★ Comparative Analysis ★

Irish Clyde C. Dolotallas – Grade 11 HUMSS Y2-1P

Applied Social Science – Ms. Karen Pena Rubia

★ Kindly include the following ★

Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory, Behavioral Theory, Cognitive Theory
Humanistic Approach, & Holistic/Integrative Therapy

Origin and Founders, Key Concepts, Techniques, Strengths and Weaknesses

★★★
Introduction

A change of development is a direction that can lead you to a good

destination. This is something that different counselors accomplish, the
advice they give will lead to enlightenment because it provides clearer
potential for improvement and achieving a better point of view. The client
will go through the realization process, which will help them understand,
decide, and change to become a better person.

I'm going to tackle and examine the many theories and approaches of
these five different types of counseling theories.
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic theory, Behavioral theory, Cognitive
theory, Humanistic approach, and Holistic/integrative therapy. Each will
be identified according to its origin and founders, key concepts, and
techniques, as well as its strengths and weaknesses. In the end, it will be
discovered that they share many similarities but also differ in several
ways. Absorbing all of the knowledge will improve our understanding of it
even more. Introducing the identification of many sorts of counseling
theories and techniques will help us provide direction that will lead to a
better situation. They have had an incredible direction to get where they
are right now.

★★★

1. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory ★★★

A. What is Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory?

As explained by Structural Learning, Psychodynamic therapy which is

closely related to Psychoanalytic therapy, aims to bring the unconscious
mind into consciousness by assisting individuals in experiencing and
understanding their true feelings to resolve them. It is an approach that
brings together all parts of a person's life.

It is a talking therapy that was based on the idea on the concept that
talking about problems can help people learn and develop the skills they
need to address them. With the help of a therapist, people undergoing
psychodynamic therapy will work to understand their feelings, beliefs, and
childhood experiences (Medical News Today, 2020) Clients can gain a
greater knowledge of how they see their surroundings and how all of these
aspects affect their experiences.

B. Origin of Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory

Between the 1890s and the 1930s, a collection of theories developed that
served as the foundation for the psychodynamic approach to psychology.
The idea of Psychoanalysis (German: Psychoanalyse) first gained
attention under Sigmund Freud, who developed his own theory of
Psychoanalysis in Vienna. According to Freud, the unconscious mind is a
store of feelings and urges that we are unaware of. The unconscious mind
can be accessed through dream analysis, examinations of the first words
that come to people's minds, and seemingly innocent slips of the tongue.
C. Sigmund Freud - The Founder of Psychoanalysis
(1856-1939)

Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856 and died on

September 23, 1939. He excelled intellectually, gaining a love of
literature, languages, and the arts that would greatly influence his
understanding of the human mind. Freud grew fascinated by
medical and scientific studies, and he went on to study medicine at
the University of Vienna. While studying, Freud became fascinated
with neurology, and upon returning to Vienna, he began using
hypnosis in his own clinical practice with patients.

Besides Psychoanalysis Theory, he published a lot of his works that

are still important until today. Around 1899, he published
"Interpretation of Dreams," a well-known important book whose
purpose is to get some understanding of how dreams are the result
of the unconscious mind. He believed that dreams were symbols that
could express multiple meanings at once. Between 1901 and 1905,
he expands his model of human psychology by writing two more. He
published the books "Psychopathology of Everyday Life" &
"Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality."

D. Vienna Psychoanalytic Society - The Relationship

between Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung
(1902-1909)

In 1902, a group of physicians and psychiatrists in Vienna Austria

became interested in Freud's works. They formed as the Wednesday
Psychological Society, with a total of 16 members through 1909. Alfred
Adler and Carl Jung were considered to be members of the group and
were acknowledged as extremely influential psychoanalytic theorists.
The name has been changed and is now known as the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Society. The relationship between Alfred Adler and
Sigmund Freud has both similarities and differences in psychology.
Carl Jung and Freud, on the other hand, quickly became close
 colleagues and friends, fascinated and excited about the possibilities of
psychoanalysis.

E. Techniques of Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
Theory

1. Transference Analysis
It refers to the therapist-patient connection and the idea that the patient's
feelings and behaviors towards their therapist can give insight into their
childhood experiences.

Another idea is Countertransference, which refers to the therapist's

unconscious feelings and ideas towards the patient.

2. Dream Analysis

It contains many thoughts, memories, and emotions that remain

aware, which show up in the patient's dreams and fantasies as there
are patterns that will emerge.

3. Interpretation
This may include interpretations of body language, emotional expressions, and
other forms of verbal and nonverbal communication

4. Free Association
It involves encouraging the patient to speak openly in order to help unconscious
thoughts, anxieties, shame, and motivations. It can include interpretation of
body language, emotional expressions, and other forms of verbal and nonverbal
communication.

F. The Strengths and Weaknesses of Psychoanalysis

Theory

The Strengths of Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory

 1. Emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind and early childhood
experiences in the development of personality.
2. Emphasizes the dynamic nature of behavior
3. Emphasizes defense mechanisms
4. Resulted in a serious interest in psychological treatment of mental
disorders.

The Weaknesses of Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory

The weakness of psychoanalytic theory is that it takes a large amount of time to

finish this kind of treatment, which might make it ineffective if a patient gives up
too soon they doesn't see the results right away.

1. Some theorists and psychologists believe Freud’s theory overemphasized

the unconscious mind in determining what someone is struggling with.

2. Concepts proposed by psychoanalytic theorist can be hard to measure of

quantify

3. Most of Freud’s ideas were based on case studies and observation rather
than specific or proof.

★★★

2. Behavioral Learning Theory ★★★

A. What is Behavioral Learning Theory?

As explained by (Kendra C. 2022) Behaviorism, also known as Behavioral

Learning theory, it highlights the importance of learning and observable
behaviors in understanding human and animal actions.

It is a learning theory that says that all behaviors are acquired through
conditioned interaction with the environment and can be examined in a
systematic and observable manner. Only the actions can be observed
because the mind, emotions, and mood are just too subjective. They also
believed that everyone, regardless of their genes, personality traits, and
internal thoughts, could be trained to accomplish any task within their
physical abilities.

B. Origin of Behavioral Learning Theory

It was created when Ivan Pavlov performed his famous experiment with
dogs. He studied a type of learning behavior known as a conditioned
reflex, in which he used a bell to alert the dogs that they were about to
receive a treat. He noticed the dogs drooling in the excitement of their
feeding schedule and became interested in what was going on.

C. Key Concepts and Techniques of Behavioral Learning

Theory

1. Classical Conditioning

The neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus

because it is learning through association, exactly as Ivan Pavlov did.
When a bell rings, the dog knows that they are about to receive a treat.

2. Operant Conditioning

It is also known as Instrumental conditioning, which is a form of

learning through reinforcement and punishment. There is an
association between behavior and its consequences. There are two
kinds of reinforcement: Continuous reinforcement and Partial
reinforcement. Continuous Reinforcement involves rewarding every
instance of behavior, while Partial Reinforcement provides a reward
after many responses or after some time has gone by.

D. Ivan Pavlov
He was born around September 26 1849, and died on February 27 1936.
He was a Russian Psychologist who became known for his contributions
to the development of Behaviorism theory. His research was the first to
explore the theory of classical conditioning or conditional reflex cause
responses, as well as the idea that the brain may connect to stimuli to
learn new responses.

E. John B Watson
John Broadus Watson He was born around January 9 1878, and he died
on September 25 1958. He is an American Psychologist who believes that
psychology should be objective, focused only on predicting and
controlling observable behavior. Watson believed that the study of
consciousness was incorrect. Because he believed that objective analysis
of the mind was impossible, Watson chose to focus on observable behavior
and attempt to control it.

F. B.F. Skinner

Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904, and died on
August 18, 1990. His most important contributions were introducing the
idea of radical behaviorism and defining operant conditioning. He
concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences. He based
on Thorndike's law of effect: Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be
repeated, while punished behaviors are less likely to be repeated.

G. The Strengths and Weaknesses of Behavioral Learning

Theory

The Strengths of Behavioral Learning Theory

1. Based on observable behaviors, since the study and experiment a highly

effective tool in providing explanations and clear pieces of evidence about
a given situation, early theorists and supporters of behaviorism took pride
in beginning the studies for this.

2. Token economies as much has been explained about the

values of reinforcements like rewards and punishments when it
comes to learning, they are appropriately used and considered.

The Weaknesses of Behavioral Learning Theory

1. It is a one-dimensional approach that does not account for free will or

other types of learning, as well as other impacts like moods, thoughts, and
feelings.

★★★

3. Cognitive Theory ★★★

A. What is Cognitive Theory?

Cognitive theory assumes that thoughts are the major causes of emotion
and behavior. Information processing is a usual term for this mental
process. Cognitive Learning Theory asks us to think about thinking and
how it can be influenced by internal factors like how focused we are or
how distracted we've become and external factors like whether the things
we're learning are valued by our community or whether we receive praise
from others when we learn.

B. Origin of Cognitive Theory

Aaron T. Beck (July 18, 1921 – November 1, 2021)

Dr. Aaron Temkin Beck is a major researcher in psychopathology and

one of the five most influential psychotherapists at the time. His work with
depressed patients led him to propose a new theory of depression. He
assisted his patients in changing their perspectives on situations and
engaging in more adaptive behaviors, which made them feel better. He
named his new therapy "Cognitive Therapy," which was eventually
renamed Cognitive Behavior Therapy, or CBT. In 1977, it was shown to be
the first talk therapy to be as successful as medication in the treatment of
depression.

Albert Ellis (September 27 1913 – July 24 2007)

Albert Ellis, an American psychologist and psychotherapist, was

interested in psychology from an early age and began studying it on his
own at the age of 16. He continued to explore and develop his ideas
throughout time, eventually introducing REBT (his own approach to
therapy) in the 1950s. It is also known as Rational Emotive Behavioral
Therapy, which is founded on the idea that a person's beliefs about a
condition or circumstance are the most distressing. That is why
practitioners use it to help clients how to recognize and challenge wrong
or unhelpful thinking that causes negative emotions or behaviors.

C. Techniques of Cognitive Theory

One of the most effective ways for a therapist to challenge a client's

thinking is to use gentle questioning to reveal negative thoughts. Cognitive
therapy uses techniques for revealing, testing, and changing the client's
beliefs.

D. The Strengths and Weaknesses of Cognitive Theory

The Strengths of Cognitive Theory

The use of cognitive psychology, especially for treatment, shows its

strength. For example, cognitive therapy successfully transforms patients
thought processes while providing relief from mental illnesses. It shows
that people treated with cognitive therapy get better results than when
treated with alternative psychological treatments.

The Weaknesses of Cognitive Theory

There is evidence that people with psychological disorders have incorrect
thinking processes, the theory does not provide mechanisms for knowing if
the thinking patterns are the source of the identified disorder or the
disorder is the cause of the negative thoughts.

★★★
4. Humanistic Approach ★★★

A. What is the Humanistic Approach?

It focuses on each person's potential and highlights the
importance of progress and personal development.
Humanistic psychologists believe that individuals are good and
that mental and social issues arise from natural happenings

Humanistic psychology also implies that people have independence

and have a need to use it to pursue goals that will help them reach
their full potential as human beings.

B. Origin of Humanistic Approach

Carl Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987)

According to Carl Rogers' theory, the real and ideal self must be
congruent. Rogers believed self-actualization was something every
individual was seeking. Rogers divides the self into two categories: the
real and the ideal self. The real self represents who someone is in real life,
while the ideal self represents who someone aspires to be. People's ideal
self is not always consistent with what happens in real life. Congruence
develops when one's thoughts about the ideal self and real self are
closely connected when one's self-concept is correct and powerful. High
congruence leads to a better, more productive life and a greater sense of
self-worth.

Abraham Maslow (April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970)

Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of a hierarchy of needs in his

1943 paper, "A Theory of Human Motivation," and later in his book,
"Motivation and Personality." This hierarchy suggests that people are
motivated to meet basic needs before moving on to more advanced needs.
Maslow was more interested in understanding about what makes
individuals happy and how they reach that goal.
Maslow felt that people have a natural desire to be fulfilled in themselves,
or to be the best versions of themselves. To attain this ultimate goal, many
more basic requirements must be met. This includes the need for food,
security, love, and self-esteem.

C. Techniques of Humanistic Approach

1. Congruence – being open, authentic and genuine

2. Empathetic understanding – Communicating that understanding to the
client as the individual should be heard, seen, and understood.
3. Reflective Listening – It can help reinforce what the client is saying as
you summarize what the client said in their own words.
4. Unconditional Positive regard – The therapist accepting the individual
without judgement
 D. The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Humanistic
Approach
The Strengths of Humanistic Approach
It focuses on human choice and responsibility. Humanistic psychology
satisfies most people's conceptions of what it means to be human
because it supports personal ideals and becoming oneself.
The Weaknesses of Humanistic Approach
It is overly positive when it comes to human behavior- this means that it
believe individuals are naturally good and will select positive routes for
their lives- yet, free will and choice are limited for some persons. This
limits the application of the humanistic approach by ignoring things
that are out of conscious awareness.

★★★

5. Holistic Approach ★★★

A. What is the Holistic /Integrative Approach?

Holism has traditionally been defined as a philosophical system that
claims that the determining values in nature are wholes. The evolution
of the universe is a record of the activity and creation of such wholes.
Universes and all the entities within them are a system where the
pieces interact and interconnect. With each other. As a result, the whole
is far more than the sum of its parts.

B. Origin of Holistic/Integrative Approach

It is intended to deliver psychotherapy using a variety of techniques,

methodologies, and philosophies that suit the client's specific needs. It
considers each human being to be unique, and each presented problem
might require a new strategy or methodology. It focuses not only on the
integration of an individual's affective, cognitive, behavioral, and
physiological functioning, but also on their relational, physical,
existential, spiritual, social, and emotional needs.

C. Techniques of Holistic Approach

Integrative therapy involves a variety of treatments, including
psychodynamic, cognitive, and behavioral techniques. These techniques
can be used in a variety of contexts, including individual, family, and
group therapy. An integrated therapist will adapt and combine several
treatments based on the client's requirements and goals.

D. The Strengths and Weaknesses of Holistic Approach

The Strengths of Holistic Approach
1. Individualized – It can adapted depending on the individual's
situation
2. Flexible – can be adapted any time based on events
3. Adaptable – it can be modified depending on the disorder the
person is facing
4. Holistic- people learn and understand different aspects of
themselves.

The Weaknesses of Holistic Approach

It requires specialized training and expertise as it can be challenging as
they lack coherent theoretical framework.

★★★
 Comparative Analysis ★★★

A. The Similarities

1. They rely on these theories to help us humans

These theories all have one thing in common: they want to help humans
address their issues by treating them in different ways. They use these
theories to change everything that a human requires, as humans
encounter different situations that always will happen in real life. It is
capable of understanding, assisting, changing, engaging, and training
to produce a positive progressive outcome for humans.

2. They are created with very amazing psychologists

With the passing of time, there is a single human who is determined to
understand everything it can imagine. Being interested allows that
person to study and find many things that will benefit society. It may
also influence others, inspiring them to expand their viewpoints on
their creation, because of an intelligent and curious mind.

B. The Differences

1. Techniques
Psychoanalysis Theory – It focuses on analysis, interpretation and
associations
Behavioral Theory – Focuses on anything related on conditions
Cognitive Theory – Their goal is to challenge the clients through gentle
questioning to release the negative thoughts.
Humanistic Approach – Focuses how they will handle the choice of the
human and its responsibilities
Holistic Approach – It can use in a variety of context, group or individual
therapy