Triangles INCLUDES ‘¢ Introduction to Tangles © Classification of Triangles INTRODUCTION TO TRIANGLES © Concept of Congruence A triangle is a closed figure formed by three intersecting Congruent Triangles: lines. In other words, it is a simple closed figure bounded by three line segments. © Grteria for Congruence of Two Triangles In our daily life, we come across numerous objects properties of am/sosceles Triangle which resemble a triangle. Traffic signboards are one of Se the most © Anequalties in)Tiangles, ‘common real lfe examples of a triangle. f - \ ie © Assignment, Consider a triangle ABC. It has three sides, thfee angles and three vertices. Sides : AB, BC and CA S Angles : ZA = BAC = /CABZB = ZABC = ZCBA and £C = ZACB = ZBCA ¢ Vertices : A, B and C ‘The sum of all the angles of a triangle is 180° i.e. 2A + 2B + £C = 180°. We can write triangle ABC as AABC.CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES 4. On the basis of sides () Equilateral triangle : A triangle whose all the three sides are equal is called an equilateral triangle. Cc ‘a Ln» ‘ In AABC, AB = BC = AC. i) Isosceles triangle : A triangle whose any two sides are equal is called an isosceles triangle. A L\. triangle whose all sides are of different length is called a Scalené triangle. Cc In AABC, AB = AC. (iii) Scalene triangl In SABC, AB + BC + CA. 2. Onthe basis of angles (@_ Right-angled triangle : A triangle with one right angle i.2. 90° angle is called a right-angled triangle. ‘The side opposite to the right angle fs called the hypotenuse and the remaining two sides are called its legs. A Bl c In SABC, right angled at B, AC is the hypotenuse and AB, BC are its legs. (ii) Acute-angled triangle : A viangle in which all the angles are acute /.. less than 90° is called an acute angled triangle. A B. c In SABC, all the angles are acute angles. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 6, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Obtuse-angled triangle : A triangle in which one angle is an obtuse angle is. greater than 90" is called an obtuse-angled triangle. a In SABC, 2B is an obtuse angle. CONCEPT OF CONGRUENCE Two geometrical figures having exactly same shape and size are known as congruent figures i.e. one can be superimposed on the other to cover it exactly. For congruence, we use symbol "= Two photographs of same size, one rupee coins of the same year etc. are some of the examples of the ‘congruent objects Let us understand the concept of congruence of Some geometrical figures. () Congruent line segments Two line segments are congruent if they are/of the same length. For two congruent line segments AB and CD, we write, AB = CD. A B Co +p (i) Congruent angles ‘Two angles are congruent if they Have equal méasutement, For two congruent angles ZABC and ZPQR, we write, ZABC = POR. A Lo B Cc Q R (i) Congruent circles ‘Two circles are congruent if they have equal radi. For two congruent circles C, and C,, we write, circle C,(0,, r) = circle C,(0,,(wv) Congruent squares Two squares are congruent if they have equal sides. For two congruent squares ABCD and PORS, we write DABCD = DPQRS CONGRUENT TRIANGLES ‘Two triangles are congruent if andOnly if one of them can be made to superimpose on the other, so as to cover it exactly. Two triangles are congruent if the sides and angles of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides and angles of the other triangle. Hence, ae s are exactly identical. If APQR is congruent to AABC, we'write APQR 2 ABC. P Now, let us understand correspondence of vertices of two ‘congruent triangles. Suppose, ABC superimposes on APOR exactly such that the vertices of ABC fall on the vertices of APQR in the following order : é < a 7 A>P;B+Q0;C>R Then, we can deduce the following six equalities. OR ; AG= PRand ZA = 2P 2B = 20; 2 [Corresponding sides and corresponding angles are equal] Under this correspondence, APQR = 4ABC, but it will not be correct to write AGRP = AABC. Now, if ABC and APQR are congruent, then we can get the following six correspondences between the ‘Thus, we can say that SABC and APQR are congruent if and only if one of the above correspondence is true. But, if ABC and APQR are not congruent, then none of the above correspondence would be true. i.e., in each superimposition at least one part of AABC will not be equal to the corresponding part of APQR. IF AABC and APQR are congruent and correspondence is ABC <> PQR, then we designate this correspondence‘Mathematics - Class 1X Level) Wiangies| In congruent triangles, comesponding parts are equal and we write it as ‘CPCT’ for corresponding parts of congruent triangles. ‘Remarks = () A Pmeans A corresponds to P. (i) B > Q means B corresponds to Q. (ii) C& R means C corresponds to R, CRITERIA FOR CONGRUENCE OF TWO TRIANGLES ‘The various criteria for congruence of triangles are (0. SAS congruence criterion (i) ASA congruence criterion (ii) AAS congruence criterion (¥) SSS congruence criterion (0) RHS congruence criterion ‘Remarks ()) AAA's not a criterion for congruence of triangles i.e. if three angles of a triangle are congruent to the corresponding three angles of the other triangle, then triangles need not be congruent. Here, the two triangles would be of same shape but may or may not be of the same size. (i) For two tangles to be congruent, we do not have to prove that all the three sides and all the three angles are congruent. if we prove any of the five given criterion, then the two triangles will be congruent. Now, let us prove the above mentioned criteria. (9. Side-Angle-Side (SAS) congruence criterion ‘Axiom : Two triangles are congrtient if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are respectively ‘equal to two sides and the included angle of the other triangle. A D This rule cannot be proved with the help of previously establi therefore, it is taken as an axiom without proof. In the figure AABC and ADEF are two triangles such that AB = DE, AC = DF and ZA = 2D. Since, AB = DE, so B falls on E. Since, 4A = 2D, so AC will coincides with DF. But, AC = DF AABC coincides with ADEF. Hence, ABC = ADEF. 1ed theorems and axioms and ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Example 1 Prove that the medians of an equilateral triangle are equal. Solution : Given: In ABC, AB = BC = AC and medians are AD, BE and CF. Toprove : AD=BE=CF Proof : A Gi E B t c In AADC and ABEA, we have 1eo-1 = BC = AC = 1Bc=1ac DC=EA [ = 780-5 | ZACD = ZBAE [Each equal to 60°] AC = BA [Gven} # [By SAS ¢ongflience criterion] [CPt] Similarly, BE = CF Hence, AD = BE = CF Hence proved. Example 2 In the given figure, the line segment joining the mid-pdints M and\N of opposite sides AB and DC of the quatirilateral ABCD is perpendicular to'bath these sides. Prove that the other two sides of the quadrilateral are equal. Solution : Join MD and MC. In ACMI and ADMN, cN= DN [+ Nis the mid-point of CD] ZCNM = ZONM [Each of 90°] MN = MN [Common] 2. ACMN = ADMN [By SAS congruence criterion] = OM= DM and ZCMN = ZDMN [CPT] Now, ZAMN = ZBMN [Each equal to 907] = ZAMN- ZDMN= ZBMN—ZCMN [> ZCMN= ZDMN = ZAMD = ZBMCMathematios - Glass IX (Level!) In AMD and ABMC, AM = MB [Mis the mid-point of AB] ZAMD = ZBMC [Proved] DM= cM Proveo} AAMD'= ABMC [By SAS congruence criterion] So, AD = BC [cPcr] Hence proved. 1, The sum of the lengths of the three sides of a triangle is called its (1) Area (2) Perimeter @) Circumeircle (4) Incircle 2. Statement-+ : If two plane figures are congruent, then their areas are equal Statement-2 : If areas of two plane figures are equal, then they are congruent. (1) Both statements are correct (2) Only statement-2 is correct (3) Only statement-1 is correct (4) Both statements are incorrect 3. In the given figure, if AC = AE, AB = AD and ZBAD = ZEAC, then (1) ZADE = ZABD (2) BC = DE (@) AD= ac () Both (1) & (2) 4. Inthe given figure, if ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = BC and ZDAB = CBA, then D A (1) AABD = ABAC (2 8D=ac (3) ZABD = 2BAC (4) All of these ‘Aakash Educational Sorvices Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Eolas ‘Mathematics - Class 1X (Level) | 5. In the given figure, if O is the mid-point of AB and CD, then which of the following must be tue? A D [ i | c B (1) AC = BD (2) AC|| BD (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) AC=0A 6. _ Inthe given figure, if D is the mid-point of the hypotenuse AC of right SABC, then BD is equal to A Ds 8 3a © (1) 5 om (2) 250m @) 2em (4) 30m 7. Inthe given figure, if PA is an alitude which bisects QR, then APAQ and APAR are congruent by which criterion? Pp ZN (1) A-ASS criterion @ ASA criterion (8) SA'S criterion (4) S-S-A criterion 8. In the given figure, AABC is a right triangle. if BD 1 AC and AD = DC, then AABD and ACBD are congruent by A Ds B Cc (1) “AAA congruence enterion (2) S-S-A congruence criterion (8) A-S-A congruence criterion (4) S-A'S congruence criterion ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Mathematics - Class 1X (Levelt) Triangles) 9. Two circles are congruent, if they have (1) Same cenite (2) Equal circumference @) Equal radius @) Both (2) & (3) 10. Suppose APQR superimpose on ASTU such that verices of APQR fall on the vertices of ASTU in the following order P > S, Q— T, R— U, then we can deduce ST = 248,2Q=2T, ZR=2U (@) PQ= ST, QR = TU, PR= SU (4) Both (2) & (3) [ip)or “(r)6 “(whe (ez (Zo “e)s “(wr ‘(we “(ez “(@)t “suv) (ii) Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) congruence criterion Theorem —: Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle are. equal to the two engles and the included side of the other triangle. Given : In AABC and ADEF ; ZABC = ZDEF ; ZACB = ZDFE ; BC = EF. To prove Bl c Proof : Case! Let A BC = EF {Given} and £0 = oF [Proved] BC = EF, [Given] So, AABC = ADEF [By ASA congruence eriterion} Hence proved. Example 3 In the given figure, C is the mid-point. of AB such that ZCAD = ZCBE and ECA = DCB, Prove that @ ADAC = aEBC () DA=EB8 Solution Cis the mid-point of AB = AC=8C ZECA = ZDCB ZECA + ZECD = = 2DCA= ZECB (A) [Given] DCB + ZECD [Adding ZECD to both sides] -(B) Now, in ADAG and AEBC, 2DCA = ZECB ZDAC = ZEBC AC = BC ADAG = AEBC Hence, DA = EB {From (B)} [Given] [From (A)} [By ASA congruence criterion] oper)Example 4 In the given figure, PORS is a quadrilateral in which PQ = RQ and T and U are points on PS and RS respectively such that APQT = ZRQU and ZTQS = 2UQS. Prove that QT = QU. B + Q s ¥ [Given and ZTQS = ZUQS [Given] = 2PQT+ 2TQS = ZRQU + ZUQS = 2PQS= ZROS 0 In APQS and ARQS, PQ=RQ {Giver} ZPQS = ZRQS {From (i) as=as [Common] & [By,SAS congruence criterion] = ZQPS = ZQRS [cPcT] => ZOPT = ZQRU AB = EC (from (i)} Hence, \ABC is an isosceles triangle.ide-Side-Side (SSS) congruence criterion Two triangles are congruent if three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to three sides of the other triangle. In ABC and ADEF, AB = DE, AC = DF and BC = EF. AABC = ADEF. Suppose BC is the longest side of AABC, then draw EG and FG such that ZFEG = ZCBA and ZEF In AABC and AGEF, ZBCA and join DG. D A IX ° , J ° G BC = EF ZCBA = /FEG ZBCA = ZEFG = AABC = AGEF . 2A= ZEGF, AB = GE and AC = GF = 4A= ZEGF, DE = GE and)DF = GF Now, in aEGD, DE= GE = ZEGD = ZEDG (i) ‘And, in AFGD, DF = GF = 2FGD= 2FOG di) . ZEGD ZFGD = ZEDG + ZFDG = ZEGF = ZEDF = LA= ZEDF = ZA=20 Now, in AABC and ADEF, AB = DE AC = DF “A= 2D = AABC'= ADEF Hence proved. {Given} {Construction} {Construction} [By ASA congnience criterion) fePcTy [."AB'= DE and AC = DF) [Angles opposite to equal sides} [Angles opposite to equal sides} [Adding (i) and (i) [: EGF = ZA) [Given] [Given] Proved] [By SAS congruence criterion}Example 7: AABC and ADBC are two isosceles triangles on the same base BC such that AB = AC and DB = DC and vertices A and D are on the same side of BC. If AD is extended to intersect BC at P, then show that : () 4ABD = AACD i) AP bisects ZA as well as D (ii AABP = AACP (i) AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC Solution In. ABD and ACD, Ac [Given] cD {Given} AD [Common] =. SABD = AACD [By SSS congruence criterion] Az2 leper) «.(A) = AP bisects ZA ‘Also, ZADB = ZADC forcT) => 180° - ZADB = 180° ~ ZADC = Z8DP = ZcDP = AP bisects 2D In MBP and ACP, [Given] (From (A)} [Common] . AABP = SACP [By SAS congruence criterion] = BP= CP fercT] aa feper) But, 23 + 24 = [Linear pair} 223 = 180° Iv B= zal 23= 90" B= A= 90° Hence, AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC. Example 8 : ABCD is a parallelogram. If two diagonals are equal, then find the measure of ZABC. ‘Solution Since, ABCD is a parallelogram. . AB= CD and AD= BC [Opposite sides of a parallelogram] D7 icIn AABD and ABAC, AD = BC [Proved] BD = AC [Given] AB = AB [Common] ABD = ABAC [By SSS congruence criterion} = ZBAD = ZABC (cPcT] “ Now, AD || BC and ABis the transversal ZBAD + ZABC = 180° [Sum of co-interior angles is 180°] = ZABC + ZAB = 2ZABC = 180" = ZABC = 90" Hence, the measure of ZABC is 90°. Example Two sides AB and BC and tho median AD of AABC are respectively oqual to the two sides PQ and QR and the median PM of the other triangle POR. (i) SABC = APOR A Pp Ar LS Solution = Since, AD and PM are medians of the ABC and APOR respectively. Therefore, D and M are the mid-points of BG and QR respectively. 180" [Using (i) Prove th: () AABD = APQM Now, BC=QR {Given} i = 78C=50R = BD=QM (A) Now, in AABD and \POM, AB = PQ [Given] BD= QM [From (A)] AD = PM [Given |SABD = APQM [By SSS congruence criterion] = 48=2Q (8) [ercT) Now, in ABC and APQR, AB = PQ [Given] 2B=2Q [From (B)] BC= aR [Given] ‘AABC = APOR [By SAS congruence criterion] Hence proved.Mathematies - Class IX (Levelt) 16. 17. 19, 18, In APQR, if PQ = OR and L, M and N are the mid-points of the sides PQ, QR and RP respectively, hen prove that LIV = MN. In ABC, BD bisects 2B and perpendicular to AC. If the length of the sides of the triangle are expressed in terms of x and y (as shown in the figure), then the values of x and y respecively are B 2x, ay +12 Aa Dayar a) 5.8 @ 6.12 @) 8.4 4) 12,4 In the given figure, if ABC = ADEF , then A D B c & F () a= ae Q #=28 @ B=2 @) D2 In ABC, AB= AC, D is any point in the interior of \ABC such that 2DBC = ZDCB. Prove that AD bisects ZBAC, In the given figure, if AB = CD and AD = BC, then prove that AADC = ACBA. D B (eer ‘(yar suv] (W) Right angle-Hypotenuse-* ide (RHS) congruence criterion Theorem —: Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are equal (respectively) to the hypotenuse and one side of the other triangle. Given In right tangles AABC and ADEF, 2B = ZE = 90°, BC = EF and AC = DF. To prove: ‘ABC = ADEF ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Construction : Produce DE to G such that Gt AB and join GF. Proof 1 In AABC and AGEF, AB = GE [Construction] BC = EF [Given 2B = LGEF [Each equal to 90°) = AABC'= AGEF [By SAS congruence criterion] 2A= 2G and AG= GF [crcT] Now, AC = GF and AC = DF = GF=DF = 26 2 [Equal sides have equal angles opposite to ther] > A= fs 26-24) Angle sun property of a triangle] Thus, in AABC and ADEF, BC =EF {eiver} AC = DF [Given L022F [Proved] = SABC = ADEF [SAS congruence crterion] Hence proved Example 10: If the altitudes of the triangle are equal, then prove that it is an equilateral triangle. Solution : In SABC, AD, BE and CF are altitudes on side BC, AC and AB respectively In right triangles ABEC and ACFB, 4 BC = BC [Common] BE = CF [Given] F, E BEC = ZCFB [Each of 90°] . ABEC'= ACFE [By RHS congruence criterion] é D c = £B=20 [cpcT)Mathematics - Class IX (Levelt) = AC=AB .@) [Sides opposite to equal angles are equal] Similarly, AABD = ABAE =~ LBA {cpcT) (i) [Sides opposite to equal angles are equal] ). we get AB = BC = AC Hence, AABC is an equilateral triangle, Example 11 : | In the given figure, ZACB. © Mark a pole D or iC, Baa s0 ‘Sum of afiytwo sides of a trangle is greater than its third side. A triangle ABC. () 4B +AC> BC (i) aB+ BC> AC (il) BC + AC > AB Produce BA to D such that AD= AC and a join CD. In ACD, we have [By construction} AC = AD :. ZACD = ZADC [Angles opposite to equal sides are equal] = 2BCA + ZACD > ZADCGiven To prove ZBCD > ZBDC [+ ZADC = 2800} BD > BC [Longer side has greater angle opposite to it] = BA+AD> BC = AB + AC > BC [> AD = AC] Similarly, AB + BC > AC and BC + AC > AB. Hence proved. In a triangle, greater angle has longer side opposite to it. In MABC, ZABC > ZACB. A AC > AB. We have the following possibilities only. @ AC=AB fi) AC < AB (ii) AC > AB Out of these possibilities, exactly one must be true. Case! If possible, let AG="AB = ZABC = ZACB [-> angles opposite to equal sides are equal] This contradicts the given hypothesis that ZABC > ZACB) » AC # AB Case Il If possible, let AG<-AB, ie. AB > AC. Since, the longer side hias the greater angle opposite to it, ZACB> ZABC, This contradicts\the given hypothesis tiat “ACB AG cannot be less than AB. Case Ill ‘As we are left with no other possibilty except AC > AB) So, this must be true» Thus, AC > AB Hence proved. A Alternate Solution Construct ZDBC = ZC, where D is a point on AC. B. c In ABDC, 2DBC = ZC [By construction] 8 » BD=CD [Sides opposite to equal angles are equal] In SABD, BD +DA> AB [Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side] = CD+AD> AB [- BD= CD) . AC > AB Hence proved.(iv) Theorem Difference between any two sides of a triangle is less than its third side. Given A triangle ABC. To prove ) AC-AB<6C A (i) BC-AC< AB (ii) BC- AB < AC > Construction : Let AC > AB. Then along AC, set off AD = AB and Bi c Proof [Equal sides have equal angles opposite to them] Side CD of ABCD, has been produced to A. 22> Lh [+ exterior angle > each interior opposite angle] Again, side AD of ABD, has been produced to C. ara [+ exterior angle > each interior opposite angle} Consequently, 23 > 22 e252] Now, 23> 22’and 22 4, 3 2>4 . BC> CD [Side opposite to, greater angle is longer] = CD< BO, = AC- AD < BG. = AC AB< BC [fe AD = AB] So, AC ~ AB < BC Similarly, BC — AC < AB and BC > AB < AC Hence proved. Example 12 Prove that the sum of any two sides of a triangle is\greater than twice the median drawn to the third side. Solution : Let ABC be a triangle and AD be its median. A Produce AD to E such that AD =.DE In SADB and AEDC, BD = DC AD = DE ZADB = ZEDC <. AADB'= AEDC = AB=EC Now, in AAEC, AC + EC > AE So, AC + AB > 2AD Hence proved. [Dis the mid-point of BC} 8 Gi c [By construction} [Vertically opposite angles] [By SAS congruence criterion] E [oPcT) [Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side] [AE = 2AD and EC = AB]Example 13: If Dis any point on the base CB produced, in an isosceles triangle ABC, then prove that AD > AB. Solution : A C In ABC, AB= AC [Given] ZABC = ZACB =.) [Angles opposite to equal sides are equal] In SABD, ZABC > ZADB [Exterior angle of a triangle is greater than each of its interior opposite angle} From (i) and (i), we get ZACB > ZADB = ZACD > apc [ ZACB = ZACD, ZADB= ZaDG) = AD> AC [Side opposite to the’ greater angle fs larger] So, AD > AB [+ ZABG is an‘isosceles triangle —> AB = AC] Hence proved. Example 14 : ‘Show that the sum of three: altitudes of 4 triangle is tess then the sum of the three sides of the triangle. Solution : Given 2 In AABC, AD BG, BE 1 AG and CF 1 AB. Toprove : AD+BE+CF AD and AC> AD = AB+AC>AD+AD = AB+AC > 2aD A) Again, BEL AC = BC > BE and BA> BE = BC+ BA>BE+BE = BA+ BC > 2BE i) and, CF 1. AB = AC> CF and BC> CF= AC+BC>20F ‘On adding (i), (i) and (ii), we get (AB + AC) + (AB + BC) + (AC + BC) > 2AD + 2BE + 20F = 2(AB + BC+ AC) > 2(AD + BE + CF) So, AB + BC + AC > AD + BE + OF Hence proved. Example 15: Tih the given figure, AP | and PR > PQ. Show that AR > AQ. Solution : ‘Mark a point Son PR such that PS = PQ and join AS. A In AAPQ and AAPS, AP = AP ZAPQ = ZAPS PQ=Ps AAPQ = SAPS = AQ=AS in.aaas, AQ = AS = 4-28 in aARs, B>2 From (i) and (ji), we get A> 2 = AR> AQ Henoe proved. A a P R oli) ell) [Common] [Each equal 10190") [By construction] [By SAS congruence criterion] ieron] [Angles opposite to equal sides are equal] [Exterior angle of a triangle is greater than each Of its interior opposite angles) [Side opposite to the greater angle is larger]Example 1 ‘AB and CD are respectively the smallest and the longest sides of quadrilateral ABCD. Show that ZA > ZC and 2B > 2D. Solution : Given 2 Aquadrilateral ABCD with CD and AB as is longest and smalest sides respectively Toprove : BAD > BCD ; ZABC> ZADC. Construction : Join AC. ID Proof : Bl Ke In aAco, cD > AD [CD is the longest side] => 2a (0, [Angle opposite to the greater side is greater] In AABC, BC > AB [AB is the smallest side] “A> 22 (i) (Angle opposite to the gteater sidé is greater] ‘Adding (i) and (i), we get Bt+tA>A+a = 2BAD> Z8cD ‘Similarly, by joining BD, we can prove'that ZABC > ZADC Example 17 ORS is @ quadrilateral in which diagonals PR and QS intersect at O. Show that : () PQ+QR+RS+SP>PR+OQS (i) PQ + QR + RS + SP < 2(PR+ QS) Solution : () Since, the sum of any two sides'of a triangle is greater than the third side. 5 In APQR, s PQ+QR> PR a) In ARSP, RS + SP > PR 8) In aPas, PQ + SP> Qs c) In. aQRs, QR + RS > Qs (0) (On adding (A), (B), (C) and (0), we got 2(PQ + QR + RS + SP) > 2(PR + QS) = PQ+OR+ RS + SP>PR+ QS[iL ime Teas Cae In AOPQ, OP + 0Q > PQ 3) In AOQR, 0@+ OR> aR ) In AORS, OR + OS > RS (8) in aose, OS + OP > sP (4) On adding (E), (F), (G) and (H), we get 2(0P + 0Q + OR + OS) > PQ+ QR+ RS + SP = 2{(OP + OR) +(0Q + OS)] > PQ+ QR+ RS + SP =» 2(PR+QS)>PQ+QR+RS+SP [OP + OR= PRand 00 + OS = QS] = PQ+QR+ RS + SP<2PR + QS) Hence proved 25. In the given figure, if ZE > ZA and ZC > 2D, then D (1) AB > EB 2) D> BC 5 (@) AD> EC % (4) Allof these A 26. In the given figure, sides AB and AC of AABC are extended to E and D respectively. If x > y, show that AB > AC. (sz suv] QUICK RECAP Two figures are conaruent, if they are of the same shape and of the same size. Two line segments are congruent if their lengths are equal. Two angles are congruent if they are of the equal measure. Two circles of equal radii are congruent. ‘Two squares of equal size (area) are congruent. oe 7 RenN If two triangles AABC and ADEF are congruent under the correspondence A <> D, B <> E and C «> F, then we write MABC'= ADEF. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph,011-476234567. SAS congruence criterion : Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and the included angle of the other triangle. 4 p LN L\ then, AABC'= APOR [By SAS congruence criterion] AB = PQ “A= 2P AC = PR 8. ASA congruence criterion : Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to the two angles-andithe included side of the other triangle. Le POR [By ASA congruence criterion} 4B=2Q BC= aR ZC=ZR then, ABC 9. AAS congruence criterion : Two triangles are congruent if two angles and any si equal to two angles and the corresponding side of the other triangle. A P then, AABC’= APR [By AAS congruence criterion] of one triangle are10. SSS congruence criterion : Two triangles are congruent if three sides of one tangle are respectively ‘equal to three sides of the other triangle. . ° AB = PQ AC= PR BC= QR then, AABC’= APQR [By SSS congruence criterion] 44. RHS congruence criterion : Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are equal (respectively) to the hypotenuse and one corresponding side of the other triangle. A P 2B= ZQ=90" AC=PR BC= OR then, KABC'= APOR [By RHS congruence criterion] 12. Angles opposite to equal sides of'a triangle are'equal 13. Sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal, 14, Each angle of an equilateral trangle is, equal to 60°. 15, If the altitudes of a triangle are/equal then it is an equilateral triangle. 16. Ina triangle, angle opposite to the longer side is greater and side opposite to the greater angle is longer. 17. Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side 18. The difference of any two sides of a triangle is less than the third side. 19. From all of the line segments that can be drawn to a given line, from a point not lying on it, the perpendicular line segment is the shortest one. gaac ATOLL ; Very Short Answer Type Questions : 4. Inthe given figure, ABC is a triangle in.which AB Q = AC. Side BA is produced to-D such that AB= AD. Prove that BCD = 90%. 5 GEC >= 6. Prove that ABC is an isosceles triangle, median > ‘AD ‘is perpendicular to the base BC. 7. inthe given figure, D isany point on the side BC ‘of AABG, Show that AB+ BC+ CA > 2AD. A A 8 ic In the given figure, D and Eat the points on the é D c base BC of AABC such that. BD = CE, 8, “Prove that the perimeter of a quadrilateral is AD = AE. Prove that \ABE = AACD. greater than twice of any one diagonal. Shoft Answer Type Questions : A 4. Inthe given figures, AB = AC and DB = DC. Prove that ZABD = ZACD. A @ Et eA c 3. Prove that the perpendiculars drawn from the vertices of equal angles of an isosceles triangle to the opposite sides are equal. 4, In a right-angled triangle, prove that the hypotonuse is the longost sido. (oo 3s 5. Inthe given figure, AB = EF, BC = DE, AB . BD and FE CE. Prove that ABD = AFEC. 3 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Oifice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456[eae 2. In the given figure, BM = DN. Prove that AC bisects BD. LZ 3. In the given figure, AB = AC. If BE and CF are the bisectors of 2B and ZC respectively, then prove that AEBC = AFCB. A BR B. c 4. Inthe given figure, BC = CE and 41 = 2, Prove A 5. ABCD is a qua¢rilateral in which AD = 6C and DAB = ZCBA. Prove that = () AABD = ABAC 6. Show that any point on the bisector of an angle is ‘equidistant from the arms of the angle. 7. In the given figue, PS = PR and ZTPS = ZQPR, Prove that PT = PO. T_s RQ | Long Answer Type Questions : 1. Show that the triangle formed by joining the mid- points of the sides of an equilateral triangle is also ‘equilateral 2. Prove that the three times the perimeter of any triangle is greater than two times the sum of medians. Mathematics - Class 1X (Level) 3. Show that the sum of the three medians of a triangle is less than its perimeter. SECTION-B Objective Type Questions : 4. In the given figure, PQ > PR. If QS and RS are the biseclors of 2Q and /R respectively, then Pp a R (1) S@>sR @ sQ=sR @) SaBP>CP (2) AP= CP = BP @) BPe @) c>arB @c=atb () b PR and PSis the angle bisector 21 of ZP, then. () PS=PR @) PS PS (@) PQ 2B > ZC, then (1) AB> AC @ B0 BC If in AABC, ZA = 40° and 2B = 60" then'the 2, longest side of ABC is (1) BC @ ac (@) AB (4) Cannot be determined In APQR, if 2P = 83", 2Q = 29°, then which side of this triangle is smallest? (1) PQ @) QR @ PR (4) Cannot be determined In the given figure, if PQ= SR, SQ = PR and OP : OR = 1: 2, then OS : OQ will be Pp s 9° Q R @Q3:1 @) 1:2 (1) 2:4 @ 1:3 In APOR; it PMyQN and RL are the medians, then which of the following is true? (1) PQ#PR> 2PM (2) PQ" QR * PR PM + aw.Triangles INCLUDES — Some important Terms Related to a Triangle © Inequalities in Triangles SOME IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO A TRIANGLE © Assignment If @, b and c be the three sides of AABG and longest side, then + For acute angled triangle > cheats b Dis themie-point of BC. Medians of a triangle are concurrent and every iriangle has exactly three medians. (ii) Centroid : The point of concufrence of all the three medians of a triangle is called its centroid In ABC, medians AD, BE ard CF concur ata point G. A Thus, G is the centroid of AAC. It divides a median in the ratio of 2: 1. ie, AS = 8S ‘GD GE GF(lll) Altitude : An altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular line segment drawn from a vertex to the opposite side. Altitudes of a triangle are concurrent and through each vertex, an altitude can be drawn, A B. 5 Cc In ABC, the line segment AD is an altitude. (iv) Orthocentre : The point of concurrence of all the three altitudes of a triangle is called its Orthocentre. A BR B b c In SABC, AD, BE and CF are the atitiides and they concur at point H. Thus, H is the orthocentre of AABC. + Orthocentre of an acute-angled triangle lies in the interior of the triangle. + Orthocentre of an obtuse-angled triangle lies in the exterior of the trianale ‘+ Orthocentre of a right-angled triangle lies on the vertex @f the right angle. (¥) Angle bisector : It is/@ line or fine segment which bisects the angle through which it passes. Angle isectors of a triangle are concurrent. A B D ‘Cc In ABC, AD is the angle bisector of ZBAC Le. ZBAD = ZCAD (vi) Incentre : The point of concurrence ofthe bisectors ofthe interior angles of a triangle Is called the Incentre. A LN. In ABC, angle bisectors AD, BE and CF concur at point J, Thus, ! is the Incentre of AABC.A circle can be drawn with centre /, which touches all the three sides of the ABC. The radius of thi circle is equal to the perpendicular distance between the centre and any of the three sides. A B C The circle drawn is known as Incircle and IP is called the Inradius. In every triangle, the three angle bisectors concur at a point inside the triangle /.e., Incentre always lies in the interior of the triangle. ‘The point of concurrence of the bisectors of the interior angles of a triangle is called the Incentre. Taking the incentre as the centre, only one circle can be drawn which touches all the sides of the triangle and is consequently known as the Incirdl. (wil) bisector : It is the line or line segment which bisects a line segment and is Ina triangle, if perpendicular bisectors are drawn on all the three sides, then they are concurrent. A In SABC, PQ is the perpendicular bisector of AABG meeting BC at’D. Perpendicular bisector of a side is Perpendicular drawn at the’ midpoint of that side. (vii) Circumcentre : The point of concurrence of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called its circumoentre. In ABC, OD, OE and OF are the perpendicular bisectors and they concur at a point O (circumcentre). The distance from circumcentre to the vertices of the triangle is called the ‘circumradius’. The circle drawn with circumcentre as centre and circumradius (0A = OB = OC) as radius is called the circumeircle. It always passes through the vertices of that triangle. aN NES‘The point of concurrence of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a ingle is known as the Circumcentre. Teking the circumcente as the centre, only one circle can be drawn which passes through all the vertices of the triangle and is consequently known as the circumcircle. (ix) Perimeter : The cum of lengths of the sides of a triangle ic ite perimeter. Perimeter of AABC = AB + BC + CA In AABC, AD, BE and CF are the altitudes and they concur at point H. Thus, H is the orthacentre of ABC. IfD is the mid-point of hypotenuse AC of ight AABC, then prove that BD= 2.AC. Solution : Given ¢ Toprove = Construction : Proot : In AABC, 2B = 90° afiD'S the mid-point of AC.) > BD- ae. > ; » Produce BD to E such that BD = DE, Join EC. AD, : ve In aABB a RE So, AD = De [Given] BD=ED [By construction} ZADB = ZCDE Vertically opposite angles) « AADB = ACDE [By SAS congruence criterion] = AB=ECand 21= 22 [C.P.C.T] But, 24 and 22 are altemate interior angles 2 CEIBA Now, CE || BA and BC is the transversal . ZABC + ZBCE = 180° [Sum of co-interior angles} = 90° + x= 36° Hence, ZBAC = 2x = ty x=y) 72°. INEQUALITIES IN TRIANGLES Theorem Given g Toprove : Proof (ut of athe fine segments that can be’ dravn to a given line from a point not lying on it, the perpendicular line segment is the shortest. A line AB and P'is a point outside this line. PM 1 AB and. is any point on AB, other than M. py PM < PN, In APMN, we frave, MM = But, in a right-angled triangle, each angle except the right angle is an acute angle. AM NB N< Consequently, 2M > ZN = PN>PM [> Side opposite to greater angle is longer] So, PM < PN. Thus, perpendicular from P to the given line, is the shortest of all the line segments from P to AB.Tatemnies = Cass LaF aaa} ‘The distance between a line and a point not lying on it is the length of the perpendicular line ‘segment from the point on the line, A $ 1 AD is the distance between the line '/’ and the point A. But, distance between a line and a point lying on it, is zero, | Ex T nple 3 ‘a O lie any point in tho interior of AABC. Prove that ) AB+AC > 0B+0C () AB + BC + AC > OA + 0B + OC (ii) OA + OB + OC > 3(AB + Be AC) Solution Produce BO to meet AC at D. A In ABD, AB + AD > 6D => AB+AD>0B+0D A) in aooe, 2000 9c ~ bo~™ © ‘ ° On adding (i) anc (i), we get AB + AD + OD + DC > OB + OD+ OC = AB+AC> 0B + 0C a) Simitarly, we have BC + AB> 0A + OC and AC + BC > 0A + 0B (On adding (ii), (iv) and (v), we get 2(AB + BC + CA) > 2(0A + OB + OC) = AB+BC+AC > 0A+0B+0C Now, in AOAB, AOBC and AOCA, we have OA + OB > AB 0B + OC > BC OC + OA> AC (On adding (vi), (wi) and (vii), we get = 2(0A + OB + 0C) > AB + BC+ AC wy (vy = 04+ 08+ 00> 1(AB+BC+AC) Hence proved. ‘Aakash Educational Sorvices Limited - Regd. Ofico - Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456‘Mathematics - Class IX (Level-il) 1, Orthocentre is the point of concurrence of all the three (1) Medians of a triangle (2) Perpendicular bisectors of a triangle (3) Altitudes of a triangle (4) Angle bisectors of a tiangle 2. Which of the following may lie outside the triangle? (1) Circumeentre 2) Orthooentre 3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Centroid 3. Perpendicular drawn from incentre of a triangle to its sides is called (1) Inradius 2) Ciroumradius 3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Centroia 4. The centre of a circle which passes through all the vertices of a triangle is known as (1) Centroid 2) Circumcentre (3) Orthocentre (4) Incentre 5. If Atraingle has angles in the ratio 2: 3 : 4, then the greatest angle of the triangle is a/an (1) Acute angle (2) Right angle @ 117 @) 92 ()s ‘(2p (We (edz “(edt suv) gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456SECTION-A Subjective Type Questions : 1. Ina right-angled triangle, one acute.angle is double the other. Prove that the hypotenuse is, double the smallest side. 2. Pisa point equidistant from the two lines and m, intersecting at a point A. Show that AP bisects the angle between them 3. In ABC, prove that AB + BC + CA > 2AB. 4, I APQR, ZOPR = ZPOR and M, Mare pointe on sides QR and PR respectively ‘such that OM = PN. Prove that OP = OQ;-where O is the point of intersection of PM and QN. 5. Jand m are two parallel lines intersected by ‘another pair of parallel lines p and q as shown in the figure. Show that AABC = ACDA. 6. c ATTICA oat In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and ABXC and AAYD are such that BX = DY and OX = AY. Prove that () BX |} DY (i XY and BD bisects each other In the given figure, X is any point within a square ABCD. On AX, a square AXYZ is described. Prove that BX = DZ. A Prove that in a triangle, other than an equilateral triangle, angle opposite to the longest side is 2 greater than 5 of a right angle. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakesh Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Eee 9. In the given figure, if PR > PQ and PS is the bisector of 2P, then show that x > y. P Q = R 10. The image of an object placed at a point A before a plane mirror LM is seen at the point B by an observer at D as shown in the figure. Prove that the image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror. ie. TA = TB. 11. In the given figure, T is a point on side QR of APQR and Sis @ point such that RT ="ST:Prove that PQ + PR > Qs. Q R Pp SECTION Objective Type Questions : 4. Inthe given figure, if ZMPN = ZNQM and OP = 0Q, then which of the following is not true? (1) APON = AQoM (2) AQMN = APM (3) NQ+LM=MP+LN (4) APML = NOL 2: ‘Mathematics - Class 1X (Levelt) | In the given figure, if PV= VU, QR = ST and ZSPR = ZRUS, then which of the following is incomect? Pp u vy, d—s Fr (1) APVR = AUVS (2) APSR = AURS (3) AQSP = ARTU (4) aPQI UTS In order to assess students on the basis of the conceptiof triangles, a teacher planned an activity. According to it, she asked three students (P, Q and_R) to stand at three non-collinear positions such that/PQ'= PR. Then she asked the students if 60° < P< 90°, then)the possible length of QR lies between (1) PR AD + BE + CF 6) Abs ese < Zao eoes oF (4) AB + BC + AC = 2(AD + BE + CF) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456Inthe given figure, AETB is a straight line such that 10. AE = TB. if ET = 30 om, LE= LT = 25 omand the perimeter of ALAB is 20cm more than the perimeter Of ALET, then the length of AEs L 1. (1) 6 om 2) 7m @) Bom (4) 9om 12. ‘The circle which touches all the three” sides Of.a triangle and lies inside it, is known as'the (1) Circumcircle (2) Incircle @) Bxcircle (4) Incentre ‘A triangle will always lie (1) Outside the incircie ay: (2) Inside the circumcircle @) Inside the incircle (4) Both (1) & (2) The point of intersection of all the interior angle bisectors of a triangle is known as the (1) Orthocentre 14. (2) Centroid @) Circumeentre (@) Incentre The circumcentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of the (1) Perpendiculars from the vertices of a tiangle 2) Perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle (3) Angle bisectors of a triangle (4) None of these The point equidistant from the three vertices of a triangle is called the (1) Circumcentre (2) Incentre @) Centroid (4) Orthocentre Ina right-angled triangle, circumcentre lies at (1) Right vertex of triangle (2) Mid-point of base (@) Mid-point of hypotenuse (4) Cannot be determined How many acute angles can a right triangle have? a4 Q3 80 @2 If the measures of the’angle in a triangle are in the ratio of 1: 1:2)then the ratio of the smallest side of the triangle to the largest side is 1). 3, Qa @) 1:2 4:3 Inthe given figure, if AB = AD and BC = CD, then hich of the following is true? 8 c (1) AaBC = AADC (2) ZABC = ZADC @) AC 1 BD (4) All of thesei) [Trengies ‘Mathematics - Class IX (Level) 15. In APQR, PQ = PR and bisectors of 2Q and ZR 4 intersect at M. If 2Q = 50°, then ZMPQ wil be PR B c R: AABC is an equitateral triangle Q R (y 40° 4. A: If the altitudes of a triangle are equal, then the ces triangle is an equilateral triangle. @ 5 R:: The altitude of any triangle divides it into two eer congruent triangles. 5. A: In two triangles, AABC and APQR, if ZA = ZP, SECTION-C 4B = £Q and ZC = ZR, then the corresponding sides are also equal A n & Reason Type Questions : In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). (1) both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (1) (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (2) @) If Assertion is true statement but Reason'is false, then mark (3). (4) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are faise statements, then mark (4) 4. A: The sum of the three sides of a triangle’is greater than the sum ofits three medians. R : For a point lying inside the triangle, the sum of the distances of this point from the vertices is less than the perimeter of the triangle. :In AABC and APQR, if BC = QR, ZABC = ZPQR and ZACB = ZPRQ, then AABC = APQR. R : Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle is equal to the two angles and the included side of the other triangle. : In the figure, AB = AC and BD = CD, then ZABD = ZACD. R : Triangles ABC and POR are scalene tangle. SECTION-D Mateh, the Columns Typ@ Questions : 4. Maich the following: Column Column a. The line segment joining () Incentre the: mid-point of any side of a triangle with the opposite vertex is called the b. Ina triangle, intersection of all three altitudes is called the (i) Circumcentre The point of intersection of all the interior angle bisectors of a triangle is called the (li) Median 4d. The point of intersection of perpendicular bisector of all the sides of a triangle is called the (1) afi), bfiv), efi), dGi) 2) ali, BG, of), av) (3) alii), b(), cfiv), Ci) (4) ativ), bf), of (i) Orthocentre ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dathi-110005 Ph.011-476234562. Match the following : Column a. Iftwo triangles have same shape and size then they are b. fay two angles and the one side of a triangle are equal to the two angles and corresponding side of other triangle then the triangles are congruent by c. Ifin two right triangles, hypotenuse and one side of a triangle are respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent by d. Any triangle has at least two angles, each of whose measure is less than e. fina triangle, the angles are in the ratio 1°14, then the sides are Column-Il () RHS congruence criterion (i) 90° il) Equal (W) Congniient () AAS congruence criterion (1) afiv), bv), c(i), Afi), efi) 2) afiv), Biv), c(i), (3) a(v), bliv), c(i), ti) (ii) 4) av), BOW), ef, 4), et) 3. Match the following : Column Column-t a. If two triangles are such that all their ‘corresponding angles are equal, then the two triangles () AS-A congruence criterion b. Two triangles are such that the three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding three sides of the other triangle, then the triangles are c. If any two angles and the included side of one triangle ‘are equal to ‘corresponding two angles and the included side of the ther triangle, then they are congruent ty ds any two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to ‘corresponding two sides and the Included angle of the other triangle, then they are ‘congruent by (a) bfiv), c(i), ati) 2) alii), BG), oli), ai) (3) afi), b(i), efi), div) (4) ali), Biv), efi), ai) (i) S-A-S congruence criterion May or may not be congruent (@) CongruentET] 4. Match the following : d. By using three line (W) Can form a triangle Column Column-ll ‘segments of length a. Sum of any two sides (i) Cannot form a 6 m, 4mand7 m, of a triangle is triange we 'b. Difference betweer ii) Less than the third weueds we (1 ati, He, e699 triangle is bv), efi). ay c. By using three line (iii) Greater than its segments of length third side ai), b(i), c(i), d(iv) 6 m, 4 mand 12m, we (4) alii), Bf), fl), div) gaa