INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
CENIZA,
Security
- Is defined as the state or quality of being
secured, freedom from fear or danger,
assurance, or certainty. To secure is to make
safe or be protected.
- means the defense against crime or a state of
being secured or free from hazard
- A state of being free from hazards causing
intentional or non-intentional damage to
property, injury or loss of life.
- As any measures taken to keep an individual or
group from dangers or hazards that may cause
harm, injury, loss of life, and or loss or damage
to property.
Hazard
- Refers to conditions that may cause damage to
property, injury, or loss of life.
- Exposure to the chance of loss or injury.
- It is caused either by nature or by man
Industry
- The term denotes earnest or constant
application to work or business
Management
- the skillful use of means to accomplish a
purpose
Industrial security
- security measures applied to business industries
Industrial security management
- the skillful handling of the security and safety
measures of business enterprises and industrial
establishment
Types of security
1. Physical Security – is a system of barriers placed
between the potential intruder and
the matter to be protected. It is
concerned with the physical
measures adopted to prevent
unauthorized access to equipment,
facilities, material, and documents,
and to safeguard them against
espionage, sabotage, damage and
theft.
2. Communication Security – is the protection
resulting from the application of
various measures which prevents
or delay the enemy or
unauthorized person in giving
information through the
communication system.
3. Hotel Security – is the protection resulting from
the application of measures which
safeguards hotel guests and
personnel, hotel property, and
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PhD.
functions in hotel restaurants, bars
and clubs.
4. Bank Security – is the protection
resulting from the
application of
various measures
which safeguards
cash and assets
which are in storage in transit and
during transactions?
5. Document Security – is physical security that
involves the protection of
documents and classified papers
from loss, access to unauthorized
person, damage, and theft and
compromised through disclosure.
6. Personal and VIP Security – involve in the
protection of top ranking official
the government, visiting persons of
illustrious standing and foreign
dignitaries.
Other special type of security
1. Air cargo security- this is applied to minimize, if
not prevent, losses of cargo during
in transit, storage or transfer.
2. School security- this is applied in response to the
increase of violent crimes
committed against students and
school personnel, and school
properties.
3. Supermarket security- this is applied in response
to the mushrooming of bazaars,
marts, super malls and the like
4. Personnel security-this involved in the
background checks of individuals
commensurate with the security
requirements of their work.
Major division of industrial security
1. Physical security- this the broadest type of
security. As a major division of
industrial security, it can be defined
as those measures taken to
prevent physical access or entry to
an installation or area by
unauthorized personnel
2. Personnel security- this involved in the
background checks of individuals
commensurate with the security
requirements of their work.
3. Document and information security-this
includes every measures designed
to safeguard company documents
from unintentional or intentional
harmful acts or against
unauthorized disclosure of
information contained therein
Principles of physical security
● Enemy agents must access
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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
● There is no impenetrable barrier- for the
unfriendly government or organization, they are
willing to devote enough time, money,
personnel, material and imagination in passing
barriers.
● Defense in depth means barrier after barrier- in
order to that the barrier could prevent
unauthorized access and serve its purpose very
well, there should be an integration of all
barriers adopted in the installation
● Surreptitious vs. non- surreptitious entry-
physical security is needed to detect or deny
unauthorized access
● Each installation is different- since each
installation is different, each will have different
problems to overcome
Barrier
- Refer to any physical structure whether natural
or manmade capable of restricting, deterring,
delaying or preventing illegal and unauthorized
access to installation.
Two general types of barrier
● Natural barrier- these are offered by nature
which could obstruct the passage way of the
potential intruders.
● Manmade barrier- these are structural
construction like fences, walls, floors, grills,
bars, roadblocks or other physical means to
deter or impede penetration
Specific types of physical security barriers
● Natural barrier- include mountains, cliff, seas,
deserts or terrain difficult to traverse
● Structural barrier- includes walls, ceilings, doors
and fences
● Human barrier- include guard, charges of
quarters, office and shop workers, who stand
between the intruders and the matter to be
protected
● Animal barrier-usually shepherd dog trained for
and use as guards
● Energy barrier- usually electrical and electronic
devices that could assist security personnel in
detecting intrusions. Examples; protective
lighting
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PhD.
● Perimeter barrier- Is a medium
or structure which defines the
physical limits of an installation
or area to restrict or impede
access thereto.
Lines of physical defense
1. First line of defense-includes all
perimeter barrier
2. Second line of defense- the building exterior
3. Third line of defense- internal control measures
Perimeter barrier openings
● Gates and doors- should be guarded or locked
as much as possible
● Windows and similar openings-should be
guarded or grills should be installed so as not to
be used by intruders.
● Windows and openings less than 18 feet above
the ground,
● Roofs and ledges less than 14 feet
● Fire escapes or other openings of 96 square
inches or larger- Should be grilled and or have
steel bar protections
● Sidewalk elevators- are elevated parts of the
land near the perimeter barrier that provides
access to the areas within the perimeter
barriers should be locked or guarded
● Clear zone- is an obstructed area maintained on
both sides of the perimeter barrier.
- A clear zone of 20 ft or more should
exist between the perimeter barriers
and the exterior structure, parking
areas and natural or manmade feature
- A clear zone of 50 ft or more should
exist between the perimeter barrier
and structures within the protected
areas except when the building wall
constitutes part of the perimeter
barrier
Types of perimeter barriers
1. Fences- are independent structure designed to
control physical and visual access between
areas.
Types of fences
A. Solid Fence- is made of opaque
material in such a way that
visual access through the
fence structure is denied.
Advantages of solid fence
* Denies visual access of the
installation to intruder
* Denies the intruder the opportunity
to become familiar with the
personnel, activities and the
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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
schedule of movements of the
guards
Disadvantages of solid fence
* Prevents the guards from observing
the area around the installation
* Creates shadow which may be used
by the intruder for cover and
concealment
B. Full view fence- is constructed in such
a manner that visual access
is permitted such as wire
fence through the fence
structure. It is designed to
control physical access
between two areas
Advantages of full view fence
* Guards are able to keep the area
surrounding installation under
observation
* Does not create any shadow
Disadvantages of full view fence
* Allows visual access to installation
* Allows the intruder to get familiar
with the movements and the time
schedule of the guard patrols
Specification of using chain link fences
* It must be constructed of 7 ft material excluding
top guard
* It must be 9 gauge or heavier
* Mesh openings are not be larger than 2 inches
per side
* It should be twisted and barbed salvage at top
bottom
* It should be security fastened to rigid metal or
reinforced concrete
* It must reach below surface enough on soft
grounds to compensate for shifting soil or
ground
* It must reach within 2 inches of hard ground or
paving
Specifications of using barbed wire
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PhD.
* Standard barbed wire is twisted,
double strand 12 gauge with 4
point barbs spaced on equal
distance apart
* Barbed wire fencing must be
firmly affixed to posts high
excluding top guard
* Barbed wire fencing should not be less than 7 ft.
high excluding top guard
* The distance between strands will not exceed 6
inches and midway between parts
Additional protective measures
● Top guard- is an additional overhang of barbed
wire placed on vertical perimeter fences facing
upward and outward with 45 degree angle with
three to four strands of barbed wires spaced 6
inches apart. This will increase the protective
height and prevent easy access
● Guard control station- are normally provided at
main perimeter entrance to secure areas
located out of door and manned by guards on
full time basis.
● Towers or guard towers- are house like
structure above the perimeter barriers. It gives
a psychological effect to violators
● Signs and notices or control signs-should be
erected where necessary in the management of
unauthorized ingress and preclude accidental
entry.
Two types of employing perimeter guard
1. Fixed post-security guard are assigned in a
particular place of the compound to guard and
watch surroundings
2. Patrol (roving) - in this system, the security
guard require to walk and go around regularly
around the company premises
Protective lighting
* Provides a means of continuing illumination
during hours of darkness, degree of protection
that is maintained during daylight hours.
* This safe guard also has considerable value as a
deterrent to thieves and vandals and may make
a job of the saboteur more difficult.
* It is an essential element of an integrated
physical security program
Types of security lighting
● Stationary luminary- series of fixed luminaries
to flood given area-continuously overlap
● Standby lighting- turn on manually or physically
as needed
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● Movable lighting- searchlight; supplementary
top other types of lighting.
● Emergency light - This can be utilized in an
event of electric failure.
Types of lighting equipment
● Floodlights- are used for outdoor security
lighting including the illumination of
boundaries, fences and buildings
● Street light- produced diffused light rather than
direction beam. They are widely used in parking
areas.
● Search lights- are incandescent lights that
provide a type crime related lighting system.
● Fresnel light- wide beam units, primary used to
extend the illumination in long, horizontal strips
to protect the approaches to the perimeter
barrier. Horizontal beam which is approximately
180 degrees in the horizontal and from 15-30
degrees in the vertical.
Alarm (signal)
- a security device fitted to property, especially a
house car, to make a warning sound if a break-
in or theft is attempted
Protective alarm
- it is the aural or visual signal given by the
enunciator to security guard when intruder
actuates device in a protected area
Enunciator
- Is the visual or audible signaling device which
initiates condition of associated circuits
Metallic foil or wire alarm
Interruption of light beam
Interruption of light beam
Detecting sound and vibration through an audio
detection device
Vibration Detection device
Space and Motion Detector
Electromagnetic fence
Foot Rail Activator
Bill Traps
Double squeeze button alarm
Operation and types of intrusion alarm system
Breaking an electrical circuit through the metallic foil
or wire
- in a building or compound e, all possible point
of entry can be wired by using electrically
charge strips of tin foil wire. Any actions that
will move the foil or wire break the circuit and
activate the alarm
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Interruption of light beam
- An invisible light beam is
transmitted at a frequency of
several thousand per second to
a special receiver.
- It can be bypassed by crawling
underneath or climbing over it.
- it is not fit for external or
outdoor installations because fogs, smoke, dust,
rain, and other vision obstructions when devise
enough can interrupt the light and trigger false
alarm
Detecting sound and vibration through an audio
detection device
- Supersensitive microphone speaker sensors are
installed in walls, ceilings, and floors of the
protected area of any sound caused by
attempted forced entry inspected by the
sensor.
- this can be utilized effectively to safeguard
enclosed areas, vaults, safes, storage bins, file
rooms, ware houses and similar enclosures
- it is not satisfactory where high ambient noise
levels are encountered proximate to
construction sites, aircraft traffic, and vehicular
movements
Vibration detection device
- The vibration sensitive sensor is attached to
walls, ceilings or floors of the protected areas.
Space and motion detectors
- These systems derive their operating principle e
usually from a physical phenomenon known as
Doppler Effect. Constant sound wave in a
cubicle disturbed by an object will cause change
of frequency and wave motion thereby causing
an alarm to trigger.
Penetration of an electron or electromagnetic fence
- It is an electronic fence consisting of 3 to 5
strands of wired spaced from 9 to 24 inches
above one another which serves as an antenna,
a monitor panel and an electric circuitry. When
the power is put on, an electromagnetic field is
set among the wires from the top to the
ground. An intruder about two feet from this
field will trigger an alarm.
- This system is suggested to be located inside
the chain link fencing to minimize nuisance
alarms caused by animals, debris blown by the
wind, and harmless trespassers.
Foot rail activator
- Placing the front of their foot to engage the
activation bar placed on the floor in such
position that tellers may activate the alarm.
Bill traps
- are usually placed in the teller’s cash drawer
and connected to the alarm system using a wire
connector. When the currency is removed from
the devices, the alarm is activated. This is
helpful when the employees are immediately
forced to leave their station without having an
opportunity to activate the alarm safety
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Knee or thigh button
- These are installed inside desk or teller station
so they can be activated by knee or thigh
pressure. They are commonly found in a
location where personnel usually perform their
duties from a seated position
Double squeeze buttons
- pressure is required on both side of the device
and therefore the probability of accidental
alarm is reduced
Types of alarm detection system
● Central station system-a type of protective alarm
system where the central station is located
outside the installation.
● Proprietary system- this function in the same way
as the central station system except that it is
owned and leased by the subscriber, and
operated and located in the facility. since this
system is monitored locally, the response time is
monitored locally.
● Local alarm system- consist of rigging up a visual
or audible alarm near the object to be protected.
● Auxiliary alarm-in this system installation circuits
are led into local police or fire department by
leased telephone lines usually by special
arrangements.
● Local alarm by chance system- this is a local alarm
system in which a bell or siren is sounded with no
predictable response. The hope is that a neighbor
or passing persons will reach to the alarm and call
for the police assistance, but such a call is purely
a matter of chance
● Dial alarm system- This system is set to dial a
predestined number when the alarm is activated.
It could fail if line were busy or if the phone
connection were cut.
Three parts of alarm system
Sensor or trigger device
Circuits which carries messages to the signaling
apparatus
Signaling system, sometimes called the enunciator
Lock
- a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic
device to prevent entry into a building, room, or
container or hiding place and to prevent the
removal of items without the consent of the
owner.
Key
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PhD.
- a metal bar with notches or
grooves that, when inserted into
a lock and turned, operates the
lock mechanism;
Padlock
- a portable and detachable lock
having sliding hasp which passes
through a staple ring or the like
and is then made fast or secured
Peterman
- an English term used to describe a lock picker
Warded locks
- offer very little security. This type lock must
therefore be used only to have privacy but not
to provide a high degree of security.
Disc tumbler locks
- these are also known as wafer lock
Lever tumbler lock
- They are used in safe deposit boxes and are for
all practical purposes, pick proof. The least of
these locks are used in desk, lockers and
cabinets and generally less secure than pin
tumbler lock.
Pin tumbler lock
Combination lock
Code operated lock
Electromagnetic lock
Card operated lock
Types of keys
● Change key- which operates the lock and has a
particular combination of cuts, or battings which
match the tumblers of the tumblers in the lock
● Sub master key- is the key that could open all the
lock within the particular area or grouping in a
particular facility.
● Master key- is a special key that is capable of
opening a series of locks
● Grand master key- is a type of key that will open
everything in a system involving two or more
master key groups
Protective containers
● Safe- It is a metallic container used for the
safekeeping of documents or small items in an
office or installation. Its weight must be at least
750 lbs and its body should at least inch thick
steel
● Vault-This is a heavily constructed fire and vulgar
resistance container usually a part of building
structure used to keep and protect cash,
documents and negotiable instruments. It is
bigger than safe but smaller than file room. The
door should be made of steel at least 6 inches in
thickness. The wall, ceiling, floor reinforce
concrete at least 12 inches in thickness; the vault
must be resistive to fire up to six hours.
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● File room-It is a cubicle in a building a little lighter
than a vault but bigger size to accommodate
limited people to work inside. It should 12 feet
high. It must have a water tight door and at least
fire proof for one hour
Security guard forces
- It is a group of force selected men, trained or
group into functional unit for the purpose of
protecting operational processes from those
disruption which would impede efficiency or
halt operation at particular plant, facility,
installation, or special activity
Kinds of security guard force
● Private security agency- refers to any person,
association partnership, firm or private
corporation, who contracts, recruits, trains,
furnishes or post any security guard, to do its
functions or solicit individuals, business or firms
or private or public or government owned or
controlled corporation to engage his/its service
or those of his/its security guards, for hire,
commission or compensation
● Company security force- is a security force
maintained and operated by any private company
or corporation for its own security requirements
only
● Government security unit-is a security unit
maintained and operated by any government
entity other than military and / a police which is
established and maintained for the purpose of
securing the office or compound and/or
extension of such government entity.
Philippine Association of Detective and Protective
Agency Operators (PADPAO)
- This is the national association of all licensed
security agencies and company security forces.
License to operate (LTO)
- is a document issued by the CPNP or his duly
authorized representative authorizing a person
to engage in the occupation, calling or
employment as security guard or detectives, or
juridical person establish, engage, direct,
manage or operate an individual or a private
detective agency or private security
agency/company security force after payment
of the prescribed dues or fees.
Application of license:
New applicants for PSA license shall obtain
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PhD.
✔ A minimum capitalization of
1,000,000.00 only
✔ A minimum bank deposit of
500,000.00
Where to file:
✔ To the office of the CPNP
thru the CPNP SOSIA (SAGSD) using SAGSD
form 01-94 and SGSD form 02-94
respectively
Where to register:
✔ Security and Exchange Commission
Graduated scale of license to operate
✔ PSA with temporary LTO having 200 or more
but not exceeding 1000 shall be issued a regular
LTO good for 2 years
✔ New PSA shall be issued a temporary LTO good
for 1 year
✔ PSA with temporary LTO having posted 100
guards or more but less than 200 shall upon
expiration of such LTO shall be issued an
extension period of six months. However, upon
expiration of extension period, no extension
shall be granted unless a certification for
additional 50 guards posted for 150 guards
total.
✔ PSA with temporary LTO upon expiration still
fail to comply with the 100 guards requirement,
shall be granted another 6 mos. Period.
However failure to comply shall serve a basis for
the issuance of cease to operate order.
✔ LTO of PSA with less than 100 after 1 year shall
not be renewed.
✔ PSA with cancelled/revoked LTO shall ceased to
operate and within 7 days after having been
duly notified of such ceased to operate , shall
immediate deposit all its fire arms with the FEO(
FED) or to the nearest CSFD office.
Basic requirement of an operator or manager of
agency
✔ Filipino citizen
✔ At least 25 years old
✔ College graduate or
✔ A commissioned officer of an inactive service
✔ Retired from PNP or AFP or
✔ Graduated/ taken course in concepts and
methods in industrial security and security
management and/or
✔ Must have an adequate training or experienced
in security service
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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
✔ Good moral character
Tenure of security personnel
✔ It shall be co-terminus with the service contract
between the PSA and the client.
Grounds for termination of guards services:
� Expiration of contract
� Revocation of license to exercise profession
� Conviction of crime involving moral turpitude
� Loss of trust and confidence
� Physical and mental disability
� Any other violation of the pertinent rules and
regulations of RA 5487
Security guard
- also known as private security guard or
watchman shall include any person who offers
or renders personal services to watch or secure
either a residence or business establishment or
both or buildings for hire or compensation or as
employee thereof.
Private detective
- refers to any person who does detective work
for hire, reward or commission, other than
members of the AFP, BJMP,provicial guards ,
PNP or other law enforcement agency of the
government.
License to exercise profession or license certificate
- the document issued by the CPNP or his duly
representative recognizing a person to be
qualified to perform his duties as security guard
or detective
Basic requisites for security guards
✔ Filipino citizen
✔ High school graduate
✔ Physically and mentally fit
✔ At least 18 years old but not more than 50 years
old
✔ Has undergone pre -licensing training course:
and
✔ Must not posses any of the following
disqualification
Exemption from pre-licensing:
✔ Veterans and retired or honorably discharged
military/police personnel
GERALD L. CENIZA,
PhD.
✔ ROTC advance/basic graduates,
and /or its equivalent in the
AFP,PNP,CAFGU
Basic qualification for private detective
✔ Holder of baccalaureate degree
or bachelor of laws or
✔ BS criminology graduate or;
✔ Graduate of criminal investigation course
offered by the PC/INP or the PNP or the NBI or
any police training with authorized or
recognized training center for security guard; or
✔ Advance reserve officers training course or
citizen military training (ROTC or CMT) graduate
Qualification of security officer
✔ Filipino citizen
✔ Holder of baccalaureate degree
✔ Physically and mentally fit
✔ Has graduated from a security officer training
course
✔ Retired personnel of the PNP/AFP; and
✔ Must not posses any of the disqualification
Qualifications of security consultant
✔ Holder of masters degree in either Criminology,
public administration, industrial administration
or law; or
✔ Must have at least 10 years experience in the
operation and management of security
business.
Note: Any officer or enlisted man of the AFP or a
uniform member of the PNP honorably
discharge/separated or retired from the service are
exempted from the requirements
PSA are entitled to possess firearms of any of the
following:
● Shotgun not higher than 12 gauge;
● Low-power rifle or revolver, cal .22
● Cal .38 pistols or revolvers not exceeding 1 FA
for every security guard in its employ
Minimum number of FA:
- PSA with 100 guards- at least 30 pieces of
licensed FA.However after operating 6 mos. The
PSA can procure firearms in proportion to the
number of posted guards
- For regular license to operate- at least 70 pieces
of FA
- Private detective agency- optional
Exception is granted by the CPNP or regional director of
RPO to possess high powered firearm under the
following conditions
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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
● Acquisition of the high powered FA shall be at
the expense of the PSA/CSF concerned
● Before the FA are used, the same should be
registered with the PNP-FED
● The security personnel who will use such FA
shall first be given adequate training in the care
and use thereof which will be under the
supervision of qualified officers and men of the
PNP
Limitations in carrying the FA
● The issued FA shall be carried only by the
security guard:
● During his tour of duty when in proper uniform
within the compound of the establishment,
when he is assigned
● Except when he is escorting big amount of cash
valuables, and prior coordination with the
nearest PNP units
Duty Detail Order
- PSA and CSF detailing security personnel on
duties under the circumstances mentioned or
while escorting bid amount of cash or valuable
outside its jurisdiction or area of operation shall
issue an appropriate DDO using SAGSD form no
12-94
Reasons of revocation of license to possess FA
� Failure to submit any issued FA for verification
as required by sec 897 of RAC
� Carrying of FA by security guard without
appropriate DDO
� When its serial number is duplicated or using 1
SN for more than 1 FA
� Carrying of FA outside the place stated in the
permit
� Conviction of the manager or operator of the
agency of ant crime involving moral turpitude
� When the firearm was reported lost
Illegal possession of firearm
- shall be committed by the security guard or
private detective who use unlicensed FA in the
performance of his duty, or use 1 FA with
duplicated SN
- It shall not exceed 50 rounds per unit of a duly
licensed FA
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- Individual issue to security guard
shall be limited to 25 rounds
Uniform for Security guard
* Service uniform
* Private security guard- fast navy
blue
* Company security guard- light
gray
* Government security unit- white
* Gala uniform- for ceremonial purposes only at
the expense of the establishment conducting
the ceremonies
Ranks and Positions
* Security management staff
* Security director- agency manager/ chief
security of officer
* Security executive director- assistant agency
manager/ assistant security officer
* Security staff director- staff director for
operation and staff director for administration
* Line leadership staff
* Security supervisor 3-detachment commander
* Security supervisor 2-chief inspector
* Security supervisor 1- inspector
* Security guard
* Security guard 1-watchman/guard
* Security guard 2- shift-in-charge
* Security guard 3- post-in-charge
* Security consultant-optional
Job description
Agency manager/chief security officer
- responsible for the entire operation and
administration of the security agency
- It is vested the authority and responsibility
of running the security force by authority of
the president of the company/corporation
- He is the principal adviser to the president
on matters involving security operations and
administration of security force
Assistant agency manager
- Assist the agency manager and takes the
operational and administrative management
when the manger is absent.
- He performs the duties as directed by the
GM
Security staff director for operation
- He is responsible for the conduct of
investigation, intelligence and the conduct of
training.
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Security staff director for administration
- He is responsible for the professionalization
of the personnel, procurement, recruitment,
confirming of awards, mobility and issuance
of firearms
Detachment commander
- The field or area commander of the
company. Detachment shall consist of
several post
- He prepares and executes the security plan
of his detachment
- He receives instruction from the GM and
implements the same as required
- He conducts inspection of his units and
institutes corrective measures on the spot
on those problems he may detect or brought
to his attention. If not possible he brings the
problem to the security manager of the
establishment.
Chief inspector
- shall be responsible for inspecting the entire
area covered by the detachment
Security inspector
- Responsible for the area assigned by the
chief inspector of the detachment.
- He forms his men at least 30 minute before
posting time seeing that all are in proper
uniform and presentable
- He inspects the posts as often as he can to
ensure that his men are on the alert and
performing their duties effectively
Post- in-charge
- responsible for the entire detailed security
officer/personnel within a certain
establishment
Shift- in- charge
- is responsible for the security officers who
are scheduled in a certain shift for a
particular period
Watchman/guard
- The one actually posted as watchman or
guard.
- Is manning a fixed post especially entrance
or exit points, he must maintain a guard’s
logbook and enters in the same logbook all
events/ passages of VIP’s vehicles and
inspections or visits of security manager/
director of the client/firm
Territorial power
- perform duties within the firm or
establishment with whom he/his agency has
a contract for security service and shall not
GERALD L. CENIZA,
PhD.
go beyond the property or
compound, except:
● when required by the
clientele in accordance
with the terms of their
contract to escort big an
amount of money or
valuables or
● In some cases of hot pursuit of criminals
Duty of SG making arrest
- He shall immediately turnover the person
arrested to the nearest peace officer.
Search without warrant
Any security guard may;
* Incident to the arrest, search the person in
the presence of at least 2 witnesses.
* Also search the person, firm or
establishment with which such search is
required by very nature of the business of
the clientele.
General scope of detective work:
Personnel security investigation
✔ Locating missing person
✔ Surveillance work
Personnel security
- Includes all the security measures designed to
prevent unsuitable individuals or persons of
doubtful loyalty to the government, from
gaining access to classified matter or to any
security facility, and to prevent appointment, or
retention as employees of such individuals.
- The weakest link in security chain.
* This weakness can best be minimize by
making the personnel security conscious
through good training program
* The superior must instruct his subordinates
so they will know exactly what security
measures to take in every instance. An
individual must be properly instructed and
must do a locking
Control of personnel in physical Security
Types of personnel identification
* Personal identification- familiarity of the
person’s characteristics
* Artificial identification-identification cards,
passes, passwords.
Use of pass system
* Single pass system- the badge or pass code
for authorization to enter specific areas is
issued to an employee who keeps it in
possession until his authorization terminates
* Pass exchange system- an exchange takes
place at the entrance of each controlled
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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
area. Upon leaving the personnel surrenders
his badge or passes and retrieve back his
basic identification
* Multiple pass system- this provides an extra
measure of security by requiring that an
exchange take place at the entrance of each
restricted area
Visitor’s movement control
* Visitor’s logbook- all visitors to any facility
should be required to identify themselves and
should be given a visitor’s ID by the security.
Visitor’s logbook should be filled up with the
name of visitors, nature and duration of visit.
* Photograph- taking of photographs should also
be considered. Extreme caution must be
exercised in areas where classified information
is displayed to preclude unauthorized taking of
pictures of an installation. If the visitor has a
camera and is prohibited to take the picture,
said camera should be left in the care of the
security with corresponding receipt.
* Escort- If possible visitors should be escorted by
the security to monitor their within the
establishment and guide them where to go.
* Visitors entrances- separate access for visitors
and employees of the establishment should be
provided
* Time travelled- If there is a long delay or time
lapse between the departure and arrival, the
visitors may be required to show cause of the
delay.
* Access list- record of pre-determined visitors.
Package movement control
● No packages shall be authorized to be brought
inside the industrial installation, offices and
work area without proper authority
● Outgoing packages carried by personnel should
be closely inspected and those in vehicles
should also be checked as many pilfered items
are hidden in the surface of the vehicles leaving
the compound.
● Any personnel/ visitor entering the installation
with a package should deposit the same to the
authority and in return receives a numbered
tag, which he/she will use in claiming his/her
package upon departing
GERALD L. CENIZA,
PhD.
Control of vehicle in the installation
● Privately owned vehicle of
personnel/visitor should be
registered and are subject to the
identification and admittance
procedure
● Vehicles should be subjected for
searched at the entrance and exit of the
installation
● All visitors with vehicle should provide the
security the complete details of their duration
to stay, person to be visited, and other
information
● All vehicles visitors should be given a sign or
sticker to be placed on the windshield
● Security personnel must constantly supervise
parking areas and make frequent spot searches
and vehicles found there
Personnel security investigation
- It is an inquiry into the character, reputation,
discretion and loyalty of individual in order to
determine a person’s suitability to be given
security clearance.
- Types of PSI
* National agency check (NAC) - inquiry with
the ff:
✔ National Intelligence Coordinating Agency
(NICA)
✔ National Bureau of Investigation
✔ CIDG camp Crame
* Local Agency Check (LAC)- inquiry with ff:
✔ Place of the locality where the individual
is a resident
✔ Mayor, police, fiscal, judge of the locality
where the individual is a resident
Background investigation
✔ This more comprehensive investigation than the
NAC and LAC. A thorough and complete
investigation of all or some of the circumstances
or aspects of a person’s life is conducted
Types of BI
● Complete background investigation- consist of
the investigation of the background of a person,
particularly all the circumstances of his personal
life.
● Partial background investigation- consist of the
investigation of the background of an individual
but limited only to some of the circumstances
of his personal life which are deemed pertinent
to the investigation
Security education
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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
● a seminar type given to employees of an
installation pertaining to protective measures,
security procedures, personnel safety and
protection of properties of the company or
installation
● It has been stated previously that human
barriers includes shop workers, utility workers,
rank and file employees, and management staff
of companies and business establishment
● With these, company employees should be
educated and made aware of their roles in the
security of their own company. The ultimate
purpose is to make everybody security
conscious because “security is everybody’s
business”
Types of business records
● Class I (vital records) - these include records
that are liable records of which reproduction
does not have the same value as the original,
records needed to recover cash, and records to
avoid delay in restoration of production, sales
and services.
● Class II( useful records)-these include records
which loss might cause inconvenience but
could readily replace Ex. Procedures, policies
and plan
● Class III (important records) These include
record of the reproduction of which will involve
considerable delay. Operating , statistical record
and contracts belong to this class
● Class IV( non-essential records)- these are the
daily files, routine in nature so that if even if
lost or destroyed will not affect operation or
administration. Ex; daily report
● Classified- refers to assign information by one
of the four categories
● Compromise- means loss of security, which
results from unauthorized person obtaining
knowledge of classified matter
● Compartmentation- is the grant of access to
classified matter only to properly cleaved
persons in the performance of their official
duties
● Declassify- is the removal of the security
classification from classified matter
GERALD L. CENIZA,
PhD.
● Reclassify/regrading- is the act
of changing the assigned
classification of matter
● Upgrading- is the act of
assigning to a matter of a higher
classification
● Dissemination- shall be
restricted to a properly cleared persons whose
official duties required knowledge or possession
thereof. Responsibility for the determination of
need to know rest upon both individual, who
has possession, knowledge or command control
of the information involve and the recipient
● Purging- is the process of destroying a
document which is no longer significant in the
organization
Risk
● It is the potential damage or loss of an asset
Risk management
● It is the process of selecting and implementing
security countermeasures to achieve an
acceptable level of risk at an acceptable cost
Adversary
● an individual, group, or organization or
government that conducts activities or has the
intention and capability to conduct activities
detrimental to the individual, private or
government
Asset
● Any information, facility, material or activity
which has a positive value to its owner whether
it is individual, private or government entity.
Countermeasures
● an action taken or physical security used to
reduce or eliminate one or more vulnerabilities
Criticality
● It is the impact of a loss as measured in financial
terms
Risk management alternatives and strategies
● Risk avoidance- This is the eliminating or
removing the risk totally from the business,
government, or industrial environment for
which the risk manager has responsibility. A
good example is the proper disposal of
inflammable substances
● Risk reduction- This the decreasing the risk by
minimizing the probability of the potential loss.
A good example is the construction of fences
and similar physical barrier
● Risk spreading- This is the spreading of risk
through compartmentation or decentralization
to limit the impact of the potential loss. This
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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
could be done by using numerous vaults and
safe for the safe keeping of valuables such as
documents and bills.
● Risk transfer- this is the moving the financial
impact of the potential loss over to an
insurance company. This is done by availing of
property and life insurances. Hiring security
agency is good example.
● Risk self- assumption- This the planned
assumption and acceptance of the potential risk
by making a deliberate managerial decision of
doing nothing about the threat, or setting aside
resources for the use in case of a specific loss
incident.
Types of hazards
● Natural hazards- these are hazards which arise
from natural phenomena
● Human- man made hazards- these are hazards
which are result of a state of mind, attitude,
weaknesses or character traits of one or more
person. This includes;
* Sabotage- It can be described as the
deliberate destruction or the deliberate
damaging or destroying of property or
equipment. For example by resistance
fighter, enemy agents, or disgruntled
workers.
* Espionage- It is the activity of spying or the
use of spying or spies to gather secret
information
* Pilferage- the act of stealing small things or
items of little value, especially habitually.
Types of pilferer
1. Casual pilferer- is one who steals due
his inability to resist the unexpected
opportunity and has a little fear of
detection is no plan or premeditation
and he is usually a loner on the job.
The temptation to pick up the article is
basically due to poor security measure
2. Systematic pilferer- is one who steals
with preconceived plans and takes
away any or all types of items or
supplies for economic gain. Pilferer of
this kind can be employees or outsider
of the establishment
Factors considered in pilferage
GERALD L. CENIZA,
PhD.
1. Location of items to be
pilfered- the
systematic pilferer
surveys shopping and
store areas.
2. Access to the items-
techniques can be
from fake documents,
bribing of guards, outsmarting
security, creating disturbance and
other methods to divert attention
while pilferage goes on.
3. Removal of item- this can be done as
wearing the stolen shoes or shorts,
concealment in the body or vehicle
4. Disposal of item- there is a need for
“fences” brokers or “clearing houses”
for these hot items.
5. Security system- this the set of
policies, procedures and rules and
regulations designed to reduce to an
absolute minimum the possibility of
espionage, sabotage, and compromise
of classified information of an office or
a whole establishment
6. Security survey- this also known as
security audit which is actually a fact-
finding probe to determine a plant’s
adequacy and deficiency in all aspects
of security, with the corresponding
recommendations.
Countermeasure for casual pilferage
✔ Spot check on outgoing vehicles and
persons
✔ An aggressive security education and
indoctrination program with emphasis the
“crime does not pay”
✔ Inventory and control methods should be
done especially to pilfer able items
Countermeasures for systematic pilferage
✔ Guards and electronic surveillance on all
exits
✔ Package and material control system
✔ Parking area outside perimeter fence
Countermeasure against sabotage
✔ Use of an efficient , alert and trained guard
forces
✔ Use of physical security aids like barriers,
personnel and vehicular control, intrusion
devices, communication system
✔ Identification and movement control
system
✔ Searches on incoming vehicle
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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT GERALD L. CENIZA,
PhD.
- This is a planned and organized
determination of facts
concerning specific loss or
damage of assets due to threats,
hazards or unsecured condition

✔ Effective and compatible emergency

planning
Countermeasures against industrial espionage
✔ Continuing personnel check on employees
and particularly personnel on sensitive
position even already employed.
✔ Prevention of unauthorized entry to the
plant or industrial installation
✔ Restricting of movement of personnel in
the premises of the plant
✔ Controlled disposal of waste papers
including carbon in classified work
✔ Only properly cleared personnel should
handle classified work
Survey
- the term applied in the detailed “look see”
conducted by a team.
Security inspection or follow up surveys
- this the term referring to the succeeding
surveys after the initial survey
Special survey
- This is directed by management, if the initial
survey appears to have left certain portion or
aspects involving security due to change in
policy or operation that greatly affect the total
security picture
Entrance conference
- a conference or dialogue between the survey
team and management officials of a plant
before security survey is conducted.
Exit conference
- a conference similar to entrance conference
done after the completion of the security
survey.
Who performs security survey and audit?
- This should be conducted by qualified experts
who can be from the organization or outsiders
contracted to do the job.
Generally recommendations from the security survey
will fall into three categories;
a. Human guards
b. Equipment
c. Procedures
Security inspection
- This a check of how well security measures and
regulations are being carried out within a
detachment or establishment.
Security investigation

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