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TEFTLf Yj!i£N
Bai tap
VAT
•
LIDAI
•
Cl/ONG
Tap mot : CO - NHIET
BIEN SOAN THEO CHUONG TRINH CUA BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO
BANHANHNAM 1990
DONG CHO CAC TRUONG DAI HOC CAC KHOI CONG NGHlgP,
CONG TRINH, THU* LCJl, GIAO THONG VAN TAI
Bo sach "Bdi tap vat li dai citong" Id plain bdi tap p'huc vu cho bo
sack "Vat li dai citong" dung cho sinh vien cue tntdng Dai hoc kl
thuat cdc khoi cong nghiep, edng trinh, thuy loi, giao thdng van tdi...
nen c6 ndi dung vd bd' cue phu hop vdi bd such tren.
Trong Ian xuat ban nay hd sach da duoc P.G.S. Litong Duyen Btnh
sita chita, ho sung vd sap xep lai theo chitong trinh vat li dai cucmg
do Bo Giao due vd Dao tao ban hdnh nam 1990.
Bo sach nay duoc chia thdnh ha tap :
Tap mdt : Co - Nhiet ;
Tap hai : Dien - Dao dong - Song ; .
Tap ba : Quang - Vat li vi mo - Vat li kT thuat
Mdi tap gom hai phan :
PhanIgom ede chitong titong vtng vdi cac chitong trong bd sach
"Vat li dai citong". Mdi chitong gdm cac muc :
-Tom tat cac edng thife vd dinh luat ;
- Cdc bdi tap vi du ;
- Cdc de bdi tap tit giai.
Phan II Id hitdng dan gidi vd ddp so cua cdc bdi tap tit giai.
Cdc don vi do htdng dung trong sach nay la cdc don vi SI.
Chung tdi rat mong v<? hoan nghenh cdc y kien phe binh vd gop y
cho bd sach. Tint tit xin giti ve : Nhd xuat ban Giao due, 81 pho
Tran Hitng Dao, Hd Noi.
CAC TAC GIA
Bai tap v|t if dai cuong cung la mot bp phftn qiian trong. cua giao trinh VSt If
dai cuong. No giup cho sinh vien :
a) Nam dupe phSn If thuyet vfing vang hon, lha'u dio hon, s3u sac hon.
b) Ren luyen phuong phap van dung H thuyet de phan ti'ch, suy luan, tinh loan,
de khao sat, nghien cthi nhSng hiSn'tirqng va nhirng van d6 vat K cu the va thucrng
g3p ; tren co so do co the van dung nhirng kieh thuc vat If de giai quyet cac bai
toan trong kl thuat.
c) Ren luyen phuong phap suy luan khoa hoc, Ur duy logic, kha nang dpc lap
suy nghT, sang tao, kT nang tinh toan...
Mudn lam t6't cac bai tap, ngutri hoc phai :
1. Trade he't hoc kT phSn If thuyet, nhd mdt so diem co ban trong If thuyet
(nhirng khai niem, hien tugng, djnh nghTa, dinh luat, c6ng thutc... co ban). Khdng
nfen.lao vao lam bai tap khi chua hoc kT If thuyet, dÿ roi vira lam bai tap vira me
sach If thuyet “tra" cac edng thurc.
2. C6 mdt trinh dd kT nang tinh toan nha't dinh ve cac phep tfnh vi phan, ti'ch
phan, cac phep tfnh veetd, cac phep tinh dai sd' va dac biet la cac phep tinh bang s6'.
Cu the la sinh vien phai biet tinh thudn thuc cac sd lhap phan, tinh gan dung, sir
dung cic bang sd..., chang han nhu phai bie't tinh loan cac dai lupng :
_ (2,5.103)1-4.2,15.9,8.10* y
_
"
(2,4)2.sinl5°coslS°
(4.3.103)1,4 • 2.9,8
v.v...
Cic bai tap vat li c6 the chia lam hai loai :
1. Cac bii tap dinh lupng, trong d6 doi hoi phai tinh mdt hay nhi£u dai lupng
chua bie't.
2. C&c bai tap djnh tinh trong do doi hoi phai giai quye't mdt van d6 vat li hay
giai thich mdt hien tupng vat li chi bang li luan ma khdng dung tinh toan.
Dudi day trinh bay cac bude can tie'n hanh de giai quye't mdt bai toan vat li
dinh lupng.
Cho Hoi
Sau day lien hanh ve hinh cua bai toan, phai ve rd rang, chi'nh xac va dSy du.
Nb'u bai loan khong co san hinh ve thi, neu edn thiet, phai can cur vao dau bai de tu
ve lay hinh, tren hinh ve do co the tu dal nhfrng kf hieu c5n ihid’l.
Trong khi phan tfch hidn tuqng, dbdC hinh dung co the tu ve them mot so hinh
hoac so do mb ta qua trinh didn bien cua hien tuqng trong bai loan. Neu ta phan
tfch duqc cac hien tuqng cua bai toan mdt each dung dan thi edng viec co the coi
nhu xong mot nua. 6 day cin cho’ng khuynh hudng khong chiu kho phan tfch hoac
phan itch khong ki cac hien tuqng cua bai loan, cd lao vao tfnh loan ngay.
Budc III : Van dun# ede dinh nghTa, dinh luat,... de tilth loan cac ket qua ban# cluf.
Sau khi da nam virng hien tuqng cua bai loan, ngudi hoc biet duqc nhung quy
luat cua hien tuqng (da hoc trong li thuybt). Tir do cd the van dung nhung . dinh
nghia, dinh luat, cong ihuc... hoc trong ii thuyet de thiet lap nhdng phuctng trinh
cho phep ta tim ra nhung dai luqng hdi trong dau bai. Noi chung dd cho vide tfnh
toan do nham lfin, trude het edn vict cac phuong trinh do vdi cac dai luqng da duqc
kf hieu bang chu, roi giai cac phuong trinh ay ra k6t qua bang chd. Khdng nen lhay
ngay cac tri so bang so vao cac phuong trinh de giai (trir trudng hop cac bai toan
dong dien van dung cac dinh luit Kifickhop) - Co nhirng trudng hop cimg mdt hidn
tuqng cd the vdn dung nhidu dinh luat khac nhau dd giai. Khi do nen chon xem
each giai nao ngin hon - Thi du : trong mot so bai loan co, dung dinh luat bao
toan co nang se tim ra ket qua nhanh hon la ditng dinh luat Niuton ; trong mot so
bai loan dong dien dung djnh ludt bao toan nang luang thuan tien hon la dung djnh
luflt Om... Trong nhurng tracing hap dai luang phai tim duoc bidu dien bang mgt
cong thtfc kha phtfc lap, thi la nln thu lai xem hai ve c6 cbng thd nguydn hay
khdng ; ncu thur nguydn khac nhau thi chac chan co sai 14m khi tfnh loan.
Bade IV : Tfnh cac ket qua hang so.
Sau khi da tim dirac ket qua cuoi cung bang chir, la thay cac dai luang bang trj
sd cua chung de U'nh ra cic kdt qua bang sd : Trade khi lhay nhd ddi trj sd cua cue
dai lifong tfnh sang chug mdt he don vi, thudng la he dan vi SI. Khi U'nh kei qua
cudi cung cd sd le IhSp phan, edn chu y dd'n su can doi ve sai sdIhong ddi ciia cac
tri sd da cho trong ddu bai. Thi du khi tfnh mdt dai luong x, ta tim duoc x =
15,3284 tna cac tri sd trong ddu bai chi cho vdi sai sd tirang ddi khdng qua 1%, thi
chi can tfnh x den hai sd Id thap phan, nghTa la vitft x = 15,33. Khi la'y tri sd ede
hang sd vat If, cung chi edn tfnh d dd chinh xac cao han dd chfnh xac cua cac trj sd
cho trong ddu bdi mdt cap.
Budc V : Nlian xet ket qua.
Sau khi tim dirge kdt qua, n£n rut ra mot sd nhdn xet vi
- gia trj thgc td' cua kdt qua,
- phuang phap giai,
-ÿ
kha nang md rong bai toan,
- kha nang ung dung bai loan...
Co tracing hap ta tim dugc nhCrng tri sd khdng phit hop vdi thgc td, chang han
nhu van toe chuydn ddng cua mdt vat v = 350000 km/s (ldn han van tdc anh sang
trong chan khdng), gia tdc cua trong tracing qua ddt g = 12,8 m/s2 v.v... khi dd phai
xet lai each giai xem co chd nao khdng hap If.
Tren day la trinh tg thdng thacmg ciia vide giai mdt bai toan vat If. Tuy nhidn
c6 nhdng tradng hap khdng nhdt thidt phai thco dung trinh tg do. Thi du : ddi vdi
ede bai tap dan gian, hidn tugng da ro rang, co thd u'nh ngay kdt qua ; vdi cac bai
tap ddng dien van dung cac djnh luat Kidckhdp cd thd thay ngay tri sd cua cac dai
luang da cho vao cac phuang trinh dd tim ra ngay cac kdt qua bing sd...
Ddi vdi cac bai tap djnh tinh thi chu ydu la tidn hanh theo bade I, bade II vi
’
bade V.(,)
(*) Tuy nhien trong mdt sd bii tap cd muc dich chu ydu la luydn tap van dung ede
cong thtic vat li thi edeh vidt gia trj cua .cac dai luang cd thd cham chudc.
PhanI
TOM TAT CONG THlTC VA DE BAI TAP
A - CO HOC
Chlfdng 1
DONG HOC CHAT DIEM
df
- Vecta vein toe : v dt
, (1-1)
If dx 'l2 +!
ds
v“dT~VldrJ :D2+ dzf
dt J ’
(1-2)
+ (1~6)
dt2 dt2
R la ban kfnh cong cua quy dao.
s
v = - = const,
t
a = 0, (1-7)
s = vt,
trong do s la quang dudng di cua chat di£m chuyen dOng.
• v = at + v0, (1-8)
v2 — vy = 2as, (1-10)
trong do v0 la van toe ban diu cua chat diem chuyen d6ng.
d#
Van toe gov co = d-11)
dt ’
0= d-15)
an = R to2. d-19)