QUYEN TIEP CAN CONG LY CUA CONG DAN

VA NGHIA VU XET XlT CUA TOA AN

Ngo Quoc Chien
T6m tat: Quyin tiip can cong ly Id mot quyin hiin dinh. Bp lugt Ddn su vd Bp lugt
To tung Dan su vua duac Qudc hpi thdng qua vdo thdng 11 ndm 2015 da co cdc quy
dinh nhdm cu the hoa quyen hiin dinh ndy, theo do, toa dn co nghta v\i xet xu ngay cd
khi chua cd dieu lugt de dp dmg Bdi viit ndy trd lai hai cdu hdi: 1) Xdc dinh "tii chdi
xet xir" nhu the ndo? vd 2) Che tdi ndo cho viec vi phgm nghtg vu xet xu qua kinh
nghiim cita mpt so nuac vi "tie chdi xet xir ".
Abstract: The Right of Access to Justice is a constitutional right. The Civil Code
and the Civil Procedure Code adopted by the National Assembly in November 2015
contain provisions detailing such right. Accordingly, courts have adjudication
obligation even if there is no specific provision for application. This article finds
answers to two questions: 1) How to determine "adjudication refusal"? and 2)
Sanctions for breach of adjudication obligation through experience on adjudication
refusal in some countries.

1. Nghia vu xet xu vd tdi tu* choi cong
ly tai mot so quoc gia tren the gioi
Quydn dugc tidp can cdng ly la mot
trong nhiing quyen eo ban eua con ngudi
dugc ghi nhan tai rat nhieu qudc gia tren the
gidi. De bao dam vd bao vp quyin tidp cdn
cong ly, phap lugt nhieu nudc quy dinh
tham phan khdng dugc tir chdi xet xu; nlu
tir chdi cd thd bi quy vao tdi tir chdi cdng ly.
Tai Phap
Phap la qudc gia dau tien phap dien hda
nghta vu xet xir ciia tda an vdo Bd luat Dan
sy (BLDS). Khdi nidm tdi "tir chdi cdng ly"
hay "bat khdng cdng iy" (deni de justice)
dugc ghi nhdn trong Ludt sd 1803-03-05
cdng bd ngay 15/3/1803 va dugc phdp dien
hda vao Dilu 4 BLDS 1804. Theo dd:
"Thdm phdn ndo tit chdi xet xu, vai ly do
phap lugt khong cd quy dinh, quy dinh
khong ro rdng hogc khdng day du, thi co the
bi truy td toi tit chdi cong ly". Nhu vdy,
didm gidng nhau giiia Dilu 4 BLDS Phap
vdi eac quy dinh trong BLDS va Bd lugt Td
tung Ddn su (BLTTDS) cua Viet Nam la
eimg quy dinh nghta vu xet xu cua Tda an
ngay cd khi phdp luat thyc dinh khdng cd
quy dinh vd vdn dd dang can gidi quyet. Tuy
nhien, quy dinh cua hai qudc gia van cd
nhung diem khac can ban.
Diem khdc bidt cdn bdn thir nhdt, tgi
Didu 4 BLDS Phap dd dua ra chd tai cho
hanh vi vi pham nghta vu xet xir, dd la tdi
"tir chdi cdng ly"'; trong khi cac quy dinh
cua BLDS va BLTTDS cua Viet Nam
khdng cd chd tai nay dan tdi khd ndng cac

* TS., Khoa Lu$t, D^i hpc Ngoai thuong, thanh vien

Trung tam nghien ciiu Lu^t qu6c tfi va chau Au
(GERCIE), D?i hpc Franpois-Rabelais de Tours, CH ' Quy djnh tai Dieu 434-7-15 Bp lu$t Hinh svr Phap,
Phap. s5 duac chung toi phSn tfch dirdi dly,

13
NHA NlfCfC VA PHAPLU^TSO 3/2016
quy dinh cua Viet Nam khdng dugc tdn
trpng trong thyc td.
Didm khac biet can ban thii hai, do la
tai Phap, nghia vu xet xii ciia tham phan
(juge - ngudi lam nghd xet xir) dugc hidu
theo nghia rdng, pham vi khdng chi ap dung
cho Itnh vyc dan sy, ma edn ca hinh sy,
hanh chinh. Mac du didu ludt sir dung khdi
nidm "juge", nhung trong thyc tien xet xii,
didu ludt nay dugc ap dung cho khdng chi
"tham phan" ma cdn tat cd nhiing ngudi
tham gia hoat ddng tu phdp (gdm ca vien
kiem sat va mdt sd co quan nha nudc khac).
Tir chdi xet xii khdng chi la vide ngudi cd
chiic ndng khdng chiu xet xir vy vide, ma
cdn bao hdm trudng hgp tda an cham tre
trong vide dua vu an ra xet xii. Tham chi, tir
chdi cdng iy cdn cd the quy cho co quan
hanh phap nao tuy tien huy hodc sira cdc
quyet dinh tu phap lam anh hudng ddn td
quyen ciia cdng dan^. Trong khi dd, vdi
each quy dinh nhu trong BLDS vd BLTTDS
ciia Viet Nam, chiing ta se khd cd thd bidt
chinh xdc pham vi dp dyng ciia cac didu
ludt. Dogn sau ciia khodn 2 Didu 4 BLTTDS
quy dinh: "Vu vide dan sy chua cd didu luat
dd ap dung la vu viec dan su thudc phgm vi
didu chinh ciia phdp luat dan su nhung tai
thdi diem vu vide ddn sy dd phat sinh va co
quan, td chiic, ca nhan yeu cau Tda dn gidi
quydt chua cd dieu ludt dd dp dung". Dilu
nay cho thay, nghta vu xet xir ciia tda dn chi
gidi ban d cdc "vy vide dan sy". Ndi each
khdc, tda an khdng cd nghia vu xet xii cac
^ Evelyne BONIS-GARCON, Deni de Justice (Bdt
khdng cong ly). Repertoire de droit p6nai et de
procedure penale, 01/2012. Xem them : Thong tu
Circ. crim 93 9/F ngay 14 thang 3 nam 1993 ciia Cgc
cdc vSn de hinh sir binh luan c4c quy dinh cua Bp
luat Hinh sgrndri.
vy an hanh chinh hodc hinh sy khi khdng cd
didu lugt quyffinhve van dd cdn xet xii.
CJ Phap, mgc du nghia vu xet xii ciia
tham phan dugc quy dinh tai BLDS, nhung
cac nguydn tie co bdn (Dilu 1 din Dieu 6)
da tao thdnh ndn mdng cho khdng chi ngdnh
lugt dan sy ma cdn ca phap luat Phdp ndi
chung^. Chinh vi the, tda an Phdp khdng gdp
khd khdn khi md rdng eac quy dinh ciia
BLDS dp dung cho cac ngdnh luat khdc, kd
cd hdnh chinh va hinh sy"*. Trong khi do, do
BLDS va BLTTDS ciia Viet Nam diu quy
dinh vd phgm vi didu chinh va ddi tuong dp
dung^, ndn khdng thd dp dung cho cdc
nganh ludt khdc nhu hdnh chinh vd hinh sy.
Tgi chSu Au
Khodn 1 Didu 6 Cdng udc ve cac quyen
vd ty do CO ban ciia con ngudi ngdy 3/9/1953
quy dinh: "Mpi ngudi ddu cd quyin dugc xet
xir mot each cdng bdng, cdng khai vd trong
mdt thdi han hgp ly, bdi mpt tda dn ddc lap
va khdng thidn vi...". Trong quy dinh nay
chiing ta thay cd mOt dilm rdt dang luu y, dd
la, tda dn phai xet xu "trong mpt thdi han
hgp ly". Quy dinh nay nhdm tni lieu trudng
hgp tda an thu ly hd so, nhung khdng dua ra
xet xii vd ciing khdng trd ldi cdc duang su vd
linh trgng hd so.
TaiBi
Phdp lugt Bi ciing cd nhung quy dinh
tuong tu nhu phap ludt cua Phdp vl nghta
vy xet xii ciia tda an. BLTTDS cua Bi ngay
10/10/1967 cdn cd nhiing quy dinh khd cy
Vg vSn d l nay, xem chang h^n: Andr6-Jean
Amaud, Essai d'analyse structurale du Code civil
frangais-La regie du jeu dans la paix bourgeoise
(Phdn lich cdu true cua Bo ludt Ddn su Phdp - Lugt
choi trong hoa binh tir sdn), tr. 11 vk ti6p theo,
LGDJ, 1973.
* Evelyne BONIS-GARQON, tldd.
^Dieu l,Dieu2BLTTDS2015viDi^u 1 BLDS2015.

thd va chi tidt. Duong sy cd the sir dung cdc
cdng cu luat dinh de bao vd quyen ciia minh
khi bi Tda an vi phgm. Chdng han, Dilu
1140 quy dinh: "Thdm phan cd thi bi khdi
kipn ndu;...) tir chdi tuydn cdng 1;^"*
2. Xac dinh "tir choi xet xu-" nhw the
nao?
BLDS va BLTTDS Viet Nam diu su
dung thuat ngii "tir chdi xet xii" nhung
khdng dua ra dinh nghia. Trong cdc bao cao
giai trinh, Ban sogn thdo ciing khdng gidi
thich the ndo la tir choi xet xu va cdc tidu
chi dd xac dinh tir chdi xet xu. Xdc dinh cae
tieu chi hay cdc dau hidu cau thdnh tir chdi
xet xir trong thyc te la khdng hd don gian.
Tir chdi la tac vi hay bat tdc vi? Ndu coi tir
chdi la tdc vi, nghta la chiing ta xac dinh sy
tir chdi xet xu bang each dya vao hanh ddng
cu the ciia tda an thdng qua viee trd ldi
khdng dua vu an ra xet xu hoac khdng thy
ly yeu cdu ciia ducmg sy. Cdn neu eoi tir
chdi la bat tac vi, nghta la chiing ta xac dinh
tir chdi xet xir dya vdo sy im ldng cua tda
an. Nhung su im lang cua tda an da la dieu
kien can va dii dd xac dinh "tir chdi xet xir"
chua? Ndi cdch khac, khi tda an da thu ly
don, nhung dl mac hd sa va ciing khdng tra
ldi cdc duang su thi sy im lang cd the bi coi
Id "tir chdi xet xii" khdng? Thdi gian im
ldng la bao nhidu lau la dii ddi dd cd thd coi
la tic chdi xet xir?
'' Sau d6, cac di^u 1142-1147 quy djnh trinh t\f, thu
tyc khoi ki?n, Nguyen vSn ban ti§ng Phap c6 the
xem dupc tai:
http://www.eiustice.iust.fgov.be/cpi loi/loi al.pl?D
ETAIL= 1967101004%2FF&caller=list&row id= 1&
numero=6&rech=l3&cn=l 9671010Q4&table name
-L01&nm= 1967101055&la-F&dt-CODE+JUDICl
AlRE&language=fr&fr=f&choixl=ET&choix2=ET
&fromtab=]oi al]&trier^promu[gation&chercher^&
SQl=dt+contains++%27CODE%27%26+%27JUDICl
AlRE%27and+actif+%3D+%27Y%27&tri=dd+AS+
RANK-'-&imgcn.x=44&imgcn.v=14
QUYEN TIEP CAN CONGLY.
Ngoai ra, cung can tinh ddn trudng hgp
mdt vu vide cd ban chdt hdn hgp, chdng han
giiia ddn sy vd hdnh chfnh, vd cae ben ydu
cau Tda dan su gidi quydt, nhung Tda dan
sy tir chdi xet xii vi cho rang thdm quydn
thudc Tda hanh chinh; khi cac bdn dua vu
viec ra Tda harih chinh, thi Tda hanh chinh
ciing tir chdi giai quyet vi cho rang vy vide
khdng thudc tham quyen ciia minh ma thupc
thdm quydn cua Tda ddn su. Hau qud la vu
vide khdng dugc xet xii bdi bat ky tda dn
ndo. Vay ai se la ngudi phan dinh tham
quydn giiia cdc Tda? Ci Phdp, trong trudng
hgp nay, vu vide se dugc xem xet bdi mdt
Tda phan dinh thdm quydn (tribunal des
conflits) .
3. Chi tai nao cho vide vi pham nghta
vu xet xu*?
Ngay ca khi da xay dung dugc cac tieu
chi dd xdc dinh tir chdi xet xu, thi van cdn
khd khan. De tda dn tdn trpng nghia vu xet
xu, thi cdn an dinh chd tdi cho vi pham dd.
Sy thidu vdng chd tdi se khidn cdc quy dinh
ndy khdng dupc dp dung tridt dd trong thuc
td. Vdy phdi dp chd tdi nao; chd tdi ddn su,
chd tdi hinh su, chd tdi hanh chinh hay che
tdi nghd nghiep?
Tai Phap, ngudi ndo tir chdi xet xii ma
pham tdi "tur chdi cong ly" thi phai chiu
chd tai hinh su. Didu 434-7-15 Bg ludt
Hinh su Phdp ngdy 01 /03/1994 quy
dinh: "Mgi thdm phdn hoac mpi cd nhdn
tham gia vdo phien xet xir hoac mpi co
quan hanh chinh ma tir chdi tuyen cdng ly
du da dugc yeu cau, va tiep tuc tir chdi
cdng ly mac du da dugc canh bdo hodc cdp
tren ra lenh thi bi phat tien 7 500 € vd cdm
Di£u 89 Hi6n ph^p 1848, viiz duac siia doi bai
Luat ngay 16 thang 2 nam 2015 v6 hien dai hoa va
dem gian hda phap luat v^ trinh tu thii tuc trong ITnh
vuc cong ty va cac van de doi npi.
15
NHA NU'&C VA PHAP LUAT SO 3/2016
dam nhiem cac chiic vu cdng quyen tir ndm
ndm ddn hai muoi nam"^.
T^i Bi, chd tdi cho tdi tir chdi cdng ly
dugc quy dinh tai Luat sd L 2000-06-26/42,
dugc phdp didn hda vao Didu 258 Bd luat
Hinh su^ vd cd hidu lye tir ngdy 01/01/2002,
theo dd "Mpi thdm phdn, nguoi lanh dao
hoac nhdn vidn co quan hdnh chinh, dii dudi
bdt ky 1^ do nao, ngay cd khi lugt khdng cd
quy dinh hoac quy dinh khdng ro rdng, ma
tir chdi tuydn cdng ly cho cac bdn, thi bi
phgt tiln tir hai tram euro din ndm tram
euro va c6 the bi cam dam nhipm chiic vu
hoge cdng viec trong ITnh vuc cdng quydn".
Tgi Luxembourg, tiip can cdng ly la
mdt quyin co bdn dugc dam bao bdi Didu
13 Hidn phdp ngay 12/3/2009'°. Chd tai cho
nhiing ngudi vi phgm nghta vu xet xii dugc
quy dinh tgi Dilu 151 Bd ludt Hinh su ngay
18/6/1879", theo dd "Mpi (...) hanh dpng
ciia cdng chiic, thdm phdn hoac cdng td vidn
cd tinh chat dpc dodn va xdm pham cac
quyin ty do vd cae quydn hidn dinh khdc,
thi bi phat tu tu 15 ngay ddn 1 nam".
^ Ban c|p nhat den ng^y 28 thing 1 nam 2016 c6 thi
xem dupc tai:
http://www.leeifrance.gouv.fr/africhCode.do7cidTex
te-LEGITEXT000006070719
^ Ban c$p nhit cua Bp lu^t cd the xem tai:
http://www.eiustice.iust.fgov.be/cgi loi/loi al.pl?D
ETAIL=1867060801%2FF&calleT-list&row id=l&
numero=2&rech=4&cn-l867060801 &table name=
LOI&nm-1867060850&la=F&dt-CODE+PENAL&
language=fr&fr^f&choixl=ET&choix2^ET&fromta
b=loi all&trier^promulgation&chercher^&sql=dt+c
ontains++%27CODE%27%26+%27PENAL%27and
+actif+%3 D+%27 Y%27&n-i=dd+AS+RANK+&img
cn-x=41 &imecn.v= 12
'" Ban c^p nh^t bang tiing PhSp co the xem dupc tai:
http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/re
cueils/Constitution/constitution gdl.pdf
" Ban c | p nhat bang tiing Phip c6 the xem dupc tai:
httD://www.legilux.Dublic.lu/rgl/1879/A/Q589/A.Ddf
Kit lu^n
Cac phan tfch, ddi chilu va so sdnh d
trdn cho thdy, quy dinh nghta vu xet xir la
cdn thilt nhung khd dp dung d Vipt Nam. Dl
cdc quy dinh nay phat huy hidu qua, thi cdn:
Thii nhdt, ldm ro cac tieu chi xac dinh
hdnh vi "tu chdi xet xir". Cdn cd nhiing tidu
chi cu thd rd rang nhdt qua hanh vi cu thd
(chdng hgn tda dn tir ch6i xet xii khi c6
thdm quydn; hoac tda dn da thu ly nhung
sau do tir chdi dua vu vi?c ra xet xir, ho^
dang xet xir nhung dimg vide xet xii) ho|c
bang cdch im lang (tda dn thy ly dan nhung
khdng xet xii ma khdng giai thich tgi sao).
Trudng hpp nay cdn tinh ddn khoang thdi
gian im ldng. Ngoai ra, ciing cdn tinh ddn
trudng hgp tir chdi xet xu mpt phan ydu
cdu. Vi du: nguydn dan dua ra 4 ydu cau,
nhung tda chi xem xet 2 yeu cdu, 2 ydu cdu
cdn lai khdng dugc xem xet ma khdng c6
gidi thich. Thidt nghi, dd thudn Igi cho vide
dp dung cac quy dinh ve nghta vy xet xit
cua tda an, chiing ta can xdy dyng mdt danh
sdch cac trudng hgp bi coi la tir chdi xet xit.
Vide lap mdt danh sdch tuy cd nhugc diem
Id Cling nhdc va cd thi bd sdt cdc trudng
hgp trong thyc td, nhung trudc mdt chiing ta
ndn theo giai phap nay.
Thd hai, can het siic than trpng dua ra
che tai ddi vdi vi pham nghia vu xet xit. |
Phan khao sdt phdp luat nudc ngoai d tren
cho thdy, toi tii chdi xet xur hay tii chdi cdng
ly cd chd tai khd nang. Tat ca eac qudc gia
ed hd thong phap luat dugc phan tich d tren
ddu dp dung chi tdi hinh su bao gdm vira
phgt tidn vita cdm hdnh nghi. Rieng
Luxembourg cdn dp dung chi tai phgt tii
giam'^. Trd ldi cho cau hdi Viet Nam dp
'^ Di6u 151 Bp lugt Hinh s\r Luxembourg ngAy 18
thang6 nam 1879.

dung chd tai nao cho vi pham nghta vu xet
xir la mdt vide khd. Cd Id budc ddu chiing ta
chi ndn ap dung chd tai hdnh chfnh.
Thi/ ba, can ed quy dinh vd thdm quyin
xet xii doi vdi van de tren. Khi mdt ngudi
thdy quyin tidp can cdng Iy ciia minh bi
xam pham thi kidn ra tda an nao? Phap luat
Viet Nam chua cd cau tra ldi. Thilt nght,
chiing ta cdn cd mpt tda chuyen trach xet xii
vide phan dinh tham quydn giiia cac tda ddi
vdi trudng hgp cdc tda "nhudng" thdm
quyen cho nhau.
(Tiep theo trang 12 - QuySn hdnh phdp vd vai tro ...)
hanh chinh nha nudc" da khdng thd hidn
diing vai trd cua Chinh phu la co quan
thue hien quyen hanh phap. Chi khi quy
dinh Chinh phii la ea quan hanh phap cao
nhdt mdi bdo ddm tinh ddc lap tuong ddi
cua Chinh phii, xac dinh vai trd cua Chinh
phu trong viec hogch dinh va didu hanh
chinh sach cua qudc gia, xdc dinh vi tri
trung tam cua Chinh phu, vd cung la xac
dinh ngudi chiu trdeh nhidm chinh ve su
phdt tridn cua dat nudc, tao co sd phat huy
QUY^N TIEP CAN C6NGLY...
Thu tu, vide ydu cau tda an xet xu ngay
ca khi khdng cd quy dinh dd tao ra cho thdm
phan nhidu nii ro nghd nghidp. Vi vay, ca
chd thinh thi tda cdp trdn cdn dugc hoan
thi?n va ro rang hon nira. Thidt nghi, ddi vdi
loai dn dugc tuyen khi phap luat khdng cd
quy dinh, va neu ban an nay sau dd bi hiiy
thi vide buy an khdng dugc sir dung lam
tidu chi de xem xet vide tai bd nhidm hodc
xdp logi thi dua cho tham phan da dua ra
ban an dd.
han niia tfnh chii ddng, sang tgo ciia Chinh
phu trong thuc thi quydn hanh phap, ddc
bidt la tgo co sd cho viec hinh thdnh co
chd kiem soat ciia Chfnh phii ddi vdi Qudc
hdi trong vide thuc thi quydn lap phap.
Ciing vdi vide quy dinh tham quydn hoach
dinh vd dilu hanh chinh sach cua Chfnh
phii - quydn hanh phdp, Hidn phap cung
can xdc dinh trach nhidm ciia Chinh phu
ddi vdi chinh sach ciia minh md ca chd
trdeh nhidm chua lam rd.
17