ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - FINALS REVIEWER

PERINEUM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - diamond shaped area between the thighs
- consists of a urogenital triangle and an anal
FUNCTIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- Produce male and female gametes triangle
- Enhance fertilization of an oocyte by a sperm
cell TESTES
- TUNICA ALBUGINEA: outer connective
- Produce reproductive hormones
tissue capsule of the testes
- Female reproductive system nurtures new
- divided by septa into lobules that contain the
individuals until birth.
seminiferous tubules and the interstitial cells
- SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES: straighten to
MEIOSIS
- Two consecutive cell division halve the form the tubuli recti which lead to the rete
chromosome number from 46 total testis
chromosomes to 23 total chromosomes - RETE TESTIS: opens into the efferent
- Ensures that the diploid number (46) is ductules of the epididymis.
maintained in each generation
- Crossing over and random sorting of
chromosomes during meiosis I produce
genetic variation in gametes

- DURING DEVELOPMENT: testes pass from

the abdominal cavity through the inguinal
canal to the scrotum
- SPERMATOGENESIS: begins in the
seminiferous tubules at the time of puberty
- SPERMATOGONIA: divide (mitosis) to form
spermatocytes
- PRIMARY
SPERMATOCYTES:
divide (meiosis I) to
form secondary
ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE spermatocytes
SYSTEM - SECONDARY
- Testis SPERMATOCYTES:
- Ducts divides (meiosis II) to
- Accessory glands form spermatids
- Supporting structure - SPERMATIDS:
develop acrosome and
SCROTUM flagellum to become
sperm cells
- two-chambered sac SUSTENTACULAR
that contains the CELLS: nourish the
testes sperm cells, form
- Dartos and blood-testis barrier, and
cremaster muscles produce hormones
help regulate testicular
temperature

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DUCTS ventral part and the glans penis.

- Efferent ductules extend from testes to the - Bulb and crura form the root of the penis
head of the epididymis - CRURA: attaches the penis to the pelvic bone
- EPIDIDYMIS: - PREPUCE: covers the glans penis
- coiled tube system located on the
testis
- site of sperm cell maturation
- consist of a head, body, and a tail
- DUCTUS DEFERENS: passes from the
epididymis into the abdominal cavity
- AMPULA (END OF THE DUCTUS
DEFERENS): and the seminal vesicle join to
form the ejaculatory duct

ACCESSORY GLANDS
- SEMINAL VESICLES: empty into the
ejaculatory ducts
- PROSTATE GLAND:
- consist of glandular and muscular
tissue
- empties into the prostatic urethra
- BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS: compound
- PROSTATIC URETHRA: joins with the mucous glands that empty into the spongy
ejaculatory ducts to form the membranous urethra
urethra
- MEMBRANOUS URETHRA: becomes the SEMEN
spongy urethra which continues through the - mixture of sperm cells and glandular
penis secretions
- BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS AND THE
SPERMATIC CORD URETHRAL MUCOUS GLANDS: produce
- consist of the mucus (which neutralizes the acidic pH of the
ductus deferens, blood, urethra)
and lymphatic vessels, - TESTICULAR SECRETIONS: contain sperm
nerves, and remnants cells
of the process vaginalis - SEMINAL VESICLE FLUID: contain fructose
- covering and fibrinogen
consist of the external - PROSTATE SECRETION: make seminal fluid
spermatic fascia, more pH-neutral
cremasteric muscle,
and internal spermatic PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE
fascia SYSTEM
- passes through - normal function depends on hormonal and
the inguinal canal into neural mechanisms
the abdominal cavity
REGULATION OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE
SECRETION
1. GnRH is produced in the hypothalamus and
PENIS
released in surges
- Consists of erectile tissue
2. GnRH stimulates LH and FSH release from
- 2 CORPORA CAVERNOSA form the
the anterior pituitary
dorsum and the side of the penis
- LH: stimulates the interstitial cells to
- CORPUS SPONGIOSUM forms the

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produce testosterone - Vagina

- FSH: stimulates sperm cell formation - External genitalia
3. INHIBIN: produced by sustentacular cells, - Mammary glands
inhibits FSH secretion

PUBERTY IN MALES
- BEFORE PUBERTY: small amounts of
testosterone inhibit GnRH release
- DURING PUBERTY:
- testosterone does not completely
suppress GnRH release
- result in increased production of FSH,
LH, and testosterone

EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE
- INTERSTITIAL CELLS, ADRENAL CORTEX,
AND SUSTENTACULAR CELLS: produce
testosterone
- causes the development of male sex organs in
the embryo
- stimulates descent of the testes
- causes enlargement of the genitals
- necessary for sperm cell formation
- Hair growth stimulation and inhibition of male
pattern baldness
- enlargement of the larynx and deepening of
the voice
- increased skin thickness and melanin and
sebum production
- increased muscle and bone growth, blood cell
synthesis, and blood volume
- increased metabolic rate
MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND THE MALE
SEXUAL ACT
- Testosterone is required for normal sex drive
- Stimulation of the sexual act can be tactile or
psychological
- Afferent action potentials pass through the
pudendal nerve to the sacral region of the
spinal cord
- PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION:
- erection is due to vasodilation of the
blood vessels that supply the erectile
tissue
- glands of the urethra and the
bulbourethral glands produce mucus
- SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION:
- causes erection, emission, and
ejaculation
OVARIES
- broad ligaments, the mesovarium, the
suspensory ligaments, and ovarian
ligaments: hold the ovaries in place
- PERITONEUM: covers the surface of the
ovaries
- OUTER CAPSULE: tunica albuginea
- CORTEX: follicles
- MEDULLA: receives blood, lymphatic
vessels, and nerves
OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT AND FERTILIZATION
- OOGONIA proliferate and become primary
oocytes: PROPHASE OF MEIOSIS I
- OVULATION: release of an oocyte from an
ovary
- PRIMARY OOCYTE: continues meiosis I and
produces a secondary oocyte (which begins
meiosis II) and a polar body (degenerates or
divides to form 2 polar bodies)
- FERTILIZATION: joining of a sperm cell and
secondary oocyte to form a zygote
- ZYGOTE: is formed when the nuclei of the
sperm cell and the oocyte fuse to form a
diploid nucleus.

ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM
- Ovaries
- Uterine tubes
- Uterus

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FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT
- PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES: surrounded by a
single layer of flat granulosa cells
- PRIMARY FOLLICLES: primary oocytes
surrounded by cuboidal granulosa cells
- Primary follicles become secondary
follicles as granulosa cells increase in
number and fluid begins to accumulate
in the vesicle
- GRANULOSA cells increase in number
- THECA forms around the secondary follicles
- MATURE FOLLICLES: enlarged secondary
follicles at the surface of the ovary
- OVULATION occurs when the follicle swells
and ruptures and secondary oocyte is
released from the ovary
- FATE OF THE FOLLICLE:
- the mature follicle becomes the corpus
luteum
- PREGNANCY: corpus luteum persists
- NO PREGNANCY: becomes corpus
albicans
UTERINE TUBES / FALLOPIAN TUBES
- MESOSALPINX holds the uterine tubes
- Uterine tubes transport the oocyte or zygote
from the ovary to the uterus
- INFUNDIBULUM: ovarian end of the uterine
tube
- OSTIUM: opening of the infundibulum,
surrounded by fimbriae
- Infundibulum connects to the ampulla which
narrows to become the isthmus
- ISTHMUS: parts of the uterine tube nearest
the uterus
- consist of an outer serosa, middle muscular
layer, and inner mucosa (simple ciliated
columnar epithelium)
MOVEMENT OF THE OOCYTE
- CILIA move the oocyte over the fimbriae
surface into the infundibulum
- PERISTALTIC CONTRACTIONS AND CILIA:
move the cyte within the uterine tube
- FERTILIZATION occurs in the ampulla where
the zygote remains for several days
UTERUS
- consists of the body, isthmus, and cervix
- uterine cavity and cervical canal are spaces
formed by the uterus
- held in place by the broad around, and
uterosacral ligaments
- WALLS OF THE UTERUS
- PERIMETRIUM: serous membrane
- MYOMETRIUM: smooth muscles
- ENDOMETRIUM: mucous membrane
VAGINA
- connects the uterus (cervix) to the outside of
the body
- layer of smooth muscle and inner lining of
moist, stratified squamous epithelium
- folded into rugae and longitudinal folds
- HYMEN: covers the opening of the vagina
EXTERNAL GENITALIA
- Vulva or pudendum
- VESTIBULE: space into which the vagina and
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the urethra open the time of ovulation

- ERECTILE TISSUE: - ESTROGEN FROM THE THECA CELLS:
- TWO CORPORA CAVERNOSA: stimulates GnRH secretion
clitoris - GnRH: stimulates the production and release
- CORPORA SPONGIOSA: bulbs of of LH and FSH
the vestibule - LH and FSH: stimulates more estrogen
- LABIA MINORA: folds that covers the secretion
vestibule and form the prepuce - Inhibition occurs when there is high levels of
- GREATER AND LESSER VESTIBULE estrogen and progesterone produced by the
GLANDS: produce a mucous fluid corpus luteum
- PUDENDAL CLEFT: space between the labia - INHIBITION OF GnRH: causes LH and FSH
majora levels to decrease after ovulation
- MONS PUBIS: elevated fat deposit superior to
the labia majora UTERINE CYCLE
- PERINEUM: region between the vagina and ● MENSES:
the anus - DAY 1 to 4 or 5
- spiral arteries constrict and
endometrial cells die
- MENSTRUAL FLUID:
sloughed cells, secretion and
blood
- DAY 5 to 14
- proliferative phase
- Epithelial cells multiple and
form glands
- spiral arteries supply the
glands
- DAY 15 to 30
- secretory phase
- endometrium becomes thicker
and endometrial glands
secrete

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE - ESTROGEN: stimulates proliferation of the

SYSTEM
● PUBERTY:
- FIRST MENSTRUAL BLEEDING:
menarche
- begins when GnRH levels increases
OVARIAN CYCLE
- FSH: stimulates the development of the
primary follicles
- FOLLICLES: secrete a substance that inhibits
the development of other follicles
- LH: stimulates ovulation and completion of the
first meiotic division by the primary oocyte
- LH SURGE: stimulates the formation of the
corpus luteum
- FERTILIZATION OCCURS: hCG
stimulates the corpus luteum to persist
- NO FERTILIZATION: corpus luteum
becomes corpus albicans
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
- causes FSH and LH levels to increase near
endometrium and synthesis of progesterone
receptors
- INCREASED PROGESTERONE: hypertrophy
of the endometrium, stimulate gland secretion,
and inhibit uterine contractions
- DECREASED PROGESTERONE: spiral
arteries to constrict and start menses
FEMALE FERTILITY AND PREGNANCY
- If FERTILIZATION is to occur:
- intercourse must take place between 5
days before and 1 day after ovulation
- Sperm cell transport to the ampulla depends
on the ability of the sperm to swim
- Implantation of the developing embryo into the
uterine wall occurs when the uterus is most
receptive
- ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE:
secreted first by the corpus luteum and later
by the placenta are essential for the
maintenance of pregnancy

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REVIEW AND COMPREHENSION 7. Concerning the penis,

a. the membranous urethra passes through
the corpora cavernosa.
ALL QUESTIONS ARE FROM SEELEY'S ANATOMY
b. the glans penis is formed by the corpus
AND PHYSIOLOGY 12TH EDITION (2019)
spongiosum.
c. the penis contains four columns of erectile
1. During meiosis I
tissue.
a. homologous chromosomes synapse.
d. the crus of the penis is part of the corpus
b. crossing over between homologous
spongiosum.
chromosomes occurs.
e. the bulb of the penis is covered by the
c. the chromosomal number is reduced by
prepuce.
half.
d. two haploid cells are produced.
8. Which of these glands is correctly matched with the
e. All of these are correct.
function of its secretions?
a. bulbourethral gland—neutralizes acidic
2. Testosterone is produced in the
contents of the urethra
a. interstitial cells.
b. seminal vesicles—contain large amounts of
b. seminiferous tubules of the testes.
fructose, which nourishes the sperm cells
c. anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
c. prostate gland—contains clotting factors
d. sperm cells
that cause coagulation of the semen
d. All of these are correct.
3. Early in development (4 months after fertilization),
the testes
9. LH in the male stimulates
a. are found in the abdominal cavity.
a. the development of the seminiferous
b. move through the inguinal canal.
tubules.
c. produce a membrane that becomes the
b. spermatogenesis.
scrotum.
c. testosterone production.
d. produce sperm cells.
d. Both a and b are correct.
e. All of these are correct.
e. All of these are correct.
4. The site of spermatogenesis in the male is the
10. Which of these factors causes a decrease in GnRH
a. ductus deferens.
release?
b. seminiferous tubules.
a. decreased inhibin
c. epididymis.
b. increased testosterone
d. rete testis.
c. decreased FSH
e. efferent ductule.
d. decreased LH
5. The site of final maturation and storage of sperm
11. In the male, before puberty
cells before their ejaculation is the
a. FSH levels are higher than after puberty.
a. seminal vesicles.
b. LH levels are higher than after puberty.
b. seminiferous tubules.
c. GnRH release is inhibited by testosterone.
c. glans penis.
d. All of these are correct.
d. epididymis.
e. sperm bank.
12. Testosterone
a. stimulates the development of terminal
6. Given these structures:
hairs.
(1) ductus deferens
b. decreases red blood cell count.
(2) efferent ductule
c. prevents closure of the epiphyseal plate.
(3) epididymis
d. decreases blood volume.
(4) ejaculatory duct
e. All of these are correct.
(5) rete testis
Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the
13. Which of these events is consistent with erection of
order a sperm cell passes through them from the
the penis?
seminiferous tubules to the urethra.
a. parasympathetic stimulation
a. 2,3,5,4,1 d. 3,4,2,1,5
b. dilation of arterioles
b. 2,5,3,4,1 e. 5,2,3,1,4
c. engorgement of sinusoids with blood
c. 3,2,4,1,5

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d. occlusion of veins
e. All of these are correct. 21. In the average adult female, ovulation occurs at
day of the menstrual cycle.
14. After ovulation, the mature follicle collapses, taking a. 1 b. 7
on a yellowish appearance to become the c. 14 d. 21
a. degenerating follicle e. 28
b. corpus luteum.
c. corpus albicans. 22. Which of these processes or phases in the monthly
d. tunica albuginea. reproductive cycle of the human female occur at the
e. cumulus mass. same time?
a. maximal LH secretion and menstruation
b. early follicular development and the
15. The ampulla of the uterine tube secretory phase of the uterus
a. is the opening of the uterine tube into the c. regression of the corpus luteum and an
uterus. increase in ovarian progesterone secretion
b. has long, thin projections called the ostium. d. ovulation and menstruation
c. is connected to the isthmus of the uterine e. proliferative stage of the uterus and
tube. increased estrogen production
d. is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.
23. During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle,
16. The layer of the uterus that undergoes the greatest one would normally expect
change during the menstrual cycle is the a. the highest levels of estrogen that occur
a. perimetrium. during the menstrual cycle.
b. hymen. b. the mature follicle to be present in the ovary.
c. endometrium c. an increase in the thickness of the
d. myometrium. endometrium.
e. broad ligament. d. Both a and b are correct.
e. All of these are correct
17. The vagina
a. consists of skeletal muscle. 24. The cause of menses in the uterine cycle appears
b. has ridges called rugae. to be
c. is lined with simple squamous epithelium. a. increased progesterone secretion from the
d. All of these are correct. ovary, which produces blood clotting.
b. increased estrogen secretion from the
18. During sexual excitement, which of these ovary, which stimulates the muscles of the uterus to
structures fills with blood and causes the vaginal contract.
opening to narrow? c. decreased progesterone secretion by the
a. bulbs of the vestibule ovary.
b. clitoris d. decreased production of oxytocin, causing
c. mons pubis the muscles of the uterus to relax.
d. labia majora
e. prepuceligament. 25. After fertilization, the successful development of a
mature, full-term fetus depends on
19. Concerning the breasts, a. the release of human chorionic
a. lactiferous ducts open on the areola. gonadotropin (hCG) by the developing placenta.
b. each lactiferous duct supplies an alveolus. b. the production of estrogen and
c. they are attached to the pectoralis major progesterone by the placental tissues.
muscles by suspensory ligaments. c. maintenance of the corpus luteum for all 9
d. even before puberty, the female breast is months.
quite different from the male breast. d. Both a and b are correct.
e. All of these are correct.
20. The major secretory product of the mature follicle
is 26. A female with a 28-day menstrual cycle is most
a. estrogen. e. FSH. likely to become pregnant as a result of intercourse on
b. progesterone. d. relaxin. days
c. LH. a. 1–3. b. 5–8.

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c. 9–14. d. 15–20.
e. 21–28.

27. Menopause
a. develops when follicles become less
responsive to FSH and LH.
b. results from elevated estrogen levels in 40-
to 50-year-old females.
c. occurs because too many follicles develop
during each cycle.
d. results when follicles develop but contain no
oocytes.
e. occurs because FSH and LH levels decline

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