Undergraduate Course in Mathematics

Complex Variables
Topic: Cauchy Integral Formula

Conducted By

Partho Sutra Dhor

Faculty, Mathematics and Natural Sciences
BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
 Cauchy Integral Formula

Let 𝑓(𝑧) be analytic inside and on a simple closed curve 𝐶

and let a be any point inside 𝐶. Then

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 Cauchy Integral Formula (General Version)

Let 𝑓(𝑧) be analytic inside and on a simple closed curve 𝐶

and let a be any point inside 𝐶. Then

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Partial Fraction

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Type-I (no repetition of roots)

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Type-II (with repetition of roots)

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 Proof of Cauchy Integral Formula

Let 𝑓(𝑧) be analytic inside and on a simple closed curve 𝐶

and let a be any point inside 𝐶. Then

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Proof:
𝒇(𝒛)
The function is analytic inside and on C except at the point 𝒛 = 𝒂.
𝒛−𝒂
Then by a consequence of Cauchy-Goursat theorem, we have

where we can choose Γ as a circle of radius

𝜖 with center at a.

Then an equation for Γ is 𝑧 − 𝑎 = 𝜖

⇒ 𝑧 − 𝑎 = 𝜖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
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Thus

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Taking the limit of both sides of and making use of the continuity of 𝑓(𝑧)

So,

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 Proof of Cauchy Integral Formula (General Version)

Let 𝑓(𝑧) be analytic inside and on a simple closed curve 𝐶

and let a be any point inside 𝐶. Then

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Proof:

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 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

Every polynomial equation

𝑃 𝑧 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑧 + 𝑎2 𝑧 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 = 0
with degree 𝑛 ≥ 1 and 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 has at least one root.

From this it follows that 𝑃(𝑧) = 0 has exactly n roots, due

attention being paid to multiplicities of roots.

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 Abel–Ruffini Theorem (from Galois Theory)

There is no general formula in radicals of the equation

𝑃 𝑧 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑧 + 𝑎2 𝑧 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 = 0
with degree 𝑛 ≥ 5 and 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0.

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Linear Algebra