SAF10-ING-FR01 - Rev.1 - Evaporation Pond Risk Assessment

TENDRARA PROJECT
GAS TREATMENT AND LNG PRODUCTION PLANT ON

RENTAL BASIS
EVAPORATION POND RISK ASSESSMENT

TECHNICAL NOTE
IFI 1 03/10/2022 FINAL ISSUE Giavent Italfluid Italfluid

IFI 0 30/06/2022 FIRST ISSUE Giavent Italfluid Italfluid
Status Rev. Prepared Approved Approved
Num. Date Description by by by
Rev. Index Contractor Contractor Client
Sound Energy
SOUND ENERGY
Mahaj Riad Center, Batiment 6, 3eme etage, Avenue TENDRARA PROJECT
Al Arz, Hay Ryad, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
ITALFLUID MOROCCO BRANCH

ITALFLUID MOROCCO BRANCH
Boulevard de Bourgogne Rue Jaafar Ibn Habib
Residence Al Mashrik II 1ere Etage N3 Casablanca
Provision of a rented plant for
production of LNG for Sound Energy
Engineering Morocco Branch.
ITALFLUID GEOENERGY
Via Antonio Vivaldi, 4 Montesilvano (PE) ITALY
Tel:085-4224374 / fax: 085-4220742
Facility Name Location Scale Sheet of sheets

TENDRARA PROJECT MAROCCO A4 1 of 24
Document Title Doc. Code
SAF10-ING-FR01
EVAPORATION POND RISK ASSESSMENT – TECHNICAL NOTE Doc. Pos.
SAF
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Sound Energy Sheet of Sheets
SOUND ENERGY Document Code 2 / 145
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Document Title
Engineering Evaporation Pond Risk
ITALFLUID Geoenergy S.r.l. Assessment – Technical Note
03/10/2022 1
REVISION LIST
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1 FINAL ISSUE
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Engineering Evaportation Pond Risk
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INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 4
1.1. PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................................................................................ 4
1.2. SCOPE OF THE DOCUMENT ................................................................................... 6
1.3. OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................... 6
1.4. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS .................................................................................... 6

1.4.1. Codes and Standards ............................................................................... 6
1.4.2. Project Documents ................................................................................... 7
1.4.3. Others ....................................................................................................... 7
1.4.4. Abbreviations ............................................................................................ 7
2. METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................... 9
2.1. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................... 9
2.2. QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES............................................. 9
2.2.1. Physical model for evaporation and dispersion ...................................... 10
2.2.2. Vulnerability for humans ......................................................................... 11
3. BASIS DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS ..................................................................... 14

3.1. ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS ................................................................................ 14
3.2. EVAPORATION POND DATA .................................................................................. 15
3.3. FLUID COMPOSITION ........................................................................................... 16

3.4. FLUID SAFETY DATA............................................................................................ 16
4. RISK ACCEPTABILITY CRITERIA ....................................................................... 18

5. CONSEQUENCES MODELLING .......................................................................... 19
5.1. EVAPORATION FROM POOL ................................................................................. 19
5.2. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION ................................................................................ 19

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Project Overview

The TENDRARA Project consists of a complete Plant for the production,
temporary storage and loading of the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) produced
from wellheads TE-6 and TE-7, and an additional future TE-112.
The objective of the TENDRARA facility is to liquefy the wet inlet gas with a
Mixed Refrigerant Cycle (MRC) process. The plant is designed to process 9.6-
20 MMSCFD of raw gas at inlet battery limit.
The table below summarizes the approximate GPS coordinates of the

processing plant, the coordinates of the closest Sound Energy’s facilities to the
processing plant with distances:
Distance to LNG
GPS coordinates
Plant (km)
Site Latitude Longitude
LNG plant Refer to CWO01-ING-PR01 latest revision
TE-5 32.994403° -2.365228° 1.9
TE-6 33.008253° -2.346122° 0.2
TE-7 32.996822° -2.356828° 1.3
Main Camp (TE-6) 33.004101° -2.352339° 1
Water well (Hassi
33.03577741° -2.40188858° 5.8
Lahcen)
Main road 33.055179° -2.373534° 7

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The following picture shows the location of TENDRARA plant:
Figure 1 - Tendrara Plant Location

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1.2. Scope of the Document

This technical note is focussed on the assessment of the risk for human health,
safety and environment related to the evaporation pond of TENDRARA Plant.
1.3. Objectives
The objectives of this study are:
 To evaluate the risks for safety of personnel of TENDRARA Plant due to

methanol exposure from evaporation pond.
 To evaluate the environmental impact of methanol evaporation.
 To identify additional risk reduction measures to prevent and/or mitigate

the effects of methanol evaporation in case of un-acceptable risks for
people and environment.
1.4. Reference Documents
1.4.1. Codes and Standards

[1] IOGP, “Vulnerability of Humans”, Report No. 434 - 14.1
[2] IOGP, “Consequence modelling”, Report No. 434 - 07
[3] TNO, “Method for the Calculation of Physical Effect”, Yellow Book, CPR
14E
[4] DNV Software, “PVAP Theory Document”
[5] DNV Software, “EXPS Theory Document”
[6] DNV Software, “UDM Theory Document”

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1.4.2. Project Documents

[7] PRO03-ING-FR01 “Project Design Basis”
[8] SEM-TEN-PM-BOD-001 “Basis of Design”
[9] 21044-PR-HMB-0001 “Heat and Material Ballance - design case - 596
m3/day”
[10] CWOO2-ING-PR02 “LNG Tendrara Plant”
1.4.3. Others
[11] Methanol MSDS (https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/IT/en/sds/sial/322415)
[12] CDC NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Methanol
(https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0397.html)
1.4.4. Abbreviations
ALARP
API American Petroleum Institute
BPD Barrel Per Day
BOPD Barrel of Oil Per Day
CCPS Center of Chemical Process Safety
CMPT Center for Marine and Petroleum Technology
DNV Det Norske Veritas
H&MB Heat and Material Balance
HSE Health, Safety, and Environment
IDLH

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ISO International Standards Organization

LFL Lower Flammable Limit
LOC Loss Of Containment
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
MMSCFD Million Standard Cubic Feet per Day
NIOSH
IOGP International Oil and Gas Producers
PFD Process Flow Diagram
P&ID Piping and Instruments Diagram
RP Recommended Practices
SoW Scope of Work
SS Stainless Steel
STEL
TNO Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast
Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek
TVL
TWA
UDM Unified Dispersion Model
UFL Upper Flammable Limit
VCE Vapor Cloud Explosion

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2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Overview
This Technical Note follows a semi-quantitative approach to evaluate risks for
Plant personnel and environment due to evaporation pond activity during Plant
operation. In particular, this approach foresees:
 to quantitative evaluate the consequences for human health and

environment by means of a fluid dynamic model of evaporation from pool
and atmospheric dispersion.
 to qualitative evaluate the frequencies of occurrence of the events of

evaporation.
 to combine the frequencies of occurrence of each event with relevant

severity of consequences in the Company risk matrix in order to estimate
the risk level.
 to recommend risk reduction measures in case of un-acceptable or

ALARP risk.
The following sections detail the steps of the methodology listed in above
bullets.
2.2. Quantitative evaluation of the consequences

The effects to human safety due to an evaporation pond where oily water can
be discharged are related to:
 dispersion of flammable gas which can reach an ignition source and it

can be ignited causing flash fire or Vapour Cloud Explosion (VCE);

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 pool fire in case of presence of oil, liquid hydrocarbon or other flammable

liquid in the mixture of oily water (it is not our case since the stream of
oily water doesn’t present any flammable liquid at operating condition)
 toxic for exposure of Plant personnel to vapours of evaporation pond.
The effects to human health are the adverse consequences related to a

continuously exposure of the Plant personnel for whole worktime to vapours of
evaporation pond.
2.2.1. Physical model for evaporation and dispersion

The modelling of evaporation and dispersion from pond has been carried out
adopting the commercial tool DNV Phast 8.6, (ref. [4], [6]), as follows:
 simulating the evaporation from pool at the site-specific weather

conditions (see section 3. );
 simulating the atmospheric dispersion at the mean evaporation rate

resulting from the worst case of evaporation simulations (previous
bullet).
Note that the commercial code DNV Phast 8.6 is the best engineering
recommended tool by well-recognized technical literature (ref. [2]) for the
analysis of the consequences of oil and gas industrial plants. It includes
mathematical models to evaluate the physical effects of evaporation from pool
and gas dispersion.
The simulation of evaporation from pool has been carried out by the relevant
“stand-alone” model of DNV Phast 8.6 adopting as input data the pool

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dimension, oily water composition and atmospheric conditions (see section 3.

).
The simulation of gas dispersion from pool has ben carried out by the “user-
defined” function of DNV Phast 8.6 adopting the “area source” option. The input
data are (see section 3. ):
 oily water composition,
 evaporation rate,
 area source dimension,
 weather classes.
The outputs of simulations are:
 flammable iso-contour curves and values for thresholds: UFL, LFL and
LFL/2, for flammable compounds of the mixture (in our case are methane
and methanol)
 flammable iso-contour curves and values toxic thresholds:(TWA, STEL,

IDLH, etc.) for toxic compounds of the mixture (in our case is methanol)
2.2.2. Vulnerability for humans

Safety
The effects on humans due to a dispersion of toxic gas are conservatively
evaluated adopting the IDLH as threshold value. The IDLH (Immediate Danger
to Life or Health) is the maximum concentration from which escape is possible
within 30 minutes without any escape-impairing symptoms or irreversible health
effects. To be noted that the adoption of IDLH is a conservative approach since
it corresponds to a fatality level of 1% within 30 minutes of exposure (ref. [1]),

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other approaches, such as Probit one, provide concentration values for greater
fatality levels.
Health
The adverse effects for Plant personnel due to continuous exposure to vapours
produced by evaporation pond are evaluated adopting the threshold value
recommended by NIOSH:
 TLV-TWA
 TLV-STEL
The TVL (Threshold Value Limit) is the limit level of exposure for a worker per
shift in its worktime without adverse effects. In detail, the TVL-TWA (Time
Weighted Average) is referred to average exposure on the basis of a 8h/day,
40h/week work schedule, while the TVL-STEL (Short-Term Exposure Limit) is
referred to a 15-minute TWA exposure that should not be exceeded at any time
during a workday.
Flash fire effects

The vulnerability of people to flash fire effects has been considered as follows
(ref. [1]):
 100% of lethality in case for people engulfed by flash fire, conservatively

adopting the LFL/2 limit as extension of flash fire,
Vapour Cloud Explosion effects

For people onshore, outdoors and in the open, the following lethality levels are
Adopted (ref. [1])::

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 0.35 bar overpressure: 15% lethality for people outdoors, in the open
 0.5 bar overpressure: 50% lethality for people outdoors, in the open

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3. BASIS DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS
3.1. Atmospheric conditions

The environmental data adopted for simulations of evaporation from pool and
atmospheric dispersion are the followings (ref. [7], [8])
Parameter Unit Minimum Maximum
Wind Speed m/s - 50
Predominant Prevailing Cardinal points North - South

Wind Direction
Rainfall mm/day 0 80
Barometric Pressure mbar 1014 1029
Ambient Temperature °C -15 47
Ground Temperature (@ °C 5 30
0.9m depth)
Humidity % 18 70
Field Elevation m asl 1400 – 1500 (approx.)
Table 1 – Atmospheric conditions
Based on Table 1, the following weather conditions have been assumed as

representative for atmospheric dispersion:
 OG: It is representative of extremely stable weather condition; wind at 1

m/s and Pasquil class equal to “G”.
 2F: Moderate stable condition; wind at 2 m/s and Pasquil class equal to
“F”.
 5D: It is representative of neutral weather condition; wind at 5 m/s and

Pasquil class equal to “D”.
 10C/D: It is representative of slightly instable weather condition; wind at

10 m/s and Pasquil class between “C” and “D”

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Note that the above selection of weather conditions represent the worst cases
in terms of effects of dispersion based on atmospheric condition of Plant
location reported in Table 1.
3.2. Evaporation pond data

The evaporation pond will be located approx. 60 m far from fence plant at plant
west (ref. [10]). The prevalent winds come from north plant direction. The
following Figure 2 shows the evaporation pond location.
Figure 2 – Evaporation pond location

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3.3. Fluid composition

The oily water fluid composition adopted for modelling of evaporation and
dispersion are reported in the following table (ref. [9]):
Component Molar Fraction

H2O 0.907541
Nitrogen 6.69E-05
CO2 0.001646
Methane 4.09E-08
Methanol 0.090746
Table 2 – Oily water composition
3.4. Fluid safety data

The oily water characteristic in terms of human toxicity and safety concerns for
prolonged exposure as well as fire effects and pollution of environment have
been assessed for all compounds of the mixture. From Table 2, the toxicological
effects on human health of methanol are relevant compared to the other
compounds. In fact, the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of methanol, (ref.
[11]), i.e. methyl alcohol (formula CH4O), shows the following hazards:
 H225: highly flammable liquid and vapor
 H301: toxic if swallowed
 H301+H311+H331: Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled
 H311: Toxic in contact with skin
 H311: Toxic if inhaled.
 H370: Causes damage to organs
 H371: May cause damage to organs.
No hazards for environment are reported in the MSDS, in fact it shows a

biodegradability of 99% with the following data:

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 Biochemical Oxygen Demand: 600-1120 mg/g

 Chemical Oxygen Demand: 1420 mg/h
 Theoretical Oxygen Demand: 1550 mg/g
The Centre of Disease Control and Prevention has published the following
toxicological data from NIOSH about methanol (ref. [12]):
 IDLH: 6000 ppm
 TVL-TWA: 200 ppm
 TVL-TWA: 250 ppm
 LC50 for rat: 64000 ppm
 Molecular weight: 32.1 kg/kmol
 Flash point: 9.7°C
 LFL: 5.5 %(V)
 UFL: 44 % (V)
 Vapor pressure 96 mmHg

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4. RISK ACCEPTABILITY CRITERIA
Risk levels are evaluated adopting the Italfluid risk matrix. The risk acceptability
criteria are reported in the risk matrix and they are:
 Low risk: acceptable risk, no mitigation measures shall be take into
account.
 Medium risk: risk at ALARP, i.e. mitigation measures shall be evaluated
and implemented if their cost is not disproportionate to the achievable
benefit.
 High risk: risk not acceptable, mitigation measures shall be put in place.
Consequence Increasing Annual Frequency

0 A B C D E
Environment
Reputation
Has Happen
Severity
People
Assets
Could Has Happens

Heard of in occurred several
happen in occurred at several
E&P several times/y in
E&P least once times/y in
industry times in one
industry in Company Company
Company location
Slight
1 health Slight Slight Slight Low Risk
effect / effect damage impact
injury
Minor
2 health Minor Minor Minor
Medium Risk
injury
Major
3 health Local Local Local
injury
4 PTD or 1 Major Major National High Risk

fatality effect damage impact
5 Multiple Extensive Extensive International

fatalities effect damage impact
Figure 3 – Risk Matrix

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5. CONSEQUENCES MODELLING
5.1. Evaporation from pool

The evaporation rate evaluated for all atmospheric conditions (section 3.1. )
and adopting the model detailed in section 2.2.1 are reported in the following
Figure 4:
Figure 4 – Pool vaporization rate
From Figure 4 the maximum value of mean vaporization rate versus time is
approx. 1.2 kg/s. It occurs for weather condition 10C/D. Conservatively, it has
been applied to all cases of atmospheric dispersion.
5.2. Atmospheric dispersion

The following Figure 5 shows the concentration along centreline of the plume
versus distance from evaporation pond at mean human height (1.7 m) for all
weather classes.

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Figure 5 – Maximum concentration of methanol versus distance
It can be noted that concentration of methanol never reaches the flammable

limits and the IDLH value. Therefore, no hazard due to fire or explosion is
identified as well as no hazard for human toxicity. However, the concentration
reaches the thresholds of TVL-TWA and TVL_STEL, i.e. the thresholds of
adverse consequences for human health in case of prolonged exposure during
the whole worktime. For weather class 10C/D negligible values are reached at
human height therefore they are not shown in Figure 5.
The following picture shows a plan view of the maximum iso-contour curves for
TVL-TWA threshold (i.e. 200 ppm) at human height:
Figure 6 – Maximum cloud footprint at human height for 200 ppm

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The following picture shows a side view of the maximum iso-contour curves for
200 ppm at human height:
Figure 7 – Side view of iso-contour curves for 200 ppm at human height
From Figure 6 and Figure 7 it can be concluded:

 The concentration of atmospheric dispersion can reach a value of 200
ppm (TVL-TWA) at a distance of about 75 meters only in the weather
condition 2F. It means that within a radius of 75 meters from evaporation
pond no building or continuously manned location can be present, i.e.
no workers can be continuously exposed for 8 hours per day for shift for
the whole working time within a radius of 75 meters from evaporation
pond.
 The concentration of atmospheric dispersion can reach a value above
250 ppm (TVL-STEL) within a radius of 40 meters from evaporation
pond. It means that no permanent human presence can be allowed in
within this radius. Inspection and maintenance can be carried out
adopting all safety measures reported in the Company HSE procedures.
5.3. Hazardous area classification

As stated in previous section 5.2. , the flammable limit LFL and LFL/2 are not
reached by vapours of evaporation pond. Therefore, the area can be classified
as “not hazardous” area and no specific requirements shall be considered for
electrical apparatus.

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6. RISK EVALUATION
6.1. Safety
The risk evaluation has been carried out considering that the evaporation
scenario can occur frequently, i.e. more times during Plant operation life.
Therefore, the frequency of occurrence has been qualitatively estimated equal
to “E” of the risk matrix (Figure 3 of chapter 4. ). Based on the assessment of
the consequence reported in previous chapter 5. , the severity can be
estimated as follows:
 “1” (slight effects/injury) in case of occasionally exposure to vapour from
evaporation pond, e.g. during inspection, maintenance within 75 meters
of radius from evaporation pond.
 Not Applicable outside 75 meters of radius from evaporation pond.
 “3” (major effects/injury) in case of permanent exposure of workers within
a radius of 75 meters from evaporation pond for the whole working time.
Based on the above considerations the risk level for human health result:
 Always ACCEPTABLE outside 75 meters of radius from evaporation
pond.
 ACCEPTABLE inside 75 meters of radius from evaporation pond in case
of occasionally exposure to vapour, e.g. during inspection and
maintenance, applying the Company HSE procedures.
 NOT ACCEPTABLE in case of permanent exposure of workers within a
radius of 75 meters from evaporation pond for the whole working time.
6.2. Environment
Risk for environment result always acceptable based on the MSDS of methanol
substance considering that all local environmental regulation as well as
Company HSE procedures and Company emergency spill plans shall be
applied.

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7. CONCLUSION
The present study reports the assessment of risks for human health, safety and
environment related to the evaporation pond during Tendrara Plant operation.
The risk assessment has been carried out adopting a quantitative approach for
evaluation of the consequences for safety and health due to vapours produced
by evaporation pond during operation. In particular, the release rate versus time
of evaporation pond has been evaluated by pool vaporization model as well as
the atmospheric dispersions have been simulated adopting the unified
dispersion model of the commercial code DNV Phast 8.6.
The results of this assessment can be summarized as follows:
 No hazard of gas cloud within flammable limits is identified therefore the
area can be classified as “not-hazardous” area without specific
requirement for electrical apparatus.
 No hazard for safety of personnel has identified since the toxic threshold
of IDLH (which is the most conservative one) is never reached.
 A potential hazard for human health is identified within 75 meters of
radius from evaporation pond sine the threshold of TVL-TWA is reached
at a distance of 75 m from evaporation pond and the threshold of TVL-
STEL is reached within 40 meters. It means that permanent presence of
personnel (8 hours per day for the whole worktime) within 75 meters from
evaporation pond should be avoid otherwise potential adverse effects
could occur. Inspection and maintenance activity can be carried out in
accordance with Company HSE procedures.
 No hazard for environment is identified based on the Material Safety
Data Sheet of compounds of oily water inside evaporation pond.
The risk levels have been evaluated adopting Company Risk Matrix. The risk
level for human health results:
 Always ACCEPTABLE outside 75 meters of radius from evaporation
pond.

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 ACCEPTABLE inside 75 meters of radius from evaporation pond in case

of occasionally exposure to vapour, e.g. during inspection and
maintenance, applying the Company HSE procedures.
 NOT ACCEPTABLE in case of permanent exposure of workers within a
radius of 75 meters from evaporation pond for the whole working time.
The risk level for human safety results:

 Always ACCEPTABLE
The risk level for environment results:

 Always ACCEPTABLE


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TENDRARA PROJECT

GAS TREATMENT AND LNG PRODUCTION PLANT ON

EVAPORATION POND RISK ASSESSMENT

IFI 1 03/10/2022 FINAL ISSUE Giavent Italfluid Italfluid

ITALFLUID MOROCCO BRANCH

Facility Name Location Scale Sheet of sheets

EVAPORATION POND RISK ASSESSMENT – TECHNICAL NOTE Doc. Pos.

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

1.4. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS .................................................................................... 6

3. BASIS DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS ..................................................................... 14

3.3. FLUID COMPOSITION ........................................................................................... 16

4. RISK ACCEPTABILITY CRITERIA ....................................................................... 18

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

1.1. Project Overview

The table below summarizes the approximate GPS coordinates of the

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

The following picture shows the location of TENDRARA plant:

Figure 1 - Tendrara Plant Location

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

1.2. Scope of the Document

 To evaluate the risks for safety of personnel of TENDRARA Plant due to

 To evaluate the environmental impact of methanol evaporation.

 To identify additional risk reduction measures to prevent and/or mitigate

1.4. Reference Documents

1.4.1. Codes and Standards

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

1.4.2. Project Documents

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

ISO International Standards Organization

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

 to quantitative evaluate the consequences for human health and

 to qualitative evaluate the frequencies of occurrence of the events of

 to combine the frequencies of occurrence of each event with relevant

 to recommend risk reduction measures in case of un-acceptable or

2.2. Quantitative evaluation of the consequences

 dispersion of flammable gas which can reach an ignition source and it

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

 pool fire in case of presence of oil, liquid hydrocarbon or other flammable

 toxic for exposure of Plant personnel to vapours of evaporation pond.

The effects to human health are the adverse consequences related to a

2.2.1. Physical model for evaporation and dispersion

 simulating the evaporation from pool at the site-specific weather

 simulating the atmospheric dispersion at the mean evaporation rate

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

dimension, oily water composition and atmospheric conditions (see section 3.

 oily water composition,

 area source dimension,

The outputs of simulations are:

 flammable iso-contour curves and values toxic thresholds:(TWA, STEL,

2.2.2. Vulnerability for humans

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

Flash fire effects

 100% of lethality in case for people engulfed by flash fire, conservatively

Vapour Cloud Explosion effects

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

This document is property of I.M.S.P.

3. BASIS DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS

3.1. Atmospheric conditions

Parameter Unit Minimum Maximum

Wind Speed m/s - 50

Predominant Prevailing Cardinal points North - South