Irony

-A literary device in which words are used to express an contradiction between appearance and
reality.
-Reality is usually the opposite of what it seems

Three types of Irony:

Verbal Dramatic Situational

-Is when a speaker or writer -Is when the audience or the -Is when the outcome of a
says one thing but actually reader is aware of something situation is totally different
means the opposite. that the character does not from what contradicts and
-Sarcasm know. contrasts.

Organizing Information (Tables, graphs and charts)

-Two most commonly used methods in organizing data are the tabular method through the use
of tables and the graphical method which uses the graphs and charts.

3 Basic types of graphs

1. Tables allow the reader to classify and compare the given facts.
2. Graphs that show the relationship between two or more sets of ideas.

3 common types of graphs

Line graphs Bar graphs Pie chart

-Plot two or more sets of facts -Present a set of bars. -Show a whole group as a
on vertical and horizontal -Each bar stands for a circle and divides the circle
axes. specific quantity, amount or into smaller units that look
like slices of a pie.
measurement.
-Allows us to compare the
quantity represented by each
bar.

3. Diagrams are graphics that explain in detail the relationships between the parts of an
idea to the whole idea. 3 types of diagrams:

Flow chart Pictogram Drawings

 -Is a diagram that shows a
step-by-step process.
-Is a diagram that uses
pictorial forms to represent
data.
-Usually statistics are used in
pictograms.

Prosodic features of speech

Entertaining speech-Is a speech designed to captivate an audience’s attention.

- Regale or amuse them while delivering a message.
- Often delivered on special occasions.
- Sometimes referred to as special-occasion.
- Primarily to amuse the audience.
- The goal is to stir the audience's emotions.

Prosodic features of speech-Refer to the way we speak or the way of putting sounds together to
become a connected meaningful speech.

Different prosodic features of speech.

-Intonation
-Stress
-Pitch
-Volume
-Juncture
-Speech rate

Juncture-Enables the hearer to detect the word or phrase boundary.

Rate of speech-The speed we apply when saying a sentence.

Figurative language

-It is a writing or speech not meant to be taken literally

Types of figurative language

Simile-Involves a direct comparison between two unlike things.

- Usually with the words like or as.
Metaphor-Compares two unlike things without using the words like or as.
- It states the comparison as it were a fact.
- A way of describing something by comparing it to something else.
Personification-Gives the qualities of a person to an object,animal or an idea.
- Giving human characteristics to an animal, object or abstract quality.
Hyperbole-Shows exaggerated statement used to heighten effect.
- It is not used to mislead the reader, but to emphasize a point.
Onomatopoeia-Word that imitates the sound it represents.
Alliteration-Repeated consonant sounds occurring at the beginning of words or within words.
Assonance-Repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds within words, phrases, or sentences.
Litote-Employs an understatement by using double negative or negative positive.

Patterns of idea development.

How to write an effective paragraph?

Paragraph-Comprised of sentence.
- Group of sentences organized around a central topic.

Write by using these sentences by order:

-Topic sentence
-Three supporting sentence
-Concluding sentences.

4 Essential elements of effective writing

1. Unity-in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. Every paragraph has one single,
controlling idea that is expressed in its topic sentence, which is typically the first
sentence of the paragraph.
2. Order-refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences.
3. Coherence-The quality that makes your writing understandable.
4. Completeness-All sentences clearly and sufficiently support the main idea.

Themes
-Is the main idea of the story.
-2 types of themes:

Thematic concept Thematic statement

-Is the broad topic it brushes upon. -Is the author’s point view about that topic his
or her work.
Example: Love
Example: Love is blind.

How to find the theme?

-Title
-Settings and characters
-Plot and conflict
-Authors point-of-view

Claim and counterclaim.

Claim and counterclaim-Method of writing that tries to convince the readers to accept your
claim.
Grammatical signals of claim and counterclaim: But, however, by contrast, another way of
viewing this, rather, another possibility, on the other hand, on the contrary, though, although,
nevertheless, while it is true, in fact.