Unit -5 clAsSm.

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Manaqement of salt oycctl So:l

Saltnity:
Sality ia measune the cmocnt chssohee
a bady
bolyq cuale I is typially eapresred in Feamy
he amoun
percentoe Cs).
Sca nae or cxomle has an aveage salenity q about
reans Ahat joY eLery 1000g
Seoole are clssohved Salb.
Salinily coo have inporlout yects co the physzalf chemial
Fxpe xtiea q suale iacluding ibs denstty peezing point.
abitily lo cissohe que suh a oygn
th kypy q caganjemy hat can liue io a porthelan body
uale. some Gattakes ) speies bettea aclapled to
on doues Salinties

Paxk pe lhousonl CPPT)

Port pea unit CPPD)
->
Electrital concuctttty Cec);- I à the malure o a mateu.
als abiky to conduct an electic current. Tt s the reapre
al q elechial reastivity
Sienns pek mehen Csla)

The ECt matewsl clepencl on seUead

acoes
composton. temperatme the freieNe q opmibes.

Solution the negatie dogozitton

tbe conentrotion hyehogen
iterpH values range foo o lo 14,ut
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noural A pt value below 7 inchcates calclity ubi le a

pH value aboe 7 indicates calkatinity

The pt scale is commonly uod in chemistey bocqy

enyironmehtal siene lo mcaure th aacity alkolnit
vauiouu suhitonca, incalng Aiquidy soila qoucd.
Tha pto a salticn can be meared win a meta
ckanges colous clapending the plh
con aho be calkulald aizq the Concen

iona weing
pH: -logqEH1

Qualty inigalioo uaka

TA

~nigaing a hata quaity

the &t
nbid e tead l_lstitated.
The qually oy irnigakian ualan ia imapechont because
poo- çuakty uale con haue negaive Heck on Cops,
Soil &the envirobmen hwate tha
hlate that isis hgh in salenity
contain eacetive leuel
chemical con cauue il oeqracaicon, xeolue cisp gieles
ewer. leao to te acumulahon

hiate quality tunclacs eslablistd

by apount organizationd arDund thecworlel. sencualhy
these stancords the auptable danla
Lontanioaliene io the uale sech as salinity os
Seclui adarphon nabia CSAR)i
is ameasre the zelate proporhon

pofnial ispact e soil sbuchne 6plont

qrauth.
SAR caluuloteol the zatto the conc. ?
caltr4 magnesilum.

SAR Na
(Catng)2

the

consestaiao he eultiag unlue ic exprecoed

SAR value cre elaugiod agallous

SAR <o : Lo) sol'o haond
(o< SARS I8 : medum sociio hazard
SAR> I8 3 hazand

Watenweith SAR ualue be decos to (he

csplatenunt callium magheiun lonl ic the soil
couing soil shuclne problem ua comachibaf
zedicecleuala tagltahan. This can cho reult in
xiclued plank gzouh dyisld.
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Eachongeoble Soclum Pencentaçe CESP):

MeaUre le amound socliucs ion
io the seil that con be casil, cuckonçed eth uith ethe
cahions Scuch a calciua açresitum f poloiun I
epcsed perenlaqe oy tleHe lotol
total caion
capaity CEc) fle soil.

Soil eiIh hi_h ESP ualue is reeaed to a socic

soil & con negiucly opadt plon qrouth ole to
high teucl sociunflow leveds otte éssehtral
cakons. tigh EsP con lead to soil stuctual prblem
Such
S cleceaseed seil poraty
iporlaaoromele pr sollanagomat
& cao be caleulatesing tle formulo
Eackongable Soel Xl00
Caion Exuchoog Capacty
- Whene Fxchonable mcbim is tie omouat socliun
ions tha can be eosily Bachonged inthe olg
caho
Cackane copauty it the total capaity he
Soil to holo cotion

Th ophinal ESP walue olepcncls the soilbye

plant peies, á othe envinonmehal fpcton Gencnal.
uith
zecd teuitable
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ol
Saline elkalin so'ls
These 2
serent kypes sols uth bchink
characerstic Saline seile ore thoçe tha contain
high conLentatioo suluble alt, ehale atalina soil<
hoe a high ph leucl, lyially aboe gs.
Saline sols can be othes clauyied iafo 4okgozita
based an thelr clechcol condlucheihy CEc) ueluekid
measre q tte soils abilty to concluct cle ctricod
Curent,

Lou Salinity

tiçh sliaity 8<6c< is d sl

Alkalne soil con alo be clasiyied bosed on thes ot

loel a fellewt
p 7S to 8s
Mockrotel, Alkolni pt &s to 9.0
Shongly Alkoine i pH>20

qlen occur foqetles ia axid

Saline y alkadine soile qeo
ni aricl Teqioos& the coabinato.
semi the feo
can kotet lead lo the lozmaton socle mils.ukich
hau a kug euhogeableSoils
ae also classco a

Non- sodic ESP<S

zelloue

8SP)ISy.

moñaging impoving seil quality zerbty.

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Qsmoic poteotial:
sure q the abilky oy aa solhtian to
attrat eole by
tke eck
solute concunbahoa on potential
on tkpotntal y a solton Jo
move aka Qsmoic potnhalis
-Ve value ane it
bars o
ruga paals.
- The onohic
ah poenhial q a soluHon is 8ld by the
Concentbahon soleetes i9 tte soluhon A Soleution wth
Conesbahon celtessach au Salk
Sgare has a Louer onphz polenhal tan a coln
a laue conenhahog o soletes

Osmchepocntial imprkont coniep in planl

pyleg au it plays aa zoe in the moveent
The
OsMch potental y the soil soluhoa ctees the
uater potatial gzadat bln the seild the ploat zooe
eeaten into th plat

a mease q the Teduchion ia plont qrowth

dete lors gzouh gield.

inpotantametta
salaity
estiaole. the otes zequisenontt wop
Jrown in salire soils.
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The relahanship bla the £c

but Jnially the fhe
soil the lowea lhe K valt cop foleuane to
alo foken iato th
Leithnme acount
Saliaity is
sall foleont oapt hoviag hgtea Ke ualues Aan
les salt - toleront (op

- K coo be ued to Cahnete the

the uatea
Teqlwremnt raline by adyuty
he coop) oter zequiremn based
Fax examale. the crop uaka zcquwrtn
k vale. ic Q.S the atualakea zeqirent
uadd bc 2000 mo (lo0oo )

Yielod zecluchion i
to the decreose to crop yield ceused by
such as enviIOARHtul shesc clireae
pet nuhient dejieniy & otheu ypctoxs

- Yieled zeduchon
czop quowth inclulng gexminahon vegelahue
greuthtewoaing uting matusity The seeuity
yield educion cependls

Yielol educhon con have signiyiaak

& redued sood auailabbby To miaiaize yild
reduchon pzA may e vaous tategiea
cuch te foleran taete
igoion etrbzaton peat dseasecontrol othea
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mag_ement praches that promofe healthy plant

growth
Salt brlane. (@Jop» (eveli
Salt balonce also knouon cu mas
leel eend
balone Qfe rm
ere fohe calalahon t th amount o salh
thal entes Bleeel. a s0m S4ten I i an
nt toa poto
g managing soil salnity erAUsing suainolle
Cp prduchoa
- The salt balaate is
delesmincod hy comporing fhe iapu4
o salk Such a fhougk igahon ualea
atmpeie depasiios to the fp qallh. such a
thrauh crop harve leaching &xuny ha chyeeale
blo theiapuk olp is te net salt acumuulation or
clelehion in the soil.
To colulahe the salt balanie the oD louel AarOU
eshorate Lhe yollowing coponenl,
the
wofer he Cmont
izgatb
ount uats ppbod to th
Soil Saliaity - The saliaiky q tte soil the clah o

ü) op salt tolerante. - The senshvtq q fhe cp to sel

salaity uuhch vaues aoy copspeies.
- The amoLat
The ameunt
threug
akag zin%
Bese these measnenh ox
calaulate tte salt
shoraksarmeu
balonce cwing lhe plowiag Lorla.
Trpul -Ouput = Net acumla)
3
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Reclamahon cabne sos

qunbty
ae
saliae soils so that pkntl qaouwth &
hey con tapport p
agmiubuzal procluchon alinesoile ove
oulesalck can te cetkaniacdta plont growh

Tha ollaing mehods nation

zeclomaion o saline
Soi:
ex ceyyenler totte
Leaking: This iavches lhepphcahon
chaincd proels cs 2epeoted atl the salt conleat

Gypaum aplcghon i Gyypsum coliun ompound that

zedluce the
improve soil sbuctuzc, intase weata Pac
tzotion olecease Seil Solaity

sop r0fahon - Rartng cops that are tolerant to salae

soil such a barely cao edua sal salaity inprae
Soil can also be dect as
gezhity The coopl
live stact.

Sol amnendment Addiag

ngaic matis o the soil can
ionprve Soil struchre Qincease uatea 2ekention necleeiog
Soil alinity
Azogre dtry t - Ploaing trees ia saline seik can lelp o
zedue soil saliahy by eduang seil eua20zation 4
fnreasing sol moisture eentian
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Leachiog gizcmcot CLR):

to th amount ater neeclecd fo be apphed

soilfo rem0Ve ex Less Salts othe Solutea that
aay a aceuDulahd t the oof zne.

Eaæss Salt Con

uustea ptaba dcauing oxiity

Gypicalty eapecal a

that nceds o be apaiecd o th satl do tAOVe a

salb.

Th LRcon be lekaind by eonduchag a leacking eupt

weaith tte conenbakoo

conenbahon Sadt ln tte chainaga yulan.
The LR coa be eatinated esi matheahal wclels that
otote nto acent vaaios Soil oka acor

Rhecea equnkonmathematod
IE is a
iondina
moclel wse en
electrockei sky
elecholyte solutio
to clesebe tte behauian
dueloped by Jeha mRhodes io Laso
The eqg is gieo by

whee Xis the that hae beeo schaa

action oy ipny tha
tte dincAsboles polerhal & lo oerotes the atral
 DATE

The Rhoce ego is ofeo yed to cleteanine the diguion

qten amel ay the standand otential
elechoclemial cell I is pzhulay wgul ge
io uhik th con tenboton q the
cluabing ystem
ehchelyte is
ausumes that toosis a

is polenhal
dichorge
00dom psocu 4 lhat th k
T ado assumg that he
to tte conenbahon
electic held tbin te elecholyte is cnyor
while th Rhoades cquahion has imitohon 4may nobe
opplcobk fo all calechochemiat syskemsit zerains e
ion in sduthon
usyul tecl fer unchzsfands tle behe
behavioI
olemono
Kequzemant q- iigahion uaes fo meet
The amcunt inigahon uates eguird o meet op
demond clepond on seuead octorc. such as the tpe
copsail typi cmate inigahoo Sytem wed.
CneOmaA methed cleteamining izzigaton uuata
the
z0quremcnt i thrtsugh te se
Ce

zeollo the amount uatea that te same Czop euouled

To calulate he czj nka Zeqwinement follog

fermala
eapohoom
Spraion CEla)X heo cp
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Requirenint q migaton uaka fo eet Leochng

quirement
unt
Leachng zequiremeat is ta amcunt uater nosclad
salk Ù ohessoleble sustonler
fhe zotzone
The amount qimigahon uaer requincd to
sactors sack a
leacking zeqwremante dpend on facons
*qLolly imqahon walea sed
One commoaly wed mathsl yor cdeteswnia, the ingatioa
waka ncgwirement por leacbing is the leacking chion
CLF) methcl. The loaching achon is the ako q t
valume eaatea that deuins cet q the zot ZpE.
o tle sol fo the volune o iniahon uales cple
oka applert
the rot One to tte lenching requiremenh
neet

o colculate fhe igahn lale zequirerent joz

metod the
lloaing tormula lan be yed
uatea Tegwinanent
Inagation.
Crop uata reqlirement

wales requirement colaslolad

mekod escribed in ay euDuw anLeL LF is tha cesec
loaching tsactea
Qlkale sols Ao kapuwn soicsoils are soils
leuela soclins These sod

puablame cue to they

kigh
Can cause Plan qzouth Reclamatbn akae
soil salnity f Po shuture
soil
 uauous methods to improvcL
soil chuctre Teoluece. soil salinity f rectore tha
soil s etliy
Some metheds kre zeclamaion q alkoli soiu include:

Gypsum qmenclment :-_Addng qyeu fo the soil

soil stzucture. byooning tcating elay
pozhides& zducing soil alkaleaity by z4laing sochuns
euth caleisn on

Leaching i- Leahng tavohes applying lorqe amcunk

uesalea fo tte Soil o ove
Bom th root zone Leoching shuld be don cangully

Gzaung alt toleuont cagpzf olakag

them ith non -salt tolerant cozi can helo o rodue
soll salinity timo

Adding rganic mattea to the Soil con

mproe soil sukure iatase uaka hololing capaiky
& provide nutient fo tte seil. Leguminu cuop ae

Soil qmnenlment;- h adoiton o orqane mattes. suh as

con helo to zoclue leaik
inprove soil tuchune Soil amenclnenk Juch
salu, iron sugute g almioun isukake coa
canlo
help fa veclue sel pt.
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ReclamaHion allall sels pypsum reqizemunt

AlkoliSoils. alo known au Sadic soils ore characteized
by hvgh leveks soclium CNa that cdisrupt ike soil
sruchue f reclue teatiuty 7e reclamaton alkal:
soils invoves reclucn the scliun content &inproving the
sol structure f hetiity One S6echve uoy to d this
by esing JYPSum

Eypsam CCalium suhak) hekps to diplae sochum

TkeKe seil porhcles thus recluing the soil's saclium contor
Tt also
alo improuea the soil shuctme by promohing loccula
ton ukh is the clumping fogeten col porhk fo
¿orm tang agregaea. ihis ionproves soil
his improes soil aeahoa, ua tea
iaplrahon f nutrient aailability
The amOunt
deponda tte soil's sodiun content the soil texkune
Agenea ut thumb is that l s to 2 tons
acre ia Deeclecd to zeclaim soclic soil eh a
Spdium coatot ttoweVCA the eact amount reqwTd
con ayoepencag the pejc soil condi:hion

- It is important to nole that

alkalisoil recarnahon It takes fimer ke 9Hpm
to work por the soil shuche fo ian,20ve TA it ceo
Cmportant to mcaitor tie soils soclium ontent resulary
hat it doesn't
to ensure tht doesnt buldp agun