Fig. 4.

1 Young’s Modulus - Non Uniform Bending

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 4. Determination of Young’s Modulus
by Non-Uniform Bending
Ex. No. : Date :

Aim
To determine the Young’s modulus of the given material (meter scale) by
non-uniform bending.

Apparatus Required
Traveling microscope, Uniform beam (meter scale), Two knife edges, Weight
hanger with slotted weight, Pin, Vernier caliper, screw gauge, etc.

Formula
gl3 M
Young’s Modulus by non-uniform bending Y = Nm-2
4bd3 y
Where,
g - Acceleration due to gravity (9.8) - ms-2
l - Distance between the two knife edges - 10-2 m
M - Load applied - Kg
b - Breadth of the beam - 10-2 m
d - Thickness of the beam - 10-3 m
y - Depression produced for m Kg of load - 10-2 m

Procedure
The given beam is placed on the two knife edges (A and B) at a distance say
70 cm or 80 cm apart weight hanger is suspended at the centre (C) of the beam and a pin
is fixed vertically on the frame of the hanger as shown in Figure 4.1. Taking the weight
hanger alone as the dead load, the tip of the pin is focused by the microscope, and is
adjusted in such a way that the tip of the pin just touches the horizontal cross wire
of the microscope. The readings on the vertical scale are noted in the table. Now the
weight is loaded in steps of 50 grams (from W to W+250). Each time the tip of the pin
is made to touch the horizontal cross wire and the readings are noted from the vertical
scale of the microscope. The procedure is followed until the maximum load is reached.

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 Table 1 : Determination of Depression y

LC = 0.001 cm TR = MSR + (VSC x LC) x 10–2 m

Microscope Reading

Load M Loading Unloading Mean Total Reading Depression y

MSR VSC TR MSR VSC TR

10–3 Kg 10–2 m Div 10–2 m 10–2 m Div 10–2 m 10–2 m 10–2 m

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W+50

W+100

W+150

W+200

W+250

Mean y = ___________ x 10–2 m

 The same procedure is repeated during unloading of the weight in steps of same
50 grams (from W+250 to W) and the readings are tabulated in the table. From the
readings the mean of (y) is calculated.
The thickness and the breadth of the beam are measured using screw gauge and
vernier caliper respectively and are tabulated. By substituting the values of m, g, l, b,
d and y in the given formula, the Young’s modulus of the material of the beam can be
calculated.

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Table 2 : Determination of the thickness of the beam (d) using Screw Gauge

LC = 0.01 mm ZE = __________ × 10–3 m

ZC = __________ × 10–3 m

Pitch Scale Head Scale Observed Reading

S. Correct Reading
Reading Coincidence OR = PSR + (HSC x
No. CR = OR ± ZC
(PSR) (HSC) LC)

Unit 10–3 m Div 10–3 m 10–3 m

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Thickness of the beam d = ____________ × 10–3 m

Table 2 : Determination of the breadth of the beam (b) using Vernier Caliper

LC = 0.01 cm ZE = __________ × 10–2 m

ZC = __________ × 10–2 m

Main Scale Vernier Scale Observed Reading

S. Correct Reading
Reading Coincidence OR = MSR + (VSC x
No. CR = OR ± ZC
(MSR) (VSC) LC)

Unit 10–2 m Div 10–2 m 10–2 m

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Breadth of the Beam b = ____________ × 10–2 m

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Work Sheet

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Calculation
gl3 M
Young’s Modulus by non uniform bending Y = Nm-2
4bd3 y

Where,

g = _______________ ms-2 l = _______________ 10-2 m

m = _______________ Kg b = _______________ 10-2 m

d = _______________ 10-3 m y = _______________ 10-2 m

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 Observation / 15

Viva / 10

Total / 25

Result
The Young’s modulus of the given material of the beam

Y= Nm–2

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