Force and Laws of Motion THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES When we look around us at this fascineting, magnificent and immerse cosmos — look at the awesome planets moving around the sun in an orderly manner, phases of the moon, stars in a Constellation or movement of machinery parts in a factory ~ all of them are following certain laws. They are acted’ upon ‘by, certain forces. In order to understand this beauty, let us take a step forward by understanding ‘Force and Laws of Motion’ In this chapter. we shall study about force and its effects on the objects and Warious laws related to the motion of objects. FORCE AND ITS EFFECTS When we look around, and observe state of rest or motion of bodies, we find that nothing moves on its own, ‘When we push or pull a body ()Itmay change its state of rest or of uniform motion. (@) tt may change its direction of motion. (ii) It may change its shape. We say that we exert a force on a body if we push or pull it. This push or pull may be gentle or hard, so force has a magnitude. This push or pull may be in different directions, so force has a direction. It means force is @ vector quantity. Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New © Force and Its Effects > — Resultant Force > Balanced Force > Unbalanced Force > System and Extemal Force Comparison between Balanced and Unbalanced Forces Galileo's Experiment Newton's First.aw of Motion > Inertia Linear Momentum, Newton's Second Law of Motion > \ Mathematical Formulation of Second Law Relation Between SI and CGS Unit of Force % First Law is Contained in Second Law Significance of Unbalanced, External Force Application of Newton's Second Law of Motion Newton's Third Law > Action and Reaction > — Applications of Third Law Conservation of Linear Momentum Applications of Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum, > Quick Recap Assignment ‘Dethi-10005 Ph.0tt-47623456Let us consider hitting a stationary ball with a bat, This ineases the speed of the ball from zero to some value. Let us try fo push a wall or a truck. Can we change is state of rest? We did apply effort but the body did not move. Fig. 2 Let us consider catching a moving cricket ball. The effort exerted on the ball by our hand brings it to rest. Can you think of an instance where you apply effort to stop a_moving body but don't succeed. Yes, trying to stop a truck or a train moving with great speed will not bring the body to rest. Fig. 3 : The effort exerted by/the hand on the ball decreases the speed to zero Let us consider 2 football player hitting a football. He succeeds in changing the direction of the ball. You can think of the instance, where you apply effort but don’t succeed in changing the direction of the body. Well, trying to change the direction of a fast moving truck as it;passes us by applying effort is useless. Fig. 4 You can change the shape of a spring by stretching or compressing it. Now, try to change the shape of a table by pressing it. cr | effort Fig. 5 Hence, we conclude that Force is an entity which when applied on a body changes or tends to change a body's (i) State of rest or uniform motion (ii) Direction of motion (ili) Shape and size (M) SpeedResultant Force When two or more forces act on a body simultaneously, then the single force which produces the same effect, ‘as produced by all the forces acting together is known as tho resultant force. Fy F, Fig. 6 Resultant force F = Vector sum of individual forces Balanced Force When a number of forces acting simuitaneously on a body do net bring about any change in its state of rest oF of uniform motion along a straight lino, then the forces acting on the body are said to be balanced forces. In this case different forces acting on’a body. gives zero resultant: Balanced forces do not produce any acceleration. For example — When two opposite forces having the same magnitlide F act, on a block placed on a smooth horizontal table, they fail to move the block. mae Fig. 7 This Is because the net force!is equal to Zero, Similaty, two opposite forces having the same magnitude cannot change the speed of a moving body. When a number of forces acting simultaneously on a body bring about a change in its state of rest or of Uniform motion along a straight lina, then these forces acting on the body are aid to be unbalanced forces. In this case, different forces acting on body do not give zero resultant. If an unbalanced force is applied on the object, there will be a change either in its speedivelocity or in the direction of its motion. Thus, to accelerate an object, an unbalanced force is required. When net force on the body is not equal to zero, then the body at rest starts moving in the direction of resultant force.48 | Force and Laws of Motion Physics - Class IX (Level) System and External Force ‘A.system may consist of a single object (can be a particle), a combination of two or more objects. All parts of the system should have the same acceleration. Any force on the bodies inside the sysiem from bodies outside the system is called external force. Intemal forces (i.e, forces between two bodies inside the system) are not included. ‘Teachers’ remarks that changed the history of Physics. Archimedes : "You are late again. Don't tell me that you were locked again in the bathroom.” Copernicus : “When will you understand that you are not the centre of the world?" Galileo : “If you will drop stones from the top of the tower one more time, youll be dismissed forever.” Kepler : “Till when will you stare at the sky?" Newton : "Will you please stop iding away under the apple tree?” Volta : “| can see you have a lot of potential.” Heisenberg : “When will you be sure of yourself?” Comparison Between Balanced and Unbalanced'Fartes, =n ee a 1, Stationary body _| Itdoesnot change the state of rest ofa body | Itchanges the state of rest of abody (state of rest) 2. Moving body It does not change the state of motion. If | It can bring about the change in the {State of motion) | body is moving with a constant velocity, | state of motion. It can bring a ‘then itwill continue with the same velocity | moving body torest 3. Acceleration It cannot produce any acceleration It can accelerate or decelerate the moving body 4. Shape It can change the shape of the body. Eesicianae Testbed tre 5, Direction Itcannot change the direction of the Itcan change the direction of the Moving body moving body 6. Resultant force | Zero ‘Not zero Example 1: The net unbalanced force acting on an object is zero. Is it possible for the object (0 travel with a non-zero velocity? Provide a reason for your answer. Solution : ‘When the net unbalanced external force acting on an object is zero, the acceleration is zero. Therefore, the object will be either at rest or it will continue to move with its velocity along the same direction. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Debi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Physia - Class (Level) “Fores and Laws of Mation| 43 GALILEO’S EXPERIMENT Galileo observed the motion of objects on an inclined plane and deduced that objects move with a constant speed when no force acts on them. He observed that when a marble rolls down an inclined plane, its velocity increases as the force of gravity acts in the downward direction i.e., along the direction of moton of the marble fig. 9(a). Its velocity decreases as it climbs up, because in thal case force of gravity acts opposite to the direction of motion fg. 9(b). Then he observed the motion of marble on a double frictionless inclined plane as shown in the fig. 9(c).. +s Fig. 8c) He observed, when the marble is released from left, it would roll down the slope and go up on the opposite side to the same height h from which it was released and if the inclinations of the planes on both sides are ‘equal then, the marble will climb the same distance that it Covared while roling down. If the angle of inclination of the right side plane were gradually cecreased, then the marble would travel further more and more distances til it reaches the same height. And ifthe right side plane were utimately made horizontal, the marble would continue to travel forever trying to reach the same height that it was released from. Hence, from his experiment he concluded that an unbalanced force is required to change the motion of the Newton further studied Galileo's ideas on force and motion and presented three fundamental laws that govern the motion of objects. These three laws are known as Newton's laws of motion. NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION [LAW OF INERTIA] Fact: If a body is at rest, it remains at rest if no unbalanced external force acts on it. Fact Il : Ifa body is moving at constant speed in a fixed direction, it will continue to do so if no unbalanced external force acts on it. Fact Ill : A body accelerates if an unbalanced external force acts on it ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Fusa Road, New Dehi-110005 Ph.011-47623456ED anata Piya Gas (Lavery Newton's first law A body will remain in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by some unbalanced external force to change that state of rest or of uniform motion. In simple words, if no unbalanced external force acts on a body at rest, it will remain at rest and if it is moving with uniform motion, it will continue to do so. Or, if the resultant force on a body is zero, it remains unaccelerated. RE (AOE meron Cee eioS Te Inertia Inertia is the tendency of a body 16’ maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion on its own or we can say that itis the inability of a body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion on its own. Inertia and mass : Consider two bodies of unequal masses, say a table tennis ball and a cricket ball. If both balls are pushed with equal force for the same time, a cricket ball will have much smaller velocity as compared. to the tennis ball. Cricket ball has resistance more than table tennis ball. Or, cricket ball hes larger inertia. than table tennis ball. So, we can generalise, a heavier body has a larger inertia than a lighter body. ‘Same is true for objects in motion also. If you have to stop a lighter body and a heavy body moving with equal velocities, you may stop the lighter body with your hands (depending on its velocity), while the heavier one may slow down only a litte (depending on its velocity). Larger the mass, larger is the inertia. Hence, we may say mass is a measure of inertia Example 2: Explain why a bullet fired against a glass windowpane makes a hole, without making any crack in it Solution : Initially, the entire glass is in the state of rest. When a bullet strikes the glass pane, the part of the glass. pane which comes in contact with the bullet immediately shares the large velocity of the bullet and flies away making a hole. The remaining part of the glass, remains at rest and is not cracked. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oifice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi110005 Ph.011-47623456Piya Cae at read aoa Example 3 : Why is it advised to tie our luggage kept on the roof of a bus with a rope? Solution : Because it may slide and fall due to the following reasons () If the bus is in the state of rest, the luggage is also in the came state of rast. When the bus starts suddenly the luggage tends to remain in the state of rest due to the inertia of rest. As a result, the luggage may fallin the backward direction, (Ifthe bus is in the state of motion, the luggage Is also in the same state of metion. So, when the brakes are applied it may fall in the forward direction due to the inertia of motion. (ii) If the bus takes a sharp turn on a road the luggage will resist any change in its direction due to the inertia. of direction. As a result the luggage may fall sideways, ‘Therefore, itis advised to tie the luggage kept on the roof of the bus to prevent it fom falling, _| Example 4 : Which of the following bodies have more inertia? (A metal ball and a rubber ball of the’s2me, size (i) A car and a bus Solution ‘We know that more is the mass more is the inertia (Mass of a metal ball is greater than-the mass of a rubber ball, So the metaf ball has more inertia. (i) Similarly a bus has more inertia. 1. When a number of forces acting simultanoously on a bedy bring about a change in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight ine, then these forces acting on the body are said to be (1) Balanced forces (2) Equal forces (@) Unbalanced forces (4) Opposite forces 2, Two cars have masses 1000 kg and 2000 kg respectively moving with the same velocity. Which ‘car has more inertia? (1) Car having mass 2000 kg (2) Car having mass 1000 kg (3) Both car have the same inertia (4) None of these 3. An object is moving with a constant velocity of 10 mis on a straight road. The cause of motion is due to alan (1), Unbalanced force (2) Balanced force (8) Constant force (4) Allof these ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oifice - Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Debi-110005 Ph.011-47623456[EG Force and Laws of Motion Physics - Class 1X (Level) 5. a 6 itis advised not to keep the box on the roof of the bus untied. Because when the driver applies brakes it may fall (1) Backward (2) To the right of the bus @) To the left of the bus (4) Forward ‘A body is said to be under balanced forces, when the resultant force acting on the body is (1) Unity @) Zero @) Infinite (@) Allof these ‘While dusting a carpet, we give sudden jerk to it wih a stick. Because (1), The inertia of motion removes the dust (@) The jerks compensate for the force of adhesion between the dust and the carpet, and dust is removed (@) The inertia of rest keeps the dust in position and the dust gets removed as the carpet moves away (@) No inertia is involved in the process, itis simply due to the practical experiences (clo (2)s (wy “(ae (Wz “e)t suv) LINEAR MOMENTUM Itis defined as the quantity of motion contained in @ body. Itis measured as the product of mass of the body and its velocity and has the same direction as that of the velocity. It is @ Vector quantity. It is represented by p. Linear momentum (p) = mass (m) x vlocity (0) o p= mv] The SI unit of linear momentum is kg mvs. Let us understand the need of linear momentum. Consider stopping a body of face 1.9 moving’ with certdin Volocity. Can you stop it? Your anower may be yes. it? Ni ‘What, if the body is a bullet? Consider stopping a body moving with a speed of 0.1 mis. Can you stop low, you are likely to say, yes. What, ff the body is'a train? So, we understand the need for aterm, which involves both mass and velocity. Graph between momentum (p) and velocity (v) for constant mass (mm) Pp ° v Graph between momentum (p) and mass (m) for constant velocity P o 7 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Example ‘What isthe linear momentum of a car of mass 1500 kg moving with a velocity of 72 km/h on a straight highway? Solution We have, pam Given, m= 1500 kg, v= 72 km/h = 20 mis 1p = 1500 x 20 = 30,000 kg ms | Example ‘A dumb-del! of mass 10 Ag falls from a height of 80 cm. How much linear momentum of the dumb-bel! wil transfer to the floor? (g = 10 m/s?) Solution = We have given, Mass of the dumb-bell (mm) = 10 kg , : = 80 opm’ Height (f) = 80 om = 555 = 0.8 mt velocity u = 0 ‘Acceleration = acceleration due to gravity = Pulting these values in the equation of rition, =u + 29h w=0+2*10 x 0.8= 16 (ms ve4ms = 40 mis? We know that linear momentum'p = mv, =10*4=404gmis 40 kg mis is transferred to the floor. Mathematical Formulation of Second Law Consider a body of mass m moving with some inal velocty u. If an unbalanced constant force is applied and it changes its veloc from uo vin time f then the acceleration of the body change in velocity _ v—u » time taken ? nl The intel linear momentum of the body, p= mu and final inear momentum, p= mvThe change in linear momentum = py ~ p) = mv— mu = mv —u) Therefore, the rate of change of linear momentum lv =U) applied unbalanced force (F) ti) From (i) and (i), we get po tiv-u) or Fx ma or F = kma where k is a constant of proportionality. The unit of force is so chosen that here the value of the constant, k becomes one. The SI unit of force is newton represented by F=ma i (One newton is that force which produces an acceleration of 1,fmis® ints direction wher applied to an object of mass 1 kg. Equation (fi) is also known as equation of motion and is the other form of Newton's second law. CGS unit of force is dyne. Wm=1g.a=1 ons? M=19 FemeSTReKaVe Poke af Laat one = 19 cm/s? Fig. 10 = 1 dyne So, one dyne is that force which produces an’acceleration of 1 cm/s? in its direction when applied to an object of mass 1 g Relation Between SI and CGS Unit of Force kg mis? 4N=10° dyne Gravitational unit of force : 1 kgf = 1 kg wt= 9.8 N 1 kgf = 19 wt = 980 dynesFirst Law is Contained in Second Law First law of motion can be mathematically stated rom the mathematical expression for the second law of motion, We have, F=ma o Fame) or Ft=mv— mu IF = 0, then v= for any time ‘& Itmeans that the object will continue moving with uniform velocity u. & If u=0, thon v= 0, ie., the object will remain at rest. It specifies that the first law is contained in the second law, but this does not mean that the second law is the real law, Significance of Unbalanced, External Force In Newton's second law, we talked about unbalanced external force. Let us understand its significance through these examples. | Example 7: Let us consider two forces F, and F; acting on a body of mass'®\kg as shown in the figure. It F, F, = 2.N, what will be the acceleration of the body? | Om Solution : Unbalanced extemal force = F, — F, 0- in the direction of F, | Example A fan (which runs with a battery) 1s put on a sail boat. When switched on, it exerts a force F on the boat. Will the boat move or not? Solution : The fan and the boat are one system henoa, the forces they exert on each other are internal, Therefore, they are not considered.External force = 0 so, af = 229 m Hence, the boat will not move. Example 9: A car is moving with a constant velocity of 50 km/h and the mass of the car is 1000 kg. Find the net force acting on it Solution : ‘As car is moving with constant velocity so acceleration is equal to zero. Therefore, the net force acting on it will be zero as force = mass acceleration. Example 10 What acceleration will be produced by a force of 10 N exerted on a body of mass 5 kg? Solution : We have, F = 10 N, mass of the body (mn) =5 kg ‘Acceleration (a) = ? By using Newton's second law of motion , F = ma a-£- ams? ms Thus, the acceleration produced in the boty is 2 mis?. Example 14: A bus starts from rest and moves down a hill»with constant acceleration. The bus travels a distance of 200 m in 10 s. If the mass of the bus is § metric tonne; then what will be the acceleration and the force acting on it (1 metric tonne = 1000 kg)? Solution : We have, Initial velocity (u) = 0 mvs tance travelled by bus (s)= 200 m Time taken by the bus (f)= 10 Mass of the bus (m) = § metric tonne = 5 1000 = 5000 kg ‘Acceleration (a) = ? Force (F) =? Using equation of motion ie., tae =ut+ Lat’ s=ut+ Sat 200= 0310+ Lax (10?= 200=4ax100 200%2 700 Thus, the acceleration of the bus is 4 m/s? Now, from Newton's second law of motion, F = ma = mis? F = 5000 « 4 = 20,000 N ‘Thus, the force acting on the bus is 20,000 N. | Example 12: AA stone of mass 1 kg is thrown with a velocity of 20 mis across the frozen surface of a lake and it comes to rest after travelling a distance of 50 m. What is the force of friction between the stone and ice? Solution : ‘We have, Initial velocity of the stone (u) = 20 mis. Final velocity of the stone (v) ="O.m/s Distance travelled (2) Mass of the stone (mm) = Force of friction (F) =? To caloulate the force, we can use Newton's second lat of motion, F = ma, but we have to first calculate acceleration (a). Using the equation of motion ve, v= ue + 2as (OF = (oR +2* a 50 1002 = ~400 400 700° ‘Acceleration a = ~4 m/s? (negative sign:stows that the speed of the stone decreases i.e. retardation) kg * (-4) mis? = 4 kg-mis? = -4N 50 m kg -4mis* Now, F = ma = ‘Thus, the force of friction between the stone and ice is ~4 N. ‘The negative value of the force shows that the frictional force acts in a direction opposite to the direction of mation. Example 13: ‘A 1000 kg engine pulls a train of 4 wagons each of 2500 kg along a horizontal railway track. If the engine exerts a force of 50000 N on wagons and track offers force of frstion 10000 N, then calculate (The net accelerating force (i) The acceleration of the train (ii) The force by wagon 1 on wagon 2Frictional force exerted by the track, F, = ~10000 N Negative sign shows that the friction is opposite to the direction of motion. (Therefore the net accelerating force F =F, + F = 50,000 + (-10,000) = 10,000 N Mass of each wagon of the train = 2500 kg Number of wagons of the train = 4 mass of the train (m) = 2500 x 4 = 10,000 kg ‘oihoutengie) Net accelerating force acting on the train is F = 40,000 N (ii), Mass of one wagon (m,) = 2500 kg Acceleration of the train l= 4 mils? Force exerted by wagon 1 on Wagon 2s the accelerating force for the three rear wagons. F Application of Newton's Second Law of Motion 1. Cricket player lowers his hand while catching the ball : The player increases the time during which the high velocity of moving ball reduces to zero. Fx at=m(v—u) wis very large, v m(v — u)is fixed, It we Increase At, F decreases, so the force of impact on the palm of the flelder reduces. Hence, he Is able to catch the ball without injuring himself.‘towards the fielder tat a et “ O) eo ’y pulling arms back with the ball, a fielder is able to catch the ball without injuring himself Fig. 1 A karate player can break a pile of tiles with a single blow of his hand : Because he strikes the pile of tiles with his hand very fast, during which the entire linear momentum of the fast moving hand is reduced to zero in very short interval of ime. This exerts a very large force on the pile of tiles which is sufficient to break them, by a single. blow. of his hand, tb) Fig. 12 : By a single blow, a karate player is able to break a pile of tiles or a slab of ice In a high jump athletic event, the athletes are allowed to fall either on a sand bed or cushioned bed : This is done to increase the time of athletes fall to stop after making the high jump, which decreases the rate of change of linear momentum and decreases the impact. ‘Shockers are provided in automobiles : itis used to decrease the rate of change of lineer momentum by increasing the time interval and hence, reducing the impact during the jerks. It also reduces the hardness of the shocks, when the vehicles move over uneven roads. While driving car, the drivers and other passengers are advised to wear seat belts : When brakes are applied suddenly, the passengers of the car fall forward due to the inertia of motion. The seat belt worn by passengers of the car prevents them from falling forward suddenly. This enables the entire linear ‘momentum of the passengers fo reduce to zero over a long interval of time, hence it prevents injury Athletes are advised to come to stop slowly after finishing a fast race : By doing so, he decreases the rate of change of linear momentum by increasing the time interval and hence, reducing the impact. which reduces injury. China and glasswares are packed with soft material : China and glasswares are wrapped in paper before packing to avoid breakage when transported. During transportation, there may be collisions due to jerks of the packed wares. Soft material like paper slows down their rate of change of linear momentum, ‘As a result, the impact is reduced and items are not broken.Foree and Laws of Motion Physics - Class IX (Levelt) DP 7. Amachine gun fires n bullets per second each of mass m. If the speed of each bullet is v, then the force of recoil is (1) mng (2) mv @ 4) @) mg o> 8. Even if the force on the rocket remains the same, is acceleration (1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) Remains the same (4) First increases and then decreases. 9. Acar of mass 1000 kg moving with velocity 72 kmh takes 4 5 to stop after the brakes are applied. The force exerted by the brakes is (1) +4500 N @) ~4500 N (8) #5000 N (4) -5000 N 10. ifthe mass of a body is doubled and its velocity becomes half, then the linear momentum of the body will (1) Remain same (2) Become double (8) Become half (4) Become four times 11. The magnitude of force required to produce an acceleration of 4 m/s? in a ball of mass 6 kg (1) 20N Q) 24N (@) 30N (@) 25N 412, The force acting on a mass of 1 kg due to gravity is called 1 kg weight, which is equal to () 1N (2) 98N @) 980 dyne @ 12N 43. A driver accelerates his car first at the rate of 1.8 mis? and then at the rate of 1.2 m/s The force: exerted by the engine will be in the ratio (1) 1:3 @ 3:2 @) 1:2 2:4 14. When a net force acts on a body, the body will be accelerated in the direction of applied force with an acceleration proportional to the (1) Force applied on the body 2) Velocity of the body @) Mass of the body (4) Inertia of the body Urs ‘Wer “zt (er (Wor ‘(we (He (Z)z suv) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethit10005 Ph.011-47623456yea“ ine va Fon oa a oT NEWTON'S THIRD LAW If body 1 exerts a force on body 2 (action), then body 2 exerts a force on body 1 (reaction). These two forces have the same magnitude but are tre ‘opposite in direction. These two forces act on diferent bodies. Forces always occur in pairs. Canoe box puton te head ta boy | F, = Force applied by the box on the head F, ‘orce applied by the head on the box F, negative sign indicates thet directions of F, and F, are opposite Fig. 13 Action and Reaction ‘When there is a force exerted by body | on body I, there is also a force exerted by body Il on body |. These forces are equal in magnitude and act in opposite directions. Such a pair of forces is called an action-eaction pair. ‘Any of the two forces may be called the action, the other will be the reaction. Consider a book placed on a table. Reaction ‘Action : roa.) ra ‘Acton Fig. 14 ‘The book pushes the table down with a force. The table pushes the book up with an-equal force. If we call the downward force exerted by the bok-on’the table, as action, the upward foree ‘exerted by the table on the book is the reaction or vice-versa Newton’s third law can be restated as ‘action and reaction are always equal (in magnitude) and opposite’ (in direction). Action and reaction act simultaneously. Action and reaction always act on different bodies. Forces always exert in pairs, every action has an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction) reaction. ey cory Ea iy goes up shes rr Pont a Engines Fig. 16 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tow, 6, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110009 PhO11-47623450,Ei tmenain ‘Can we have any pair of equal and opposite forces as an action-reaction pair? ; R=w roy Fig. 17 Consider a body Kept on a table, the table pushes the body in the upward direction. Then, the body should fly up. It remains there only, as there is another force on the body puling it down i¢., the force exerted by the earth on the body (weight w of the body). The two forces acting on the body are 1. The normal force R, applied by the table in the upward direction. 2. The force w applied by the earth in the downward direction, we know that the body does not accelerate. So, the two forces are balanced forces. They are equal in magnitude having opposite direction. ‘The question is - Can we call R and w as an action reaction pair? No, they are not forces applied by two bodies on each other. fis force applied by the table on the body, w is the force applied by the earth on the body. So, although they are equal and opposite, they do not form an action-reacton pair. Applications of Third Law 4. Recolling of a gun : When @ bullet is fired from a gun, it exerts a forward force of the bullet and the bullet exerts an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction} force on the gun, Due to high mass of the gun, it moves a litle distance’ backward and gives a backward jerk to the shoulder of the gunman force on gun force on (reaction) bullet (action) Gun = Fig. 18, 2. To walk, we press the ground in backward direction with feet : When we walk on the ground, our feet push the ground backward and in retum the ground pushes our feet forward. Fores on foot Force on ground (cencion) — {eeton) Fig. 19 : Action and reaction when we walk on the ground 3. It is difficult to walk on sand or ice : When cur feet press the sandy ground in the backward direction, the sand gets pushed away and as a result we get only small reaction (forward) from the sandy ground making it difficult to walk. 4. Jet aeroplanes and rockets : In jet engines and rockets, the fuel is bumt to produce a large quantity of hot gases, These hot gases comes out of a nozzle with a great force (this is action). According to the third law of motion, the equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction) reaction pushes the jet planes and rockets upward with a great speed (this is reaction). "Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deti-i10005 Ph.011-47629450Hot gases Fig. 20 : Action and reacton in the case of a rocket 5. Rowing of a boat : The boat man during the rowing of a boat pushes the water backwards with oars (this is an acton of boat-man). According to the third law of motion, water exerts an equal (in magritude) and opposite (in direction) push on the boat which moves it forward this is reaction by water. Thus, harder the boat-man pushes back the water with oars (.e., greater is the action), greater is the reaction force exerted by water and faster the boat moves in the forward direction. Fig. 21 : Action and reaction-acting ona boat 6. It is difficult to hold a hose which ejects large amount of water at a very high velocity : This is because, when fireman is direaing powerful stream of water on fre from a hose pipe, it moves backward due fo the backward reaction of water, 7. When a man jumps out from a boat, the boat moves backward : When the passengers starts jumping out of a rowing boat,-they push the boat backward with their feet. The boat exerts an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction) force on passengers in the forward direction which enables them to move forward. Force on man (reection)Laws ‘A rubber ball rebounds when struck from a hard floor : When we strike a rubber ball against a hard floor, the ball exerts a force on the hard floor (i... action). According to Newton's third law of motion, the floor exerts an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction) force (/e., reaction) on the ball Fig. 23 Significance of Newton's Laws : 1. The first law talks about the natural state of motion of a body. 2. The second law says that if a body is not following its natural‘State Gf motion, then there has to be a net unbalanced external force acting on the body. 3. The third law talks about the nature of the force, ‘¢.. forces exist in pairs Can we say that first law can be derived from second law? No, three laws are independent. Can we say that action occurs before the:reaction? No, both occur at the same time, Can we say that action and reaction act on\the same body? No, they always act on different bodies. CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM, ‘According to the conservation of-jinear momentum, if there is no net extemal force acting on the system, the total linear momentum of that system remains conserved. In other words for an isolated system the initia! linear momentum of the system is equal to the final linear momentum of the system. Consider two objects A and B of masses m, and m, moving along the same direction at different velocities u, and u,, respectively. AB S Fo Fax a” ml mtr im mo A B A B Before collision During Collision After collision Fig. 24 H'u, > up, then they collide and during collision A exerts a force F,, on B and simultaneously B exerts a force F,, on, A. Let v, and v, are the velocities of two objects A and B after collision and they are moving along the same straight line, The linear momentum of B before colision, Pa = Mall The linear momentum of B after collision, Pa = MQ¥2 Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-110005 Ph.011-47629456The rate of change of linear momentum of B is equal to force by A on B (e., Fy) (Pa Pa) _ Mav Matt, _ Mave —U2) 5 a t Similarly, the rate of change of linear momentum of A is equal to the force by Bon A (i Fig = (PABA) = Mali = Us) t t ‘According to Newton's third law of motion, F,, and F,, must be equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction). Therefore, F, "1 amy vy 4) __ Mae U2). t t cor [mit F Matty = mv, + mMaV2 oF Total inear momentum before collision = Total linear momentum after colision Applications of Law of Conservation of Linear.Momentum () Recoil Velocity of a Gun ‘When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun fécolls or gives a kick in the backward direction, =, Me abn, Ey butet Before fring After ing Fig. 25 Let v, — velocity of bullet after firing, v, — velocity of gun after fring im, > mass of the bullet, 'm, ~ mass of the gun ‘According to the law of conservation of linear momentum, Linear momentum before fring = linear momentum after fring O= mv, + mvp oF m¥,=-mv, where v, — recoil velocity of @ gun, negative sign shows that the gun moves backward. (ii) Rocket propulsion : Before firing the rocket, total near momentum of the system is zero. Because, the rocket is in the state of rest. When it is fired, chemical fuels inside the rocket are bumt and the hot gases are passed through nozzle with great speed. According to the law of conservation of linear momentum, the total linear momentum after firing must be equal to zero. As the hot gases gain linear momentum to the rear on leaving the rocket, the rocket acquires equal linear momentum in the upward i.., opposite direction.Fig. 26 Example 14 ‘Aktar, Karan and Rahul were riding a motor car that was moving with a high velocity on an exeress highway when an insect hit the windshield and got stuck on the wind-screen. Aktar and Karan started pondering over the situation. Karan suggested that the insect suffered a greater change in linear momentum as compared to the change in linear momentum of the motor car (because the change in the velocity of the insect was much more than that of motorcar). Aktar said that since the motor car was moving with a larger velocity, it exerted a larger force on'the insect arid as a result the insect died: Rahul while putting an entirely new explanation said that both the motor car and the insect experienced the same force and a change in their linear momentum. Comment on these suggestions. Solution : Rahul's explanation is correct due to the following reasons : () When insect hits the wind shield of the'ar, it @kerts a force on wind: shield and according to Newton's third law wind shield will exert equal force (in magnitude) on the insect but in opposite direction. Thus, both the motor car and insect experienced the same force (@) According to conservation of linear momentum, during collision, the total linear momentum of the system remains conserved. It meains the change in)linear momentum of the car should be equal and opposite to that of the insect. Since the linear momentum is the product of mass and velocity of the body, the insect having smaller mass will suffer greater change in velocity resulting in greater injuries or even death. Whereas motor car having very large mass will suffer very email chango in velocity. Example 15: A bullet of mass 90 g Is fred trom a’guin with inital velocty of 35 m/s. If mass of the gun is 4 kg, then calculate the recoil velocity of the gun. Solution : We have, Mass of the bullet m, = 50 g = 50 * 10° kg Velocty of the bullet v, = 35 m/s Mass of the gun m, = 4 kg Velocity of the gun v, = ? ‘According to the conservation of linear momentum, Total linear momentum before firing = Total near momentum after fring But total near momentum before fring = 0 Because the bullet gun system is initially at rest‘Total linear momentum of the system will be zero after collision my, + mv, = 0 Bu mm ol) By putting the numerical value in equation (i), we get ve 0.05% 38 _ 9.4375 mis ve ‘The negative sign shows that the gun moves opposite to the direction of motion of the bullet. Example 1 Two objects each of mass 5 kg are moving in the same straight ine towards each other with the same velocity of 3 mis. They stick fo each other after collision. What will be the velocity of the combined object after colision?| Solution : Before collision mi +m m,=m,=5kg wy, =-3mls During collision m™ | im ‘After collision m, | m }—>v Let the velocity of the combined objectis v Total linear momentum before collision is: mu, + maul, = 5 * 3+ 5(-3) = 0 Total linear momentum of the systerm after collision is, my + myv= um, +m,) = (5 + 5) Ov According to the conservation of inear momentum, inear momentum after collision Linear momentum before collision O=10v v=0 ms Hence, the velocity of the combined object after collision is zero, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 6, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456,(eatin amare Physics - Class IX (Level) PY! ae 15. A bullet of mass m, is horizontally ‘red with a velocity v, from a gun of mass m,. The recoil velocity of the gun will be My, May, ) Fy oe (8) ~(mymv, @ { 2) 16. A bullet of mass 10 g is horizontally fred with a velocity 100 m/s from a gun of mass 10 kg. The gun will move backward with linear momentum (1) 10 kg mis Q) 1 kg ms (3) Skgms (4) 2 kg mis 17. In-which statement, the conservation of linear momentum is applied? (1) A bullet fired from a gun (2) A rocket taking off from the ground (8) A car hitting a motorcycle @) Allot nese 18. Two objects of masses 10 kg and 15 kg are moving in the same direction with different velocties 5 mimin and 10 mimin respectively. i they collide and stick together and move with a common velocity, then the magnitude of their common velocity is (1) 8 m/min 2) 10 m/min (9) Simmin (4) 20 m/min 49. A bullet of mass A and velocity B is fired into a wooden block of mass C. If the bullet gets embedded in the wooden block, then the magnitude of velocity of the system just after the collision will be A+B A+c Ge ® are AC AB ® geo ® asc 20. if an astronaut in open space away from stationary spaceship wants to return to hie spaceship, he can do it by throwing something in a direction (1) ‘Towards the spaceship @) Away from spaceship (3) Normal to the direction of spaceship (4) Of his own choice 21, A person receives more inuuries when he falls on marble floor than that on sand. This is because (1) In marble floor the linear momentum is reduced to zero in less time (2) In send the linear momentum is reduced to zero in less time (3) The rate of change of linear momentum is less in marble floor (4) The rate of change of linear momentum is more in sand 22, ‘Aman is at rest in the middle of an ice pond, If ice is perfectly smooth, then he can get himseff to the shore by making use of Newton's (1) Third few @) Second law (3) First law (4) First and Third law ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph011-47623456Physics - Class IX (Level) Force and Laws of Motion] 23. A bullet of mass 40 g is fred from a gun of mass 10 kg. If the velocity of bullet is 400 mis, then the recoil velocity of the gun will be (1) 4.6 mis in the direction of bullet (2) 1.6 mis opposite to the direction of bullet [3) 1.8 mis in the direction of bullet (4) 1.8 cm/s opposite to the direction of bullet 24. Swimming is possible due to (1) Galileo's law of inertia (2) Newton's first law of motion (3) Newton's second law of motion (4) Newion's third law of motion love ‘lez “Nee "(Wiz (@hoz “web “Web “Wet (291 ‘(Wat “suv Quick RECAP 1. 10. Force : It is an entity which when applied on a body changes or tends to change a body's (). State of rest (i) State of uniform motion (ii) Direction of motion (w) Shape Resultant force : A single force aétiig on 2 body, which produces thé\same effect, ie, the same acceleration as produced by a number of forces. Balanced forces : Anumber of forces acting on a body which produce no acceleration in it. Unbalanced forces : if a number of forces acting on a:body at the same time produce a non-zero acceleration, ie., there is.a change in its\state of rest.or of uniform motion along a straight line, then the forces are called unbalanced fore Contact force : The force which arises as a result of physical contact between two bodies, one by which the force is exerted and the other on which the force is exerted, e.9., friction, tension in a string, Inertia : The natural tendeney of an object'to resist change in its state of rest or of uniform motion or its direction of motion. Linear momentum : Quantity of motion contained in @ body. It is measured as the procuct of mass of the body and its velocity and has the same direction as that of the velocity. itis a vector quantity. Linear momentum (p) = mass (m) x velocity (v) or [p=mv Newton (SI unit of force) : 1 N is that force which when applied on a body of mass 1 kg produces in it an acceleration of 1 mis? in its direction. Dyno (CGS unit of force) : 1 dyne is that force which when applied on a body of mass 1 g produces in it an acceleration of 1 emis? in its direction. Newton's first law of motion : Everybody continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a staight line unless itis compelled by some unbalanced external force to change that state. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Pn.011-4762345611, Mass : Mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in it. Mass of the body is a measure of Its inertia. Its SI unit is kg. 42. Newton's Second law of motion : ‘The rate of change of near momentum is directly proportional to the net unbalanced external force applied fon it and the change in linear momentum takes place in the direction in which the force is applied. Unbalanced force applied on a body is equal to the product of mass and acceleration i.e., [F = ma] 43, Newton’s third law of motion : To every acton there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two different bodies. 14. Conservation of linear momentum : In an isolated system (where there is no net extemal force) the total linear momentum of the system remains conserved.SECTION-A Very Short Answer Type Questions oo = 10. 1. 2 8 What is the SI unit of force? Two body of masses 10 kg and 15'kg have identical size. Which body has more inertia? What happens to the passengers travelling ina bus, when the driver applies brakes suddéhly? Ifa car of mass m kg is moving with veloaty Vr! s, what willbe its linear momentum? Is force needed to keep a body moving uniformly? How is inertia related to the mass of a body? Define one newton State Newton's I" law of motion, What is the SI unit of near momentuni? A car of mass 1000 kg is movingwith velocity 5 mis. Calculate the momentum of the car. To every action there is an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction) reaction. Who propounded it? ‘A ship running in a sea cannot be stopped quickly by applying brakes due to its large ‘A meteorite bums in the atmosphere before it reaches the Earth's surface. What happens to its, linear momentum? TTL we Short Answer Type Questions 7. State Newton’s second law of motion. Why is it easier to catch a table tennis ball than a cricket ball, even when both are moving with the same velocity? ‘A car of mass 1000 kg’moving with velocity 54 km h stops in'5 seconds, Calculate the force applied by brakes? Aobullt of mass 10 gio fred horizontally with velocity 200 m/s from a pistol of mass 2 kg. Calculate the recoil velocity of the pistol. ‘A car is\intendea to move on a rough road by applying a force of 1000 N. Calculate the force of friction, if the car starts moving with a constant velocity of 30 km/h on the rough road, ‘The velocity-time graph of a car is given A 8 velocity (m/s) > as ase 2 ott st se7 tot Time (see) —> () If the car weighs 1000 kg. What is the distance travelled by the car in first 2 s? (i). Whats the braking force applied at the end of 9 5 to bring the car to stop in 2s? Bullets of 0.03 kg mass each hit a plate at the rate of 200 bullets per second, with a velocity of 50 mis and reflect back with a velocity of 30 m/ s. Find the average force acting on the plate. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005 Ph.011-4767345672 eee Physics - Class IX (Level) ‘You piace a five rupee ccin on a smooth horizontal table. Make a pile of other similar coins on the table. Make a sharp horizontal hit at bottom coin Will the bottom coin moves out? If yes, what happens to other coins? Will weight of the pile affect the applied force? 9. Find the magnitude of applied force that acts on a body of mass 10 kg for a duration of 5 s to increase its velocity from 5 mis to 10 mv. If this force is applied for 10 s, then find the final velocity of the object. 10. How much linear momentum will be transferred by a stone of mass 50 kg to the floor, if it falls from height of 10 m? (Take downward acceleration to be 10 mis*) 11. What do you mean by balanced and, unbalanced force? Which force is required to niove a car with a constant velocity? 12. Two bals of masses 100 g and 50 g are moving along the same straight line with vélocities 2 m/s ‘and 1 mis respectively. They collide and after the collision the first ball moves with velocity of 1.5 misin the same direction. Find the magnitude of velocity of the second ball. Long Answer Type Questions! 1. A bullet of mass 0.04 kg moving witha speed of, 90 mis enters a heavy wooden block and\is, stopped after a distance of 60 om. What isthe average force exerted by the block on the bullet? 2. A football of mass 0.5 kg is kicked. by @ player with a velocity 5 m/s before reaching to another player of his team. He retums it by kicking, along its original path with velocity 6 mis. Calculate the magnitude of change in linear momentum of the football due to second kick. 3. A 10000 kg engine pulls a metro train of 6 wagons each weighing 2000 kg along a horizontal track. if the engine exerts a force of 50,000 N and track offers a frictional force 5000 N, then calculate (The acceleration of the train (ii) The force by wagon 1 on wagon 2 4. Acar weighing 1600 kg moving with a velocity of 30 m/s retards uniformly coming to rest in 20 second. Calculate the (@) Initial and final linear momentum of the car. (i) Rate of change of linear momentum of the car. (ii) Acceleration of the car. 5. A loaded truck of mass 20,000 kg hits a bus of mass 15,000 kg on a straight horizontal road. If initial velocities of the loaded truck and the bus. are 36 kmh and 27 km/h in opposite direction and after collision the bus moves at 20 km/h along the same direction, then (What will be the velocity of the loaded truck? (i) Which vehicle experiences the greater change {n linear momentum? (ii) Which vehicle will experience the greater force of impact? 6. A bis and’@ car moving along’a straight road in ‘opposite direction had a'tiead-on collision and both of them came to halt after collision. If the collision lasts for.2 Seconds, then which vehicle ‘experiences the greater force of impact? 7. State and prove the conservation of linear momeritum, 8 “(l)_State Newton's third law of mation, (i) Derive an expression for recoil velocity of a gun. SECTIOI Objective Type Questions : 1. A bullet of mass 10 g moving with a velocity of 400 mis gets embedded in a freely suspended wooden block of mass 990 g. The velocity acquired by the block will be (1) 42 me 2) 44 ms @) 4.0 ms 4) 3.9 mis ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi10005 Ph.011-47620456‘A 100 N force applied on a block of mass 50kg 8. produces a constant velocity of 5 m/minute on rough surface, The force of friction exerted on the block will be (1) 100.N (2) 200N (9) 300.N () 400.N Which one of the following cannot be explained on the basis of Newton's third law of motion? (1). Rowing of a boat in a pond @) Motion of jet in the sky (@) Rebounding of a ball from a wall @ () Returning back of a body thrown above When a car undergoes acceleration (1) Its speed always increases @) An unbalanced force always acts on it © tts @) Allof these \ear momentum increases ‘Aman is standing on a boat in still water. If he walks towards the shore, then the boat will (1) Move away from the shore 10 @) Move towards the shore (8) Remain stationary @) Move left to the shore A hammer of mass 1 kg strikes’a nail witha velocity of 50 m/s and comes to rest in'0:S s. ‘What is the force experienced by the hammer? () -10N th @) -100N (@) -1000N @) -1N Which of the following is an incorrect statement? (1) Mass is a measure of the inertia of a body (@) Newton's first law of motion is the law of inertia @) Unbalanced force produces constant velocity (4) Newton’s third law talks about the direction of the force ‘A machine gun mounted on a 2000 kg car, on a horizontal frictionless surface fires 10 bullets per second. If the mass of each bullet is 10 g and the velocity of each bullet is 500 m/s, then the acceleration of the car will be oO ame @ pms @ ams (4) amis % When we stop pedalling, the bicycle begins to ‘slow down. This is because of the (1) Frictional force acting along the direction of motion of bicycle 2) Aiptesistance which is in:the direction of ‘motion 8), Frictional force acting opposite to the direction ‘ofmotion of bicyole by the road (4) Nature of the bicycle to stop after some time A ballis thrown vertically upward in a train moving -with uniform velocity. The ball will (1) Fall behind the thrower (2) Fall ahead of the thrower (3) Return back to the thrower (4) Fall on the left of the thrower A grenade having mass of 10 kg flying horizontally with a velocity of 10 m/s explodes into two fragments. The larger fragment has a velocity 25 mis in the direction of the initial velocity of the grenade. The fragment has a velocity of 12.6 mis in the opposite direction. The masses ofthe fragments are (1) 2kg, 8 kg 2) 3kg, 7 kg @) 4g, 6 kg (4) 45 kg, 55 kg12, 13, 14. 15. Which of the following is not an application of conservation of near momentum? (1) While firing a bullet, the gun must be held tight to the shoulder (2) When a man jumps from a boat to the shore: (3) A rocket explodes on midway from the ground (4) A body suspended from the hook of a spring balanced in a lift which is accelerating downward Two balls of the same size and the same mass strike the floor from certain height. The first ball rebounds to the same height and the second ball does not rebound. Which ball experiences greater change of linear momentum? (1) Fist ball (2) Second ball (@) Both balls experience equal change of linear momentum (4) Both balls experience no charge of momentum, A boy of mass 50 kg jumps with a*horizontal velocity of 1 m’s on to a stationary cart. If the mass of cart is 5 kg, then the combined velocity of the boy and cart is (Assuming the friction between the wheels of cart and road is zef6) 10 Omnis ams “1 @ jm (8) 0.65 mis (4) 0.8 mis If two balls of equal masses moving along the horizontal direction collide with each other. Then the correct alternative is (1) Force experienced by both the balls is of equal magnitude (2) It follows Newton's third law of motion (3) The magnitude of linear momentum of the system before collision is equal to the magnitude of the linear momentum after collision (4) All of these 16. 17 18. 19, 20. Two bodies of masses m, and m, kept on a frictionless surface are pushed by a force F one after the other which produces the acceleration of 4 ms~ and 6 ms in them. What would be the acceleration if the same force is applied when these bodies are tied together? (1) 1.2 ms? Q) 48 ms? @) 24 ms? (4) 25 ms? Choose the correct statement. (1) All objects do not resist a change in their state of motion (2) When net force is zero, the object will move with constant velocity (3) An object maintains its state of motion under the continuous application of balanced force (4) Newton's Second law is the law of inertia If there is an option for the soldiers to use rifles of different weights but with bullets of a fixed weight, they would prefer (1) Light guns because they can be carried easily (2) Heavy guns $0 that they can be held firmly @) Heavy gins because they have less recoil (4) Light guns because they have more recoil ‘Armetal plate Weighing 200 g is balanced in mid air by throwing 40 balls per second vertically upwards from below. After collision, balls rebound with the same spaed. Whatis the speed with which the balls strike the plate? [Given : mass of each ball = 200.9 and g = 10 mis] (1) 5.7 emis 2) 125 cms @) 9.8 cms (4) 14 ms A bullet fired from a gun experiences a force of 600 ~ 2 x 10% in the barrel of the gun. Here tis in second. The force becomes zero as soon as the bullet leaves the barrel of the gun. The time for which the bullet was in the barrel of the gun is (1) 2108s Q) 10%s @) 3x 108s (4) 3* 105s ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deh-110005 Phott-4752348621 23. 24, 25, ‘A football player kicks a 0.5 kg ball and imparts it a velocity of 10 mis. The contact between foot and ball is only for 1/50" second. The kicking force is (1) 250N 2) 125N @) ON (4) 3.78N fa bomb at rest explodes and splits into 2 equal fragments, then these fragments will move in (1) One direction with unequal speeds (2) Opposite directions with different speeds (@) One direction and with the same speed (4) Opposite directions with equal speeds In a rocket, fuel bums at the rate of 2 kg/s. This fuel gets ejected from the rocket with’ velocity of 80 kmis. Force exerted on the rocket is (1), 16,000 N (2) 1,60,000 N @) 1,600 N (@) 16N A bullet of mass 'm,' moving with a speed ‘x’ strikes a wooden block of mass ‘m,' and, gets ‘embedded in it. The speed of the embedded block will be (3) (= 7m ™ 8 (2s i A consiant force of 50 N is applied on a body, it will move with a uniform (1) Speed (2) Acceleration (2) Velocity (4) Momentum 26. 2. 28. 30. What force will change the speed of a body of mass 1 kg from 20 m/s to 30 mis in 2 second? (1) 2N (2 10N (8) 25N (@ 5N A ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a speed of 40 mis strikes a bat and returns in the opposite direction with the same speed. The magnitude of the change in linear momentum of ball will be ao (2) 4 ka mis (3) 8 kg mis (4) 16 kg mis ‘A man is standing on a spring balance. Reading of spring balanos is 60 N. If man jumps outside from the spring balance, then the. teading of spring balance will (1) Decrease gradually to zero (@) First increase then becomes zero (8) Remain the same (4) “Become zero instantly ‘A 100 g ball having speed 10 mis collides with wall and rebounds with the same speed and the contact period between the ball and wall is 0.1 second, then the force experionced by the wall is (1) ON (2) 10N (8) 10N (4) 20N ‘The masses of two bodies are in the ratio 5 : 6 and their velocities are in the ratio 1 : 2. Then their linear momentum will be in the rato (1) 5:6 (2) 1:2 (9) 12:5 (4) 5:12 Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Cifice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi110005 Ph.011-4762345634 32. 33, A player takes 0.1 5 in catching a ball of mass 150 g moving with a velocity of 20 mis. The force imparted by the ball on the hands of the player is (1) 30N 2) 03N @) 3N (4) 300.N ‘When a force of 250 N acts on a body, the linear momentum acquired by it is 125 kg mis. The period for which force acts on the body is, (1) 05s 2) 02s @) 04s 4) 025s ‘A machine gun fires a bullet of mass 40 g with a velocity 1200 m/s. The man holding it can exert a maximum force of 144 N on the gun. The number of bullets he can fire per second will be a4 24 @) 3 a2 34, Two bodies of mass in the ratio 1 2 fall from heights in the ratio 3 : 4. The ratio of their linear momentum on reaching the ground will be () 4:N3 @) VB:4 @) VE: V4 () Va |. A book of weight 20 N is placed on a table. The force exerted by the surface of the table on the book will be (1) Zero @ 10N @) 20N 4) 40NForce and Laws of Motion INCLUDES © Types of Inertia > Inertia of Rest > Inertia of Motion ieee ena > Inertia of Direction eo iniise There are three types of inertia © Gonnected Motion @) Inertia of rest > Spring Force (i) Inertia of motion >» ~~ Tension (ill) Inertia of direction . © Force of Friction, Inertia of Rest > Factors Affesting Friction itis the incbilty of a body by the virtue of which t cannot. ™ ‘Static ata Kinetic Friction move by itself. A body at rest remains at rest andcannot ¢ Quick Recap start moving on its own due to the inertia of rst. ‘= Assignment Examples : =: A passenger tends to fall backward, when the bus Starts suddeniy./As the feet touch the bus so lower part of his body comes to motion while the upper part ofthe passenger's body stays at rest due to inertia of rest Hence, he feels a backward jefk. @C ©) A Fig. Similarly, when a horse starts ‘running suddenly, the rider fats backward due to the inertia of rest. ‘When we shake the branches of a fruit tree, branch comes to motion, But, fruits remain at rest due to the inertia of rest and fal down. Fig. 2 Whena carpetiis beaten with a stick, dust particles comes out due to the inertia of rest.Inertia of Motion Itis inability of a body in motion to stop by itself. Abody in uniform motion can neither accelerate nor retard on its own. It also cannot come to rest on its own. Examples : ball thrown vertically upwards in a train moving with a uniform velocity returns to the thrower. Because during the upward and downward motion, the ball also moves horizontal along with the train, due to the inertia of motion. Hence, it covers the same horizontal distance as the train does and the ball returns to the thrower. Aman jumping from a moving bus falls forward due to the inertia of motion. As his feet touch the ground lower part of his body comes to rest, while the remaining part of his body is stil in motion. As a result Of which, he falls down in the direction of motion of the bus. This is due to the inertia of motion of the upper part of the passenger's body. @), (b) Fig. 3 : A passenger jumping out of a speeding bus may fall forward % An athlete runs some distance, before taking a long jump due to the inértia of motion, since the length of jump depends upon his velocity atthe instant when he just leaves the ground to jump. Inertia of Direction itis the inability of a body by the virtue of which it canfiot change its direction of motion by itself. Hence, we conclude all objects resist.a change in their state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line. Unless acted upon by an unbalanced extemal forte. This tendency of objects to stay at rest or to keep moving with the same velocity is called inertia, This is why, the first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia, Examples : When a car makes a sharp tum at.a high’speed, the driver tends to get thrown to other side due to directional inertia. When the car is moving along a straight line, the driver tends to continue in straight line motion. When the unbalanéad force is applied by the engine to change the direction of motion of the car, the driver slips to one side of the seat due to the inertia of direction of his body. ‘& The sparks coming out of a grinding stone are tangential to the rotating stone due to directional inertia. Fig. 4 The mud from the wheels of a moving vehicle fies off tangentially due to directional inertia.Example 1: ‘A moving bicycle comes to rest after sometime if we stop pedaling it. But Newton's first law of motion says that a moving body should continue to move forever, unless some extemal force acts on it Is it falure of Newton's law? Explain. Solution : If we stop pedalling a bicycle which is moving with a uniform speed, it does not go on moving forever, but ‘comes to rest after some time. The moving bicycle has been compelled to change its state of uniform motion by the external force of air resistance and friction. If there were no air resistance and no friction to oppose the motion of the bicycle, then according to the first law of motion, a moving bicycle would go on moving forever. It would not stop by itself. Therefore, Newton's law is applicable here. IMPULSE ‘An Impulse is defined as the change in linear momentum. It is measured as the product of the average force and time for which the force acts. It is a vector quantity directed along the direction of force. F=ma Fills ~ 4) = Pp- Py : F(t, — t,) is called the impulse of force F in. time interval t, ~ Put, f- t= At, < ‘Then, impulse (/) = F.At Its SI unit is N-s. Impulse of a force acting on a body = change in a linear momentum of the body produced by the force. Consider a force large in magnitude acting for @ very small time interval. e.g., a ball rebounding from marble floor remains in contact with the floor for a very short tine. A large force Is exerted on the ball by the floor. ‘Such a force is called an impulsive force. F is very large, At is very shor, their product is finte. An impulsive force produces a finite change in linear momentum. Gnciea(2D) (rece anata erates Praia - Clas Level 3. An athlete does not come to rest immediately after crossing the winning line due to the (1) Inertia of motion Q) Inertia of rest (3) Inertia of direction () None of these 4, The relationship between the impulse of a force and the change in lin it is (1), Impulse = Rate of change of linear momentum (2) Impulse = Change in linear momentum 3) Both (1) & (2) are correct (4) Neither (1) nor (2) is correct ball of mass i strikes a wal normally with a speed of v m/s and rebounds with the same speed but in opposite direction. The magnitude of change in linear momentum of the ball will be (1) aw 2) Zero @) 20w (@) 4m (els (p (We (ie (v)L suv) CONNECTED MOTION Free body diagrams (FBD) are diagrams used to show the magnitude ‘and direction of all forces acting on ‘an object of a given system. Given below are.some steps, One should keep in mind while drawing the FAD of an object. ()) Draw a diagram of the system. (@ Determine all the forces that are acting on the object under stuly (ii) Determine the direction in which each force is acting on the object in the system. (W) Draw the object as a point or bok or circle, and show the forces by arrows along the direction in which the force is acting. Let ts understand this more clearly with the help of an example. Example : Consider a block kept on'a table. Block Table Ground System | Force ere Cai of force Table Earth W (weight) Ground | N (normal reacton | Upward exerted by ground) Block N, (force exerted | Downward by block) Block | Earth W (weight) Downward Table 1N, (normal reaction | Upward exerted by table) Making a FBD (Free Body Diagram) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Represent the eystem by a point and draw vectors representing forces on the system with this common point 2s origin. N x N, FBD of Table FBD of Block Spring Force A spring is generally a helical metallic wire. When the two free ends of the spring are pulled away or pushed towards each other, the length of the spring is changed. The spring has a tendency to come back to its original length oF it develops an opposition to change in its longth. This opposing force (F) is the restoring force of Pia Lae () SOPRQQ we) Fa GRAANQAADA Fy (0) pyigr ORONO Fsah ne ie Fig. 5 Te opposing force is croc propovton NRE inge in Isat dais ai BMP OX ohare Ka conta for a given spring. ‘The spring force constant (k) is positive quantitywhich is a. measure of the spring's stiffness. Its SI unit is Nm Product of spring constant (k) and length of spring is constant i., We Ses Kk So, KI = constant ‘The graph between k-/ is rectangular hypertola, Consider the diagram belowhysles = Ciase Level | Tension “The concept of tansion comes into lay when wltak about ropes! stings thisads or springs. Its a contact force 80 have unis of force /o., newtént comes into play only when tha stnng is taht e., there is no meaning of tension In a string when tis slack A sring is said In be i slate of tension, dis being acted tupon by external force which has tandeney to Increace is length. Tension acfoss maseloss sng is always ‘same everywhere throughout ne length ofthe string. But for ating having mags, tension is diferent for ferent point. Its maximum at the énd-on which pullg force is apoied and miimum atthe other end, ‘Tension always tends to stretch a rope, a pushing forée.can never provide any tenson ‘Tension in a sting ots in both the directs t every pant on sting, 98 shown in tne figure qlven below T ty Fig. 8 ‘Note: n FD, whic detaining the drecton ofension in a string along ts longth wo always consider {tension away from tho object under consideration. For example ln the given case (F, > F,) aan ‘Aakash Eaucational Services Linitd - Regd Oe: Aakash Tower; 6, Pusa Road, New Dab-10005 PRott-7623450Pies Gis Wve Freund Ta awe] The Horse and the cart problem F, : Force exerted on the cart by the horse F: Force exerted on the horse by the cart Horse tells the driver that according to the third law of motion, if it pulls the cart with force F,, then cart pulls him with an equal force F, = F, in the opposite direction. Sum of F, and F, = 0, so the cart does not accelerate forward, So, horse decides not 'o pull the cart. Can you convince the horse? Can you find the mistake in its argument? — Direction of motion Horse pushes the road and the road pushes the horse with a force P having a forward component f,, The horse will accelerate if f, > F;, _ Unbalanced extemal force Acceleration of horse ete j where m, is the mass of the horse ™, Let force exerted by the road on the cart be @, having a backward component fy. Unbalanced extemal force ne Mass of cart Fh “12; where m, is mass of cart f, and f, are self-adjustable. They adjust their values such that hone aah mM, Horse and cart move together as their acceleration are equal in magnitude and direction. So, finally we have convinced the horse that it will be able to move the cart, Type ‘Two bodies of masses m, and m, (m, > m,) are connected by a massless string and moving over a frictionless pulley as shown in figure. If they are allowed to move freely, then they move with common ‘magnitude of acceleration ‘a’. T tension acting on the string ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office - Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456accelerating downward so the equation of motion of m, is mg-T=m,a 0) F ‘m, moves upward, so the equation of motion of m,, T-mg=ma i) ‘Adding equations (i) and (i), we get Put (il) in (i), we get af | a Ir -(20%)) mm, )?| As pulley is at rest, therefore net force on it should be zero. mg mg Fig. 7 Two masses 2 kg and 4 kg are connécted at the two ends of light inextensible String passing over a frictionless pulley. If the masses are released, then find the acceleretion of the masses and the tension in the string. Solution : When the masses are released, then.the masses move with common magnitude of acceleration a, = m+m Given, m, = 4 kg, m, = 2 kg, g = 10 mist 4-2 19-2 . = 4-2 49 = 2 «10 = 3.33 mi = Papi 10 = 5x10 = 9.33 mis ‘And tension Tin the string 1s, 7 = 2mm | mom, 2xAn2 244 o *g x10= B10 26.67 N Typett When two block of masses m, afd m, are connected by a massiess string passing over a fictionless pulley and m, is held on frictionless table and m, is suspended from other end as shown in the figure.IF itis allowed to move freely, then it moves with acceleration ‘a’ and tension ‘T’ acts on the string. We have to find the acceleration and the tension in the string For m,, net force in X-direction (horizontal is the tension T, Tema “) Net force in Y-direction for m, is ero, as R=mg “i For m,, net force in Y-direction (vertical) is mg-T According to Newton's second law, mg- T= ma si) Put the value of T from (jin (ii) Then, m,g-m,a=ma = mg=(m,+m,)a Mg > fe mmrmy ee ay puting the val of acceleration rain. equation (), we get a im +m)" Example 3 ere ‘A wooden block of mass 0.8 kg is dragged along a level frctionloss surface. by 2 hanging block of mass 0.2 kg as shown in the igure. Caculate the tension in the string and the aaceleration of blocks. Solution : im, = 0.8 kg, m, = 0.2 kg. The forces on the two blocks and tension in the string are shown in the figure. Let the two blocks move with common magnitude of acceleration a Along the horizontal, the block of mass m, is acted upon by the force due to the tension in the string. . T=ma 0 Since the block m, moves with an acceleration a in the downward cirection, mg-T= ma (i) From (|) and (ji), we get M9 __ 0.298 _4 96 yg? mim, 0810286 [eer Phys = Cate Wael) From equation (i) T= ma = 08 * 1.96 Typediit Two block of masses m, and m, are lying on a frictionless horizontal table connected by a light string m, is pulled by a horizontal force F. Calculate the tension in the string. ol Fig. 9 ‘The force is applied on m, which produces an acceleration a given by an i) mem, Tension in the string T, for m, is T=ma (i) For img, F-T=ma (i) From (ji) and (i), we get Grote 6. Two blocks of masses m, and m, (m, > m,) are connected by a massless string passing over a ‘tictionless pulley. Acceleration of blocks would be mm, 0 (SR m+, 2 ee m= ° (Sem Mg + 1m aa (mm) 7. Two masses M, and M, ere connected to the ends of a string passing over a smooth pulley. The tension in the sting is T and the masses are moving with acceleration @. If the masses are interchanged, then (1) Both a and Twill change (2) a.will change but T will remain unchanged (3) Twill change but a wil remain unchanged (4) None of them will change ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph011-47623456Three blocks, P, Q and R of masses 5 kg, 4 kg and 3 kg respectively are connected by a light inextensible string and they are moved on a smooth horizontal plane. If a force of 24 N is applied fo the string connected to R, tensions T, and T, in the string are Ska 7, Aka 7 Sk (1) 20N5N @) 5N,20N @) 10, 18N @) 18N,10N Three blocks of masses 1 kg, 4 kg and 6 kg are connected to each other with light string and are thus placed on 4 frictionless surface as shown in the figure. The system is pulled by a force, F=11N, then tension T, = ota Sha () 2N 2 6Nn (3) 8N @ 10N 410. Two blocks of masses 2 kg and 4 kg are tied to a sting passing over a frictionless pulley as shown in the figure. The acceleration of the masses, when they are allowed to move freely is (take g = 10 mis?) (1) 3.0 mis? 2) 3.3 mis? ©) 3.5 mvs? (4) 3.4 mis? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Laws of Motion 11. Three blocks of masses 1 kg, 2 kg and 4 kg respectively connected to light inextensible strings are placed on smooth horizontal table as shown in the figure. Akg 2kg + kal bro rh ta force of 28 N is applied on the system, then the acceleration of each block will be (1) 2 mist @) 4 mist @) 8 mst (4) 14 mis? In the figure two blocks of masses im, and m, are connected by a light inextensible string. 'm, is placed on a smooth horizontal surface and m, is hanging through a frictonless pulley. if both ‘masses are allowed to move, then m, moves downward and m, moves horizontal. The acceleration ‘of m, and m, will be ae Kzizt (Zz) “(Zor (oe “(ve (Z)z ‘(e)9 “suy)Physics m FORCE OF FRICTION Itis a general observation that when you try to slide a heavy box across the floor, the box does not move at all unless you push it with a certain minimum force. This means that there exists a certain opposition to the motion of the box on the ground. This opposition must be acting opposite to the direction in which you try to move the box. This opposing force acts between the surface of the box and the ground is called the force of friction. Itis also a type of contact force. Friction is the force which comes into play when (A body tends to move or actually moves over the surface of another body. (Frictional force) Direction of motion fi [or impanding motion Fig. 10 (i) A body tends to roll or actually rolls over the surface of another body. ‘e=o-O Fig. 11 Friction opposes the relative motion between the two surfaces in contact. It acts on both the surfaces. Factors Affecting Friction 1. Nature of surfaces in contact. 4 Roughness : Its found that, friction is caused by the inferiocking of regularities on the two surfaces in contact. Imeguiarities gve rise to roughness. Fricion between two surfaces in contact increases with increase in the roughness of the surfaces, ‘ Smoothness : It reduces friction between two surfaces'in contact Irregularities between two surfaces in contact © 1— F. (Applied force) ‘Surface irregularities ‘The above fgure shows minute irreguarities on two surfaces in contact. These irregularities are locked into one another. If we try to move any of the surfaces, some part of the external force applied is used to overcome this interlocking. ‘A rough surface has a large number of irregularities, so the force of friction is greater. 4 A smooth surface has small number of irregularities, so the force of friction is less. 2. Normal reaction : The force of friction between an object and the surface on which it moves or 's about to move is proportional to its normal reaction, Normal reaction may be defined as the pushing force that an object exerts on the surface, with which itis in contact, in @ direction perpendicular to the surface. In case of horizontal motion, weight gives the nermal reaction therefore, the heavier the object, the greater the frictional force. As the normal reaction increases, the interlocking between two surfaces in contact increases as they press harder against each other and hence, friction increases. “Aakash Educational Sorvices Limited - Regd. Office = Ackash Towsr, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dath-110005 Ph 011-476254563. Area of contact : The force of friction between an object and the surface on which it rests is independent of the surface area of the object. Two objects may have different surface areas, but if they weigh the same and are of similar nature, they will exert the same amount of frictional force. ‘Static and Kinetic Friction Static Friction (f,) The force of friction that comes into play between the two surfaces in contact, before they actually start moving relative to each other is called static friction. Static friction does not exist by itself. When there is no applied force, there is no static friction. It comes into play the moment there is an applied force. Static friction varies between zero and a maximum value, which depends upon the nature of the two surfaces in contact. Rest Yjreremmionndorr Rough surface Fig. 12 In the above figure, a spring balance [s.attached to a block placed on a rough surface. Initially, the balance is pulled gently but the block does not move. Here, the block is not sliding ver. the surface, so force of friction acing on the block is static friction and its, magnitude is equal to that of the applied force. Ifthe applied force ts further increased such that the block stil remains at rest, then the'spring balanee records a higher magnitude of force as compared to the earlier. This shows that statc friction is a’variable or self-adjusting force. Experiment shows that in many casés.the, maximum valiié/of static friction. Called. (fre. i approximately proportional to magnitude of normal force (N); we call the proportionality factor, the’ coefficient of static friction. Ina particuar situation, the actual force of static friction can have any magnitude between zero (when there is no other force parallol to surface) and a maximum value given by:j1,N. In symbols, £, < u,N (Magnitude of static friction foroe) ‘Limiting friction (f) : Iti'the maximum Value of staticfricton which comes into play when a body is, just about to slide over the surface of another body, For an applied extemal force greater than the limiting friction, the body begins to move. (Once the motion begins, a new type of friction called Kinetic friction comes into play. Kinetic Friction (f,) The force of friction acting between the fwWo surfaces, when one surface is in motion over the other is called kinetic friction or dynamic friction or sliding friction. Kinetic friction (f,) is always Jess than the limiting friction. In many cases, the magnitude of kinetic fiction force f, is found experimentally to be approximately proportional to the magnitude of the normal force N. In such cases, we represent the relationship by equation , = 14f1 (Magnitude of kinetic friction force) Where 1, (Pronounced “Mu-Sub-k’) is a constant called the coefficient of kinetic fticiion.Physics = Class x (Leet) Free aa as ooo | Self-adjusting nature of static friction : fa) R () R (©) R @) R f, z f, L f P Spt, t [fies ifs w w w w stronger ped Bor tas si Noapoed force, Weakenpid foe, ST eta alae vote ton see soe ‘Liming icton _~ a From equation (i, 3h ™ x1.2=3x06=1.8N TBs 8 48 mg 12x10 2x10 10 Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Puse Road, Naw Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456, 0.15