CENTRAL

DOGMA

Replication,
Transcription, and
Translation
Slide Title
REPLICATION
(Making more DNA)
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
DNA REPLICATION
✓ Ensures that each cell has the
complete set of DNA molecules
during cell division
✓ a semiconservative process since
each new cell contains one strand
of original DNA and one newly
synthesized strand
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION
Important Players in DNA Replication
• Replisomes: Enzyme factories
• DNA Helicase: breaks the hydrogen
bonds between DNA strands
(unwinds DNA)
• Topoisomerase (gyrases): alleviates
positive supercoiling (twisting of
DNA) ahead of the replication fork
• Single-stranded binding
proteins (SSBPs): keeps the parental
strands apart
Important Players in DNA Replication
• Primase: synthesizes a RNA primer (primer =
starting point for DNA polymerase)
• DNA polymerase III: synthesizes a daughter
strand of DNA
• DNA polymerase I: digests the RNA primers
and fills in with DNA
• DNA ligase: covalently links DNA fragments
together (phosphodiester bond)
• Clamp proteins: Allow the leading strand
and lagging strand to be associated with the
polymerases
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication

The
Initializer
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication

Primer is made
up of RNA
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
 Important Players in DNA Replication
Important Players in DNA Replication
3 major steps of DNA
Replication
1.Initiation
2.Elongation
a. Leading Strand
b. Lagging Strand
3.Termination
INITIATION
(REPLICATION)

• Unwind DNA (Helicase)

• Replication fork established
• DNA primed with RNA primers
▪ Leading (once at the Origin of
replication)
▪ Lagging (at the start of every
Okazaki fragment)
INITIATION
(REPLICATION)
INITIATION
(REPLICATION)
INITIATION
(REPLICATION)
INITIATION
(REPLICATION)
INITIATION
(REPLICATION)
INITIATION
(REPLICATION)
INITIATION
(REPLICATION)
INITIATION
(REPLICATION)
INITIATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)

• Occurs when an enzyme called DNA

polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to
the 3’ end of the newly synthesized
strand
• Because of the different arrangement
of the carbon atoms in the two
strands, the elongation process has
two versions:
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)

• Two versions:
1. LEADING STRAND – involves the
continuous replication of
nucleotides to the 5’-3’ template
strand by the DNA polymerase
2. LAGGING STRAND – involves the
discontinuous replication in the
3’ – 5’ template strand
ELONGATION
(REPLICATION)
• Two versions:
1. LAGGING STRAND – because the lagging
strand cannot be read continuously by the
DNA polymerase, numerous RNA primers
bind at various points along the lagging
strand. This event causes the formation of
different chunks of DNA known as OKAZAKI
FRAGMENTS, which are added to the
lagging strand in the 5’ – 3’ direction. Later
on, these Okazaki Fragments are joined
together
TERMINATION
(REPLICATION)

• The last step in DNA replication

• In this process, the DNA
polymerase halts when it
reaches a section of the DNA
template that has already been
replicated
TERMINATION
(REPLICATION)

• However, this event does not

end the entire DNA replication
process – In the lagging strand,
there are gaps where the
primers were present. These
RNA primers need to be
replaced with DNA.
TERMINATION
(REPLICATION)

• As soon as the RNA primers are

removed, a free-floating DNA
polymerase will attach to the 3’
end of the DNA fragment.
TERMINATION
(REPLICATION)

• Finally, an enzyme called DNA

ligase seals up the sequence
into two continuous double
strands, resulting in two DNA
molecules.
TERMINATION
(REPLICATION)
TERMINATION
(REPLICATION)
TERMINATION
(REPLICATION)
TERMINATION
(REPLICATION)
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
• The process by which RNA is synthesized
from DNA
• The first step/stage in the central dogma of
molecular biology
• Happens when a DNA portion is copied to
form its complementary mRNA sequence
• For prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the
cytoplasm and in the nucleus for eukaryotes
3 major steps of DNA
Transcription

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
INITIATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)
INITIATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)

• Transcription requires an enzyme

known as RNA polymerase, which
is similar to DNA polymerase.
INITIATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)
INITIATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)

• Transcription starts when RNA

polymerase binds to DNA,
separating the DNA strand
INITIATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)
• RNA polymerase binds at specific sequence
in the DNA nucleotides called the
promoters, which serve as initiation site for
the enzyme
INITIATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)

• RNA polymerase uses only one

strand of DNA as a template to
create a strand of mRNA
INITIATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)
ELONGATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)

• Elongation happens when different

nucleotides from the cytoplasm are
added to the growing RNA chain
ELONGATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)

• Similar to DNA replication, RNA is

also synthesized in the 5’-3’
direction
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ANTIPARALLEL STRANDS
ELONGATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)

• Similar to DNA replication, RNA is

also synthesized in the 5’-3’
direction
TERMINATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)

• Termination happens when RNA

polymerase reaches the terminator
site.
TERMINATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)

• The terminator site contains a

specific sequence of nucleotides
that signals the end of
transcription.
• When this happens, transcription
stops along with the release of the
RNA polymerase and the transcribe
TERMINATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)
TERMINATION
(TRANSCRIPTION)
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
 RNA
PROCESSING
RNA PROCESSING
1.Capping - a special nucleotide is
attached at the 5' end of the
mRNA. This modification is
necessary for efficient initiation
of protein synthesis and serves
as stabilisation.
RNA PROCESSING
2. Poly(A)-tail - a special enzyme
attaches a chain of 150-200
adenine nucleotides to the 3' end
of the pre-mRNA directly after
transcription. This is primarily
believed to increase the stability
and therefore prolong the lifetime
of an mRNA molecule.
RNA PROCESSING
CAPPING and POLY(A)-TAIL
RNA PROCESSING
3. Splicing - The removal of noncoding
sequences, introns, from the pre-mRNA
to create mRNA, containing only the
coding sequences, exons, for a protein.
This process is carried out by the
splicosome. The splicosome is a special
complex made up by proteins and a
catalytic kind of small nuclear RNA
molecules, the snRNAs.
RNA PROCESSING
SPLICING
RNA
PROCESSING
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
• In the process of translation, a
cell interprets a series of codons
along an mRNA molecule and
builds a polypeptide. That is,
mRNA is translated from nucleic
acid language to amino acid
language.
TRANSLATION
• The interpreter is transfer RNA
(tRNA), which carries amino
acids to a ribosome. The
ribosome then adds each amino
acid carried by tRNA to the
growing end of the polypeptide
chain.
TRANSLATION
• The process involves the
ribosomes, which contain small
and large subunits.
3 major steps of DNA
Translation

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
INITIATION
(TRANSLATION)

• This is where the mRNA transcribed

inside the nucleus is released into the
cytoplasm
• Each ribosome has a binding site for
mRNA and three binding sites for tRNA
molecules.
INITIATION
(TRANSLATION)

✓The A site carries the tRNA with the

next amino acid to be added to the
chain.
✓The P site holds the tRNA carrying the
growing polypeptide chain.
✓A tRNA that has dropped off its amino
acid leaves the ribosome at the E (exit)
site.
INITIATION
(TRANSLATION)

• A ribosome binds to mRNA and begins

looking for the start codon (AUG). The
presence of the start codon initiates
translation.
INITIATION
(TRANSLATION)
ELONGATION
(TRANSLATION)

• Elongation is simply the

formation of the growing
polypeptide chain by bringing in
the proper tRNA to translate the
mRNA into a protein.
ELONGATION
(TRANSLATION)
TERMINATION
(TRANSLATION)

• The elongation process continues until

one of the three stop codons is reached
displayed in the A site.
• There is no tRNA which recognizes any
of the stop codons but a release factor
binds to the stop codon and hydrolyses
the bond between the polypeptide and
its tRNA in the P site.
TERMINATION
(TRANSLATION)

• This frees the polypeptide, so it is

released from the ribosome.
TRANSLATION
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THE GENETIC CODE
TABLE
THE GENETIC CODE
TABLE
THE GENETIC CODE
TABLE
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STOP
CODON
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION