&‫ا‬FGF'N
‫هد‬6o ‫ة‬NF.'‫د‬F' G./‫ا‬7G *g.G‫ا‬G،F.‫ر‬F' ‫ى >هر‬F? ‫ر‬F.7G' FG6F' FG P‫و‬F?F' ?7FG' ‫ا‬G)
/N/،)‫ر‬.7F' ‫ة‬.F ‫د‬.7G ‫ها‬77‫و‬.N،7&‫ا‬FGN L0‫آ‬GN (‫ا‬.F FG GN‫و‬/ ‫ا‬o،‫ية‬䩅‫د‬FF' 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G K‫?ا‬
*2‫ر‬.) pF' G.‫ا‬.1‫د‬.N،6N.g' L‫و‬FF' F? g6G '‫ا‬F1‫ز‬F'N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G‫ر‬F'N ‫ة‬N2‫و‬n' L'‫و‬Fg' FG?.7' L‫ا‬FGF' L)
.K‫?ا‬F' P1‫ا‬G?G' ‫ا‬G‫و‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F'‫?ر‬F'N K‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬G7. ./N) ‫ا‬GG،-‫و‬6‫و‬. ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G' FG6
)‫ر‬GG FG ‫&ا‬N6 (?F. ‫ها‬F?FN،G1‫ا‬GG' ‫ى‬F? ‫ب‬⠱7F' )‫ر‬GG O+ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬GGF' FG?F' ‫ة‬N?.‫ر‬G NG.F.
?o ‫د‬FF،.N1‫ا‬.F' ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ا‬o ‫ر‬G‫ا‬7NN GF7N K‫و‬G FGo G‫ر‬7‫أ‬. .?6 )‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G ‫د‬7. ‫نا‬䙇+،P2g' ('‫?ذ‬F'
‫ب‬⡊?6F' P‫ز‬F' ‫ا‬N‫د‬.‫ر‬G F7F' ‫ف‬䅊 F?‫ا‬7F' PN77FGF' F.‫ر‬F' N. FG?F' '‫ذ‬G Jg. FG L‫ا‬FGF'
.‫ة‬N7‫د‬FF'N J‫ا‬Gn'N )‫د‬/‫و‬F'N Kg7FF '‫ز‬G1 F/‫ ⩅ت‬pF'،‫ة‬FN‫?ر‬F' 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G N.N،+N1‫و‬G'
.N6F' F.‫ر‬F' Jg. FG ‫ة‬/‫و‬FF K‫?ا‬F' '‫ا‬F.F' ‫ها‬F? G6GNG، FG?FF ‫ة‬N‫ر‬GGF' ‫ة‬Fg‫د‬F' ‫ا‬G)
G.‫و‬F' .‫?ا‬. ‫ى‬F? -‫و‬6‫و‬.N )‫ر‬G‫ >ا‬H‫ا‬G1g'N .?.F' /GgG N‫د‬.. /N/،3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G FG/ FF/G'
4‫ ?ا‬P‫ذ‬F'،PN77FGF' FNn' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬Fg/ GF FG6F' '‫ذ‬o F.‫ر‬F' '‫ذ‬G L‫ا‬FGF' 1‫ا‬N..+ L+،P‫د‬Ng'N
.‫ة‬GFGF' O?G FG. )‫ا‬7‫أ‬G'
‫هد‬6G F6.‫م‬䕱' N.G' F.o' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬6.‫ا‬FF' GNGGN GN?'10 G.o G‫د‬N7. ‫ف‬䅊 L‫ا‬FGF' >F‫ا‬. ‫د‬FF
G.N‫ر‬/ ?'‫ز‬.F'N،‫ة‬N‫ز‬G‫ر‬G' G.N6F ‫ى‬F? PN77FGF' .?6F' ‫ة‬6.F. ‫ة‬F/F' ‫ا‬FF‫ا‬G0g ‫د‬N?. pF'،3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G
FNF/ FN.7 ‫ف‬䅊 .?6F' 6??. pF'،F&'‫?و‬F'N .?‫ا‬7G' FG G>‫ر‬F' ‫ى‬F? GF0 GFG ‫ا‬G‫ه‬G F.‫م‬䕱' FG
.7F NF‫ا‬. ?G ‫ة‬G.7FG > ‫ها‬.7F. *‫د‬. pF' NG‫د‬FF' G./ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬6N) L‫ا‬FGF' >F‫ا‬. ‫ا‬GG،‫ر‬7FF'
69
OGNF' .N6F' F.1 L‫ا‬FGF' ‫ا‬FF K‫د‬F ‫ا‬GG،G?F'N NG pF' 61g‫ا‬. ‫ا‬F‫ا‬7.F+N ‫ا‬.‫ا‬./ F.‫ر‬F' /'2 ‫ا‬G،F.‫ر‬F'
P‫ذ‬F'،FGo' FF/F ‫ة‬.N.F )‫و‬7p' ‫ر‬7F ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬F'/،NG‫د‬FF' N. ‫ة‬G‫ا‬7G' (?F. /N/،G&'‫د‬F' ‫ا‬FF ‫ا‬N/‫و‬G
.‫ا‬G‫ر‬7F G>1 ‫ة‬..‫ا‬/N ‫ة‬F/'N G.'‫و‬7. *‫د‬.G 7G' ‫ف‬䅊 GF‫)?ا‬
P‫ذ‬F' NFG6F' ?7FG' FG L‫و‬GG'،FG?F' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F' P1‫مو‬䕱'N N7‫ا‬7g' FG6F' ‫ا‬G)
3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G F/GG' ‫هد‬6G' FG G./‫ا‬7G F>6N ‫ا‬GN،?‫ا‬7.‫ا‬. ‫ة‬/‫و‬.GG' ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' N?F' ‫&ة‬NG FG (?F'
PN77FGF' L‫ا‬7Fg' G7‫ ⩅ت‬O‫د‬G F? GFg. FG ‫ب‬⠱?NF .NG?F' '‫ذ‬G L‫ا‬FGF' 1‫ا‬..'،‫ية‬䩅‫د‬FF'
.‫د‬.gF ‫ا&ها‬F.) L‫و‬N? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬. N77FG L) ‫ا‬F‫ب‬⠱.NF،3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬o-F7‫و‬F' P)– GF ‫ز‬G1 P‫ذ‬F'،GF7‫و‬.
FGo P‫ذ‬F' .?6F' L) ‫ا‬G/‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬71 ‫ا‬FNF+ F7‫و‬N L) ‫ة‬/‫و‬FF' G‫ذ‬G Jg. FG L‫ا‬FGF' /'1)
.?6F' ‫ى >هر‬F? gF/ 6N?. pF' ‫ة‬N6FF' F7‫و‬F' GF+،‫ر‬.( O+ L‫ا‬GG FG FF.FNN G‫ى >هر‬F? GF7N
‫ة‬/‫و‬FF' ‫ة‬NGF. GF? ‫ب‬⠱?. P‫ذ‬F' L‫ا‬GGgF' ‫ف‬䅊 G‫?ه‬G FF.F. J‫ا‬N.g' .FF ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬F‫ز‬/N،‫ر‬.‫ا‬/G'N F6‫ا‬FG'
L‫ا‬GG' ‫ف‬䅊 6N?N G./‫?ا‬. L‫ا‬7Fg‫ا‬G،L‫ا‬GG'N L‫ا‬G‫ز‬F‫ا‬. ‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G' PN77FGF' L‫ا‬7Fg' ‫ة‬Fg? ‫نا‬䙇'،‫ة‬NF‫ا‬p'
.L‫ا‬7Fg' F.'/ 6N?N PN77FGF' ‫د‬F? L‫ا‬GG' FGFN
)‫ر‬GGF' /N/ FG ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬N‫ر‬7F' ‫و‬o ‫و‬/FNN،‫ة‬N‫ز‬G‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬N?F'‫و‬F' FG (?FN L‫ا‬FGF' FG? (‫و‬F7) L+
‫ف‬䅊 o/ FG6F' /N/ FG ?F'‫و‬F' *'/‫ر‬GG NG‫ا‬/ L‫ا‬FGF' *'/‫ر‬GG .F‫ا‬G /N/،NFG6F' ‫ها‬FN/‫⩅ت‬N
‫ة‬FNq 1‫و‬6/ ‫د‬G‫ؤ‬.F،‫ها‬FN. ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬N‫ز‬G1 ‫ة‬Fg? L‫و‬G.F *'/‫ر‬GG' GF. *'‫ا‬. N/ ‫ف‬䅊،‫ن‬䙊‫و‬FF' ‫?ها‬.‫ا‬7
.L‫ا‬FGF'
70
‫تح‪NF‬ل نم'ذج من '‪䐣‬لعم'ل '‪F‬فن‪N‬ة‪.‬‬ ‫'‪F‬ج'ن( '‪F‬تطب‪N‬ق‪:N‬‬
‫‪F‬و‪/‬ة (سن?ود)‪FF،‬فنان إس‪G‬ا?ي‪ F‬ش‪G‬وط‪.‬‬
‫‪71‬‬
."/‫?و‬F7" : ‫ة‬/‫و‬F FNF/
.7‫شو‬㑅 FN?‫ا‬w+ : L‫ا‬FGFF
.4‫ا‬GF ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N.N‫ز‬F' L'‫و‬Fg' ‫ة‬7‫ا‬7‫و‬. ‫ذ‬GFG
.G794×78:G7‫ر‬F' 3‫ا‬NFG
.1718:2‫ا‬ng' ‫ة‬F7
?G F7F' ‫ف‬䅊 F?‫ا‬7 F.‫ر‬F ‫هد‬6G،‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F' ‫ها‬..NG‫ر‬. N) ‫ها‬FN‫و‬G. ‫ف‬䅊 " /‫?و‬F7" ‫ة‬/‫و‬F F/‫⩅ت‬
‫ها‬GF.N،‫ا‬G‫ى >هر‬F? ‫ا‬G'‫د‬/+ FG/ /N/ ‫ها‬N.F.' ?G ))‫ر‬Gg ‫هد‬6G G‫ه‬NFNN،‫هة‬.'‫و‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G7)
.F‫ه‬7N*1 ‫ى‬F? F‫ه‬.?.G) FFGo )‫و‬7FF' FG ‫و?ة‬Go ‫هد‬6G )‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G
‫ى‬F? ‫>ى‬7N P‫ذ‬F' K‫?ا‬F' ‫هد‬6G' L+،PN77FGF' P‫ز‬F' ‫ا‬N‫د‬.‫ر‬G F7G' .N6F' L‫ا‬FGF' ‫د‬7. ‫د‬FF
‫و‬GN PN77FGF' .?6F' ?F'N ‫هد‬6G' '‫ذ‬G ‫د‬7N /N/،FFFF'N (‫&ا‬.Gg'N L‫ز‬o' ‫ة‬w ‫و‬G ‫ة‬/‫و‬FF'
.‫د‬N?. ‫د‬G) ‫ذ‬FG ‫ها‬NG ?‫ر?ر‬. pF' 61g' FGN،GF2‫ا‬FG FG P‫ر‬7FF' .‫ه‬.F'N ‫د‬N‫ر‬6.FF 6‫?ر‬.N
‫ى‬F? *g*‫ا‬7. -‫ر‬7. G‫ه‬FN?) L‫أ‬. O‫ر‬N ‫ة‬/‫و‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G7g' ‫ة‬N7.6 /GgG ‫ف‬䅊 FG‫أ‬.G' L+
G‫و‬.N،FFFN L‫ز‬/ F? ‫ب‬⠱?. ‫نا‬䙇‫أ‬GN J‫ا‬G7g' *'‫>ر‬F N‫د‬.. /N/،GG‫د‬. GF) /.‫ر‬N P‫ذ‬F' .N6F'
F7/ ‫ا‬G G>1 N77FG O+ )/‫?و‬F' FG ‫ة‬F/'N .N6F' N?) N‫د‬.. F.‫ا‬FG' ‫ف‬䅊N،F.F.7G' FG
O+ G‫ه‬F7N LN1/‫>ا‬N GGN، ‫ة‬.GFF' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G Jg. NNFN77FGF' )‫ا‬7‫أ‬G N?F'N ‫هد‬6G GF+،F7o‫ا‬GN
.‫ة‬F‫هو‬o L‫و‬G. /‫ا‬G. ‫هة‬.N
‫ر‬G7g' L‫و‬FF' ‫ة‬/‫و‬FF ‫ة‬F‫و‬GG' *‫ا‬N7.6F' /GgG 2'‫ر‬.' ‫ف‬䅊 L‫ا‬FGF' FG?.7'
pF' ‫ة‬N1‫ز‬G' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬o' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬Fg‫د‬GN،7.gG' 1‫>ها‬+ ‫ف‬䅊 G.‫ا‬.1‫د‬.N P.F' L‫و‬FF' O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬.،G.‫ا‬.1‫د‬.N
72
‫ة‬N6? N. '‫و‬/.7) o/،G‫ه‬F7NN GG2‫ا‬FG ‫ف‬䅊 FN2‫?ز‬G '‫و‬F‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G‫?د‬. L‫و‬NFN77FGF' 'g‫ؤ‬G ‫ها‬6N?N
.‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' JN‫د‬F' ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. G‫?ا‬F' JN/ FG ‫ة‬F‫ر‬G.G F7‫ا‬FG ‫ف‬䅊 N&.g ‫ا‬G‫ا‬/6N
G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬F‫و‬GG' *‫ا‬N7.6F' 7.gG 6?. 2'‫ر‬.+ ‫ف‬䅊 G‫ر‬/) G.‫ا‬.11‫د‬.N H12g' L‫و‬FF L‫ا‬G ‫ا‬GG
. ‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ة‬/‫و‬FF'
‫ى‬F? .G FG6. '‫و‬6F' 7F7 ‫د‬F L‫ا‬FGF' L‫إ‬G،1‫و‬FF'N F>F' J‫ا‬G?.7' /N/ FG ‫ا‬G)
FG pF'N،/6'N FG6. )21‫ا‬. G‫ه‬G‫و‬.N /GgG *‫د‬. o/،‫ة‬/‫و‬FF‫ا‬. )‫د‬.'‫و‬.G' ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬Gg' *‫ا‬N7.6F'
.J‫ا‬G7g'N .N6F' N. 1N‫د‬N‫ا‬G ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬GN ,‫ا‬.F.7' ‫ا ⩅ت‬Gg.
PN77FGF' .?6F' L) ‫ا‬G/‫ا‬GG ،‫ة‬F‫ا‬71 ‫ا‬FF F7‫و‬N L) ‫د‬N‫ر‬N FG?F' '‫ذ‬G Jg. FG L‫ا‬FGF' L'
?‫و‬.‫ر‬F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬GG7G ‫ى‬F.N7،O?G FG ‫ة‬GFGF' GFG/‫ا‬G FG. )‫ا‬7‫أ‬G FG GF 6‫?ر‬. ‫ا‬G G>‫ر‬F' ‫ى‬F?
LN‫ب‬⠱GNG،J‫ا‬G7g' L‫ا‬G0) ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬7‫>ر‬N L) .N6F' ‫د‬N‫ر‬N pF' )‫ر‬GGF' NGN،G/'‫د‬.) 61)N G61) O+
.FN. ‫?د‬. FN. ‫ها‬FF‫ا‬F.NN )‫ر‬GGF' G‫ذ‬G G‫?ه‬G ‫ب‬⠱G.N
.?.FF (‫ر‬Fg' .F‫ا‬GG،‫ة‬N?F'‫و‬F' (‫و‬F7) ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G' G‫ذ‬G Jg. L‫ا‬FGF' (‫و‬F7) ‫ى‬F? ‫>ى‬7 ‫د‬FF
FN.7. O+ (‫و‬F7g' '‫ذ‬G Jg. FG L‫ا‬FGF' ‫?ى‬7 /N/،I'‫ذ‬F( PN77FGF' .?6F' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬/ F?
FG ‫د‬.gG Kg>F' ‫د‬.6' ‫ا‬G‫ه‬G FGF،‫ن‬䙊‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' Jg./g' *gNN L‫و‬F‫?ا‬N GGN NNFN77FGF' *‫ا‬NG‫و‬N
.‫ة‬N‫ر‬o' 7‫ش‬㑅 @‫ز‬.. L) ‫د‬.gG N‫?د‬F' GF> ‫د‬.6' ‫ا‬G‫ه‬GN،‫ر‬.GF' ?‫و‬F7
73
‫'لخـــــ'تـــــــــــــمة‪.‬‬
‫ا⩅تة‬.
: ‫خاتمة‬
..F.7F،‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' 2'‫ر‬.‫ف إ‬䅊 NFNG6.F' FGF' *‫ا‬G‫ها‬7‫وع إ‬6‫لو‬䑅 ‫ا‬FF‫ر‬7. Hg. FG
O‫د‬F ‫ة‬.GFF' ‫ة‬F/‫بر‬⡅ ‫ا ?رف‬GN،N‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' J‫ا‬NGF' I‫ا‬NF ‫ة‬N'‫د‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G '1N/ .?F NFNG6.F' FGF' J)
J‫ا‬FGF' ‫ر‬GGF N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' G‫مر‬䕱' ‫ا‬Gg.‫ا‬GN +'‫د‬/‫ل‬䐣' G‫ذ‬G *‫ب‬⠱.?' /N/،8491 ‫ة‬F7 NNFN77FGF'
H‫ما‬䔬 ‫ف‬䅊 O‫ر‬.‫ل‬䐣' ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' HN‫د‬F' .G‫ر‬. GF‫ا‬/.F‫إ‬N NN77FGF' NFNG6.F' FGF' ‫ة‬Fg7F‫إ‬N،NN77FGF'
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬F/‫لر‬䑅' ‫ة‬N'‫د‬.،‫ة‬7GFF' ‫ة‬F/‫بر‬⡅ ‫ا‬6N) ‫ا?رف‬GN،8491 +'‫د‬/) .G‫ا‬7 ‫ا‬GG،NFNG6.F' FGF'
+'‫د‬/‫ل‬䐣' F? '.?. ‫ر‬/G) G‫?ه‬N6'‫و‬G ./.7)N NF‫ا‬FGF' .NF‫ا‬7) *1‫و‬7.G،NFNG6.F' FGF' FG
‫و‬GN،'‫د‬/‫و‬G
ّ ‫ا‬G‫'ئ‬/ ‫ى‬F.N ‫وع‬6‫لو‬䑅' Jّ ) g‫ر إ‬.(N J‫ا‬FG N. ‫ة‬NFGF' .NF‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' ‫ف‬g..‫ إ‬G‫غ‬1N،‫ة‬NG‫و‬NF'
.‫ة‬N‫ز‬G‫لر‬䑅' ‫ة‬N6FF' F? .?.F'
‫رف‬7 FG GNF? FNN6.F' G‫غ‬1،GNF‫ل‬䐣' G?F'N F? .?.FF '‫د‬G‫ا‬. NN77FGF' J‫ا‬FGF' ‫?ى‬7 ‫د‬FF
‫د‬7ّ .N ‫ا‬G‫إ‬N P‫د‬N‫ل‬䐣' ‫وف‬.GG GFN G J‫ا‬FGF' J) g‫إ‬،‫ة‬NFGF' *'N/‫ل‬䐣' HN'‫د‬. ?FG Hg. FG،F.‫م‬䕱'
J‫ا‬FGF' FG‫ ⩅ت‬g?GN،N7F'N .6p'N '‫ا‬Fo' GF‫ا‬G?.7' F/G،‫ة‬/‫ا‬.‫ل‬䑅' /'‫لو‬䑅'N F‫ائ‬7‫و‬F‫ا‬. G.‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G
‫ب‬⠱?. J) ?7.7. G‫ا‬G ‫و‬GN،J'‫و‬F‫ل‬䐣'N ‫ة‬6N‫ر‬F‫ا‬. G..‫ر‬7 G‫?ا‬F' ?G7N J) .G ‫هد‬. ‫?د‬. NFNG6.F'
.GN.?.F' ‫ة‬NFG?F ?6‫ي‬䨮 J‫ا‬G .‫ل‬䐣' '‫ذ‬G J) ‫ا‬7‫و‬7.N،Ig?‫ل‬䐥' F‫ائ‬7N GF?
+'‫د‬/) )‫ر‬N‫ا‬7G ‫ف‬䅊 H‫?ا‬GF'

ّ G1N/ 1‫و‬.‫ا‬GN1‫ا‬GF' FGF J‫ا‬G، ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' FG O‫ة إ‬G‫ا‬6‫ل‬䐥‫ا‬.
N.‫ا‬F N‫ل‬䑅‫?ا‬F' NN77FGF' J‫ا‬FGF' FG‫ ⩅ت‬/N/،‫ها‬F/'‫ر‬G GF.‫م‬䔮 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' *'1‫و‬7.N
‫ض‬1) F.'/ P‫ر‬n ‫لا‬䑅 G6G1 F? ‫ب‬⠱? ّ N J)،)‫ة‬F‫ظ‬F/(‫ا‬G‫ر‬G..' pF' G.N7.6 Hg. FG NF?F'
.‫ة‬F/‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' )‫ر‬7F ‫ف‬䅊 NF0‫ا‬..‫ل‬䑅' (‫?ر‬F' I‫ا‬Go' F? G7.7N،GF7N
75
‫ا⩅تة‬.
G1/) N‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' Hg./g' J) o/،G'‫ذ‬F( ).G ‫ة‬N1‫و‬.‫ا‬GN1‫ا‬G )1‫و‬/ NF?F' N.‫ا‬F ..7 ‫د‬FF
I‫ا‬FG،1‫ر‬/.FF )‫د?و‬F'N )1‫و‬/FF NN77FGF' .?6F' ‫ز‬NG‫ف ⨭ت‬䅊 ‫ع‬1‫ا‬.F' J‫ا‬FGF' '‫ذ‬G G..FN‫ا‬G )1‫و‬7.
.8411 ‫ة‬F7 J‫د‬FF ‫ف‬䅊 GF‫ا‬N.‫إغ‬.
‫ة‬N6FF‫ا‬. GN‫?ر‬.F' ‫ف‬䅊 .G FG6.N GG‫ا‬7 NN77FGF' NFNG6.F' FGF' J‫إ‬G H‫و‬FF' ‫ة‬7g.N
.G‫?ا‬F' G7'‫?و‬N HN/ FG /‫ف ?د‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ض‬1‫ل?ا‬䑅' GF.‫م‬䔮 ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F‫ إ‬Hg. FG،‫ة‬NFN77FGF'
'‫ا‬6F‫ إ‬Hg. FG .‫ّى‬F..G،‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FFF ‫ة‬NGg7‫ل‬䐥'N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' HN‫د‬F' )‫د‬F‫ا‬7G ‫ا‬G)N

‫ة‬FN/ N. *'1‫و‬7.F'
ّ ‫ر‬.( ‫ة‬7'1/N ‫?ة‬.‫ا‬.G F.) FG،*‫ا‬G‫ظ‬F‫ل‬䑅'N J‫ا‬.ّFF'N *‫ا‬N?Gn' FG /‫?د‬
GNG..FF،‫ة‬.F‫ؤ‬G ‫و‬FN H‫و‬F/ /‫ا‬n‫إ‬N *'‫ا?د‬7‫ل‬䑅' O‫د‬F. O‫ة إ‬G‫ا‬6‫ل‬䐥‫ا‬.،NFN‫ر'ئ‬7‫ل‬䐥' ‫رف‬7F'N N77FG
.‫ر'ع‬7F' )‫ ّد‬/ FG
76
‫م‪ F‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـحق‪:‬‬
‫بي ـ ـ ـ ـوغرا‪G‬ي ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـا ا‪ FGF‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـا‪䩆F‬ي‬
‫ا‪FGF‬س ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـطي‪F‬ي‪䩆‬ي‪.‬‬
.NNFN77FGF' NF‫ا‬FFFGF' : F/FG
.)0691(‫ى‬F‫)إ‬0881( FG FNNFN77FGF' FNF‫ا‬FGF' ‫ا‬NG'‫و>ر‬N.
.‫ز‬.‫⩅ت‬N،‫ة‬N.?.F' ‫ة‬N6/‫و‬F' ‫ة‬71‫د‬G' O‫ر( إ‬F' ‫و‬G (‫و‬F7' ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?N،‫ا‬GN1 ‫ف‬䅊 31/ : :'‫?و‬F ‫د‬G/‫) أ‬1
.‫ة‬.6‫ا‬FN )/G ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. )1‫و‬/F'N .6>F'N H‫ز‬o' ‫ر‬7‫ا‬F? G.‫ا‬/‫و‬F.
‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. ‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGF' ‫ف‬䅊 .7.‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F? F7/،G5511‫ة‬F7‫ر‬G? ‫ا‬G6 ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬FN : ‫د ?زي‬7‫) أ‬2
‫ا‬6‫?ر‬G ‫ر‬6? O‫د‬/‫ إ‬G‫ا‬F'،FNFn' ‫ف‬䅊 NGF?G' 1'/ ‫ف‬䅊 G7‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬G 31‫د‬G،G5591 ‫ة‬F7 .N.' F.
.‫ها‬.1‫ا‬.N N77FG F.'/ GF0N ‫ا‬G?6G ‫ا‬6‫?ر‬G‫ر‬6? ‫ة‬/g/ ‫ف‬䅊 I?6'N،‫ا‬N/‫ر‬G
O‫ إ‬G5591 G‫ة ?ا‬.GF ‫?د‬. ‫ها‬FG .‫ر‬.N ،G5595 G‫ ?ا‬3‫د‬FF' )‫و‬F‫ا‬N( ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬FN : (‫ر‬F' ‫و‬.‫ أ‬GNG'‫ر‬.‫) إ‬3
G‫ة ?ا‬N‫و‬.?F' ‫ا‬FF F F F 7'1‫د‬F' G‫و‬F./N ‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGF' 3‫و‬N1‫و‬F‫ا‬G. ‫ى‬F? FFF F F F 7/N،‫ر‬FF F F F 7G O‫ إ‬FF7F' ‫⭅ث‬،H/1g'
)H/1g' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬FF F F F F F7‫?ا‬G' ‫ر‬N‫و‬FF F F F F F7.F' FG( :G5591 G‫ة ?ا‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGF' ‫ف‬䅊 .FF F F F F F7.‫ا‬G' ‫ة‬.1/N،G5519
H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬NFG FG ‫?ها‬N‫ⱅج‬N،)‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G' n‫?ر‬F' ‫د‬N‫ر‬..F' ‫ى‬F? G‫ر‬/'N GgF7‫ل‬䐥' FGF'( :G5591 G‫ ?ا‬G'1‫و‬.G‫د‬F'N
.H'‫و‬F/ ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬.،)‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF‫ا‬. ‫ة‬FNGn'
G ?G ‫ف‬䅊 I?FF 6'،G5591)‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF‫ا‬. ‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬NFG. 31/،‫ة‬FG‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫د‬NF'‫و‬G : ‫ا‬.‫ ''ا‬7 GNG'‫ر‬.' )9
‫ا‬FF 71‫د‬G FG?N،‫ة‬F.' 81g‫ا‬. NNFNGFF F6.F' NF‫ا‬FGF' ‫ة‬7.'1 ‫و‬FF F6?،‫ة‬F.' 81g' 7‫ا‬FGF ‫ة‬G?FF 6G' 81‫?ا‬G'
.G' G'‫ر‬. NGF?G'1'‫د‬. ‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ة‬N.?FF
G.‫و‬FFF7' 'g. FG N‫د‬.. G.‫و‬NFF6N GF‫ا‬G7' G‫و‬.N، ‫ة‬NF‫ر‬F 6F' ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬G' N FFF6G/ ‫ف‬䅊 31/ : ‫ة‬GN‫ز‬G GNG'‫ر‬.' )1
.GNG7.F'N P‫د‬/.F' FG ?‫و‬F H‫ز‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬7G ‫د‬FN،FN‫ز‬o' /‫و‬7g' 7p‫ا‬. )/‫ 'د‬P.?.F'
‫ة‬N1‫د‬FGFF F 7‫ل‬䐥'N ‫و‬F‫و‬. H‫ا‬FF F 7N 7N1‫ا‬. '‫ا‬FN. -81‫?ا‬G'،5531 ‫د‬NF'‫و‬G : ‫ا‬NG‫' ''و‬7‫ر‬GGG ‫ر‬G'' '‫ أش‬.NGN‫) إ‬9
)‫ا ز‬. ‫ها‬FG ‫و' ز‬. )‫ى ?د‬F? FFF F F F F F7/،'?Fn‫إ‬،‫ا‬NF‫ا‬G'،‫ا‬NF‫ا‬7N‫إ‬،‫ا‬FF F F F F F7F‫ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G?F F F F F F 6GN ‫ة‬FF F F F F F7‫ا‬. 81‫?ا‬GN
.F7‫ر‬7 G/.G )‫ا ز‬.-)H‫ا‬F.F( ‫ة‬N.?F' )1'2‫و‬F ONg' )‫ا ز‬n'،‫و‬G7F‫و‬NF'
78
.G‫ز‬.FG 1‫و‬7G، )‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 31/،G5591 : ‫وط‬G‫ ش‬FNG‫) أ‬1
. ?F'N 1‫و‬7G، G5535 : ‫وط‬G‫ ش‬NG8 FNG‫) أ‬9
?F'N G.‫و‬FFF F F F 7' H‫ا‬G،‫ة‬N 1‫ا‬. '‫د‬/'N ‫ا‬NFF F F F 7/FF F F F 6 GFF F F F 71)5555-5519(:‫و‬GN7g8 ‫د‬7'‫) إدو‬5
. FN/‫و‬.
)1'2N 81‫?ا‬GN FFF7‫ر‬FF7 G/.G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFo 81‫?ا‬G 81‫?ا‬G'،5531‫د‬NF'‫و‬G FG : :N‫> >ر‬F'‫ر‬G''7‫) إ‬51
.H‫ا‬F.F .1‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N?‫ ⱅجا‬81‫?ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬䝅‫ا‬7GN ‫ة‬N.?F'
‫ة‬FF?G‫ا‬FF.،‫ة‬FFFNGn' H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬FFNFG FG .‫ر‬0،G5515 ‫ة‬FFFF F F F F F F 7 )‫ز‬/ ‫ة‬FFFN‫د‬FFG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬FFFN : ‫''ا‬G‫ر‬. ‫ر‬N'' ' ' ' '7N. )55
NFF 6‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 I?FF 6'،‫ها‬.1‫ا‬.N N7FF 7FG F.'/ ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF' 81‫?ا‬G' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' G‫ا‬F'،G5593 ‫ة‬N1‫د‬FGFF 7‫ل‬䐥'
.G' G'1 ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 NGF?G' 1'/ ‫ف‬䅊 G7‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬G 31‫د‬GG FG?N،‫ها‬.1‫ا‬. H‫ا‬F/'N N77FG F.'/
‫ة‬FFF 7 ‫ة‬N1‫د‬FGFF 7‫ل‬䐥‫ا‬. )1‫ا‬..F' ‫ة‬NFG FG .‫ر‬0،G5531 ‫ة‬FFF 7 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬FN : ‫ر ش''ر‬N'' 7N. )51
G'1N 3‫د‬FF' FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 NNFF F 7/FF F 6 NFF F 6‫?ر‬G G‫ا‬F'،G5599 ‫ة‬FFF F 7 ‫ذ‬FG ‫ة‬N'‫هو‬G GFF F 7‫ر‬F' 31‫ا‬G،G5591
NNFNGFF F F F F F 6.F' NF‫ا‬FGF' ‫ة‬7.'1 ‫و‬FF F F F F F 6?،‫ة‬F.' 81g' 7‫ا‬FGF ‫ة‬G?FF F F F F F 6G' 81‫?ا‬G' FG /‫?د‬. I1‫ا‬FF F F F F F 6،G'
.N77FG ?‫ر‬G H‫ا‬G? – )‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF' GF. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬/ FG?N،‫ة‬F.' 81g‫ا‬. NNFN77FGF'
5599 G‫ا‬FF? ‫ة‬FFFNGn' H‫و‬FGFF ‫ة‬FFNF‫ا‬FFF.FF' ‫ة‬FFN /‫ا‬FFGg' .N‫ر‬.،5531HN.. ‫د‬FFNF'‫و‬G : ‫''ة‬GNF‫''ا ي‬. )53
31‫ا‬G،‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGF' ‫?هد‬G ‫ف‬䅊 GFF F F F F F 7‫ر‬FF '0‫ا‬.FF F F F F F 7' FG?N،5519 G‫ ?ا‬7N1‫ا‬F. ‫ف‬䅊 O‫ا‬F?F' H‫و‬FGF' ‫د‬F‫?ه‬GN
81‫?ا‬G G‫ا‬F'،‫ا‬N‫د‬N‫ ر‬gG? GGNGFF F F F 7 ‫ف‬䅊 NGF' FG?F' ‫ر‬.?N ‫و‬GN ‫ا‬FGF' P.?.F' P‫د‬N‫ر‬..F' (‫و‬FFF F F F 7g'
FGF' G/.G ‫ف‬䅊 7‫ا‬F.FF' FGF' 8‫?ر‬GG ‫ة‬N?‫ ⱅجا‬81‫?ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 I?6'،H‫د‬FF N 7N1‫ا‬.، N. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7/6
79
‫ف‬䅊 )H‫ا‬FFNF‫ ( و‬G/.G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬FFNF F F F F F F 7/FF F F F F F 6 ‫ا‬FF F F F F F F6‫?ر‬G G‫ا‬FFF' ‫ا‬FFGG،H‫د‬FFFF ‫ف‬䅊 P‫و‬FG FF. ‫ف‬䅊N ‫ا‬FFGN‫ر‬. NFFN‫د‬FFo'
. N. ‫ف‬䅊 ?N.‫ر‬F' 8‫?ر‬o G‫ ?ا‬FG GG‫ا‬7N ‫ا‬GG FN2'‫ر‬F' ‫و‬FN‫ا‬. H‫ا‬7 O‫ا‬FN. ‫ف‬䅊 I?6'،/1‫و‬G7G'
‫ة‬FF F F71‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N '‫د‬..‫ل‬䐥' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G' 31/،5511 G‫ ?ا‬Go N. ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 /‫و‬F‫و‬G' : '‫ر‬G. GNG'‫ر‬.‫ر' إ‬G. )59
G‫?ر‬.F' GF /‫ا‬.' F' 3‫د‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF F6‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬FF F71‫د‬G‫ا‬G،‫ة‬NF7‫و‬F' Go N. ‫ة‬FF F71‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫⭅ث‬،H‫ا‬N‫ر‬F F 7F' ‫ة‬G ‫ا‬7
‫ر‬GF' ‫د‬.?( ‫ى‬GFFF F7 7'N NNFF F7o' ‫ى‬FF F7‫و‬G F/FF F7‫إ‬N H‫ا‬F‫و‬7 GNG'‫ر‬.‫ا' إ‬/G' FG 1‫ا‬.GF' ")0‫ا‬.FF F7g'" ‫ى‬F?
H‫ا‬F.‫ إ‬FG )?GF' GF. G.FGG.3‫د‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫ة‬NFGF‫ا‬. F/.F' ‫⭅ث‬،)7‫ا‬F‫?د‬F'( ‫د‬NFF F F F F F61‫و‬. ‫د‬GoN ) G‫ر‬GF'
H'‫?ر‬F' O‫ إ‬G.‫و‬. /1‫ا‬G1‫ا‬GN .‫د‬N‫ر‬GG ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 G.FF F F F 7'1/ ‫?د‬..‫ة‬NF‫ا‬N‫ر‬F F F F 7FF ‫ة‬G‫ا‬FF F F F 6‫ة إ‬N‫ز‬NFn‫ل‬䐥'N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫>ة‬FF'
G‫" ?ا‬NN‫د‬o' FGFF /'‫>د‬. ‫ "ⱅجا?ة‬GNFFF F F F F 7 /'‫و‬. " F'‫?ر‬F' H‫ا‬FGF' ?G ‫ا‬FF F F F F 6F'.P‫ز‬NFn‫ل‬䐥' (/g' 7N1‫د‬.F
G.N6F F? )‫?ر‬G' ‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ا‬/‫و‬FF' .‫ا‬.F‫إ‬N FNG6.F' FGF'N (/g' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫د‬FFF' ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.GF' FG Q'‫ذ‬/.GO ،5515
O
'‫ا‬G2 Q‫ا‬G1‫ا‬. 5559 G‫ا‬F?F' ‫ا‬FN‫ا‬F‫ف ي‬䅊 ‫ة‬FNFG' GF.G'N،‫ة‬FN /‫ا‬FGg'N ‫ة‬FNF‫ه‬G' GF.‫ا‬FNG‫و‬NF Q‫ا‬FN‫و‬N/ Q ‫ا‬F ‫ة‬FNFN7FF F F F F F 7FGF'
.G.?GN GF‫ؤ‬G N. Q‫ا‬.‫ا‬.G N.7N ‫ة‬7o
.P.?. ?F'N 1‫و‬7G، N‫و‬GF' ‫ف‬䅊 GF?.،G5599 : ‫ة‬GN‫ >ر‬H‫ا‬G. )15
H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬FF F71‫د‬G "‫ف‬䅊 NFF F71'‫د‬F' 'N' ‫?د‬N P‫ذ‬F'،)5515( ‫ا‬GN/ ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 /‫و‬F‫و‬G' : '7‫د‬. H‫ا‬G. )16
‫ة‬FN‫د‬o ‫ة‬N‫د‬N6‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬71‫د‬G'N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬71‫د‬G FG?NN 5511 G‫ ?ا‬.‫ر‬/.NF،)‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬o " ‫ة‬G‫ر‬.‫ز‬F'N
NGF?G' 1'/ ‫ف‬䅊 H‫و‬FGFF 31‫د‬GG GFG? ‫ة‬FN'‫ز‬G FFF6G/ ‫ة‬FN‫د‬o /‫?ا‬N ‫ا‬N1‫و‬FF7 O‫ إ‬1/‫ا‬/ ‫ة‬.GFF' ‫?د‬.N.3‫د‬FF'
G‫ه‬FG ‫ر‬G‫ذ‬FN، N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 GN‫د‬N ‫ى‬F? 'N‫ذ‬GF.. FN‫ذ‬F' FG ‫ة‬NFGF' .G'‫و‬G' G6G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬/g' ‫ر‬G' GF H‫ا‬G ‫د‬FN
."P.،H'2‫ر‬F' ‫د‬.?" G.‫و‬.'
8‫?ر‬GN 5519 ‫ة‬7.g' 8‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 I?FF F F F F F 6'،5591 ‫د‬NF'‫و‬G FG : ‫وط‬G'' ' ' ' ‫ش‬7‫اد‬GF' ‫د‬G? H‫ا‬G. )17
.(‫>ر‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 5519 G‫ ?ا‬7‫ا‬/F' n‫?ر‬F' N.F7F'
80
.‫ة‬77.G ‫ة‬/77G ‫ة‬/‫ا‬7G،)1‫و‬7G،G5531 : NFN7/ ‫ة‬F‫ا‬G. )18
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGF' F F F F F F71/،G5591 ‫ة‬FFF F F F F 7 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬FN : .GF‫د‬FF NGNG/ ‫ة‬FN‫ه‬. )19
)‫ف ?د‬䅊 G?FF F6'،G5595 ‫ة‬FFF F7 N7FF F7FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬NFF F7/FF F6 ‫ا‬FF F6‫?ر‬G G‫ا‬F'،N7FF 7FG ‫ف‬䅊 )H‫?و‬.7( ‫?هد‬G
7N1‫ا‬.N )‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 NNFN7FF F 7FGF' NF‫ا‬FGFF ?‫ ⱅجا‬8‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 G?FF F 6'،N7FF F 7FG F.'/ ‫ة‬N?‫ ⱅجا‬81‫?ا‬G
FG H‫و‬FGF' ‫ف‬䅊 3‫و‬N1‫و‬F‫ا‬G.F' ‫ة‬.1/ ‫ى‬F? '‫و‬FF F F 7/FF ‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ها‬.FF F F 7'1/ '‫ا‬GG‫ إ‬Hf' 'N‫ا‬/،G5555 ‫ة‬FFF F F 7
.‫ا‬GN/ ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬.
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬Gg' ‫ة‬71‫د‬G‫ا‬. F/.F‫ إ‬P‫ذ‬F'،)5959( G‫ر) ?ا‬7‫ا‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 /‫و‬F‫و‬G' :7‫ا‬G7G ‫اج‬/ ‫د‬N?7 ‫ا‬F/ )20
G‫ا‬FF? GFF.‫ر‬0 ‫د‬F?. /.GNF،‫ا‬FFNF‫ا‬FFG' ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ا‬FFG' 31'/ 'N‫ا‬FFG G‫ز‬p' FG GF?.F GFFFNG ‫ا‬FF‫اي‬FF F F F F F F6/' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬FF.N F'
‫ر‬N‫و‬FF7.F GF‫ا‬G?' ‫ة ' ه‬.GFF' ‫?د‬.N،‫ة‬N/'?F' ‫ة‬N?GFF' ‫ا‬FF7GFF' '0 ‫ة‬NG‫ز‬p' ?7FF' .‫ا‬.F‫ل‬䐥 ‫ا‬G?o 5511
.‫ة‬N.7F o '‫ا‬G?' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' )‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G' ?F'N
7N1‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 NGG،5511 N. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGFF ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬F.FF' ‫ة‬FN /‫ا‬FGg' FG .‫ر‬0 : F‫ر'د‬. GNF/ )21
G‫?ر‬.،I‫ا‬FG ‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o' ‫?ة‬.‫ا‬.GN 81‫?ا‬G'N G/‫ا‬.G' 'g. FGF' ‫ف‬䅊 F F7/FF 6F' N/.FF '‫و‬FFF 7 ?FF 7.
G'‫د‬/.F F F F F7' FG G.‫ا‬/‫و‬F FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬/‫ا‬G '‫ذ‬GN GF‫ا‬G?' ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ه‬F.FF F F F 7‫ا‬G )G/‫ا‬.G' ‫ف‬䅊 I‫ا‬FG( G.G' '‫ر‬. ‫ى‬F?
.‫ة‬N.‫>ر‬F' ‫ة‬FGn'N G‫ر‬o'
.‫ة‬N?N.7 ‫ا>ر‬FGN ‫ة‬N/N7G ‫ة‬NFN/ ‫ا‬/‫و‬FN ‫ة‬F‫و‬FNg' G71 )5599-5995(: NGF/F' FNF‫) ي‬22
?NFF F F F F F 6'‫و‬G F 1 ‫ة‬FFN‫د‬FFN ‫ة‬FFNFGF' 'N/g' FFG?.FF F F F F F 7' )5599-5511(: ‫ ' ' ' ' '?''دي‬7F' ‫ى‬GF8 )23
.GG‫ر‬G H‫ا‬F.‫ا‬. ‫ى‬7Fg' ‫د‬.7G' 1‫ا‬GG،‫ة‬.G‫ا‬7 ‫?ة‬N.7N،‫ة‬N 1‫ا‬. ‫ا‬N7/6N،‫ة‬N.?6
81
‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 FN F‫ا‬FF F F F F 7.. ‫ة‬NFG ‫ف‬䅊 FGF' 31/،G5591 ‫ة‬FFF F F F F 7 N2. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬FN :7‫ ' ' ' ''و‬FG ‫ا‬GNF'' ' ' '7 )24
‫ة‬N1'/ ' ‫ ة‬NG' 3'‫ر‬.،G5595 ‫ة‬FFF 7 G' G'1 ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬NFF 7/FF 6 ‫ا‬FF 6‫?ر‬G G‫ا‬F'،)5511-5591(3‫د‬FF'
‫ة‬Fn ‫و‬6?،NNFN77FGF' NF‫ا‬FGFF ‫ة‬G?6G' 81‫?ا‬G' G ?G ‫ف‬䅊 I1‫ا‬F6،‫ة‬F.' 81g' ‫ف‬䅊 NNFNGF6.F' ‫ة‬7.'‫ر‬F
‫ة‬N.?FF F F F 6F' '‫ا‬N2g'( (‫ا‬.G ‫ف‬䅊 I1‫ا‬FF F F F 6،)‫ر‬FF F F F 7g' /‫?ا‬F‫ة إ‬N?‫ف ⱅج‬䅊 NN7FF F F F 7FGF' ?FF F F F 6F' '?F'N ‫ا‬/g'
‫ف‬䅊 ))‫ر‬FF F F F F F 7g' /‫ا‬F ?F‫ة (إ‬FFN?‫ ⱅج‬F? '1‫د‬FF F F F F F F 7 H'‫ذ‬FFFF' )NN7FF F F F F F 7FGF' ‫ز‬N‫ر‬7.F' FG( (‫ا‬FF.GN )‫ة‬FFNFN7FF F F F F F 7FGF'
.G5551 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 )H‫و‬FGFF 77'‫و‬F' ‫ز‬G‫ر‬G(NF‫ا‬FGF' FG ‫و?ة‬G ?G 77'،N77FG
‫ا‬7‫ا‬/6' G71،‫ة‬NFF.F'N ‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬FF' FG G.‫ا‬.F‫إ‬. ‫ا‬F‫و‬G.G H‫ا‬G )5599-5991( : G7‫ا‬GG ‫?د‬7 )25
.FF.G FG6. ‫ة‬N?N.7 ‫ا>ر‬FGN
FFF F F6G‫د‬. ‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬NFG ‫ف‬䅊 .‫ر‬0،5599 G‫)?ا‬N7FF F F7FG( ‫د‬GFF F F7 ‫د‬NF'‫و‬G: ‫ة‬G ' ' '7 ‫ر‬NG'' ' 7 )26
GNF' F' ‫ة‬N1‫و‬7F' 81‫?ا‬G' ?N‫ف ⱅج‬䅊 GG‫ا‬7،5593 G‫ ?ا‬GF‫ا‬G?g F7/F6 8‫?ر‬G 'N' G‫ا‬F'،5519
‫ف‬䅊 O‫ا‬FN.F' 8‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊N )5511( 7‫ر‬F ‫ف‬䅊 (‫ا‬.6F' 8‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N1‫و‬7 F/G ‫د‬FN ‫ة‬N6‫ا‬G' '‫و‬F7F' 'g.
G‫ة ?ا‬N‫>ا‬F ‫ة‬NFN/N ‫ة‬N.‫ ?ر‬81‫?ا‬GN 5513 /'‫>د‬. ‫ف‬䅊 'Ng' n‫?ر‬F' GN.FFF F F F F F7F' 8‫?ر‬GN)5513( N‫و‬GF'
.5515
.G‫ز‬.FG 1‫ا‬G/،)‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 31/،G5595 : '‫ضو‬7 FNG‫( ش‬27
3‫و‬N1‫و‬F‫ا‬G. ‫ى‬F? FFF7/،5593 G‫ ?ا‬N7FF7FG. ‫ة‬FG‫ر‬F' '‫ا‬FF6F ‫ة‬N.F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬FN :FN‫ز‬GF' FG/‫ر‬F' ‫د‬G? (28
‫ر‬N‫د‬F.. 5511 G‫ ?ا‬.FF F 7.‫ا‬G' ‫ة‬.1/ ‫ى‬F? FFF F 7/،5599 G‫ة ?ا‬N1‫د‬FGFF F 7‫ل‬䐥‫ا‬. ‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬NFG ‫ف‬䅊
81‫?ا‬G )‫ف ?د‬䅊 N7FF7FG F/GN ‫ة‬NFN7FF7FGF' )1‫و‬/F' 81‫?ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 I1‫ا‬FF6N ‫ة‬NFF7/FF6 81‫?ا‬G )‫ ?د‬G‫ا‬F'،2‫ا‬.G
ON‫د‬FFF' O‫ا‬FFFN.F' ‫ف‬䅊 N7FF F F F F F 7FG ‫ا‬FFF. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FF F F F F F F 6N‫?ر‬G' GFFF‫ا‬FFG?' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FFN‫ر‬N‫د‬FFF. )‫ا ز‬FF. /FG،
O ‫ة‬FFNFN/N ‫ة‬FFN.‫?ر‬
.NGF' FG?FF @‫ر‬G.G،(‫?ر‬F' NNFNG6.F' NF‫ا‬FGF' /‫ا‬/' ‫و‬6?،?7‫ا‬.F'
82
.‫ف‬䅊‫ر‬.2 1‫و‬7G،)‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 31/،G5599 : ‫هادي شه‬F' ‫د‬G? (29
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N?‫ ⱅجا‬81‫?ا‬G،‫ة‬N.?F' )1'2‫و‬F ?N.‫ر‬F' 8‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 I1‫ا‬FF F F F 6،5591 ‫د‬NF'‫و‬G :NGGF?. ‫د‬NG/F' ‫د‬G? (30
.7N1‫ا‬.
H‫ا‬FF F F F F7،‫ا‬GN‫ر‬G'،‫ا‬NF‫ا‬G'،7N1‫ا‬.،‫ة‬N1‫و‬FF F F F F7،H‫ا‬F.F ‫ف‬䅊 81‫?ا‬G )‫ ?د‬G‫ا‬F' 5519 ‫د‬NF'‫و‬G :>N‫ر‬F' 7‫( ?ا‬31
.5511 ‫ة‬N1‫هو‬Gn' 7N 1 )‫ا ز‬.،‫ة‬N.?F' )1'2N )‫ا ز‬.،F7‫ر‬7 G/.G )‫ا ز‬. ‫و' ز‬. )‫ى ?د‬F? F7/،‫و‬FN‫ا‬.
‫د‬.FG' (‫ا‬.G 1‫د‬FF 7'،‫ة‬NG‫?ا‬N ‫ة‬NFo 81‫?ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 I?FF 6'،5539 ‫د‬NF'‫و‬G FG :‫وط‬G'' ‫د ش‬G/G ‫ر‬G? (32
.‫ة‬N7'‫ر‬F ‫د‬F' ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬G' FG ‫ة‬NFN/ )‫ا ز‬. ‫ى‬F?2‫ا‬/،5511 ‫ة‬F7 '‫>ا‬6g'N G7‫ر‬F' ‫ف‬䅊
‫و?ة‬G ‫ى‬7?' ))1‫ة ( ا‬NFF7N ‫ر‬F' G.FF7'1/ O‫ة إ‬G‫ا‬FF6‫ل‬䐥‫ا‬. P‫و‬F‫ا‬/ FGFF6. FGF' 31/ :‫دي‬N‫و‬G F‫و‬7‫ا‬G )33
'‫ا‬GFF 6g'N H'‫و‬Fg' '‫ا‬G?.FF 7' ?G ‫د‬N‫ر‬..F' ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?' ‫د‬FG.FGF F6F' NN/ FG )‫ز‬NG ‫ة‬GFF 7 ‫ا‬/‫و‬FF' FG
.‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G / FG6. ‫ة‬/‫و‬FF' H‫ا‬G?' ‫ف‬䅊 N‫د‬.. ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' )‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G' H'/،)/‫ا‬o'
H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬NFG FG 3‫و‬N1‫و‬F‫ا‬G.F' ‫ة‬.1/ ‫ى‬F? FFF F F F F F 7/،G5593 ‫ة‬FFF F F F F F 7 )‫ز‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬FN :NF>GF' FG‫ا‬G (34
‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. FG )H‫و‬FF'N ‫ز‬G‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬FGN‫ا‬FF 7( ‫ف‬䅊 .FF 7.‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F? FFF 7/،G5599 ‫ة‬FFF 7 ‫ة‬N1‫د‬FGFF 7‫ل‬䐥‫ا‬. ‫ة‬FNGn'
‫ا‬FF F F F F F 6‫?ر‬G N/g/N ‫ا‬/g/ G‫ا‬FF'،H‫و‬FGF' '‫ا‬F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FNG‫ا‬F? ‫و' ز‬. )‫د‬F? ‫ى‬F? FFF F F F F F 7/،7F.‫ا‬FF ‫ة‬FNF7‫و‬F' ‫ا‬F.FF'
‫ا‬.FF' ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬.-‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬NFG ‫ف‬䅊 7FF F F F F F7‫ؤ‬G ‫و‬FF F F F F F6?،G.1‫ا‬.N F7‫و‬F' F.'/ ‫ا‬N ‫ا‬F/N ‫ا‬NFF F F F F F7/FF F F F F F6
.7F.‫ا‬F ‫ا‬.FF' ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFNG6.F' H‫و‬FGF' G7FF ‫ا‬7N 1 ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬/ FG?N،7F.‫ا‬F
G.FN‫د‬G 3‫د‬FF' F? F7‫ا‬.F' GFF? ‫زيا‬..' '1‫و‬7 ‫ر‬GoN G7‫ر‬N،‫ا‬GN‫ر‬G' ‫ا ⭅ث‬GN1 ‫ف‬䅊 31/ :‫ة‬7 . H‫ا‬GG )35
‫?د‬.FF ).G ‫ة‬N‫ه‬䝅' '‫ا‬7?' HN/ ‫ا‬F‫ا‬N/' ‫ة‬N‫ز‬G‫ر‬F'N ‫ة‬N.?.F' O‫ر( إ‬F' G.‫و‬FFF F 7'.7p' ‫ى‬F? '.G '/‫ا‬G.?' ‫د‬G.?NN
.GNG7.F'N NFo' ‫ا?ر‬6G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F.'‫د‬.G ‫ة‬F1N ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G6. ‫ز‬NG.NN،7‫ا‬/F'
83
.‫د‬.‫ؤ‬G' GGo' 'g./ ' H‫و‬.7 ‫ف‬䅊 6FN: N?‫و‬G‫ر‬F' ‫د‬G/G )36
/'‫د‬FF>. ‫ة‬FF?G‫ا‬FF. FG ‫ة‬FFFN‫ ⱅج‬H‫و‬FG 3‫و‬N1‫و‬F‫ا‬FFG.،5591 G‫ا‬FF? ‫ا‬FFG‫ا‬FFN 1N2‫ا‬FFN ‫د‬FFNF'‫و‬G FG : ' 7 ‫ود‬G/G (37
‫ة‬N?‫ ⱅجا‬81‫?ا‬G )‫ف ?د‬䅊 I?FF 6'،1‫ا‬/G oN GNG'F F7 'NFF 70،5591 G‫ة ?ا‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬N /‫ا‬G'
G‫ ?ا‬7FF F F F F F7‫و‬.G' N.g' ‫ر‬/.F' 8‫و‬/ 'N‫د‬F ‫ة‬NFNGFF F F F F F6.F' H‫و‬FGF' 8‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 I?FF F F F F F6'،‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' H'‫د‬F.F' ‫ف‬䅊
5515 G‫ ?ا‬7‫ا‬/F' F 7/FF6F' GFF6‫?ر‬GN H‫ا‬G? ‫ف‬䅊 5599 G‫' ?ا‬Ng' F 7/FF6F' GFF6‫?ر‬G G‫ا‬F'،5595
F F F F7/FF F F 6F' GFF F F 6‫?ر‬G G‫ا‬F' .H/1g' H‫د‬FG -H‫ا‬G? ‫ف‬䅊 5511 G‫? ?ا‬N.‫ر‬F' 8‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 I?FF F F 6'،H‫ا‬G? ‫ف‬䅊
.‫ة‬N7GN0‫و‬/1g' ‫ة‬71‫د‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ة‬N.?FF '0‫ا‬.7' FG?N،H‫ا‬G? ‫ف‬䅊 5511 G‫ ?ا‬GG?o ‫ف‬䅊 NF‫ا‬/F'
.O‫ا‬N‫ر‬7 1‫و‬7G،‫ة‬N1‫د‬FG7 ' ‫ف‬䅊 31/ :FN‫ز‬GF' ‫د‬G/G (38
. N?G. 1‫و‬7G،F6G/ ‫ف‬䅊 31/،G5511 :‫ي‬8‫ا‬./ ‫د‬G/G (39
‫ة‬NFN.7.F' H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬71‫د‬G FG .‫ر‬/.G'N،5559 G‫ ?ا‬3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 /‫و‬F‫و‬G' :NF‫ا‬.‫د‬F' ‫ا‬G‫د و‬G/G (40
‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ة‬N.?FF Q‫ا‬F F F F71‫د‬G FG?NF،5539 G‫ ?ا‬/FF'N F.'‫د‬F' GNGFF F F 7.F' GFF F F 7F FG )‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊
‫ديا‬GN N77FGF ‫ة‬7‫ر‬GG' ‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ا‬G7‫م‬䕰' .‫ا‬.F‫إ‬. G‫>ر‬G H‫ا‬G.3‫د‬FF‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬G?F'N ‫ة‬N‫د‬N6‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬71‫د‬G'N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F'
‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬N‫ر‬N‫د‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 FG?N FFF F 6G‫د‬. ‫ر‬F.FF F 7'N ‫ة‬N1‫و‬FF F 7 O‫ إ‬1/‫ا‬/ 5599 G‫ ?ا‬N7FF F 7FG ‫ة‬.GF ‫?د‬.،‫ة‬FF F 7N ‫ر‬F'
.5591 G‫ة ?ا‬NFG' G.G'N،‫ة‬N1‫و‬7F' G/‫ا‬.G'N 1‫ا‬/fF
. ?F'N 1‫و‬7G /'‫>د‬. ‫ف‬䅊 31/،G5591 :F‫اد‬7 ‫ود‬G/G (41
G‫ ?ا‬o/ )‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 31/،G‫ه‬7FF F F6F'N NNFN7FF F F7FGF' NF‫ا‬FGF' 2‫ر‬.' FG ‫د‬/'N :‫ ج‬/F' ‫ى‬G7'' ' G )42
8‫?ر‬F G..‫ا‬/ ‫د‬F? N‫ز‬F ‫ر‬Go'N ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F'N G7‫ر‬F' O‫ر' إ‬.‫ؤ‬G ‫ا‬n GF' /، /FF' ‫ف‬䅊 '70N،G5599
84
FG /G. F‫ه‬FF7' '‫ا‬G?g' G‫ذ‬G F/G FFF ‫ة‬NFG? H' 1‫ا‬..?‫ا‬. G.1‫ا‬.N n‫?ر‬F' G‫?ا‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 I‫ا‬FGN ‫ا‬FG GF‫ا‬G?'
. ‫ا‬.‫و‬/FG'N FN/‫ا‬G.F' FFF
‫ة‬FF F F 71‫د‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 31/،‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGFF ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬F.FF' ‫ة‬N /‫ا‬Gg' FG .‫ر‬0،5511 N. ‫د‬NF'‫و‬G :‫دو‬N?‫ر‬NFG (43
.‫ة‬G?6G' ‫ة‬NG‫?ا‬F'N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F'N ‫ة‬NF7‫و‬F' 81‫?ا‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ا‬7،7N1‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGFF ‫ا‬NF?F' ‫ة‬NF7‫و‬F'
H‫و‬FGF' ‫?هد‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFGF' G.FF F F F F F 7'1/ '‫د‬.،5591 G‫) ?ا‬H‫ا‬F.F( ‫ة‬F/2 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬FFN :GN'‫'د‬F' ‫'د‬G? ‫' ' ' ' ''ى‬7‫و‬G (44
‫?ة‬.‫ا‬.G ‫ا‬GN1 O‫ر إ‬G‫ا‬FF7،)1‫و‬GN‫د‬F'( F.'‫د‬F' G‫ر‬.‫ز‬F' FG. ‫ا‬FF7F 7/.G 5599 G‫ ?ا‬.‫ر‬0N N. ‫ة‬FNGn'
‫ة‬N.G‫ذ‬F' ‫ة‬NF'‫د‬NG' ‫ى‬F? FFF7/،5515 G‫ة ?ا‬NFGF' )/‫ها‬FF6F' ‫ى‬F? FFF7/N،GNG'‫ر‬GF'N 1‫و‬GN‫د‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 G.FF7'1/
H‫و‬FGF' '‫ا‬N/‫ل‬䐥 ‫ا‬GN1 ‫ة‬N‫د‬F. )‫ا ز‬. ‫ى‬F? FFF7/ ‫ا‬GG،)5515( .F‫ا‬7 FFF7/g ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7N‫ل‬䐥' ‫ة‬N.?F' )1'2N FG
GF‫ا‬G?‫ا‬. GG‫ا‬7،5511 G‫ا) ?ا‬NF‫ا‬.F7'('‫ز‬N.N‫ف إ‬䅊 GNF' P‫ذ‬F' N.FF7F' 8‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ا‬F7،)5515( ‫ة‬FNGn'
.5513 G‫ز' ر?ا‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 GNF' P‫ذ‬F' n‫?ر‬F' H‫ا‬.‫هر‬G' ‫ف‬䅊
FG .‫ر‬0،5595 H‫ا‬F.F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬N /‫ا‬G' FG .‫ر‬0،5535 H‫ا‬F.F ‫د‬FNF'‫و‬G : ‫'ة‬NG7 9‫و‬G (45
)H‫ا‬FGF' N.( ‫ف‬䅊 'Ng' F F F F7/FF F F 6F' GFF F F 6‫?ر‬G G‫ا‬F'،5591 ‫ا‬GN1 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FNGn' H‫و‬FGFF ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬F.FF' ‫ة‬N /‫ا‬Gg'
8‫?ر‬G، N. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGN‫ر‬Gg' ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬n‫ا‬F. ‫ة‬FN.‫>ر‬F' ‫ة‬F?‫ا‬FFF' ‫ف‬䅊 5591 G‫ا‬F? 7‫ا‬F/ 8‫?ر‬GN 5591 G‫ا‬F? H‫ا‬FF.F.
‫ف‬䅊 8‫?ر‬G،5511 G‫ا ?ا‬GN1 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFF F F F F F 7/FF F F F F F 6 81‫?ا‬GN FGF' 1'/ ‫ف‬䅊 5599 G‫ر?ا‬. F F F F F F F 7/FF F F F F F 6
‫ة‬N1‫د‬FGFF F F F 7 ' O‫ا‬FN. ‫ف‬䅊 G.1‫ا‬.N H‫ا‬F.F F.'/ ‫ة‬NFGF' 81‫?ا‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ا‬FF F F F 7 ‫ا‬GG N. ‫ف‬䅊 )11(‫و‬N‫د‬.FF F F F 7'
.FN2'‫ر‬F' ‫و‬FN‫ا‬. H‫ا‬7N /'‫>ر‬F. N ‫ا‬N7FNG -‫ا‬GN1N
‫ة‬NF‫و‬FN' ‫ا‬/‫و‬F ..F'،‫ة‬N.N‫ز‬F' H'‫و‬Fg' FG?.7'،‫ا‬G?o ‫ا‬G‫ا‬71 H‫ا‬G 5531 G‫ف ?ا‬䅊‫و‬. : N‫ 'ا‬F' g‫و‬GF (46
.‫ة‬N?N.7 ‫ا>ر‬FG N' ‫ة‬.G‫ا‬7 ‫?ة‬N.7F ‫ا‬/‫و‬FN )‫ر‬N/g'N 7 ‫ا‬FGFF ‫ة‬7‫ا‬.
85
‫ر‬7‫ا‬F?F FNG6.F' '‫ا‬F.F' ‫ة‬.g7. GF‫ا‬G?' 2‫ا‬.‫⩅ت‬،)‫ر‬G‫ا‬FF'N ‫و‬G7‫و‬GN /'‫>د‬. ‫ف‬䅊 31/ :‫ز‬N‫?ز‬F' ‫د‬G?‫ 'ر‬F )47
.‫ة‬/‫ر‬G' ?N6'‫و‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 o/ ‫ا‬FNG/ H‫ز‬o' GF0 N‫د‬.NN،‫ة‬FN‫ز‬o' ?N6'‫و‬G' ‫و‬o FN ،‫ة‬/‫و‬FF'
)‫د‬G ‫و‬G7‫و‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N1‫ا‬G?G' ‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' 31/ 5595 G‫ ?ا‬FNFp'-‫ا‬N‫ر‬G2 ‫د‬NF'‫و‬G : ‫ا‬NF?‫ز‬N‫?ز‬F' ‫د‬G?‫ ر‬F (48
H/1g' FFF.'/ ‫ف‬䅊 )‫د‬FFN‫د‬FF? 81‫ا‬FF?G G‫ا‬FFF'،)‫ر‬G‫ا‬FFFF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FFFNGn' H‫و‬FGF' ‫ة‬FFNFG ‫ف‬䅊 3‫و‬N1‫و‬F‫ا‬FFG. .‫ر‬0،N.FFF F F F F F 7
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬N‫د‬F. )‫ا ز‬. ‫ى‬F? FFF F 7/N 7FF F 7‫و‬.G' N.g' ‫ر‬/.F' 'N/ O‫ا‬FN. ‫ف‬䅊 5595 G‫ ?ا‬I?FF F 6'،‫ها‬.1‫ا‬.N
‫ف‬䅊 5511 G‫ – ?ا‬H/1g' H‫د‬FG. ?N.‫ر‬F' 8‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 I?FF F F6'،5511 G‫?ا‬.g' GF F F 6‫?ر‬G G‫ا‬F'،‫ر‬N‫و‬FF F F7.F'
.7/1g' H‫و‬N‫ز‬GF.F' ‫ف‬䅊 1‫و‬GN/ 3‫د‬F‫ه‬G FG?N،H‫ا‬G?
‫ا‬NF‫ا‬7N‫ا إ‬FF F 7F‫ر‬G،H'‫?ر‬F'، N‫و‬GF'،H‫ا‬F.F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFF F 7/FF F 6 81‫?ا‬G G‫ا‬F' 5531 ‫د‬NF'‫و‬G : F/F N.‫( و‬49
)‫ا ز‬.،5511 ‫ة‬N1‫د‬FGF7 ' O‫ا‬F.. )‫ا ز‬. ‫ها‬FG‫و' ز‬. ‫ى‬F? FF7/،'?FGF‫إ‬،‫ا‬N1‫>ا‬F.،‫ا‬NGgF7/‫و‬N،‫ا‬GN‫ر‬G'،‫ا‬NF‫ا‬G'
7N1‫ا‬.N H‫ا‬F.F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFF F F F 7/FF F F F 6 81‫?ا‬G G‫ا‬F'،5599 FFF F F F 7‫ر‬FF F F F 7 G/.G )‫ا ز‬.،5511 ‫ة‬N1‫د‬FGFF F F F 7 '
)‫ا ز‬. ‫ى‬F? F7/،‫ا‬GN‫ر‬G'N ‫ا‬F7F‫ر‬GN '?Fn‫إ‬N ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬G'N ‫و‬FN‫ا‬. H‫ا‬F7N O‫ا‬FN. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G?F6G 81‫?ا‬GN ‫ة‬N1‫د‬FGF7 'N
.H‫ا‬F.F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.?F' )1'2N )‫ا ز‬.،F7‫ر‬7 G/.G
.O‫ا‬N‫ر‬7 ?F'N 1‫و‬7G،/'‫>د‬. ‫ف‬䅊 31/، G5591 : GN‫ر دو‬7‫ا‬N )50
‫ف‬䅊 F.FF F 7F‫ا‬. G‫ا‬G/' )‫ى ?د‬FF F6F،G5591 ‫ة‬FFF F7 FNFp' '1N/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬FN :‫و‬F.G F'' '7/ F'' '7‫و‬N )51
O‫ر‬.'N ‫ة‬NFF F F F 7/FF F F F 6 81‫?ا‬G ‫?ة‬.1' G‫ا‬F'،‫ة‬N'‫هو‬G FGF' 31‫ا‬G،)G5553-G5593( 'g./ ' H‫و‬.FF F F F 7
7NFF7‫ا‬. ‫ف‬䅊 NNFN7FF7FGF' NF‫ا‬FGF' ?. ?G I1‫ا‬FF6،N7FF7FG .1‫ا‬. 81‫?ا‬G' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 I1‫ا‬FF6،‫ة‬N ‫ا‬F/
1
.NNFNG6.F' NF‫ا‬FGF' ‫ة‬7.'1 ‫و‬6?،G‫ر‬N‫د‬G . ‫ا‬F ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬/ FG?NN،FNFp' ‫ة‬FN‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 NF‫ا‬FGF' N.
.91،95،917،)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G(n‫?ر‬F' F7‫و‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 )‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G' ‫ة‬NFNG6.F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o'،P/‫و‬. N7/ ‫د‬Go ،‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F' ..GF' FG ‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' :‫ ة‬/gG - 1
.391،395،391،315،319،311،3197،)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G(‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G' FNG6.F' FGF'، ?N.‫ر‬F' G‫و‬6
.135،139،131،139،1317،)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬G(،N77FG ‫ف‬䅊‫ر‬7‫?ا‬G' FNG6.F' FGFF ‫ة‬N‫ر‬GGF' ‫ة‬NF.F'،G‫ر‬.'‫و‬n'‫ر‬7F G7‫و‬N
86
‫ق'ئمة 'لمص'در و'لمر'جع‪.‬‬
.‫'لمص'در و'لمر'جع‬ ‫ق'ئمة‬
: ‫ع‬.'‫قائمة 'لمصادر و'لمر‬
:‫ 'لمصادر‬-‫أ‬
.O‫ر‬GF' H(‫ر‬FF' -1
.‫ة‬N‫و‬.FF' /N‫اد‬/‫ل‬䐣' -2
: ‫ع‬.'‫ 'لمر‬-)(
‫ز‬G‫ر‬G(1‫ذ) ط‬.‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' FG ‫و?ة‬Go GNF‫أ‬.،L‫و‬F‫ا‬/F' FJ‫ل‬䐣' G7FF GF?‫ل‬䑅' FNF‫د‬،G‫ر‬o'J H‫و‬FGF' -3

.G2002،)N77FG ‫ل‬䒋' G'7،.G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅'
NN‫?ود‬7F' '‫ا‬.‫لد‬䐣' ‫ؤ⩅تر‬G (‫ا‬.G ‫ف‬䅊 *‫ر‬6F( 1‫ط‬،9‫د‬FF' J N77FG ‫ة‬.J‫?ر‬،7‫ا‬7? 7‫و‬G>F' ‫د‬.? ‫د‬o) -4
.1794،)‫د‬.،)FJ‫ل‬䐣'
‫ة‬N7‫و‬7 -F6G‫ د‬- ‫ر‬GGF' 7'‫ (د‬12‫ط‬،NGg7g' ‫ب‬⡊‫?ر‬F' .N7‫ا‬.F' 7F7)،FNF. ‫و‬.) NF‫و‬6 -5
.)2002
.)L‫ر‬GGF' ‫د'ع‬.gF ‫ة‬F7‫ا‬6F' ‫ز‬G‫ر‬G(،‫دط‬،‫ر‬7‫ل?ا‬䑅' NFNG6.F' FGF'،N?N.‫ر‬F' .G‫و‬6 -6
‫⩉ت‬/ L‫هود‬N J‫ >ز‬FJ) ‫ذ‬FG )1527 G.H1220( O‫د‬FF' N77FG .N7‫ا‬.،H‫ا‬. Gg7g' ‫ر‬G‫ ظ‬-9
.)1795،*J. – 7&‫ا‬GFF' 7'‫(د‬1‫ط‬،‫ب‬⡊NF7 J‫ر>ز‬.(
)?N8‫و‬.F'J ‫ر‬6FF'،‫ا?ة‬.7FF ‫ب‬⡊‫?ر‬F' (‫ا‬.GF' 7'‫ (د‬/N‫د‬o' L‫ز'&ر‬n' (‫د‬g' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG،‫ب‬⡊NG‫ر‬F' ‫ل‬䒋' ‫د‬.? -8
.‫ز'&ر‬n'
.‫ط‬،‫د‬،‫ة‬7‫د‬F‫ل‬䑅' 7‫ا‬N‫د‬F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ر'ع‬7F'،‫ب‬⡊NFF ‫ى‬7‫و‬G G‫ا‬7? -7
F.' 7'‫(د‬1‫ط‬،GG‫ا‬G/)J G.G7FG...G7‫ا‬/(J G7‫و‬7 ‫ر‬7‫ل?ا‬䑅' FGF'،L‫ر‬G?F' )‫ز‬o F. NF? -10

.G2010،)‫د‬.،)G‫ز‬/
88
*‫ا‬7'7‫د‬FF 9‫د‬F‫ل‬䑅' .N. ‫ز‬G‫ر‬G(،2‫ط‬،.N7‫ا‬.F'J...‫ة‬FNFo' ‫ى‬7F‫ل‬䐣' ‫د‬.7‫ل‬䑅'،NGJ‫د‬FF' ‫ى‬7N? -11

.2008،)‫ة‬NFN/‫و‬.F'
)‫د‬/.‫ل‬䑅' ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6F'( 1 ‫ط‬،N77..‫ل‬䑅' FG ‫ة‬.‫ن‬䘮 GNF‫أ‬.،‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N‫ض‬FF'J N77FG -12

.G2008،)‫ة‬/‫و‬.G‫ل‬䑅' 9‫د‬FF' ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. ?G HJ‫?ا‬.F‫ا‬. *'‫د‬N7‫و‬.F'J FN‫و‬7.FF
.)L‫ر‬GGF' ‫د'ع‬.gF ‫ة‬F7‫ا‬6F' ‫ز‬G‫ر‬G(‫دط‬،/N‫د‬o' FGF'،N‫و‬N7.F' ‫د‬Gp -15
‫ة‬/FFGJ )‫د‬N‫ز‬G ‫?ة‬.7،)‫ر‬7‫ل?ا‬䑅' ‫'⩇تا‬7‫و‬7.J ‫ة‬Np7‫ا‬.F' ‫ا⩇تا‬NGF.،‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N‫ض‬FF'،‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -14
.G2012 )H‫ا‬F.F – *J. ،*'7‫ا‬6.7g'J *‫ا‬7'7‫د‬FF ‫ة‬F‫و‬.N‫ز‬F' ‫ز‬G‫ر‬G(
-7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅g'‫و‬G( 1‫ط‬،‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N‫ض‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫ه‬FG *‫ا‬7'7‫ة د‬F7F7 N77FG،‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -12
.G2002 ‫و‬N‫ا‬G )‫ا‬N‫ز‬NF‫ا‬G
.2005‫ب‬⠱GG‫و‬F،‫ة‬/FFG ‫?ة‬.7،‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N‫ض‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 H‫?و‬.7‫ل‬䐣' F&‫ا‬Fo'،‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -16
‫ر‬6FFF ‫ة‬NFGg':H‫د‬7g'(1‫ط‬،/N‫د‬o' ‫ر‬7?F' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG ''‫?ر‬6،('‫ر‬6 F7/ ‫د‬Gp ‫د‬Gp -19
.)2006،?N8‫و‬.F'J
7&‫ا‬GFF'7'‫(د‬1‫ط‬،NNFN77FGF' N&.gF' ‫ة‬N‫ض‬F O‫ إ‬F.‫د‬G،‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -18

.2014،)H‫ا‬G?،?N8‫و‬.F'J‫ر‬6FFF
.1776،)‫ر‬7o G7‫ل?ا‬䑅' 7'‫? د‬N8‫و‬.(2‫ط‬،‫ز‬G‫ر‬F' G‫?ا‬J FGF'،‫ة‬N7? ‫د‬Gp F7p -17
?N8‫و‬.F'J ‫ر‬6FFF )7‫ل‬䑅' 7'‫(د‬1‫ط‬،‫ب‬⡊‫?ر‬F' F7‫و‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFNG6.F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o'،L‫ود‬. N7/ ‫د‬Gp -20
.G2009،)‫ا?ة‬.7F'J
*‫ا‬/G7( ،4‫ط‬،7‫ا‬..‫ل‬䑅' ‫ل‬䒋' .?6-‫ا‬F/– ‫هود‬NF' FG K‫ب‬⠱GF' ‫?ة‬N‫د‬p'،H‫ا‬/7 F‫ا‬o ‫د‬Gp -21
.2007،)‫ر‬6FF'J *‫ا‬7'7‫د‬FF
89
*‫ا‬7'7‫د‬FF ‫ة‬F‫و‬.N‫ز‬F'‫ز‬G‫ر‬G(،1‫ط‬،NN77FGF' &.gF' )‫ا‬F‫?ا‬G،‫اع‬FG N?G،N‫ا‬.N? O‫ر‬G -22

.G2010،)*J.،*'7‫ا‬6.7g'J
.2000،)H‫ا‬G?،?N8‫و‬.F'J ‫ر‬6FFF HJ‫ر‬6F' 7'‫(د‬1‫ط‬،FGF' ‫اع‬G..' GF?،‫ر‬G?F' FNF. F?G -25
‫ر‬6FFF ‫ر'&د‬F' 7'‫(د‬1‫ط‬،N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬7‫ل?ا‬䑅' NFNG6.F' FGFF ‫ة‬N‫ر‬GGF' ‫ة‬NF.F'،G‫ر‬.'‫و‬n' G7‫و‬N ‫ر‬7F -24
.G2002،)‫ع‬8‫و‬.F'J
‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. -*‫ا‬N‫د‬/J ?F'J– NN77FGF' ‫ب‬⡊?6F' +'‫⨱ت‬F'J FGF' ‫ؤ⩅تر‬G ?&‫ا‬FJ،*'?F F7/،‫ب‬⠱. Oo -22
.2007/10/6،‫اح‬.FF'
: ‫ر'ت‬G‫ 'لمذ‬-)‫ج‬
// )‫ر‬7‫ل?ا‬䑅' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7Fg' ‫ا‬N‫ضا‬FF' G?‫ف د‬䅊 NFNG6.F' FGF'7J‫د‬،7‫ا‬./ ‫د‬NGo' ‫د‬.? ‫د‬Gp .F. H‫ا‬F/ -26
.7.‫لا‬䑅' ‫ة‬.7‫ى د‬F? F‫و‬7/FF NFNGG. .F7.GG K‫ر‬FF' G) ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N.‫⨱ت‬F' ‫ة‬NFG،‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ة‬N.‫⨱ت‬F' G7FF G‫د‬FG
.G2004/I1422،FJ‫ل‬䐣' N7'7‫د‬F' F7GF'،‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ة‬N.‫⨱ت‬F' ‫ف‬䅊
‫ى‬F? N‫و‬N‫ه‬7F' H'J‫?د‬F' F‫ا‬N/ ‫ة‬N‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬/7F' ‫ف‬䅊 L7‫و‬.‫ا‬GN7‫ا‬GF' (‫ا‬7p' *‫ا‬G‫ا‬.‫إ‬،‫وظهر‬. H‫ا‬F/ -27
5‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬.،F‫ا‬7.g' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬Nw 770،F‫ا‬7.g'J Gg?g' G‫و‬F? ‫ف‬䅊 .7.‫لا‬䑅' )‫هاد‬6 FNFF ‫ة‬F‫ا‬77،)‫>ز‬
.2015-2012،F‫ا‬7.g'J Gg?g' G7F،Gg?g'J ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' G‫و‬F?F' ‫ة‬NFG
:‫ت‬g.‫ 'لم‬-)‫د‬
.‫ة‬NG‫ا‬F/F' ‫ا‬NGF‫د‬gNG ‫ة‬Fo -28
.02‫?دد‬F'،" ‫ب‬⡊‫وظ‬.) FG" ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F‫ا‬. ‫ة‬Fo -29
7G‫ا‬p' ‫?دد‬F'،‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F' )7'8J F? 7‫د‬7. ‫ة‬NF7G ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬F/ ‫ة‬Fo )*'7'‫د‬G( -30
.2011‫ب‬⠱G7N‫د‬
90
: ‫ترونية‬G‫ل‬g' ‫ 'لمو'قع‬-)‫و‬
31- https://ar.wikipedia.org
32- http://homatalhaq.com
33- http://www.kingkhalid.org.sa
34- saraynews.com
35- http://www.thenewkhalij.net
36- http://www.kifache.com
37- http://www.aljazeera.net
38- com.medi1tv.www
39- http://www.diwanalarab.com
40- https://sites.google.com
41- http://www.wafainfo.ps
42- http://www.palestine-art.com
43- http://www.alcornish.com
44 -http://www.arageek.com
45-http://www.caus.org.lb
91
‫الفـــــــــــــــــــهرس‪.‬‬
.‫الفهرس‬
‫ة‬/G7F' .‫و'ن‬F?F'
‫أ‬ .‫ة‬G‫د‬FG'
* .//.F' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6‫إ‬
* .//.F' ‫د'ف‬G‫أ‬
+ .//.F' ‫ة‬NG‫أ‬
+ .//.F' /‫دو‬/
+ .//.F' .‫ه‬FG
, .‫وع‬6‫و‬G' 1‫ا‬N..' ?G'‫و‬/
, .//.F' F&'‫?و‬
--, .//.F' ‫ة‬7.
1 .‫ا‬G ‫ب‬⡊‫>ر‬F'‫ب و‬⡊‫?ر‬F' ‫ل‬䑅‫?ا‬F' )‫ظر‬F‫ و‬N6‫ا‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬7‫ وأ‬1‫ذو‬.:‫لول‬䐣'
ّ F7GFF ‫د‬N‫⩅ته‬
2 .‫ها‬..‫ و?رو‬N77FG F7‫ أ‬:‫لول‬䐣'
ّ //.G' .I
9
.‫ف‬䅊'‫>ر‬n' N77FG ?F‫و‬G -1
11 .N77FGF ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o' /‫دو‬o' -2
11
.NGF7G' ‫د‬F? N77FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG :‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F' //.G' .II
11 .‫ا‬GF7 3‫د‬FF' ‫ر‬N‫ر‬/‫ة و‬N‫ر‬G?F' ‫ة‬FN/‫و‬F' -1
11 .(‫ا‬.GF'‫?ر'ء و‬6F'‫د‬F? N77FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG -2
11 .‫?ر'ء‬6F'
ّ ‫د‬F?:1-2
21 .(‫ّا‬.GF' ‫د‬F?:2-2
22 .‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FFF ‫ب‬⡊‫>ر‬F'‫ب و‬⡊‫?ر‬F' ‫ل‬䑅‫?ا‬F' )‫ظر‬F :/F‫ا‬/F' //.G' .III
22 .‫ة‬N6FFF ‫د‬N‫ؤ‬GG ‫ب‬⡊‫?ر‬F' ‫ل‬䑅‫?ا‬F' -1
22
.NGg7g' ‫ؤ⩅تر‬G' F? ‫مة‬䕱 :1 -1
22 .‫ة‬N6FFF ‫ض‬1‫?ا‬GG ‫ب‬⡊‫>ر‬F' ‫ل‬䑅‫?ا‬F' -2
23 .‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FFF G‫د‬N7.‫ و‬NFNG6.F' FGF':‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F' F7GFF ‫د‬N‫⩅ته‬
01 .1491 ‫ة‬.GF ‫ل‬g. NF‫ا‬FGF' ‫ال‬G?‫ف أ‬䅊 NN77FGF' &.gF' ‫اع‬6‫ أو‬:‫لول‬䐣' //.G' .I
01 .?G.‫م‬䕰' ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6F F? .?.F' ‫ف‬䅊 NFNG6.F' FGF' ‫ة‬NG‫ أ‬-1
.‫الفهرس‬
01 .‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬NFNG6.F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o' *‫ا‬N'‫د‬. -2

02 .‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬NFNG6.F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬/FF ‫ة‬NF?GF' ‫ة‬Fg7F‫ل‬䐥' -3
00 .‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬NFNG6.F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬o' /'‫و‬1 2‫ر‬.‫ أ‬-9
11 .NF‫ا‬FGF' ‫رف‬7 FG ‫ها‬.n‫?ا‬G ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7‫) و‬1491( ‫ة‬7GFF' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G .II
11 .NN77FGF' ?G.‫م‬䕰' ‫ى‬F? )1491((‫ر‬o ‫ة‬N.F7F' .&‫ا‬.FF' -1
11 .1491 ‫ذ‬FG NN77FGF' NFNG6.F' FGF' FG ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G' ‫ة‬N'‫د‬. -2
15
.‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' G?/ ‫ف‬䅊 NN.‫>ر‬F' NF‫ا‬FGF' 1‫و‬/ -3
13 .‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FFF G.‫ر‬7‫ا‬FG‫ و‬1‫و‬.‫ا‬GN1‫ا‬GF' FG .III
19 ..‫ا‬GN1‫ا‬GF' GN‫?ر‬. -1
11
.N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 .‫ا‬GN1‫ا‬GF' FG ‫ة‬N'‫د‬. -2
12 .NF?F' N.‫ا‬F ‫ان‬FGF' ‫ة‬N7.6. GN‫?ر‬.F' -3
15 .)‫ة‬NFGF' ‫ال‬G?‫ل‬䐣' FG ,0‫ا‬G FNF/(NFN.7.F' .F‫ا‬n'
51
.‫ا⩅تة‬p'
53 .)NNFN77FGF' NF‫ا‬FGF' ‫ا‬NG'‫و>ر‬N.( F/FG
33
.?.'‫ر‬G'‫ و‬1/‫ا‬7G' ‫ة‬G&‫ا‬F
92 .3‫هر‬GF'
: ‫ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـخص‬FG
‫ة‬F‫ ⱅج‬FG‫و‬،G?G.o ‫ف‬䅊 H‫ا‬7F‫ل‬䐥‫ا ا‬N‫ا‬6‫ق‬F ‫ة‬7G‫ ?ا‬/&‫ر‬G FGF‫ب ا‬⠱.?ON /N/،?G.‫م‬䕰‫ وا‬/‫ر‬GF‫ ا‬/‫ا‬N/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫غة‬F‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N‫ه‬䝅' NFNG6.F‫ ا‬FGFF H‫إ‬
/1‫و‬F. ‫ف‬䅊 .G FG6.‫ و‬.‫ه‬䝅‫ا‬7 8491 ‫ذ‬FGO N77FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G.‫ج‬g‫ة وا‬N7‫ا‬N7F‫اع ا‬6‫لو‬䐣‫ ا‬H' /N/،‫ة‬NFN77FGF‫ة ا‬N6‫ق‬F‫ا ا‬N‫ا‬6‫ق‬F‫ ا‬G‫ذ‬G
‫ر‬N‫صو‬.F‫ ا‬FG ‫ق‬N‫ر‬7 F? GF0‫و‬،‫ن‬䙊‫و‬N‫صه‬F‫ ا‬Fg./g‫ ا‬G‫ جرائ‬G6GF G‫قاو‬G ‫ح‬g7G NFNG6.F‫ ا‬FGF‫ ا‬F‫ا‬G?.7‫وإ‬،NN77FGF‫ ا‬H‫ا‬FGF‫ر ا‬GG
FGF H‫ا‬G ‫ا‬GG،‫ة‬NFGF‫ا ا‬GG‫ا‬G?' ‫ف‬䅊 1‫دا‬/‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬0‫ا‬N‫ر‬o F? H‫صد‬.‫با و‬⠱ّ ?N H‫ّذا‬FF‫ا‬،F/G‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬G1‫ ?ا‬G‫شوط و⩅تا‬㑅 FN?‫سا‬㍅‫ إ‬G‫ائد‬1 H‫ا‬G ‫ذي‬F‫ا‬
)‫ة‬F‫ظ‬F/( ‫ة‬N‫ص‬7. ‫ر‬G..‫ذي ا‬F‫ ا‬NF?F‫ ا‬N‫اج‬F H‫ا‬FGF‫ ا‬0‫ا‬G‫و‬71 Fg. FG ،‫ة‬NFN77FGF‫ة ا‬N6‫ق‬F‫ ا‬F? .?.F‫ف ا‬䅊 ‫غ‬F‫ا‬.F‫ ا‬G‫ر‬/' 1‫و‬.‫ا‬GN1‫ا‬GF‫ا‬
./‫د‬F‫لا‬䐮‫ة ا‬F‫قو‬N‫ل‬䐣‫ا‬
: ‫فتاحية‬GF‫ات ا‬GF‫ك‬F‫ا‬
.1‫و‬.‫ا‬GN1‫ا‬GF‫ ا‬-‫ن‬䙊‫و‬N‫صه‬F‫ ا‬Fg./g‫ ا‬-‫ة‬NFN77FGF‫ة ا‬N6‫ق‬F‫ ا‬-?G.‫م‬䕰‫ ا‬-NFNG6.F‫ ا‬FGF‫ا‬
Résumé :
L’art plastique est d’une extrême importance dans la vie de l’individu et de la société, où il est un miroir
réfléchissant aux questions de l’homme dans la société et entre ces questions la cause palestinienne
,que la situation politique et social en Palestine depuis 1948 a grandement contribué à façonner la pensée
de l’artiste palestinien et l’utilisation de l’art comme une arme résistant a détecter les crimes israéliennes
d’occupation et par cet art de dessin ; ce qui était un pionnier Ismail Chammout et Tammam Aref Al-
Akhel qui ont traversé honnêtement sur le cours des évènements dans l’art de leurs actions comme ce
fut l’art de la caricature son effet de l’expression de la cause palestinienne par Naji Al-Ali qui a créé
l’icône intemporel « Handala».
Mots clés :
L’art plastique –la communauté-la question palestinienne – l’occupation israélienne –la caricature.
Abstract :
Plastic arts have always had an unbelievably significant roles in both citizen and society’s lives.
It’s been considered as a mirroring process that reflects, to some extent, the humans’ issues and political
cases within their community. One of the very prominent cases of such art is that one of Palestine, in
which the Palestinian artists have revolutionized an unarguably amount of their thoughts through the
political and social situations in Palestine ever since 1948. Plastic Arts have been used so far asisort of
a resisting weapon to let the entire world sniff out what is being committed to the Palestinians by the
Zionist colonization through portraying and photographing arts. Some of the pioneers of such kind are
(Ismail Chamot and Tamam Aaref el-Akhal who have faithfully expressed the whole Palestinian
sufferance through their artistic business. There was also an other art that have been issued during this
colonial period in Palestine by the great artist Nadji El-Ali, it was called caricature, and by which he
produced the immortal icon <Handala=.
Keywords:
Plastic arts, society/ community, the Palestinian case, the Zionist colonization, caricature.

إسهامات الفن التشكيلي في إبراز القضية الفلسطينية

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إسهامات الفن التشكيلي في إبراز القضية الفلسطينية

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‫'‪G.F‬هو‪N7‬ة '‪.F‬ز'ئر‪N‬ة '‪F‬د‪FGN‬ر'ط‪N‬ة '‪N.?6F‬ة‪.

‫‪G‬ذ‪G‬ر) ‪6 FNFF‬هاد) '‪GF‬ا‪.7‬ر ‪FGF' NG‬ون '‪NFNG6.F‬ة‪.‬‬

‫إسهامات ا‪ HGF‬ا‪F‬تشك‪ NG NFN‬إب‪7‬ا‪ 8‬ا‪F‬قضية‬

‫‪.‬ح‪ .‬إ‪6‬ر'ف '‪䐣‬لس‪:0'.‬‬ ‫إع‪' /'/‬لط'لب‪:‬‬

‫ا‪F‬سنة ا‪F‬جامعية‪.G1026/G1025 :‬‬

‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FFF ‫ة‬NGg7g) N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F) *‫?و‬6F) +‫د‬F‫ا‬7G ‫ى‬F... ‫ا‬GNG -1

‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FF) F? .?.F) ‫ف‬䅊 1‫و‬.‫ا‬GN1‫ا‬GF) FG GG‫ا‬7 GNG -4

‫ا‬FG N?‫د‬.7N،‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FFF G2)‫ر‬.'N NN77FGF) NFNG6.F) FGF) F? /N‫د‬o) L'

: ‫وضوع‬GF‫ار ا‬N‫? اخت‬G‫دوا‬

‫‪G -‬ك ـ ـ ـ ـ ـا‪F‬ة ‪FG‬سط ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪䩆‬ي ?‪F‬د ا‪G‬س‪䩆GF‬ي‪.‬‬

‫‪F -‬ظرة ا‪?F‬ا‪䑅‬ل ا‪?F‬ر‪⡊‬ب وا‪F‬غر‪⡊‬ب ‪FF‬ق‪6‬ية ا‪FGF‬سطي‪F‬ية‪.‬‬

: ‫ها‬.‫ و?روب‬FN‫ط‬7FG F‫أص‬ .I

FF GNNN‫ر‬FF' ‫ا‬7‫و‬7.NNNF‫ا‬o' N77FG FGF >?F FF N.1‫ؤ‬G' *‫ا‬F/ O‫ر‬N"N/ ‫ف‬䅊

palestine Syria ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ا‬N1‫و‬7 NF )N.7F‫ا‬.( 7' ‫ا >هر‬G‫?د‬.N *N/NNG ‫ف ?هد‬䅊N

FF g'‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' N6'1gF FG'‫ر‬F' NFN&'‫ر‬7g' P‫ر‬G7?F' Jg./g' FF >‫ر‬F‫ا‬.NNF7F' FF

P‫د‬FF.G7g' N.‫و‬F‫و‬.N‫ر‬/Fg' )0110-0801(* 1‫ز‬N‫ر‬G 7GN. N7FF ‫ر‬.( J‫و‬F I‫ا‬FGN

.885 7/  ‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' 1‫ا‬N‫د‬F' ‫ى‬F? 9'‫ر‬7F'pNFF ‫ى‬7‫و‬F ‫ا‬7? - 1

.150225‫ب‬⠱GG‫و‬F‫ة‬/FFF ‫?ة‬.7‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ف‬䅊 F‫?و‬.1g' F&‫ا‬Fo'‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -1

.0-15)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ف‬䅊 F‫?و‬.1g' F&‫ا‬Fo'‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -1

: NG'‫جغر‬F' FN‫ط‬7FG ?F‫و‬G -1

.015)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' 1‫ا‬N‫د‬F' ‫ى‬F? 9'‫ر‬7F'oNFF ‫ى‬7‫و‬F ‫ا‬7? -1

: FN‫ط‬7FGF ‫ة‬NF‫حا‬F' ‫حدود‬F'-2

N. 0115 ‫و ?ا‬F7NF ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G.' ?NF‫و‬. ‫?د‬.N

: FNGF7GF' ‫د‬F? FN‫ط‬7FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG .II

.115) F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(N77..G' FF ‫ة‬.p‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF'N N77FG -1

.)90( ‫ة‬Nf''‫ا‬N.Fg' )1‫و‬7 -0

N/‫ر‬F' Fo‫ر‬F' G' 7.(

)‫د‬N.? nF ‫ا‬6F‫ا‬. GFF‫ ?ا‬O' ‫ر‬G? G' ‫د‬.? FF(

: ‫ا‬GF7 ‫دس‬FF' ‫ر‬N‫حر‬.‫ة و‬N‫ر‬G?F' ‫ة‬FN‫وث‬F'-1

N/‫ر‬F' Fo‫ر‬F' G' 7.("

./‫هو‬NF' FF ‫د‬/F '‫ا‬NFN‫إ‬. FG7N gN(

.F&'‫د‬G' FGF N7?N ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N‫ز‬n' '‫و‬7?N FF '‫ا‬NFN' FGF ‫ى‬F?(N

.91-905 G7GF ?.‫ر‬G' - 1

: (‫ا‬.GF'‫ش?ر'ء و‬F' ‫د‬F? FN‫ط‬7FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG -2

.‫ش?ر'ء‬F' ‫د‬F? :1-2

.98-995)F.‫ا‬7F' ?.‫ر‬F(3‫د‬FF'N N77FG ‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬1‫ا‬7? 1‫و‬G>F' ‫د‬.? ‫د‬oF -1

/‫ها‬n' /‫ها‬n' /‫ها‬n' P/‫ا‬F. '‫?د‬F' .g 1‫ا‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG

‫ا‬Fg‫ذ‬.N ‫ا‬7gG' GFp' ‫ها‬F‫ا‬7N ‫ها‬.7'‫د‬F .7N/ G..‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬F' /NN

‫ ا‬F'‫و‬F .F '‫و‬F1‫ا‬FN..P‫ا‬NFF' ‫و‬G7 G‫د‬G‫هد‬N..‫ى‬G?FF' ‫ى‬F? NGG‫?ا‬N

‫ ا‬F‫ا‬G.F)FN&'‫ر‬7'(FN/ '‫و‬6G>FN ‫ا‬F‫ د‬7‫ر‬.)FN&'‫ر‬7'(1'‫د‬F' ‫ف‬䅊N.'‫و‬F‫ا‬F

‫ ا‬F‫ا‬N'‫و‬7 ‫ ا‬./ G‫ر‬G>. GGFF‫ا‬F )‫ د‬G‫ا‬6 *‫ا‬Nf'N ‫ ة‬.N‫?ر‬F' 3‫د‬F

‫ا‬F‫ا‬/‫ا‬F. ‫ا‬G‫ا‬F?F F.F FF 4‫ا‬.‫ر‬N .&.G‫ا‬FJ‫ا‬.f' ‫ف‬䅊/‫ا‬6F' GF‫ر‬/N

‫ا‬F‫ا‬G7? I‫و‬G7G' GF/ FF FN7N H‫ا >د‬F/‫ا‬.GF ‫ف‬䅊 GGF'‫ا‬F -‫ر‬n'N

.10/11/15 5 )G‫ر‬7..(/N‫د‬o' P‫ز'&ر‬n' (/g' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FGpNG1 G' ‫د‬.? -1

'‫ا‬ ‫ه‬.F'N '‫ا‬ F7F'N Jg n' :N7‫و‬F

'‫ا‬ .‫ر‬F'N '‫ا‬ FG'N )‫ا‬. FF'N )‫ ا‬No'N

‫ ا‬F‫ر‬ GF ‫ا‬ G‫>ا‬N ‫ ا‬G?F F ‫ا‬G‫ا‬ 7

I‫ا‬G 7F' > F..

'‫ و‬Fg' O‫د‬G' 61F ‫ى‬F? *‫?د‬N gf' */'2N (‫ ا‬7G' F /

.015)G7GF ?.‫ر‬G'(/N‫د‬o' ‫ر‬7?F' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG ''‫?ر‬6('‫ر‬6 F7/ ‫د‬Gp ‫د‬Gp - 1

'‫ ر‬.g'N FN. F.F' G FN. 7N 1/‫ >ا‬GG7. ''‫ر‬7g' F7‫و‬F‫ا‬N

g /g' ‫ا‬g' F . ‫ه‬F N/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ د?ة‬. GF0 7NFG I‫و‬F‫ر‬o F'

‫ ا‬.‫ا‬o' ‫ا‬ o ‫و‬G‫ز‬N ‫ا‬o1‫ر‬ / pF' 3‫د‬FF' ‫د‬G‫ ا‬6N -g 7 ‫ا‬N F

.(‫ا‬.GF' ‫د‬F? :2-2

‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬F' G/ NN77FGN‫ا‬NF‫ا‬/ F7FN QgNF n‫ ?ر‬GFgGF0 F? 9‫و‬G‫د‬o 7NFG N77FGF ‫ة‬NF‫>ا‬F'

: ‫ها‬FF ‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' NG7 ‫ف‬䅊 .7. *g‫ا‬FF )‫ ?د‬.N6FFN

.555)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(/N‫د‬o' P‫ز'&ر‬n' (/g' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FGpNG‫ر‬F' G' ‫د‬.? -1

: ‫ة‬NFN‫ط‬7FGF' ‫ة‬N‫ض‬FFF N‫غرب‬F'‫ و‬N‫?رب‬F' GF‫?ا‬F' )‫ظر‬F .III

.‫ة‬N‫ض‬FFF ‫د‬N‫ؤ‬GG N‫?رب‬F' GF‫?ا‬F' :-1

.NG‫ل‬䐧7‫ل‬䐥' ‫ر‬G.‫ؤ‬GF' F? ‫حة‬GF:1-1

: ‫ها‬FN. FF pF'N G'‫د‬Gg' FF ‫ة‬Fo FNF/ O' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' ‫?ى‬7N /N/

.NGF7G'N g7g' ‫ا‬N‫ا‬6FF ‫ة‬FF‫ا‬6 ‫ة‬F‫د‬0 ‫ا‬NFF'*

.‫ة‬NF.'‫د‬F' *‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7FF 6‫?ر‬.F' FN/ NGF7G'N g7g' *gG6F ?No ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬F*

: ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬7N7. .F/o O‫ر‬.F G'‫د‬GF O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ا‬.

‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FFF ‫ة‬NGg7g) N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F) *‫?و‬6F) +‫د‬F‫ا‬7G ‫ى‬F... ‫ا‬GNG -1

‫ة‬NFN77FGF) ‫ة‬N6FF) F? .?.F) ‫ف‬䅊 1‫و‬.‫ا‬GN1‫ا‬GF) FG GG‫ا‬7 GNG -4

FF GNNN‫ر‬FF' ‫ا‬7‫و‬7.NNNF‫ا‬o' N77FG FGF >?F FF N.1‫ؤ‬G' *‫ا‬F/ O‫ر‬N"N/ ‫ف‬䅊

FF g'‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' N6'1gF FG'‫ر‬F' NFN&'‫ر‬7g' P‫ر‬G7?F' Jg./g' FF >‫ر‬F‫ا‬.NNF7F' FF

.885 7/ ‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' 1‫ا‬N‫د‬F' ‫ى‬F? 9'‫ر‬7F'pNFF ‫ى‬7‫و‬F ‫ا‬7? - 1

.150225‫ب‬⠱GG‫و‬F‫ة‬/FFF ‫?ة‬.7‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ف‬䅊 F‫?و‬.1g' F&‫ا‬Fo'‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -1

.0-15)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF' ‫ف‬䅊 F‫?و‬.1g' F&‫ا‬Fo'‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫د‬Gp F7p -1

.015)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(‫ة‬7‫د‬FG' 1‫ا‬N‫د‬F' ‫ى‬F? 9'‫ر‬7F'oNFF ‫ى‬7‫و‬F ‫ا‬7? -1

.115) F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(N77..G' FF ‫ة‬.p‫ة‬NFN77FGF' ‫ة‬N6FF'N N77FG -1

.)90( ‫ة‬Nf''‫ا‬N.Fg' )1‫و‬7 -0

.91-905 G7GF ?.‫ر‬G' - 1

.98-995)F.‫ا‬7F' ?.‫ر‬F(3‫د‬FF'N N77FG ‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬1‫ا‬7? 1‫و‬G>F' ‫د‬.? ‫د‬oF -1

‫ا‬F‫ا‬/‫ا‬F. ‫ا‬G‫ا‬F?F F.F FF 4‫ا‬.‫ر‬N .&.G‫ا‬FJ‫ا‬.f' ‫ف‬䅊/‫ا‬6F' GF‫ر‬/N

‫ا‬F‫ا‬G7? I‫و‬G7G' GF/ FF FN7N H‫ا >د‬F/‫ا‬.GF ‫ف‬䅊 GGF'‫ا‬F -‫ر‬n'N

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.015)G7GF ?.‫ر‬G'(/N‫د‬o' ‫ر‬7?F' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FG ''‫?ر‬6('‫ر‬6 F7/ ‫د‬Gp ‫د‬Gp - 1

‫ة‬.N‫?ر‬F' G/ NN77FGN‫ا‬NF‫ا‬/ F7FN QgNF n‫ ?ر‬GFgGF0 F? 9‫و‬G‫د‬o 7NFG N77FGF ‫ة‬NF‫>ا‬F'

.555)F.‫ا‬7 ?.‫ر‬F(/N‫د‬o' P‫ز'&ر‬n' (/g' ‫ف‬䅊 N77FGpNG‫ر‬F' G' ‫د‬.? -1

.‫ة‬NF.'‫د‬F' ‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7FF 6‫?ر‬.F' FN/ NGF7G'N g7g' gG6F ?No ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬F*

https://ar.wikipedia.org08:01.NF‫و‬.F' 0201-25-08 NFg7g' ‫ر‬o‫ؤ‬G' -0

08:22.NF‫و‬.F'0201 -25-50‫د‬N‫هو‬.F' GF‫و‬F ‫ا‬NFN/ ‫ا‬7>6 .F7. 3‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬Fn:F'‫و‬F?. J‫ا‬FF - 1

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: G‫ه‬FN. FG‫ر‬G‫ذ‬FNF‫ا‬FGF- FG 5‫ ?د‬7‫ >هو‬O+ 0‫ا‬FN.7F- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G 1-‫د‬/) .?G5 ‫د‬FF

.http://www.palestine-art.com 92:999012-02-91 NFNG6.F- FGF- .N. ?F‫و‬G -1

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N6 .‫ا‬GN7‫ا‬GF- FG:J‫ا‬F )1121-1222("NG7‫ >و‬GN7GG"NG‫?ا‬F- N7N‫ر‬F- .N5g- GG‫?ر‬N ‫ا‬GG

0‫ا‬/G7F- ‫ى‬F? 7‫و‬.‫ا‬GN7‫ا‬GF- FG 7‫ة>هو‬N.‫?ر‬F- JN‫د‬F- FG ‫ا‬G>G N77FG .G‫د ?ر‬FF

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