VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI- 590018

ENV Seminar Report

on

“HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE”
submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the V Semester degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

Submitted by
1ME21CS010 ARVIND G

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Swetha
Associate Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

M.S Engineering College
NAAC accredited, Approved By AICTE, New Delhi,
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Navarathna Agrahara, Off
International Airport Road, Bengaluru - 562 110
2023-2024
 CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 THE KEY STAGES OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE 3-4

3 IMPORTANT MCQS ON HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE 4

 Environmental Studies 2023-2024

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
INTRODUCTION:
The hydrological cycle, also known as the water cycle, is a continuous process that describes the
movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves various stages and
processes through which water continuously circulates around the planet. The key stages of the
Hydrological cycle include.

THE KEY STAGES OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE:

1. Evaporation: This is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a vapor or gas state due
to heat energy from the sun. Evaporation primarily occurs from water bodies such as oceans, lakes,
and rivers, as well as from moist soil and vegetation.

2. Condensation: As water vapor rises into the atmosphere, it cools and condenses into tiny water
droplets or ice crystals, forming clouds. Condensation is a crucial step in the hydrological cycle as it
leads to the formation of clouds, which eventually result in precipitation.

3. Precipitation: Precipitation occurs when condensed water droplets or ice crystals in clouds
combine to form larger droplets or crystals that become heavy enough to fall to the Earth's surface.
Precipitation can take various forms, including rain, snow, sleet, and hail.

4. Infiltration and Percolation: Once precipitation reaches the Earth's surface, it can infiltrate into the
soil or percolate through permeable layers of rock and soil to replenish groundwater reservoirs. This
process is essential for groundwater recharge, which sustains rivers, lakes, and vegetation during dry
periods.

5. Runoff: Some of the precipitation that does not infiltrate into the soil becomes surface runoff,
flowing over the land surface and eventually into streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Runoff plays a
vital role in shaping the Earth's landscape through erosion and sediment transport.

6. Transpiration: Transpiration is the process by which plants absorb water from the soil through

Dept of CSE., MSEC 3

 Environmental Studies 2023-2024

their roots and release it into the atmosphere through small openings called stomata in their leaves.
This water vapor contributes to the moisture content of the atmosphere and is a significant component
of the hydrological cycle.

7. Sublimation and Deposition: In addition to evaporation and condensation, water can also undergo
sublimation and deposition processes. Sublimation occurs when ice or snow changes directly into
water vapor without first melting into a liquid state, while deposition is the reverse process, where
water vapor changes directly into ice or snow without first becoming a liquid.

IMPORTANT MCQS ON HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE :

1. What is the primary source of energy driving the hydrological cycle?

a) Wind energy
b) Geothermal energy
c) Solar energy
d) Nuclear energy

2. Which process involves the conversion of water from a liquid to a gas phase?
a) Condensation
b) Precipitation
c) Evaporation
d) Transpiration

3. What is the term for the process by which water vapor changes directly into ice without becoming
a liquid?
a) Evaporation
b) Sublimation
c) Condensation
d) Deposition

4. Which of the following is NOT a form of precipitation?

Dept of CSE., MSEC 4

 Environmental Studies 2023-2024

a) Rain
b) Snow
c) Dew
d) Hail

5. What role does transpiration play in the hydrological cycle?

a) It contributes to cloud formation.
b) It replenishes groundwater reservoirs.
c) It increases surface runoff.
d) It regulates ocean currents.
SEMINAR IN CLASS :

Dept of CSE., MSEC 5