Well testing

MUSTAFA A.ISSA
 Wellbore Storage

 Consider a shut-in oil well in a reservoir with Unloading

uniform and unchanging pressure.
 Reservoir pressure will support a column of liquid
to some equilibrium height in the wellbore.
 If we open a valve at the surface and initiate flow,
the first oil produced will be that stored in the
wellbore due to expansion or compression of fluid in
the wellbore, and the initial flow rate from the
formation to the well will be zero.
 With increasing flow time, at constant surface
producing rate, the downhole flow rate will approach
the surface rate, and the amount of liquid stored in
the wellbore will approach a constant value.
Wellbore Storage

 The following figure shows the difference After Flow

that exists in the flow rates at the surface and
sand face.
The surface flow rate is zero during the initial
stage of shut in period, while the reservoir goes
on supplying fluid to the wellbore
As time goes on the sand-face flow rate
reduces, and becomes zero after a period of
time.
This state is called as second wellbore storage
effect that is often referred to as after-flow.
 Wellbore Storage

Wellbore Storage Effect Caused By Fluid Expansion. Wellbore Storage Effect Due To Changing Fluid Level.
The effect of fluid expansion and changing fluid level can be 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝑨
quantified in terms of the wellbore storage factor C which is defined 𝑪𝑭𝑳 = 𝟓.𝟔𝟏𝟓𝝆𝒂
as:
𝝅 𝑰𝑫𝑪 𝟐 − 𝑶𝑫𝑻 𝟐
𝑪=
𝚫𝑽𝒘𝒃 𝑨𝒂 =
𝜟𝒑 𝟒(𝟏𝟒𝟒)

Where :
C = Wellbore storage coefficient, bbl/psi.
∆𝑉𝑤𝑏 = change in the volume of fluid in the wellbore, bbl
𝑪𝑭𝑬 = 𝑽𝒘𝒃 𝒄𝒘𝒃
Where:
𝐶FE = wellbore storage coefficient due to fluid expansion, bbl/psi
𝑉wb = total wellbore fluid volume, bbl
𝑐wb = average compressibility of fluid in the wellbore, psi −1
Where:
𝐶FL = wellbore storage coefficient due to changing fluid level, bbl/psi
𝐴a = annulus cross-sectional area, ft 2
ODT = outside diameter of the production tubing, inches
IDC = inside diameter of the casing, inches. 𝜌 = wellbore fluid density,
lb/ft 3
The total storage effect is the sum of both coefficients. That is:
𝑪 = 𝑪𝑭𝑬 + 𝑪𝑭𝑳
 Wellbore Storage

 To determine the duration of the wellbore storage 𝒕𝑫 = (𝟔𝟎 + 𝟑. 𝟓𝒔)𝑪𝑫

effect, it is convenient to express the wellbore storage
factor in a dimensionless form as:
or
𝟓.𝟔𝟏𝟓𝑪 𝟎.𝟖𝟗𝟑𝟔𝑪
𝑪𝑫 = = (𝟐𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒔)𝑪
𝟐𝝅𝒉𝝓𝑪𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒘 𝝓𝒉𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒘 𝒕=
(𝒌𝒉/𝝁)

Where:
𝐶D = dimensionless wellbore storage factor where
𝐶 = wellbore storage factor, bbl/psi 𝑡 = total time that marks the end of the wellbore
𝑐t = total compressibility coefficient, psi−1 storage effect and the beginning of the semi-log
𝑟w = wellbore radius, ft straight line, hours
ℎ = thickness, ft 𝑘 = permeability, md
𝑠 = skin factor
 The end of the wellbore storage effect can be 𝜇 = viscosity, cp
determined form the following equations:
𝐶 = wellbore storage coefficient, bbl/psi
 Wellbore Storage

Q/ The following data is given for an oil well that is Solution:

scheduled for a drawdown test: 1. Calculate the cross-sectional area of the annulus.
𝝅 𝑰𝑫𝑪 𝟐 − 𝑶𝑫𝑻 𝟐
Volume of fluid in the wellbore 180 bbl; Tubing outside 𝑨𝒂 = 𝟒(𝟏𝟒𝟒)
diameter 2 in; Production oil density in the wellbore
7.675 in; Average oil density in the wellbore 45 lb/ft3. 𝝅 𝟕.𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟓 𝒇𝒕𝟐
𝟒(𝟏𝟒𝟒)
h= 50 ft; 𝑟𝑤 =0.25 ft; k=30 md; 𝜙=15%; s=0; 2. Calculate the wellbore storage factor caused by fluid
expansion
𝜇𝑜 =2 c.p; 𝐶𝑜 = 10𝑥10−6 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 ; 𝐶𝑡 = 20𝑥10−6 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 .
𝑪𝑭𝑬 = 𝑽𝒘𝒃 𝒄𝒘𝒃 = (180)(𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ) = 0.0018 bbl/psi
If this well is placed under a constant production rate, 3. Determine the wellbore storage factor caused by the falling
calculate the dimensionless wellbore storage fluid level.
𝟏𝟒𝟒𝑨 𝟏𝟒𝟒 (𝟎.𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟓)
coefficient 𝐶𝐷 . How long will it take for wellbore 𝑪𝑭𝑳 = 𝟓.𝟔𝟏𝟓𝝆𝒂 = = 0.1707 bbl/psi
𝟓.𝟔𝟏𝟓 (𝟒𝟓)
storage effects to end?
 Wellbore Storage

4. Calculate the total wellbore storage coefficient. 6. Approximate the time required for wellbore storage
influence to end from.
𝑪 = 𝑪𝑭𝑬 + 𝑪𝑭𝑳
= 0.0018+0.1707 =0.1725 bbl/psi
(𝟐𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒔)𝑪
5. Calculate the dimensionless wellbore storage 𝒕=
(𝒌𝒉/𝝁)
coefficient. (𝟐𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟎)(𝟎.𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟓)(𝟐)
𝒕= = 𝟒𝟔 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔
𝟎.𝟖𝟗𝟑𝟔𝑪 (𝟑𝟎)(𝟓𝟎)
𝑪𝑫 =
𝝓𝒉𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒘
𝟎.𝟖𝟗𝟑𝟔 (𝟎.𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟓)
= = 𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟏
𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 (𝟎.𝟐𝟓)𝟐
 Solution of the diffusivity equation

There are two generalized solutions to the diffusivity equation. These are:
1. constant-terminal-pressure solution.
 This technique is frequently used in water influx calculations in gas and oil reservoirs.
2. constant-terminal-rate solution.
 The constant-terminal-rate solution is an integral part of most transient test analysis techniques, e.g., drawdown
and pressure buildup analyses.
 Most of these tests involve producing the well at a constant flow rate and recording the flowing pressure as a
function of time.
There are two commonly used forms of the constant-terminal-rate solution:
 The Ei function solution.
 The dimensionless pressure drop 𝑃𝐷 solution.
Ei function solution

Ei function solution (line source solution):

Assumption:
 Infinite acting reservoir.
 The well produce at constant rate.
 Uniform Pi,when production start.
 The well is centered in a cylindrical
reservoir ,and the well has zero radius. Ei function solution is not an accurate solution to flow
 No flow across the outer boundary. equation until:
The solution for the equation is : 𝟑. 𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟓 ∅ 𝝁 𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒘 𝟗𝟒𝟖 ∅ 𝝁 𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒆
<𝐭<
𝒌 𝒌
Ei function solution

The mathematical function, Ei, is called the exponential integral and is defined by:

The exponential integral “Ei” can be approximated by the following equation when its argument x is less than 0.02:

𝑬𝒊 −𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 (𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝒙)

𝑬𝒊 −𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗

𝟗𝟒𝟖 ∅ 𝝁 𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝟐
𝑿= 𝒌𝒕
Value of the exponential integral
Value of the exponential integral
Value of the exponential integral

2.0 < x <10.9, interval =0.1

 Problem

A well and reservoir have the following characteristics: 𝟑. 𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟓 ∅ 𝝁 𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒘 𝟑. 𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟓 (𝟎. 𝟐𝟑)(𝟎. 𝟕𝟐)(𝟏. 𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ) (𝟎. 𝟓)𝟐
<𝒕=
The well is producing only oil; it is producing at a constant 𝒌 𝟎. 𝟏
rate of 20 STB/D. =2.35 < t=3 hours
𝟗𝟒𝟖 ∅ 𝝁 𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝟗𝟒𝟖(𝟎.𝟐𝟑)(𝟎.𝟕𝟐)(𝟏.𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 )(𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝟐
Data describing the well and formation are: >𝐭=
𝒌 𝟎.𝟏

𝜇 = 0.72 cp; k = 0.1 md; 𝑐𝑡 = 1.5𝑥10−5 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 ; = 211900 > t=3 hours

𝑃𝑖 = 3000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ; 𝑟𝑒 = 3000 𝑓𝑡; 𝑟𝑤 = 0.5 𝑓𝑡;

𝑅𝐵
𝐵𝑜 = 1.475 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ; ℎ = 150 𝑓𝑡; ∅ = 0.23; 𝑠 = 0.
@ t= 3 hours and r = 1 ft
Calculate the reservoir pressure at a radius of 1ft and 10 ft (𝟕𝟎.𝟔)(𝟐𝟎)(𝟏.𝟒𝟕𝟓)(𝟎.𝟕𝟐) −𝟗𝟒𝟖(𝟎.𝟐𝟑)(𝟎.𝟕𝟐)(𝟏.𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 )(𝟏)𝟐
= 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝑬𝒊
(𝟎.𝟏)(𝟏𝟓𝟎) (𝟎.𝟏)(𝟑)
after 3 hours of production. = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑬𝒊(−𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟗)
Solution/ Check the solution of the Ei Function
 Problem

= 3000 + 100 𝑙𝑛 (1.781)(0.007849)

= 3000 + 100 −4.27
= 2573 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
@ t= 3 hours and r =10 ft
(70.6)(20)(1.475)(0.72) −𝟗𝟒𝟖(𝟎.𝟐𝟑)(𝟎.𝟕𝟐)(𝟏.𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 )(𝟏𝟎)𝟐
= 3000 + 𝐸𝑖
(0.1)(150) (0.1)(3)

= 3000 + 100 𝐸𝑖 −0.7849

Using the table to determine the value of the Ei
function
= 3000 + 100 −0.318
= 2968 𝑝𝑠𝑖