Track Events – are all kinds of different races.

Sprint - Sprint, in athletics (track and field), a footrace over a short distance with an all-out or nearly all-out burst of
speed, the chief distances being 100, 200, and 400 meters.
100-meter - This event is essentially an all-out sprint from the gun to the finish line. Perfecting the start is essential as
is learning to run at top speed while staying relaxed. It is run on the straightaway of the track.
200-meter - Very similar to the 100m, but success in this event requires additional strength to enable the athlete to
maintain a fast pace over the entire 200-meter distance. The majority of short sprinters compete in both events. It
covers ½ of the oval.
400-meter - The long sprint. This event requires a combination of speed, strength and tolerance for pain. The fast
pace the athletes run usually results in the formation of lactic acid by the 300-meter mark, which causes a sensation
of burning and fatigue in the muscles. It is one full lap of a standard size outdoor track.
3000-meter Steeplechase - This is one of the most interesting events in track & field- a distance race with hurdles.
While covering this 7 ½ lap distance, the athletes must traverse four barriers placed on the track. One of the barriers
is placed in front of a water pit that must also be negotiated on each lap.
4 x 100m Relay/400m Relay – Four athletes each run approximately 100m or one quarter of the track. It is not just
the speed of the runners, but the precision of their baton passes that determines how well the team does. Each
baton exchange must be made within a marked zone on the track. Failure to exchange the baton in the zone results
in disqualification. For the 4 x 100m, the baton pass is usually "blind" meaning that the outgoing runner does not
look at the baton but extends her hand back to receive it while running close to maximum speed and facing forward.

Field Events - Events that take place on the field, as opposed to the track events.
Long Jump - Jumpers start at one end of the runway and take a flying leap in to a pit of sand. A board, 20 cm wide,
near the end of the runway, marks the take off point and the distance jumped is measured from the end of the board
to the spot where the athlete first breaks the sand. If any part of the jumper's feet goes beyond the board during
takeoff, the jump is ruled a foul and will not be measured or counted.
Triple Jump - This event requires exceptional abdominal strength as the jumper must use the momentum from her
run-up to make three separate jumps before landing in the sand pit. The jumper first takes off and lands with the
same foot (the hop phase), takes off again from that same foot and lands on the opposite foot (skip phase), and then
takes off from that landing foot to leap into the sand. Maintaining correct body position and alignment in the air
during the three phases is a crucial component to completing a lengthy jump.
High Jump - High jumpers run a curved approach, then, at a precise spot, translate that forward motion in to vertical
motion as they drive their arms, shoulders, hips and opposite leg in to the air to get as much height as possible. They
lay first their head, then shoulders, back, hips and legs over the bar. Having impeccable technique to put all of these
steps together is crucial, but being naturally long and lean is a big plus as well. Athletes have three misses at each
height before being eliminated from the competition. Whoever clears the highest bar wins, although ties are
frequent in the HJ.
Pole Vault - Athletes sprint down the runway carrying a long pole. At the end of the runway they plant the pole in to
a box, bend the pole down and catapult themselves over the bar. An event not suited to those with a fear of flying,
but those with a background in gymnastics have done well transitioning to the vault. The same rules as the high jump
apply: each athlete has three attempts to successfully clear a height in order to remain in the competition.
Discus Throw - The discus requires ballet-like footwork as the athlete rotates through a series of spins to build
momentum to hurl the discus nearly the entire length of the track. The disc is thrown out of a high-sided steel mesh
cage that protects bystanders from errant throws. In the cage is a circle that designates the throwing area. Stepping
out of the circle during a throw constitutes a foul and the throw will not be measured. Each competitor is allowed
three initial throws with the longest distance determining her place in the standings.

Javelin Throw - The javelin is a long, spear-like implement with a sharp tip on the end. Athletes take a running
approach before launching their javelins, and often their bodies, in to the air. The trick is to get the maximum forward
motion on the approach without stepping over the line. As in the other throws, if the athlete steps over the
designated throwing line, the result is a foul and an unmeasured throw.
Shot Put - The shot is a steel ball, and the competition is to see who can put, or throw it the farthest. As in the Discus
and Hammer a circle delineates the fair area from which the put must be launched. There are two techniques for
generating the momentum to get maximum distance on one's put. The glide involves starting in a crouched position,
shot tucked between neck and shoulder under the chin, then taking a large, powerful stride backwards towards the
launching point while turning the body and uncoiling the legs to release the put up and out towards the landing area.
Racket Sports - Racket sports are characterized by the use of an implement (racket) to volley an object over to the
other side of the court over a net.
Badminton - Badminton is a sport very much like tennis, and is played using rackets specific for that sport. A
shuttlecock or a feathered cork acts as a missile that is rallied back and forth over a high net. The racket can be used
with a lot of wrist movements, as the material is light. The court is 44 feet long and 17 feet wide for singles, and 20
feet wide for doubles.
Table Tennis - Table tennis, sometimes called "ping pong," is played on a table with a net at the middle, volleying a
light ball using rackets or paddles (sometimes called bats). On the receiving end, the player must allow a bounce off
on his or her side of the table before returning the ball.
Lawn Tennis - Lawn tennis, or most commonly known as tennis, has been made the reference of other sports such as
table tennis and badminton because of its popularity. This sport can be played in singles, doubles, or mixed doubles.
The sport is played in a court with a net, and stringed rackets are used to send a felt-covered rubber ball back and
forth the court. In this sport, the winner is determined by points, games, and sets.

1. Piko
• Piko is a popular game played in yards or alleys. A geometric figure is drawn on
the ground and provided with divisions or compartments.
• Make available flat pieces of stones which may be used as “pamato” A brick chips,
the bottom piece of a clay pot or a smooth chunk of window glass maybe used,
too.

2. Culliot
• This game is similar to tug of war in principle. It is sometimes called “Hatakang Lu
bid”. The purpose of a team is to pull the other team over the borderline.
How to Play the Game
• Two (2) circles of about three feet in diameter and about six feet apart are drawn
on the ground. Then the ends of a rope are tied to the waists of the two players.
• They stand in the middle of each circle. At a signal each one of them tries to pull
his opponent outside of the circle. The first one to give in, loses the contest.
• The team that pulls the other over the borderline is declared as the winner.

3. Patintero o Tumbang Preso

• Patintero or “Harang Taga” is the most popular among the Philippine games. It is
played everywhere, anytime of the day most especially at night during full moon.
• A team is composed of five (5) players and a coach. The officials of the game are
the referee, scorer, timekeeper and five (5) linesmen. Two teams compete (the
offensive and the defensive teams) to accumulate as many points by passing the
lines without being tagged. The defensive team is called the line guards while the
offensive team is called the “passers”. The objective of a team is to accumulate as
many points by passing the lines without being tagged.
4. Sangkayaw/ Sambunot
• Sangkayaw is popularly known as coconut shell race. It is commonly played in the
Tagalog and Central Luzon provinces. This game makes use of a coconut shell
tied to a string under each foot. The string is placed between the toe and the next
one. The loose end of the string is being held by the hands.
5. Tiyakad/ Kadangkadang
• This is a Philippine game with the use of bamboo stilts. Two bamboo poles of equal
length are used with a foot size tongue in each pole to serve as platform for the
player’s feet. The principle of the game is to walk on stilt from a starting line to the
finish line. The length to be traveled is 100 meters.
• Rules of the Game
• Have four players in each team.
• Arrange the players in such a way that the first player stands behind the starting
line, the second player behind the 25th mark, the third player behind the 50th mark
and the fourth and last player behind the 75th mark.
• On the signal “G0” the first player mounts on his stilts and starts walking to the
25th mark. He gets off from the stilts, hand then down to the second player who
does the same while going to the 50th mark.
• The third and fourth players repeat the pattern until all players have experienced
the bamboo stilt race.
• The first team that reaches the finish line without getting off the stilts, wins.
• A team will be disqualified if:
A. a player falls twice from the bamboo stilts.
B. a player walks for more than two steps after a fall

6. TUMBANG PRESO (Knock the Can Down)

• This is a very common game played in the backyard or even in streets with less
vehicular traffic. It started during the Spanish regime in the Tagalog region. It was
handed down in the different parts of the country and was given different names.
The equipment needed are empty milk can, slipper or a piece of flat stone used as
“pamato”.
• Any number of players may participate although it is recommended that players
should not be more than nine (9).
• The object of the game is to hit and knock down the can with the pamato and for
the “It” to put back the can inside a small circle, a few meters away from the toeline.
When a player is tag while recovering his pamato, he becomes the new “It”.
How to play the Game:
• Select an “It”. From the small circle where the empty milk can is standing, throw
your “pamato” to the starting line. Whoever has the farthest pamato from the toeline
becomes the “It”.
• Let the “It” guard the empty milk can in the small circle
• Line up at the back of the starting line. When the “It” shouts “Game”, each of you
should hit the can trying to topple it down.
• The toe-line serves as your home base. You are safe once you stay in the home
base with your slippers or stones with you.
7. Sungka o SUNGKAAN
• For as long as anyone can remember, there has always been a sungka board in
the Filipino homes. The sungka board is a small treasure-the older it is, the more
precious, it sits on a side table or a top a bench, waiting to be played.
Sungka Board
• A shallow boat made of solid wood at both ends of, which are large deep bowls
carved out of the wood. The whole length of the boat is lined with seven smaller
bowls carved in pairs.
• A piece of hard wood, 3 ft. long, 4 inches think, and 8 inches wide. A hole 5 inches
in diameter in dug at the end. Two rows of six holes in a row and 2 inches in
diameter are dug between the two big holes
• PROPS Pebbles, "Sigay" or shells seeds
Preparations:
- The players sit opposite each other with the SUNGKA (the equipment) between
them. They put six shells in each small hole; this makes 72 shells in all. The small
holes on the side of one of the players and the big hole on his left are his holes
and storehouse respectively; the other half belongs to his opponent. The big holes
are the storehouses. Each player can only make use of his own store house.
MECHANICS
• Sungka is always played by two people.
• Each players fills up his seven smaller bowls with 7 "Sigay" each.
• Both players start at the same time.
• The object of the game is to put as many "Sigay" as possible in the large bowl as
to cause the opponent to lose one or two of his smaller bowls in the succeeding
games which means he losses.
• If at the end of 15 minutes, nobody has been declared as winner, the game will be
called off. Each player counts the number of "Sigay" in the opponent's large bowl.
• The player with the most number of "Sigay" wins.
8. Sack Race
• Very popular indigenous game in the Philippines where in the players used sack
as the main material/equipment in the game.
• Mechanic
• Each team should compose of five players.
• Player must be able to reach in the turning point and go back to the starting line
for the next player join the race, until all the 5 players enter the sack and turn
around to the starting line.
• The first team who will finish the race will be the winner.
9. Trumpo o Tarumpo (Spinning Top)
A piece of wood is shaped like an egg with one end smaller and more pointed than the
other. Thru the smaller end a nail is driven to the centre leaving a projection of about an
inch. A piece of string about a meter long is wound around the nail and wood. The loose
end of the string is tied to a finger of the player. The top is spun by making a sweeping
throw to the ground.
A circle is drawn on the ground. In the centre a small mark is made and every player tries
to hit with the nail of his top. The one that gets nearest the mark plays first. The other tops
are placed in a bunch or in a row inside the circle. The first player hits the bunch, and at
the same time to make a mark on the top of the other players. As soon as one’s top is
outside the circle, he joins in hitting the other tops until only one remains inside. When a
top “dies” that is, when it does not whirl, it joins the lone top in the circle, and they become
the target of attack until again only one remains.
10. Luksong Tinik
• According to our old folks, this activity originated from Cabanatuan City, in the
province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
• Number of Players- two to six.
• The purpose of this game is to have the players jump over different heights.
• Two players sit down in the grass facing each other.
• They place their feet in front of them against each other.
• This is the first height to be jumped over. One foot is placed on top of the other for
the next height. The third height is the addition of a hand with extended fingers on
top of their feet. This height is increased by adding the hands with extended fingers
of the other players.
• If any of the players jumping touch the feet or fingers of the ones forming the
obstacle, then they lose their turn.
• The team that jumps over the highest height is the winner.
12. Sipa
• This is played by two or more players. They stand facing one another at a
convenient distance or in a circle. One of the players tosses a ball of woven rattan
to the player opposite him.
• The player to whom the ball is tossed kicks the ball back.
• The ball is kicked back and forth until the ball touches the ground.
• The purpose of the game is to keep the ball in the air as long as possible.
• In sending the ball back different forms of kicking are used. At times the kicker
makes a somersault before or after kicking.
11. Tumbang Baka
Luksong Baka originated from the province of Bulacan, in the Central Luzon Region of
the Philippines. This game involves a minimum of 3 individual boys and a maximum of
10. Although kids may adjust the maximum number of players, especially when there are
many participants. Its objective is for players to successfully jump over the baka (cow),
also called the tayȃ or “it”, without hitting any part of the latter’s body or falling over him.
1. In choosing the first “baka”, all players must place a hand over another (palms
down), and at the count of three, they release their hands simultaneously, either
showing palms up or down. The player who displays a different position of the hand
from the rest should be the first baka or “it”.
2. The baka then assumes his position at a designated “jump over” spot. On the first
level, he takes a crouching position and the rest of the players jump over him –
one after another. When all the players have jumped over, the baka raises his
position a bit higher for the next level. He repeats this process until he reaches the
standing position or until a jumper errs.
3. The jumpers must spread their legs wide apart to avoid hitting the baka when they
jump.
4. The jumper who hits the baka will take the place of the baka, and the baka now
becomes a jumper.
5. When the level goes higher, the jumper may use his hands for balance by putting
them together over the baka.
13. Dampa
• It involves moving the rubber bands with the air produced by hitting the ground
with their hands. To produce the compressed air, the hands should be put together,
palms down and arched like a dome before hitting the ground.
‘
History of Volleyball

• Volleyball was created in 1895 by William G. Morgan as an indoor sport initially called
"Mintonette."
• The name was later changed to "volleyball" due to the volleying nature of the game.
• The original rules were established by Morgan and were later standardized in 1916 by the
YMCA and NCAA.
• The first nationwide volleyball tournament in the US was held in 1922.
• The first international volleyball competition took place in 1913.
• FIVB-sponsored world championships began in 1949 for men and 1952 for both men and
women.
• Volleyball became an Olympic sport in 1964.
• A volleyball game involves two teams of six players each, separated by a net.
• The positions include setter, middle blocker, outside hitter, opposite hitter, libero, and
serving specialist.
• The game starts with a serve, and teams rally to send the ball over the net and score
points.
• Matches consist of sets, typically three or five sets, with the first team to win two or three
sets winning the match.
Volleyball history in the Philippines:

• Volleyball was introduced during the American colonial period.

• It quickly gained popularity across the country due to its simplicity and accessibility.
• Competitive leagues and national associations were formed to organize tournaments.
• Filipino players have found success in international competitions.
• Professional leagues like the PSL and PVL have further popularized the sport.
• Grassroots development programs aim to nurture young talents.
• Volleyball continues to grow with increased support and media coverage, becoming a
source of national pride.
POSITIONS IN VOLLEYBALL (INDOOR VOLLEYBALL)

In volleyball, players are typically assigned specific positions on the court based on their skills,
strengths, and roles within the team. The positions in volleyball are as follows:

Setter (Position 1): The setter is responsible for setting up offensive plays by delivering
accurate passes to the hitters (usually the outside hitters and the opposite hitter).
They are often considered the playmakers of the team and require good decision-making skills,
quick reflexes, and precise hand-eye coordination.

Opposite Hitter (Right-side Hitter) (Position 2): The opposite hitter usually attacks from the
right side of the court and serves as a secondary offensive option.
They complement the outside hitters by providing additional scoring opportunities.
Opposite hitters need to be versatile, with strong hitting and blocking skills.

Middle Blocker (Middle Hitter) (Position 3): The middle blocker plays at the net and is
responsible for blocking the opponent's attacks.
They also contribute to the team's offense by executing quick attacks from the middle of the
net. Middle blockers need to be agile, have good timing for blocking, and possess strong hitting
abilities.

Outside Hitter (Left-side Hitter) (Position 4): The outside hitter usually attacks from the left
side of the court and is one of the primary offensive weapons.
They are responsible for spiking the ball and scoring points for the team.
Outside hitters need to have strong hitting abilities, good jumping skills, and the ability to adapt
to various sets and defensive formations.

Libero (Position 5): The libero is a specialized defensive player who wears a different color
jersey from the rest of the team.
They excel in passing, digging, and receiving serves, primarily focusing on defensive
duties.The libero cannot attack the ball above the net or serve, but they play a crucial role in
maintaining rallies and enhancing the team's defensive capabilities.

Defensive Specialist (DS): The defensive specialist is similar to the libero in terms of
defensive responsibilities but may also play as a serving specialist or substitute for specific
defensive rotations.