CH 1 - Introduction

Engineering Metrology
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmed AbouEl-Wafa Megahed
Text Book:
Prof. Dr. Ibrahim A. El-Sonbaty, “Engineering Metrology”,
Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University.
Course Contents
Lecture # 1
❖ Measurement Principles
❖ Statistical Concepts
❖ Uncertainty, Repeatability and accuracy
❖ Sources of Error
❖ Surface Roughness Assessment
❖ Straightness, Flatness and Roundness.
Degrees (100 Marks);

Final exam. 60 Marks 2
Oral exam. 20 Marks
Mid-Term exam. + Sheets & Attendance 20 Marks.
Chapter (1)
Lecture # 1
Measurement Principles
Instrumentation: Is the science and technology of complete

measurement systems.
Metrology: Is the science and practice of dimensional
measurements applied to engineering surfaces.
1.1. Termenology of measurement systems
Measurand: Is the physical quantity to be measured, i.e.;

displacement, pressure, strain, etc.
Transducer: Is a detecting element which is used to convert the

physical quantity being measured (measurand) into a signal of 3
more usable form.
1.2. Elements of measurement systems
Lecture # 1
All measuring systems include three basic elements:
1) Transducer: Is a detecting element which detects the
physical quantity being measured (measurand) and
converts the signal into a more usable form. In practice,
the transducer output is usually a mechanical,
pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical signal.
2) An intermediate stage which modifies the signal from
the transducer so that a desirable output is available.
3) An indicating or recording device.
Transducer Signal conditioning Recording or Display

4
1.3. Characteristics of measurement systems
Lecture # 1
Divided to static and dynamic characteristics.
1.3.1. Static characteristics
➢ Accuracy
• Closeness of measured value with true value.
• Can be determined by single reading.
• For example, if in lab you obtain a weight measurement
of 3.2 kg for a given substance, but the actual or known
weight is 10 kg, then your measurement is not accurate.
In this case, your measurement is not close to the known
value.
• E.g., A job having dimension 25 mm and instrument
showing reading 24.98 mm. 5
Lecture # 1
➢ Repeatability (Precision)
• Defined as the ability of measuring instrument to give
identical indications (responses) for repeated
applications of the same value of the measurand under
the same conditions. i.e. how close the measured values
are to each other.
• Can not be determined by single reading i.e. for
describing precision a set of readings required.
• E.g., reading obtained from measuring instrument
– True reading; 25 mm
– 24.7 , 25.31, 24.69, 24.89, 25.02 - Set 1
6
– 24.98, 25.02, 25.01, 25.00, 25.00 – Set 2
Lecture # 1
Accuracy vs. Precision
7
Lecture # 1
8
Lecture # 1
9
Lecture # 1
10
4
Lecture # 1
➢ Sensitivity (Scale factor or instrument magnification)

The ratio of change in output of an instrument to a given
change in input.
Instrument with large sensitivity will indicate large
movement of the indicator for a small input change.
• Example:
– If the sensitivity of the voltmeter is say 1 mv then if you
apply a potential difference 1 mv the display moves. If
you apply less than 1 mv the display dose not move.
11
Lecture # 1
➢ Resolution
This is defined as the smallest input increment change that
gives some small but definite numerical change in the
output.
➢ Linearity
Proportional relationship
between input and output
of measuring instrument is
linear. 12
Lecture # 1
➢ Range
• Is the region between the limits within which an
instrument is designed to operate for measuring its input
quantity.
• Instrument range: is expressed by stating upper and
lower values that an instrument is capable of
measuring.
• E.g. thermometer range -100 ºC to 100 ºC .
• Scale range: is the difference between the nominal values of
the measured quantities corresponding to the terminal scale 13
marks.
Lecture # 1
➢ Readability
This is defined as the ease with which readings may be taken
with an instrument.
➢ Threshold
If the instrument input is very gradually increased from zero,
there will be a minimum value required to give a detectable
change. This minimum value defines the threshold of the
instrument.
➢ Dead-band
It is the largest change in the measurand to which the
instrument does not respond. This is produced by friction
backlash or hysteresis in the instrument. 14
Lecture # 1
➢ Hysteresis
It is difference between the indications of measuring
instrument when the same value of the measured quantity
is reached by increasing or by decreasing that quantity.
15
At 4 kg, the difference is:
4.05 – 3.99 = 0.06 kg.
Lecture # 1
➢ Drift
It is the variation in the output of an instrument which is
not caused by any change in the input, it is commonly
caused by internal temperature change and component
instability.
➢ Zero-stability
It is a measure of the ability of the instrument to return
to zero reading after the measurand has returned to zero
and other variations such as temperature, pressure,
vibration, etc. have been removed. 16
Lecture # 1
1.3.2. Dynamic characteristics
➢ System Response (Speed of Response)

The speed of response of a measuring instrument is
defined as the quickness with which an instrument
responds to a change in the input signal.
• This is a delay between cause and effect due to the

natural inertia of the system and is known as
measurement lag.
17
1.4. Traceability ladder of measurement standards
Lecture # 1
All measurements must be "traceable", that is, the standard
used must have been compared with some higher level of
standard.
The International Bureau of Weights
and Measures (Sèvres, France)
18

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Engineering Metrology

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmed AbouEl-Wafa Megahed

Degrees (100 Marks);

Instrumentation: Is the science and technology of complete

1.1. Termenology of measurement systems

Measurand: Is the physical quantity to be measured, i.e.;

Transducer: Is a detecting element which is used to convert the

Transducer Signal conditioning Recording or Display

1.3.1. Static characteristics

Accuracy vs. Precision

Accuracy vs. Precision

Accuracy vs. Precision

Accuracy vs. Precision

➢ Sensitivity (Scale factor or instrument magnification)

➢ System Response (Speed of Response)

• This is a delay between cause and effect due to the

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