Tpp chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Lugt hoc. T§p 30.

So 3 (2014) 4 M 9

TRAO DOI
7 Nhung diem mai tien bp ve quyen con nguai, quyen cong dan
trong Hien phap 2013 va viec thuc thi

Vu Cong Giao*, Nguyin Sofn Dong

Khoa Lugl. Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ndi, 144 Xudn Thuy, Cdu Gidy, Hd Ndi, ViitNam

Nhdn ngay 25 thang 6 nam 2014

Chinh sua ngay 22 ihang 8 nam 2014; Oiapnhan dang ngay 16 thang 9 nim 2014

Tom t i t : Bai viet tap trung phan tich nhihig thay doi trong cac quy djnh ve quyen con ngudi,
quyen vd nghia vy ciia cdng dan irong Hien phap n3m 2013 tren co so so sanh vdi cac quy dinh
lifin quan cua Hiln phap nam 1992 vd luat nhin quyln qu6c te, dac biet \k Cong udc quflc tl vl cac
quyen dan su, chinh tri nam 1966 ma Viet Nam da la thanh vien. Thong qua sir phan tich so sdnh,
cac tac gia dd danh gia su tien bo ciia che djnh quyen con ngudi, quyen vd nghta vu cua cdng ddn
trong Hien phap 2013, dflng thdi chi ra nhung thuan Igi, thach thiic trong viec thyc hien che dinh
niy trong ihyc te.
Tir khda: Hiln phap, quyln con ngudi. quyln va nghTa vy ciia cflng dan, luat nhan quyen quoc tl,
nguyen tdc gidi han quyen.

Hien phap 2013 gom 11 chuong, 120 dieu
(so vdi Hien phdp 1992 giam 01 chuong, 27
difu, chi giii nguyin 7 dieu, bd sung 12 dieu
mdi va siia ddi 101 dieu). Miic dd sira dfli nhu
v^y Id r i t Idn, ttong do c h l djnh v l quyln con
ngudi, q u y l n cdng dan chira dung nhifu dilra
mdi nhdt.
tti Ihu 5 ttong H i l n phdp 1992). Thay ddi nay
da k h i c phuc linh trgng tin ggi cu "quyen vd
nghia vy cflng dan" khflng bao quat hit ngi
dung cua chuong, vd vi tri cii ciia chuong (thii
5) ttong Hien phdp 1992 t h i hifn su quan tdm
chua dung miic vdi van d l quyln con ngudi,
q u y l n cdng dan.

Thif hai, H i l n phap 2013 khdng cdn ddng

1. Nhirng npi d u n g mdi ve quyen con ngirdi,
q u y e n cflng d a n cua Hien p b a p 2013
TVjii- nhdl, Idn siia ddi ndy ^ dfli ten chuong
la "Quyln con ngudi, quyen vd nghTa vy ciia
cdng ddn" vd chuyin Ifn vj tri thii 2 (so vdi vj
Tie gia hen h?. DT: 84-4-37547913
Email: giaochr^ gmail. com
nhat quyen con ngudi vd quyfn cdng dan (nhu
Dieu 50 Hien phdp 1992), ma dd sii dyng tuong
ddi hgp \-y hai thuat ngii nay cho cac quyen/tg
do hiln dinh. Vi du, neu nhu cac q u y l n binh
dang trudc phdp li4t; quyfn tu do kinh doanh;
quyen sd hiiu t u nhdn ve tdi sdn vd t u lieu sdn
xuat; quyen nghiin cuu khoa hpc vd cdng nghe,
sang igo vdn hpc, nghf thugt vd Ihy hudng Igi
 V.C Giao. N S Ddng' Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc. Tgp 30. Sd 3 (2014) 41-49
ich III cdc hogt dpng dd; quyln dugc bdo vl,
chdm sdc sue khde; quyln tu do lin ngudng, tdn
gido; quyln bat kha xam phgra ve than Ihl,
dugc phap luat bdo hd ve siic khoe, danh dy va
nhdn phdm... ttong Hien phdp 1992 chi quy
djnh cho cdng dan, nhung ttong Hiln phdp
2013 quy djnh chii thf quyen la tdt ed mgi
ngudi. Nhu vgy, vdi nhung quyln nay, khflng
chi cdng dan Vift Nam rad tit cd nhihig ngudi
nudc ngodi cd radt hgp phap tren lanh thd Viet
Nam cung dugc bdo vf.
Thir ba. ttong khi Hiln phdp 1992 chi dl
cap dfn nghia vu tdn trpng d Dilu 50, Hien
phdp 2013 da ghi nhdn ca ba nghia vy ciia nha
nudc (tuong iing vdi cdc quy djnh ve nghTa vy
qudc gia Iheo ludt nhan quyen qudc te), do la
tdn trpng, bdo vf vd bdo ddm quyln con ngudi
(ttong cdc Dilu 3 va 14). Sg thay dfli ndy rit
quan trpng, vi nd khdng chi bdo dam su hdi hda
vdi ludt nhan quyln qudc te, ma cdn tgo co sd
hien dinh rdng bupc cdc co quan nha nudc phdi
thuc hifn ddy dti vd nghifm tiic nhihig nghia vu
vf quyln con ngudi, quyln cdng ddn ttong thuc
tl, ddc bift Id hai nghTa vy bdo vl va bdo dam.
Thu lit, Hien phdp 2013 lan dau tiln quy
dinh nguyin tdc vf gidi hgn quyen (Khodn 2
Difu 16). Ddy la nguyin tic dd dugc neu ttong
lugl nhan quyfn quflc le vd trong hien phdp ciia
mpt so quflc gia. Vifc hien djnh nguyen tic nay
cd y nghTa quan trgng ma sl dugc phdn lich
rilng d mye 2 dudi day.
Thu nam. Hiln phdp 2013 ghi nhgn mpt sd
quyln mdi md Hien phap 1992 va cdc hiln
phdp trudc dd cua Vift Nam deu chua dl cap,
bao gdm: bao gdra: Quyen sdng (Dilu 21); Cac
quyen ve vdn hda (Dieu 41); Quyen xdc dinh
ddn tpc, su dyng ngdn ngO' rae de, Iga chpn
ngdn ngur giao tiep (Dieu 42); Quyen sdng ttong
rafli trudng trong Idnh (Dilu 43); Quyln ciia
cdng dan khdng bj tryc xuat, giao nop cho nudc
khdc (Dilu 17 khoan 2); Quyfn cd noi d hgp
phap (Dilu 22); Quyin hudng an sinh xd hpi
(Difu 34)... Nhung quyln mdi nay da md rpng
phgm vi bao vf ciia hien phap vdi cac quyln
con ngudi, quyln cdng ddn tren cd hai Iinh vgc
dan su, chinh trj (Dilu 21, 17,42) vd kmh tl, xd
hfli, van hda (Diiu 41, 42, 43,22,34). Chiing
dap ling nhung nhu cau mdi vl quyln con
ngudi nay sinh ttong boi canh cdng nghiip hda,
hifn dai hda (Diiu 43, 22, 34) va hpi nhap qudc
tl (Diiu 17.41,42,22) ctia nudc ta.
Thu sdu, Hiln phdp 2013 dd ciing cfl hiu
hll cdc quyln dd dugc ghi nhan trong Hiln
phdp 1992 (quy dinh rd hon ho§c tdch thdnh
diiu rifng), bao gdra: Binh ding trudc phdp lu^l
(Dilu 16); cim tra tan, bgo lgc, truy biic, nhyc
hinh (Dieu 20 khodn 1); Bdo vl ddi tu va noi d
(Dilu 21, 22); Tifp can thdng lin (Dilu 25);
Thara gia qudn Iy nha nudc vd xd hdi (Dilu 28);
Binh ddng gidi (Dilu 26); Bd philu trong trung
ciu y ddn (Dieu 29); Tfl tung cdng bdng (Dilu
31); Sd hihi tu nhdn (Dilu 32); Lao dgng, vifc
lam (Dilu 35).Tuy khdng phdi Id nhiing quyln
mdi, song nhilusiia ddi, bfl sung nay cd y nghTa
rat quan trgng, cy the nhu sau:
- Binh ding trudc phap lu^t (Dilu 16):
Trong Hifn phdp 2013. chii thi ciia quyln ndy
da dugc md rdng lir "cdng ddn" (trong Hien
phdp 1992) sang "tit ca mpi ngudi", ddng Ihdi
tinh chit vd phgra vi cCia sg binh ding dugc xac
djnh rd rang, dd Id khong bi phdn biit ddi xir
Irang ddi song chinh tri, ddn sy, kinh ti, vdn
hoa, xd hgi. Vdi quy djnh siia dfli nay, quyln
binh ddng truo€ phdp lual se dugc bdo ddm d
miic dp r$ng, chat chl vd phii hgp han vdi ludt
nhdn quyln qudc tl.
- Cdm tta lin, bgo Iuc, truy biic, nhyc hinh
(Dieu 20 khoan I): Hien p h ^ 2013 lin ddu tiln
de cgp din cim "tra tin", ddng thdi nhin manh
cam bdt ky hinh thdc bgo lyc, ddi xir ndg khdc
xdm phgm than thi. sue khoe, xuc phgm danh
dy, nhdn phdm ciia tit cd mpi ngudi. Quy djnh
 KC. Giao. N S- Dong / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hgc. Tdp 30. S6 3 (20)4) 41-49
nay cy thf, rd rang va rdng hon rat nhilu (cd vl
hanh vi bj cam va chu thi dugc bao ve) so vdi
quy djnh cu d Difu 71 Hiin phap 1992 (chi cim
truy biic, nhyc hinh, xiic phara danh du. nhdn
pham ciia cdng dan). Nd tgo co sd hiln djnh de
ndi lugt hda va thyc thi hifu qua Cdng udc cua
Lien hgp qudc ve chdng tta tdn vd nhiing sg ddi
xu, triing phat tdn dc, vd nhdn dao hay ha nhyc
raa Vift Nam vira ky kft cudi ndm 2013.
- Bao vf ddituvanoi d(Dilu 21, 22): Hiin
phdp 2013 md rdng chu Ihl dugc bao vf quyln
nay tir cong dan sang mpi ngudi, ddng thdi quy
djnh trong hai dieu rieng (Dilu 21 bdo ve quyln
ve noi d, Dilu 22 bao vl quyin vl ddi tu).
Quyen vl ddi tu lin diu lien dugc quy dinh rd,
bao gdm dai song rieng tu, bi mgt ed nhdn, bi
mat gia dinh, danh du, uy tin cua cd nhdn. So
vdi quy dinh cu d Dieu 73 Hien phdp 1992 (chi
ndi den quyln bi mat thu tin, difn thoai, diln
tin), Difu 22 Hien phap 2013 cdn bao vl quyln
bi mat vl cde hinh thuc trao ddi thdng tin riing
tu khdc. Tat cd nhimg dilra mdi nay cho Ihay
phgm vi bao vf quyen ve ddi tu ciia Hiln phap
2013 rdng hon ddng kl so vdi Hien phdp 1992.
Tilp cin thdng tin (Dieu 25): Su dilu
chinh d ddy chi la ddi thudt ngfl dugc (quyen
dugc thdng lin trong Hiln phdp 1992) sang tiip
can (quyln tiip cgn Ihdng tin trong Hien phap
2013). Tuy nhien, chuyen dfli nay cd;? nghTa rat
Idn, bdi quyen tiep can thdng lin theo Iuat qudc
tl khdng chi bao gflm quyen dugc [Hip nhgn]
ihdng tin nhu trong Hiln phap 1992 ma cdn bao
gdm hai quyen khdc dd id quyen duac lim
kiim/yiu cdu cung cdp thong tin. va qir)'en dugc
chia se, pho biin thong tin. Vdi sy chuyin ddi
ngan gpn dd, quyln tiep can thflng tin ttong
Hien phdp 2013 da tuong thich vdi ndi ham cua
quyln ndy theo tuat quflc If. Dieu ndy cd y
nghia rat ldn ttong thuc tl d nudc ta, bdi le theo
nhan thirc chung cua cpng ddng quflc tl, quyen
tiep c$n thdng tin khflng chi la dilu kiln bdo
dam cho viec thuc thi dan chii (thflng tin Id oxy
ciia dan chu) ma cdn Id mdt "vu khi quan trpng
nhat df phdng, chdng tham nhung".
- Tham gia qudn Iy nha nudc vd x3 hdi
(Diiu 28): Dilra mdi do Id Hiln phap 2013
khdng chi tai khdng dinh quyln ndy nhu trong
Hien phap 1992, ma cdn nlu rd: Nhd nirdc tgo
diiu kiin di cdng ddn tham gia qudn ly nhd
nirdc vd xa hoi; cdng khai, minh bgch trong
viec tiip nhgn, phdn hoi y kien, kiin nghf cua
cong ddn. Quy djnh bd sung da rang huge nghTa
vy cy the cua cdc co quan nhd nudc Irong viec
bao ddm quyln tham gia qudn Iy nha nudc va
xa hdi cua nhan dan, qua do bao ddm quyen nay
sl dugc thuc thi ttong Ihgc tl chu khflng phai Id
mpt quyln hinh thiic, "khau hieu" nhu trudc
ddy.
- Binh ding gidi (Dieu 26): Bang quy djnh
nghiim edm sy phdn bi$t doi xir vi gidi thay
cho quy djnh nghiim cdm mgi hdnh viphdn biit
doi xir vdi phy nir, xue phgm nhdn phdm phy nu
nhu nlu d Hiln phap 1992, Hien phdp 2013 da
thay ddi quan niem vd cdch tilp can cii vf binh
ding gidi (nhan mgnh su phan biet ddi xu vdi
rilng mpt gidi la phy nii") sang quan diem mdi,
do Id binh ding vdi ca gidi nam va gidi nd. Ddy
la each tilp can phii hgp vdi thge te vd vdi nhgn
thdc chung cua cdng ddng qudc tl. Nd tgo dilu
kiln dl thiic day binh ddng gidi d nudc ta len
mpt budc mdi, cd linh can bdng, Ihgc chdt vd
hifu qud han.
- Bd philu ttong trung cdu y dan (Dilu 29):
Quyln bilu quylt khi Nhd nudc td chiic trung
cau y dan (quy dinh chung vdi mdt sd quyln
khdc ttong Difu 55 Hien phdp 1992) dugc tdch
thdnh mpt dilu rilng (Dilu 29) Hiln phdp 2013.
Mac dii npi dung ciia quyln nay khong thay dfli
ldn (Hien phdp 2013 chi bd sung quy djnh ve
do tudi (tir 18 trd Ifn) cua chu thi quyln), song
vifc tach thdnh mgt quyen rilng khiln cho vj
tri, tdm quan trgng ciia nd dugc tdng thira.
 f.CGiao .\-S.Ddng Tig) chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hgc. Tgp 30. Sd 312014) 41-49
- To tyng cdng bdng (Dilu 31): Npi dung ve
quyln dugc Id tyng cdng bang ttong Dieu 72
Hiln phap 1992 dugc md rdng dang kf so ttong
Dieu 31 Hiln phdp 2013. Neu nhu ttong Hien
phdp 1992, quyin nay chi bao gdm cdc yfu id:
suy doan vd tfli; b^i thuong thilt hgi vdt chat va
phyc hoi danh du cho ngudi bj oan sai ttong td
tung; xii ly nghiim minh ngudi thi hdnh id tyng
gdy oan sai thi ttong Hien phdp 2013, ngoai
nhQng yfu td da nfu, cdn bao gdm nhihig yeu
lo khdc nhu: xet xd kip thdi, cdng bdng, cong
khai; khflng bj kft dn hai Idn cho ciing rapt tfli
phgm; quyen tu bao chua hoac nhd lual su bdo
chi^a.
Khdng chi vdy, npi hdra ciia rapt sd ylu tfl
cung dugc sira doi df quy dinh rd rdng hon. Cy
thi, quy djnh vl nguyin tic suy doan vd tdi
trong Hiln phdp 1992 (Khdng ai bj coi Id eo tgi
vd phdi chiu hinh phgl khi ehra eg bdn dn kit
tdi cua Tod dn da eo hiiu lyc phdp lugt) dugc
diln dgt Iai thdnh (Nguai bi budc ldi dugc coi Id
khdng cd lgi chg din khi dugc ehung minh theo
trinh ty lugt dinh vd co bdn dn kit tdi cita Tda
dn da cd hiiu lyc phdp lugt). Vdi quy djnh mdi,
cdc CO quan tiln hdnh Id lyng se phdi can bing
vd khdeh quan trong vifc tim chung cir. Hg se
phdi tim kilm vd coi ttpng cd chiing cii bupc tfli
vd gd ldi. thay vdo vifc chi tap ttung tim chiing
cd df chiing minh bj can Id cd tpi, neu khdng
tim dugc chiing cii nhu vdy thi bi can dugc coi
Id vd lpi. Hudng tilp cgn theo kieu lgp trung tira
chung Cli bupc tpi Id nguyen nhdn ddn din
nhilu oan sai ttong to tyng hmh sy, vi khi tiep
can theo hudng nay. ca quan tien hdnh td tyng
se cd xu hudng djnh kiln, bd qua, coi nhe
nhihig chiing cii gd lpi cho hi can. Hodc quy
djnh ve viec bdi thudng oan sai ttong to lyng
hinh sy cung dugc md rOng va cu the hda. v i
chu Ihl cua quyen ddi bdi thudng, nlu nhu
trong Hiln phdp 1992 de cap din ngudi bf bdt,
bi giam giir. bj truy lg. xet xd trdi phdp lugt thi
Hiln phdp 2013 dl cap den ngirdi bi bdt, igm
giit, tgm giam, khdi to, diiu tra, truy to, xel xir,
thi hdnh dn trdi phdp lugt. Ve ndi hdm cua
quyln dugc bdi thudng, niu nhu Hifn phdp
1992 chi dk cap den nhihig thiit hgi vi vgt chdt
thi Hiln phap 2013 quy djnh cd thiit hgi vi tinh
than. Tuong iing, cdc hdnh vi bj coi Id ttdi phap
lugl trong tfl tyng hinh su theo Hiln phap 1992
bao gflm bdt, giam giu-, truy to, xit xit thi trong
Hiln phdp 2013 bao gflm bdi, giam, giir, khdi
id, diiu tra, truy td, xet xu, thi hdnh dn gdy thift
hai cho ngudi khdc.
Nhimg yeu lfl md rdng neu trdn ldm tang
Ihim ddng ke su tuong thich ciia phap ludi Viel
Nam vdi quy djnh vl quyln dugc tfl tung cong
bdng ttong ludt nhdn quyln quoc tl. Nd phii
hgp vdi thuc te to lyng hinh su cua nudc la va
nhiing yfu cdu, mye tilu vl bdo vf quyfn con
ngudi ttong chiln luge cdi each tu phap.
- Sd hiiu tu nhdn (Diiu 32): Chii Ihl ciia
quyen nay da dugc md rdng tir cdng ddn ttong
Hiln phdp 1992 sang mpi ngudi ttong Dilu 32
Hien phdp 2013. Su md rflng ndy phii hgp vdi
thuc tl vd ddp ling yeu cau ciia vifc hdi nhdp
quflc tl, khi md cdc the nhdn. phdp nhdn nuflfc
ngoai cd mgt Iam dn, sinh sdng ngdy cang nhilu
d nudc ta. Nhihig chii the nay cung phdi dugc
bdo vf quyln tu hihi tdi sdn va tu lifu san xuit
- vi day la tiln dl ca bdn nhit di hp cd thi Idm
dn, sinh sdng d Vilt Nam.
Ben canh sg md rgng quan ttpng vl chii thi,
Hiln phdp 2013 nlu rfl: Trudng hgp thdt cdn
thift vi Iy do qu6c phdng, an ninh hodc vi lgi
ich quflc gia, tinh trgng khin cap, phdng chdng
thifn tai, Nhd nudc trung mua hodc trung dyng
cd bfli thudng tdi sdn ciia td chiic, cd nhdn theo
gid thj trudng. Quy dinh bd sung ndy mdt lin
ne'e nhan manh cam kit ldn trpng quyin sd huu
tu nhdn ciia nhd nudc, dflng thdi xdc lap khudn
khd hien dinh cho su can thifp cua nha nudc
vdo quyin nay, qua dd ngdn ngfra nhung hanh
 V.C. Giao. N. S Dong/ Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugl hgc. Tap 30. So 3 (2014) 41-49
dpng tiiy lien xdra phgm quyln sd hiiu tu nhan
cua cac co quan, quan chiic nhd nudc.
I - Lao ddng, vifc ldm (Dilu 35): Hifn phdp
i da thay thi nhung quy dinh dai ddng,
^tinh hd hdo, "khiu hifu" ve Iao ddng,
flam ttong Dilu 55,56 Hiln phdp 1992 bdng
[hiing quy djnh ham xiic, thuc chat hon, dac
I la bam sal cdc dieu khodn lien quan ttong
pdc qudc tl vl cac quyln kinh tl, xd hdi,
|hda ndm 1966. Cy thi, theo Diiu 35 Hiln
I2OI3, quyln ve lao dpng, viec Idm bao
I quyen lam vile, lua chpn nghi nghifp,
"vifc ram vd noi Iam vifc; quyen dugc bao ddm
cdc dilu kiln Idm viec cdng bing, an loan; dugc
hudng luong, che dp nghi ngoi. Thim vao dd,
Dieu nay ciing quy djnh nghifm cdm phdn bifl
dfli xii, cudng biic Iao dpng, sii dyng nhdn cflng
dudi dp tudi lao dpng tdi thieu [1], [2].
Ngoai nhiing dilm mdi mang tinh chat true
tilp neu tren, Hien phap 2013 cdn chua dyng
nhihig quy djnh mdi d mdt sd chuong khdc ma
cfl y nghia quan trpng den vifc bdo vf, Ihiic day
quyln con ngudi, quyln cdng dan, tilu bilu Id:
- Cac quy djnh ciing cfl quyln lam chu cua
nhdn dan, thi hiln qua Ldi ndi ddu (nfu rd chii
Ihl xay dgng, thi hdnh va bao vf hiln phap la
nhan dan); Dilu 2 (khing dinh nhdn dan Id chii
nhdn ciia dit nudc, tdt cd quyfn luc nha nudc
thupc vl nhan ddn); Dilu 4 (xac djnh Ddng
Cong sdn nara dudi su gidra sdt ciia nhdn ddn
va phdi chju ttdch nhifm trudc nhan dan ve
nhiing quylt djnh ciia minh); Dieu 6 (xdc dinh
cdch thiic nhan dan thyc hifn quyln luc nhd
nudc Id bdng ddn chii true tilp vd ddn chii dgi
difn); Dilu 70 (bd quy dinh Quflc hpi la co
quan duy nhdl cd quyln lap hien); Dieu 120
(quy djnh vile trung cau y dan vf hiln phap va
rang bupc nghia vy ciia Uy ban dg thao Hiln
phdp phdi td chiic lay y kiln Nhan dan vd Irinh
Quflc hpi ban du thao). Ciing vdi vifc vilt hoa
tir "Nhdn ddn". nhflng quy dinh mdi ndy cho
thay sg thay dfli quan nilm ve vj tri, vai tro ciia
ban hien phdp nhu la mdt dgo ludt gdc don
thuan do nha nudc xay dgng sang mdt bdn khf
udc xa hdi, ttong do ngudi ddn Id chii the xdc
lap, trao quyln vd dl ra nhihig co chl de kifm
soat hoat ddng ciia chinh quyln do minh lap ra
[3]. Nhirng quy djnh nay chua timg dugc dl cap
hodc chua dugc quy djnh rd ttong cac hien phap
trudc, vi viy, chiing chuyin tai mdt thdng diep
mdi, mdt ddng lgc mdi cho vifc bdo dam va
phdt huy quyen Idm chii ciia nhdn dan, thiic day
dan chii XHCN d nudc ta phdt ttien them radi
budc mdi ve chat ttong nhihig ndm tdi.
- Cac quy djnh ve ca che bdo dam cdc
quyen hien djnh. Hiln phap 2013 lan ddu tien
nhae den cum tir "co che bdo vf hien phap" vd
xdc djnh Nhdn ddn Id rapt ttong cac chii the bdo
ve hien phdp (Dilu 119). Ddy la lien dk dl bdo
vf nhdn quyfn d cip cao nhdt, bdi xet den cung,
bao hiln chinh Id bdo vf cdc quyen hiln djnh.
Ngoai ra, mfll logt dieu khoan sira dfli khac
ttong Hien phdp 2013 cung cd y nghTa tang
cudng ca chl bao ve nhan quyln, Irong dd tieu
biiu Id cdc Dilu 94, 96 (dn djnh nhifm vu moi
cua Chinh phii la bao vf quyen con ngudi,
quyin cdng dan); Dilu 102 (dn djnh nhilm vu
mdi ciia TAND bdo ve cdng ly, bdo vf quyfn
con ngudi); Diiu 107 (dn djnh nhiem vy mdi
ciia VKSND la bdo vf quyfn con ngudi, quyfn
cdng ddn). Nhung quy djnh nay gan liln ttdch
nhifm cua cac co quan hanh phdp va tu phdp
ttong vifc bdo vf vd thiic diy nhan quyln. Dilu
ndy cd y nghia rat quan ttpng vi trudc dd d Viet
Nam, trdch nhilra va bao ve, thiic ddy nhdn
quyen thudng chi dugc gin vdi co quan lap
phdp-Qudc Hpi.
2. Vl nguyen tac hgn che quyen
Gidi han quyfn {limitation of rights) Id quy
djnh dugc ghi nhan ttong Iuat nhan quyen quflc
tl, qua dd cho phep cac qudc gia thanh vien dp
dgt mpt sd dilu kien vdi vile thuc hifn/thy
 V.C. Giao. -\- S Ddng. Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt ligc. Tgp 30. So 3 (2014) 41-49
hudng mpt sd quyen con ngudi nhdt djnh. Cy
the, Tuyln ngdn todn the gidi vl nhan quyen
(Dieu 29 khoan 2), neu ring, khi thuc hiin cde
quyin vd ly do cita minh, mgi ngirdi ehi chiu
nhirng hgn che dg lugl dinh. nhdm mye dieh duy
nhdt Id ddm bdo sy cdng nhdn vd tdn trong
thieh ddng doi vdi cdc quyin vd ty do cua
ngudi khdc cdng nhu ddp dng nhirng yeu cdu
chinh ddng vi dgo dire, trgt ty xd hdi vd phuc
lai chung trong mgt xa hgi ddn ehii.
Theo lual nhdn quyln quflc tl, phdn Idn cdc
quyfn con ngudi deu cd the bi gioi han bang
ludt, ttong nhihig dilu kifn nhdl dinh, ngoai tru
mpt s6 quyfn khdng bao gid cd the bi gidi han
md dugc gpi Id cdc quyln tuyft ddi (absolute
rights), vi dy nhu: qir)'in song; quyin khdng bf
tra tdn, ddi xir ldn bao, vo nhdn dgo hay ha
nhyc; quyin khong bf bdt giu ldm no li hay nd
djch; quyin khdng bj bd lit ehi vi ly do khong
hodn thdnh nghia vy iheo hgp ddng; quyin
khdng bi dp dyng hdi to trong td lyng hinh su;
quyin dugc cong nhgn la thi nhdn trudc phdp
lugt; quyin ty do lu ludng, tin ngudng vd ton
gido [4].
Lan dau tiln trong ljch sii lgp hiin, Hiln
phdp Vift Nam quy djnh vl nguyin lie han che
quyin. C\^ thi. khodn 2 Difu 14 Hien phdp siia
ddi 2013 khdng djnh: "Quyin con ngudi, quyin
cdng ddn chi cd thi bf gidi hgn theo quy dinh
cua ludt trong inrdng hgp cdn thiit vt ly do
qudc phong. an ninh qude gia. trdt ly, cm todn
xd hgi, dao dire xa hgi, sire khde eua cgng
ddng".
Quy djnh ttln cho thiy rd quyet tam cua
Vift Nam khdng chi trong viec thira nhdn, ma
cdn bao ddm thuc hiln cdc quyen con ngudi
trong thyc tl. Nd ciing cho thay vifc hiin djnh
cac quyfn con ngudi, quyen cdng ddn ttong
Hiln phap 2013 dd bdm sat cac quy djnh ciia
lugl nhdn quyen qudc te vd tiep thu nhimg tiln
bd gin day ttong hiln p h ^ cua rapt sd qudc
gia.
Ddi vdi nhihig qudc gia dang phat ttiln nhu
Viet Nam, viec hiln djnh nguyin tic han chl
quyen cd y nghTa rat quan ttpng. bdi Ie: (i) Nd
Iam rd tinh thin cua Iu?il nhan quyin qudc tl la
cdc nhd nudc phai ton trgng. bao vl vd bdo dam
cac quyln con ngudi nhimg ciing dirge ddt ra vd
dp dung nhung gioi han cho mdi sd quyen,
nhdm thuc hifn chiic ndng cua nha nude Id
qudn Iy xd hdi, bdo ddm cdc quyln, lgi ich
chung ciia cdng ddng vd cac quyln, Igi ich hgp
phap ciia cdc cd nhdn khdc; (ii) Nd ngdn chdn
khd ndng lam dyng quyen lgc nhd nudc df vi
phgra nhan quyln, Ihdng qua vile in djnh
nhung difu kifn chdt che vdi vifc gidi han
quyln; (iii) Nd phdng ngira nhihig suy nghT va
hanh dpng cgc doan ttong vifc hudng thy, Ihyc
hien cdc quyln.
Xel d nhihig khia cgnh chu chdt, quy djnh d
khoan 2 Diiu 14 Hiln phap 2013 dd tuong thich
vdi quy dinh ciia phap lugt quoc ll vl nguyen
tic han chl quyln. Khia cgnh quan trpng nhdt
dd la viec hgn che quyln phdi dugc quy dinh
ttong ludt - tiic Id phdi do Qudc hpi quylt dinh.
Diiu nay cd tac dyng phdng ngira khd ndng cdc
vien chiic va co quan nha nude khdc tiiy tifn
dat ra nhihig hgn chi vi quyln. Khia cgnh thir
hai do Id viec gidi hgn chi dugc ddt ra trong
trudng hgp cdn thilt. Quy djnh nay nhim bdo
ddm ring vile hgn chi quyln chi dugc ddt ra
khi cd ly do khach quan, hgp phdp va hgp 1;?,
tten CO sd cd su nghiin ciiu, can nhic can thgn
cua Qudc hgi. Khia cgnh thii ba dd Id mye dich
ciia vifc hgn chl quyen la dl bdo vf rapt so Igi
ich chinh dang, bao gdm qudc phdng, an ninh
qudc gia, trgt tu, an loan, dao dure xd hpi, siic
khde ciia cpng ddng - ddy cung la nhthig mye
dich dugc thira nhgn trong lugt nhdn quyln
qudc te.
 i .C Giao. N. S. Ddng/ Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hgc. Tgp 30. So 3 (2014) 41-49
Trong thge le, quy djnh ve gidi hgn quyln
cua Hien phap 2013 cdn cd Ihl md rpng den
radt sd rayc dich khdc ma dugc nlu ttong lugl
nhdn quyen qudc tl, dd la de tdn trgng cdc
quyln vd tu do chinh ddng, hgp phdp ciia ngudi
khdc, hay de bdo dam phiic Igi cua cpng ddng
vd Igi ich cua cdng 1;^ (ttong bdi canh td tung).
Tuy nhien, vifc ddng thdi xac djnh rd nhiing
quyln tuylt ddi cung rat quan trpng, dl ttdnh
nhdm lan ring nguyin tac han chl cd thi dp
dyng cho tat cd mpi quyfn.
3. NhOmg thuan lgi vd thach thu'c trong vifc
thuc thi che djnh quyen con ngmri, quyen
cong dan trong Hien phap 2013
Xet chung, nhihig quy dinh raoi va sua ddi
neu d cdc phdn tten da tdng cuimg ddng ke mirc
dp tuong thich cua chl dinh quyln con ngudi,
quyen cdng dan trong hien phap nudc la vdi nfli
dung ciia cdc dilu udc qudc te vl nhdn quyln
rad Vift Nam la thdnh vien vd vdi chf djnh vl
quyen con ngudi, quyln cdng dan ttong hien
phap cdc nudc dan chii.
Che dinh quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan
cd Ihl coi la mdt tiln bd Idn ciia Hien phdp
2013. Viec thuc hifn che djnh nay d nudc ta
hifn cd nhiing thudn lgi co bdn nhu sau:
- Nhd nudc thf hifn cam kit chinh trj mgnh
ml voi vile thuc hien cdc nghTa vy qudc tl ve
quyin con ngudi (qua vile k;? kit rapt logl difu
udc vl nhdn quyln tir nhung ndm 1980, qua
nhung ldi hiia khi iing cii vao Hpi ddng Nhdn
quyln Liln hgp quflc (ndm 2013) vd ttong Bao
cdo kilm diem djnh ky phfl quat vl nhan quyln
lin m$l (ndm 2009) va Idn hai (ndm 2014).
Dilu nay tdc ddng dfn y thirc va rang bu^c
trdch nhifm cua cdc co quan nhd nudc ttong
vifc tudn thii cac quyln hien djnh rad qua dd
chinh Id dl gdp phdn thge thi cac cam kft quflc
te ciia nha nudc trong ITnh vgc ndy.
- So vdi Hien phap 1992, cac quy djnh
ttong chl dinh vl quyen con ngudi, quyen cflng
dan ttong Hien phdp 2013 dugc viet rd rdng,
ngdn gpn, cy the hon rat nhilu. Diiu do tao
thuan Igi cho viec dp dyng trong thuc tl.
- Nh^n thiic, y thuc tfln ttpng, bdo vf va bao
ddra cdc quyen con ngudi, quyln cdng dan cua
cac CO quan, vien chirc nhd nudc d nudc ta
ttong nhihig nam qua dd tdng Iln dang kl. Dieu
nay tao dieu kiln cho viec thge thi cdc quyln
con ngucri, quyen cdng ddn ndi chung, cac
quyln hiln djnh noi rilng.
- Hoat ddng giao dye, tuyen ttuyin vl
quyln con ngudi, quyln cflng ddn da va dang
dugc thuc hifn bdi nhieu co quan, lfl chirc (nhu
cdc Inrdng dgi hpc, vifn nghiin ciiu, co quan
nha nudc, td chiic xa hgi...) dudi nhilu hinh
thirc khdc nhau. Vile ndy gdp phan thuc ddy
vifc thge thi vd gidm sdt thge thi cdc quyln
hien djnh.
- Co chl bao vf vd gidm sat thuc hifn cac
quyln con ngudi, quyen cdng ddn dd hinh
thanh, cd su tham gia ciia ca he thdng chinh tri
(Quflc hpi, Chinh phii, TAND, VKSND, MTTQ
Vift Nara) vd cdc td chiic, dodn the xa hoi. Dieu
nay giup phdt hifn, ngdn ngira va xu Iy nhung
vi phgm cdc quyen hien djnh mpt cdch kjp thdi.
Tuy nhiin, cung cd khdng it thdch thiic
ttong vifc Ihgc hifn chl dinh quyen con ngudi
quyin cdng ddn d nudc ta. Trd nggi diu lien
ttong vdn dl nay la Hiln phdp 2013 vdn khdng
quy dinh hieu lgc true lilp ciia cdc quyln hien
djnh. Dilu nay khien cho nhieu quyen quan
trpng, d§c bift Id cdc quyln ddn sg, chinh trj
nhu tg do lap hdi, hpi hpp, bieu tinh, quyen bd
philu ttong cdc cude tnmg ciu dan y... sl phai
dgi Quoc hfli ban hanh ludt de cu the hda, vd cd
Ihl phai dgi cd Chinh phii ban hdnh Nghj djnh
dk hudng dan thi hanh, thi mdi cd thi thyc hiln
dugc. Trd ngai thii hai Id chua cd co che phap
Iy hilu qua cho vifc bao vf cdc quyln hien
djnh, ddc bift la ttong vifc giai quylt nh&ng t6
cao vd bdi thudng nhiing quyen bi vi phgra. Trd
 re. Gtao. N- S. Ddng Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugl hoc. Tgp 30. Sd 3 (2014) 41-49
ngai Ihii ba lien quan din nhdn thiic, y thtic ve
nhdn quyen ciia cdc co quan, viln chiic nhd
nudc. Mdc du dd dugc ndng Ien. song mdt sd co
quan, vifn chiic nhd nudc vdn cdn ndng tam Iy
"dung ttln" nhan dan (la "quan cdch mgng"
nhu Idi Chu lich Hd Chi Minh). Trong khi dd,
kiln thiic, kinh nghiim thuc ti ttong viec thuc
thi quyln con ngudi ciia cdc co quan, viln chiic
nhd nudc d nudc ta cdn han che. Trong hfli
canh do, nhflng vi phgm quyen con ngudi,
quyen cdng dan la khd tranh khdi neu khflng cd
nhQng gidi phdp khic phuc.
Dl khdc phyc nhimg trd nggi neu tten, can
lien hdnh ddng thdi cac hoat ddng nhu sau:
- Khan truong nghiin cihi hoan thien khudn
khfl phdp ludt dl thuc thi cdc quyln hiln dinh,
trong dd uu tien cho vifc xdy dgng cdc dgo luat
cy thi hda cac quyen quan trpng md hien nay
van chua thyc hiln dugc hodc chua thuc hien
dugc ddy du do thilu ludt, cy thi nhu quyln lap
hpi. quyfn bieu linh, quyen bd phifu ttong cdc
cupc trung cau dan y, quyen tiep can thong
tin...
- Ra soat, ciing cd cac co che phap ly ve bao
vl quyln. ddc bift Id quy trinh, thu tyc tiep
nh§n, gidi quyet to cdo va bdi Ihudng cho ngn
nhan bi vi pham nhan quyln.
- Rd sodt, ciing cd cdc co che phdp ly ve
giam sat thuc hien quyln, ddc bill la cdc quy
djnh vl vai trd cua cdc td chiic xa hdi, ca quan
iruyf n thdng, ca quan ddn cd ttong van de nay.
- Khuyin khich, thiic ddy cdc hogt ddng
hiyfn truyfn. gido due, tap huan ve quyln con
ngudi, quyln cdng dan cho rapi ddi tugng ttong
xd hdi. ddc bill Id cho cdc ca quan vd vien chiic
nhd nudc thge thi phdp Iuat trong nhung ITnh
vuc liln qu£ui raat thilt den nhan quyen.
Doi vdi viec bdo dam thuc thi nguyen tdc
hgn chl quyin, do day Id vdn de mdi, trong khi
hieu biet, nhgn thiic vd kinh nghifm thuc tl
thuc thi quyen con ngudi ciia ddi ngu can bp thi
hdnh phap lugt d nudc ta cdn hgn che nen vile
tiiy tifn gidi ban quyln la khd trdnh khdi niu
khdng cd nhimg nd Iuc lap phap va giam sat
thuc thi phdp Iuat quylt lilt
D I vugt qua thdch thiic nlu trfn, giai phap
tnrdc mdt vd cung Id lau ddi Id khin truong liln
hdnh nghiin ciiu, cy the hda nguyin tic hiln
dinh vl gidi ban quyen trong phdp ludt, ddng
thdi cd nhflng hudng ddn cu the df thdng nhdt
nhan thiic va thge hiln cdc quy djnh phdp lugt
vl vin di ndy ttong thge tl. Cin liin hanh cdc
hogl dgng tuyen truyin, giao dye de ndng cao
nhdn thiic cho cdc cdn bd true tilp liln quan
din vifc thuc thi phap luat vl quyen con ngudi.
Bin canh dd, cung can phd biln kiln thiic, ndng
cao nhdn thiic cho ngudi ddn dl hp bilt dugc
ndi dung vd nhihig gidi hgn trong cdc quyfn vd
lgi ich ciia minh, lir dd thuc thi diing ddn, trdnh
vi phgm quyen va lgi ich cua ngudi khdc vd ciia
cdng ddng, ciing nhu cd khd nang gidm sdt cdc
CO quan nha nudc trong cdc hogt ddng lien quan
den quyln con ngudi, quyen cdng dan.
Nguyin tic han che quyln ddt ra ylu cau
siia dfli, bd sung mpt togl vdn bdn phdp lu§t cd
liln quan din quyln con ngudi, quyln cflng
ddn. Trong khi vifc sira ddi, bd sung nhiing quy
dinh nao can cd nhihig nghiin ciiu chi tilt, cd
thi xac djnh mdt sfl ylu cdu, mye dich chung dd
id: nhirng sua dfli, bfl sung can thilt I|.p dugc
danh mye cu thi nhihig quyin cd thi bi gidi
han, hodn cdnh, dieu kiln, mye di'ch cua vifc
gidi han, chu the cd quyin ddt ra vd dp dyng
nhimg gidi hgn, chii thi phai tudn thii nhihig
gidi hgn ve quyin... Chi khi cd nhihig lilu chuin
rd rang nhu vdy thi mdi ngan ngia dugc linh
trgng tiiy lien dat ra va dp dung cac gidi hgn
quyen ciia cdc co quan, viln chiic nhd nude.
Trong qua trinh sua ddi, bd sung nhu tten,
dl xdc dinh, danh gia mpt hgn chl quyln cd
hgp Iy, cdn thiet, phii hgp vdi cac quy djnh cua
Hiln phap 2013 va lugt nhan quyln qudc tl hay
khdng, can dgt ra nhihig cdu hdi nhu: Lifu vifc
hgn chl quyen tten thuc tl cd tdc dyng gidm
thieu muc dp nguy hgi ciia vdn dk khdng? Cd
gidi phap nao khac bdt nghiem khic hon
t y.C. Giao. .\. S. Dong ' Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Ludt hgc. Tap 30. So 3 (2014) 41-49

Dd thir cdc bien phdp dd chua? Dd Id

1 bao triira, hay cd dp linh hogt hgp ly de
ic Irudng hgp cy thi theo cdch thiic khdc
jihau? Dd chu y tdi cac quyen va lgi ich ciia
hihig ngudi hi dnh huong bdi vile gidi hgn
Pchua? Cd biln phdp gi ddm bdo han che
llam va vifc Igm dung gidi hgn quyln? Viec
t hgn cd huy hoai bdn chat cdt ldi ciia quyln
lifn quan din vin de do hay khdng? Ngoai ra,
H danh gid rapt hgn che quyln cd phu hgp vdi
mye lieu/ muc dich hop phap/ chinh ddng hay
khdng cd nghia la luc ndo cung cd mye tilu hgp
ly/chinh ddng; (iii) Cdc gidi hgn dugc xem Id
hgp ly/chinh ddng trong mpt xd hpi ddn chu
phdi gan vdi cac gia trj nhu khoan dung, chdp
nhdn y kien da chilu.

Tai lifu tham khao:

khdng, can ddt nhiing cau hfli nhu: Vdn de dang
dugc gidi quyet bdng vile ddt ra cdc gidi hgn
quyln la gi? Vin dl dd cd dii lim quan ttpng
hgp ly df ly gidi cho vifc hgn che quyfn trong
mdt xd hdi ddn chii hay khdng? Trong khi trd
ldi hai cdu hdi trin, cdn ludn chii y Id: (i) Cdc
rayc tieu hgp phdp/chinh dang khflng chi dan
thuan Id dk phdng ngira nhiing he qud khdng
mong raudn, gay khd chju, hodc khdng thudn
tiln cho cdc ca quan, vien chiic nha nudc; (ii)
Mpt vin de dugc hau hit mpi ngudi ddng y
[1] Hien phap nam 1992 (sua doi, bl sung nam 2001),
t£ii
(http. //vanban. chinhphu. vn/portal/page/portal/c h inhp
hu/he [h ong vanban?c I ass_id= 1 &mode=detail& docum
ent_id=167l)
[2] Hiln phap nam 2013 (t^i
http ://w w w. chi nhpb u. vn/portal/page/portal/chi nhph
u/NuocCHXHCNVielNam/ThongTinTongHop/hie
nphapnam2013)
[3] Nguyen ST Dung. Hien phdp nidi, hy vgng mai,
tham lu^in tai Tpa dam "Hiln phap va vdn dl cat
each the ch^" do M^ng lirdi hpc gia Viet Nam to
chiJct^iHaNpi ngay 23/01/2013.
[4] Cong udc quoc te ve cac quyen dan sir. chinh Irj
(ICCPR) (cac Dilu 6. 7. 8.11, 15. 16,18)

New Progressive Points Regarding Human Rights and Civil

Rights in the 2013 Constitution and its Implementation
Vu Cong Giao, Nguydn Scm Dong
VNU School of Law, 144 Xudn Thiiy. CduGidy, Hanoi. Vietnam
Abstract: This article analyses changes of provisions on human rights, the rights and obligations
of citizens in the 2013 Constitution on the basis of comparing to relevant provisions of the 1992
Constitution and international human rights law, particularly the Intemational Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights 1966 to which Vietnam is a member. Based on a comparative analysis, the authors
have assessed the progress of the legal institution on human rights, rights and obligations of citizens
in the 2013 Constitution, and at the sarae tirae, pointing out advantages and challenges in
implementing this legal institution in fact.
Keywords: Constitution, human rights, the rights and obligations of citizens, international human
rights law, the principle of limited rights.