PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TLANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE: JAGTIAL.

DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Course No. : GPBR 311

Course Title: Breeding of Field and Horticulture crops
Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)

Genetic improvement, Improving the heredity of crop plants by Plant breeding /

Crop improvement
The ultimate aim of plant breeding is to improve the yield
Determinate Growth habitats mung, pigeon pea and cotton
Neurotoxin in Khesari, erucic acid from Brassica and gossypol Toxic substances
from the seed of cotton
Photo and Thermo insensitivity crops wheat and rice
Undesirable combinations Raphanobrassica and Pomato.
The process of bringing a wild species under human management is domestication
and basic method of plant breeding
Thomas Fair Child first artificial hybrid

Projects on crops
Project for intensification of regional research on cotton, oilseeds 1956
and millets (PIRRCOM)
All India Coordinated maize improvement project was started with 1957
objective of exploiting heterosis
The first hybrid maize varieties released by the project 1961
Green revolution in World N. E Borlaug
- Green revolution in India M.S. Swaminathan
A renowned rice breeder K. Ramaiah
Famous wheat breeder B.P. Pal (NP varieties )
Ram Dhan Singh
An eminent maize breeder Bosisen
An eminent sorghum breeder N.G.P. Rao
Famous pearlmillet breeder D.S. Athwal
An eminent sugarcane breeder T.S. Venkatraman
Soyabean breeder - E.E. Hartwig
Famous cotton breeder V. Santhanam
Famous cotton breeder who developed world’s first cotton C.T. Patel
hybrid in 1970
Forage breeder - G.W. Burton
T.J. Jenkin
Famous potato breeder Pushkarnath
Semidwarf rice varieties at IRRI - T.T. Chang
highly heterozygous and have broad genetic base Asexually propagated species
progeny selection for Allogamous/outbreeders/
used for population improvement. recurrent selection, disruptive
mating and biparental mating

the sum total of hereditary material i.e., all the alleles of Gene pool/ Germplasm/ genetic
various genes present in a crop species and its wild relatives resources/ genetic stock
These are nothing but primitive cultivars, evolved under Land races
subsistence agriculture.
Improved varieties of recent past are known as Obsolete Cultivars
Those naturally occurring plant species which have common Wild Relatives
ancestry with crops
The genetic material which leads to production of sterile Tertiary gene pool (GP3)
hybrids on crossing with primary gene pool is termed
Collections Years Temp and Moisture Purpose
Base collections: 100 years. -180C or -200C with 5 + 1% disturbed only for regeneration
Active collections 5-10 years <150C, 5%. in breeding
programme
Working collections 3-5 years >150C, 10% moisture. crop improvement
Conservation of germplasm under natural habitat is referred to as in situ conservation.
Conservation of germplasm away from its natural habitat is ex situ germplasm
called conservation
Seeds of this type can be dried to low moisture content of 5% orthodox seeds
and stored at a low temperature without losing their viability are
known as
The viability of this group of seeds drops drastically if their Recalcitrant seeds
moisture content is reduced below 12-30%.
The areas of great genetic diversity are protected from human Gene sanctuary
interference
India has setup its first gene sanctuary in the Garo Hills of Assam for wild
relatives of citrus
gene sanctuary for conservation of wild relatives of coffee was Ethiopia
setup in 1984
to loss of genetic diversity between and within populations of the genetic erosion.
same species over a period of time
to permanent loss of a crop species due to various reasons. Extinction
Transfer of few genes from one species into the full diploid Introgression
chromosome complement of another species.
to a place or organization where germplasm can be conserved in Gene banks
living state
Malaysia Oil palm
Indonesia Coconut
Philippines Banana
India (Andman & Nicobar) coconut
The tissues are stored at a very low temperature i.e. at -1960C in cryopreservation
liquid nitrogen
is a biological model which is expected to perform or behave in ideotype
apredictable manner within a defined environment
The term ideotype was coined by Donald in 1968
The concept of plant type was introduced in rice breeding by Jennings in 1964,
Proposed ideal plant type of maize. Mock and Pearce in 1975,
The work on ideotype breeding of six rowed barley. Rasmusson in 1987
Ideotype for rainfed cultivation Singh and Narayanan 1993
Capacity of a pathogen to incite a disease Virulence
The inability of a pathogen to cause or incite a disease Avirulence
Strains of a single pathogen species with identical or similar Physiological race
morphology but differ in pathogenic capabilities
The ability of the plants to tolerate the invasion of the Disease endurance or tolerance
pathogen without showing much damage
In immune reaction the rate of in zero i.e. r = 0
reproduction
Disease Resistance rate of reproduction is never zero