CHAPTER 3 MUCOUS MEMBRANE (mucosae)

SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANE  Moist membrane

 Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior
BODY MEMBRANES body surface
 Adapted for absorption or secretion
-Functions of the body membranes
 Construction / layer
 cover body surface  -Epithelium type depends on the site
 line body cavities  - Loose connective tissue (lamina propria)
 form protective sheets around organs (b.) Mucous membranes line body cavities open to
the exterior.
- Classified according to tissue types

 Cutaneous membranes
o Cutaneous membranes
o Mucous membranes
o Serous membranes
 Connective tissue membranes
o Synovial membranes

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES

 Epithelial membranes are simple organs

 Also called COVERING and LINING MEMBRANES SEROUS MEMBRANES (serosae)
 These membranes contains:
 Line open body cavities that are closed to the
o Epithelial tissue layer
exterior of the body
o Connective tissue layer
 Occur in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a
visceral and parietal layer
 Construction / layer
CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE = skin o Simple squamous epithelium
 Dry membrane o Areolar connective tissue
 Outermost protective boundary
 Construction / layer (c.) Serous membranes line body cavities closed to
o Epidermis is composed of keratinized exterior.
stratified squamous epithelium
o Dermis is mostly dense (fibrous)
connective tissue
(a.) Cutaneous membrane (the skin) covers the
body surface
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES

-Specific serous membranes Function of Integumentary System

 Peritoneum  Insulates and cushion deeper body organs

o Abdominal cavity  Protects the entire body from:
 Pleura o Mechanical damage (bumps and cuts)
o Around the lungs o Chemical change (acid and bases)
 Pericardium o Thermal damage (heat or cold)
o Around the hear o Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight)
o Microbes (bacteria)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES
o Desiccation (drying out)
 Synovial membranes
 Aids in loss or retention of body heat as
o Loose areolar connective tissue only (no
controlled by the nervous system
epithelial tissue)  Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
o Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints  Synthesizes vitamin D
-Line bursae
-Line tendon sheaths STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
o Secrete a lubricating fluid to cushion
organs moving against each other  Two kinds of tissue compose the skin
during muscle activity o Epidermis
o Dermis
 Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
o Anchors the skin to underlying organs
o Not technically part of the
integumentary system
o Composed mostly of adipose tissue
o Serves as a shock absorber and
insulates deeper tissues

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

- Integumentary system consists of the:  Epidermis- outer layer

o Capable of being hard and tough
 Skin (cutaneous membrane)
o Stratified squamous epithelium
 Skin appendages
o Keratinocytes (the most common cell)
o Sweat glands o Avascular
o Oil glands o Composed of five layers (strata)
o Hair
o Nails  Summary of layers of the epidermis from
deepest to most superficial
 o Stratum Basale
o Stratum spinosum
o Stratum granulosum
o Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin
only)
o Stratum corneum
 Stratum Basale (stratum germinativum)
o Deepest layer of epidermis
o Lies next to dermis
o Wavy borderline with the dermis
anchors the two together
o Cells undergoing mitosis
o Daughter cells are pushed upward to
become the more superficial layers
 Stratum spinosum
o Cells become increasingly flatter and
more keratinized
 Melanin
o Melanin is a pigment produced by
melanocytes
o Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum
basale of the epidermis
o Color is yellow to brown to black
o Melanin accumulates in membrane-
bound granules called melanosomes
o Amount of melanin produced depends
upon genetics and exposure to sunlight
 Epidermal dendric cells
o Alert and activate immune cells to a
threat (bacteria or viral invasion)
 Merkel cells
o Associated with sensory nerve endings
serve as touch called Merkel discs
 Dermis
o Connective tissue
o Underlies the epidermis
Two layers of the dermis
 Papillary layer (upper dermal region) contains
projections called dermal papillae
o Indent the epidermis above
o Many projections contain capillary
loops, and others house pain and touch
receptors
o On palm and sole surfaces, papillae
increase friction and gripping ability
o Fingerprints are identifying films of
sweat
 Reticular layer (deepest skin layer)
o Blood vessels
o Sweat and oil glands
o Deep pressure receptors (lamellar
corpuscles)
 Other dermal features
o Cutaneous sensory receptors
o Phagocytes
o Collage and elastic fibers
o Blood vessels
SKIN COLOR
 Redness (erythema) - due to embarrassment,
inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy
 Pallor (blanching) - due to emotional stress
(such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure,
impaired blood flow to an area
 Jaundice (yellow cast) - indicates a liver disorder
 Bruises (black and blue marks) – hematomas
APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
 Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands
o Sebaceous glands
 o Sweat glands o Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of
 Hair metabolic waste
 Hair follicles o Function in body temperature
 Nails regulation

 Sebaceous (oil) gland

 Located all over the skin except for palms and
soles
 Produces sebum (oil)
 Apocrine glands
o Makes skin soft and moist
o Ducts empty into hair follicles in the
o Prevents hair from becoming brittle
armpit and genitals
o Kills bacteria
o Begin to function at puberty
 Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles;
o Release sweat that also contains fatty
other open directly onto skin surface
acids and proteins (milky or yellowish
 Glands are activated at puberty
color)
o Play a minimal role in body
temperature regulation

 Hair
o Produced by the hair follicle
o Root in enclosed in the follicle
o Shaft projects from the surface of the
scalp or skin
o Consists of hard keratinized epithelial
cells
o Melanocytes provide pigment for hair
color
o Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb
in stratum basale
 Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
o Produce sweat
o Widely distributed in the skin
 Two types of sudoriferous glands
o Eccrine glands
o Apocrine glands

 Eccrine glands
 Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin’s
surface
 Produce acidic sweat

 Hair anatomy
o Central medulla
o Cortex surrounds the medulla
o Cuticle on the outside of the cortex
- Most heavily keratinized region of the
hair
 Associated hair structures
o Hair follicle
- Composed of a epithelial root sheath
and fibrous sheath
- Dermal region provides a blood supply
to the hair bulb (deepest part of the
follicle)
- Arrector pili hairs upright when we are
cold or frightened
 Nails
o Heavily keratinized, scalelike
modifications of the epidermis
o Stratum basale extends beneath the
nail bed, which is responsible for the
growth
o Lack of pigment makes nails colorless
 Parts of a nail
o Free edge
o Body is the visible attached portion
o Nail folds are skin folds that overlap the
edges of the nail; the cuticle is the
proximal edge
o Root of the nail is embedded in the skin
o Growth of the nail occurs from the nail
matrix
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF SKIN
 Athlete’s foot
 o Caused by fungal infection (Tinea pedis)
o Itchy, red peeling skin between the toes
 Boils (furuncles) and carbuncle
o Caused by inflammation of hair follicles
o Carbuncles are clusters of boils caused
by bacteria
 Cold sores (fever blisters)
o Caused by human herpesvirus 1
o Blisters itch and sting
 Infections and allergies
o Contact dermatitis
- Caused by exposure to chemicals that
provoke allergic responses
- Itching, redness, and swelling of the
skin
o Impetigo
- Caused by bacterial infection
- Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around
mouth/nose
o Psoriasis
- Triggered by trauma, infection,
hormonal changes, or stress
- Red, epidermal lesions covered with
dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack,
or sometimes bleed
 Burns
o Tissue damage and cell death caused by
heat, electricity, UV radiation, or
chemicals
o Associated dangers
- Protein denaturation and cell death
- Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
- Circulatory shock
o Result in loss body fluids and infection
from the invasion of bacteria
 Extent of a burn is estimated using the rule of
nines
o Body is divided into 11 areas for quick
estimation
o Each area represents about 9% of the
total body surface area
- The area surrounding the genitals (the
perineum) represents 1% of body area
 First-degree burn (superficial burn)
o Only the epidermis is damaged
o Skin is red and swollen
 Second-degree burn (partial-thickness burn)
o Epidermis and superficial part of the
dermis are damaged
o Skin is red, painful, and blistered
o Regrowth of the epithelium can occur
 Third-degree burn (full-thickness burn)
o Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned
area is painless
o Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is
not possible
o Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or
black
 Fourth-degree burn (full thickness burn)
o Extends into deeper tissues (bones,
muscle, tendons)
o Appears dry and leathery
o Requires surgery and grafting
o May require amputation
 Criteria for deeming burns critical (if anyone is
met):
o Over 30 percent of the body has
second-degree burn
o Over 10 percent of the body has third-
degree burns
o Third or fourth-degree burns of the
face, hands, feet, or genitals
o Burns affect the airways
o Circumferential (around the body or
limbs) burn has occurred
 Skin cancer
 o Most common form of cancer in
humans
o Most important risk factor is
overexposure to ultraviolet (UV)
radiation in sunlight and tanning beds
 Cancer can be classified in two ways
o Benign means the neoplasm (tumor)
has not spread
o Malignant means the neoplasm has
invaded other body areas
 Most common types of skin cancer
o Basal cell carcinoma
o Squamous cell carcinoma
o Malignant melanoma
 Malignant melanoma
 Basal cell carcinoma
o Most deadly of skin cancers, but
o Least malignant and most common type
accounts for only 5 % of skin cancers
of skin cancer
o Arises from melanocytes
o Arises from cells in stratum basale that
o Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and
are altered so that they can no longer
blood vessels
make keratin
o Detection uses the ABCDE rule for
o Lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped
recognizing melanoma
nodules that develop a central ulcer
A = Asymmetry
- Two sides of pigmented mole do not
match
B = Border irregularity
-Borders of mole are not smooth
C = Color
- Different colors in pigmented area
D = Diameter
- Spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter
E = Evolution
- One or more of the ABCD
characteristics is evolving

 Squamous cell carcinoma

o Believed to be induced by UV exposure
o Arises from cells of stratum spinosum
o Lesions appear as scaly, reddened
papules that gradually form shallow
ulcers
o Early removal allows a good chance of
cure
o Metastasize to lymph nodes if not
removed DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF SKIN AND BODY
MEMBRANES

 Lanugo, a downy hair, covers the body by the

fifth or sixth month of fetal development but
disappears by birth
 Vernix caseosa, an oily covering, is apparent at
birth
 Milia, small white spots, are common at birth
and disappear by the third week
 Acne may appear during adolescence
 In youth, skin is thick, resilient, and well
hydrated
 With aging, skin loses elasticity and thins
 Skin cancer is a major threat to skin exposed to
excessive sunlight
 Balding and/or graying occurs with aging; both
are genetically determined; other factors that
may contribute include drugs and emotional
stress