M101 – College and Advanced Algebra

Midterm

At the end of this lesson, student should be

able to:
• Recognize the general form for linear
equations
• Solve the linear equations
Learning Outcomes
• Recognize the general form for quadratic
equations
• Solve quadratic equations using the
technique of factorization, quadratic formula
and completing the square
EQUATIONS and • Solve simultaneous equations for 2 x 2
systems using substitution and elimination
INEQUALITIES methods
• Identify the notation of inequalities and
properties of inequalities
• Express the solution in inequality notation,
real number line, interval notation or sets
notation
• Solve linear inequalities
• Identify the absolute value
• Solve the absolute value equations

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Properties of Equality

• • Addition Property of Equality (APE)

If x = y, then x + z = y + z Equals may be added on both sides of the
equation
• • Subtraction Property of Equality (SPE)
x +7 = 10
x + 7 - 7 = 10 - 7 subtract 7 ON BOTH SIDES
x=3
• • Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE)
If x = y, then xz = yz Both sides of the equation may be multiplied by
equals
8x = 72
x=9

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Properties of Equality Basic Concepts of Linear Equations

• • Division Property of Equality (DPE) • Linear
If x = y and z ≠ 0 then 𝒙 𝒛 = 𝒚 𝒛 Both sides of the equation may be divided by
a non-zero real number Definition : Expressions/Equations/Relations that have ONLY
• • Substitution Law multiplication and addition with degree 1 variables and terms.
If x + y = z and x = y, then 𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝒛 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 + 𝒙 = 𝒛 Equals may be substituted
for equals
𝒙 𝟏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟐
• • Reflexive Property 1. y=  y= +  LINEAR
x = x, y = y, z = z Any number or expressions is equal to itself 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
𝟕 𝒙 𝟕 𝒙 𝟕
• • Symmetric Property
2. y=  y= -  y= -1  xy=7-1 NOT LINEAR
x = y then, y = x The expressions on both sides of an equation may be 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
interchanged
• • Transitive Property (TPE) 3. y=𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏  NOT LINEAR
x = y and y = z, then x = z If two quantities are both equal to a third quantity,
then they are equal to each other

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

Changing equations
• There are 2 numbers in an equation that are equal
Changing one of them changes the truth of the equation
• Changing both (both sides of equation) the same way
changes the form of the equation but not the truth of the
equation
5x-2+2=3x+8+2 2x-2+x=10x+15 • Isolate the variable – changing the equation so that the
5x=3x+10 2x+x-10x=15+2 variable is on one side (alone), makes a statement about the
value of x that is true.
5x-3x=10 -7x=17
2x=10 x=
𝟏𝟕
=-2
𝟑
𝟕 𝟕
x=5

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2𝑥 − 𝑥 −7 = 7 solve for x
Examples: solving for a given 5 2 3
variable 𝟔 𝟐𝒙 𝟏𝟓(𝒙 𝟕) 𝟏𝟎(𝟕)
•
Question
=
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎
1. 3(x – 9) = 5x solve for x; 𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝟏𝟓𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟕𝟎
3x – 27 = 5x =
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎
-27=5x-3x 𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟕𝟎
2x = -27 =
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎
x = -27/2 = -13 1/2 𝟑𝒙 𝟕𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟓
2. 2𝑥 − 𝑥 −7 = 7 solve for x = -
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎
5 2 3 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝟓
3. 3y – 5x = 7(x – 2y) solve for y =-
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎
4. 𝑦 + 𝑥 = solve for y
3 7 -90x=-1050
5. 2y = 3x ;solve for x 𝟔𝟎 𝟐
x= 11.67= 11 = 11
𝟗𝟎 𝟑

9 10

. 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2 ; solve for y
• 3y – 5x = 7(x – 2y) solve for y 3 7
3y-5x=7x-14y 7y+3x=2(21)
3y+14y=5x+7x 7y+3x=42
17y=12x 7y= -3x+42
𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝟏𝟐
y= = x y=
𝟑𝒙
+6
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟕

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

2y = 3x ;solve for x

2y=3x
𝟐𝒚
=𝒙
𝟑 n= -4m+2=-4(1)+2=-4+2= -2 3(4m+n=2)12m+3n=6-------3

2m-3n=8 2m - 3n=8
2m – 3(-4m+2)=8 12m+3n=6
2m +12m -6 =8 -------------------------
14m-6=8 14m=14
14m=8+6 m=1
14m=14 4m+n=24(1)+n=2n=-4+2
m=1 n=-2

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System of Linear Equation & their Solution

2y+7x= -5----------------------1 • A pair of equation of the form

2y+7x= -5----------------------1
2(1)+7x=-5 Ax + By = C
5y-7x=12-----------------------2
2+7x=-5 Dx + Ey = F
--------------------
7x=-5-2
7y=7 Where A, B, D, and E are not equal to zero is called a system
7x=-7
y=1 of linear equation in two variables
x=-1
An ordered pair (x , y) is a solution set of the system of linear
equations which satisfies both equation.

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Example: Example
• Determine whether (2, -3) is a solution of 2x + 2y = -2 and 3x + 2y = 0
• Solution:
• Determine whether (-1, 2) is a solution of 3x + y = - 1 and 2x + 4y = 2x + 2y = -2 3x + 2y = 0
8 Solution: * 2(2)+2(-3)=-2 3(2)+2(-
3x+y=-1 2x+4y=8 3)=0
4+(-6)=-2 6+-6=0
3(-1)+2=-1 2(-1)+4(2)=8 4-6=-2 6-6=0
-3+2=-1 -2+8=8 -2=-2 0=0
-1=-1 6≠8
The ordered pair (2,-3) is A SOLUTION to the given system of linear
equations.
The ordered pair (-1,2) is NOT a solution to the given
system of linear equations.

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

Quadratic Equation in One variable Quadratic Equation in One variable

• An equation that can be written in the form, 5x2 + 7x - 3 = 0 (all the nonzero terms on the left
ax2 + bx + c = 0 side and 0 on the right side of the equation) is said to be
in standard form,
• where a, b, and c are integers (a,b,c ∈ Z , a ≠ 0 ).
where a = 5, b = 7 and c = -3.
• It is said to be in standard form if it is written in
x(x – 2) = 1 is not yet in standard form.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 form.
x 2 -2x = 1; x 2 - 2x - 1 = 0 However, equivalently
is in standard form, where a = 1, b = -2 and c = - 1.

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Completing the Square

(x+1) (x+3)
x+1=0 x+3=0 a=2; b=-5, c=1
( 𝟓)± ( 𝟓)𝟐 𝟒(𝟐)(𝟏)
x=-1 x=-3 x=
𝟐(𝟐)
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 = −𝟏 5𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟐 𝟓± 𝟐𝟓 𝟖 𝟓 𝟏𝟕
𝟒 𝟒 𝟎.𝟖 𝟎.𝟖
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝒙 + ( 𝟐 )𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒+ ( 𝟐 )𝟐
x= 𝒙𝟏 = =2.28
𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 + ( )𝟐 = −𝟏 + ( )𝟐
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟓± 𝟏𝟕 𝟓 𝟏𝟕
𝟐
𝒙 +𝟒𝒙 +4=-1+4 𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝒙+0.16=0.4+0.16 x= 𝒙𝟐 = =0.22
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝒙+0.16=0.56 𝟒 𝟒
𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒙 +4=3
(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 =3 (𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟒)𝟐 =0.56
(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔
x+2=± 𝟑 𝒙𝟏 =-2 + 𝟑= -0.27 x-0.4=± 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 𝒙𝟏 =0.4 + 0.75= 1.15
x=-2 ± 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 =-2 − 𝟑= -3.73 x=0.4± 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 𝒙𝟐 =0.4 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓= -0.35

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Solution by Extracting the Square Roots Solution by Extracting the Square Roots

• Applicable if the standard form of the given equation Examples: Solve the following
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has b = 0. • 1. 2x2 – 32 = 0
becomes ax2 + c = 0. 2x2 =32
• Thus, to solve such form of equations, ax 2 + c = 0 x2 =16
ax 2 = c 𝑥 = 16
x2 = c / a x=±4

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

Solution by Extracting the Square Roots Solution by Extracting the Square Roots

Examples: Solve the following Examples: Solve the following

• 2. 3x2 - 5 = 0 • 3. 5x2 - 25 = 0
3x2 =5 5x2 = 25
x2 =5/3 x2 = 5
𝑥 = 5/3 𝑥 = 5
x=±1.29 x=±2.24

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Solution by Factoring Solution by Factoring

• Examples: Solve the following:
• 1. x2 – 3x - 10 = 0
(x-5)(x+2)=0 VERIFY:
• This method is applicable if the given is factorable. If it is x-5=0; x+2=0 if x=5, then (5)2 – 3(5) - 10 = 0
factorable, then apply the properties of real numbers, x=5 x=-2 25-15-10=0
which states that:
10-10=0
• If r and s are real numbers, then rs = 0 if and only if r = 0
or s = 0. 0=0
if x=-2, then (-2)2 –
3(-2) - 10 = 0

4+6-10=0

10-10=0

0=0

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Solution by Factoring Solution by Factoring

• Examples: Solve the following:
• 2. x(6x – 11) = 10
6x2 – 11x = 10 • Examples: Solve the following:
6x2 – 11x -10=0 • 3. x2 – ax + bx - ab = 0
(3x +2)(2x-5)=0 (x2 – ax) + (bx – ab) = 0
3x+2=0; 2x-5=0 x(x-a)+b(x-a)=0
3x=-2 2x=5 (x+b)(x-a)=0
x=-2/3 x=5/2 x+b=0; x-a=0
x=-b x=a

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

Solution by Factoring
Solution by Completing the Square
• Examples: Solve the following:
• 4. ax2 – a2x + bx - ab = 0 • This is applicable even if the given is NOT factorable.
(ax2 – a2x) + (bx – ab) = 0 • To perform solution by completing the square:
ax(x-a)+b(x-a)=0 - express first the given quadratic equation in
standard form.
(ax+b)(x-a)=0 -Transpose the constant c on the right side of the
ax+b=0; x-a=0 equation.
- Divide every term by the numerical coefficient of x2,
ax=-b x=a represented by a.
x=-b/a Complete the square on the left side by adding a constant,
which is SQUARE OF HALF THE COEFFICIENT OF x. Same
constant will be added on the right side of the equation.

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Solution by Completing the Square Solution by Completing the Square

• This is applicable even if the given is NOT factorable. • x2 + bx + b2 = - c + b2
• To perform solution by completing the square:
- express first the given quadratic equation in standard form.
a 4a2 a 4a2
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (x + b )2 = -4a c + b2
-Transpose the constant c on the right side of the equation. 2a 4a2
ax2 + bx = - c x + b = +/-√-4a c + b2
- Divide every term by the numerical coefficient of x2, represented by a. 2a 2a
ax2 + bx = -c
x = - b +/-√-4a c + b2
a a a
Complete the square on the left side by adding a constant, which is SQUARE 2a 2a
OF HALF THE COEFFICIENT OF x. Same constant will be added on the right x = - b +/-√b2 - 4a c QUADRATIC FORMULA
side of the equation.
x2 + bx + (b )2 = - c + (b)2 2a
a 2a a 2a

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Solution by the Quadratic Formula Solution by the Quadratic Formula

• Example:
• 2. 6x2 – 11x - 10 = 0
• as derived from solution by completing the square, any
equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 x = - b ±-√b2 - 4a c
has x = - b +/-√b2 - 4a c 2a
2a a=6, b=-11, c=-10

Thus SSx: {- b +√b2 - 4ac , - b -√b2 - 4a c} x=

( 𝟏𝟏)± ( 𝟏𝟏)𝟐 𝟒(𝟔)( 𝟏𝟎)
𝟐(𝟔)
2a 2a 𝟏𝟏± 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟗
x= 𝟏𝟐
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 =2.5
𝟏𝟏± 𝟑𝟔𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟗
x= 𝒙𝟐 = =-0.67
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟏±𝟏𝟗
x=
𝟏𝟐

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

Solution by the Quadratic Formula

• Example:
• 3. 2x2 +4x - 3 = 0
• 3x2 - 4x -8 = 0
x = - b ±-√b2 - 4a c
x = - b ±-√b2 - 4a c
2a
2a
a=2, b=4, c=-3
a=3, b=-4, c=-8
(𝟒)± (𝟒)𝟐 𝟒(𝟐)( 𝟑)
x=
𝟐(𝟐) ( 𝟒)± ( 𝟒)𝟐 𝟒(𝟑)( 𝟖)
𝟒± 𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟒 𝟒 𝟒𝟎 x=
x= 𝟒
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒
=0.58 𝟐(𝟑)
𝟒± 𝟏𝟔 𝟗𝟔 𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟐
𝟒± 𝟒𝟎 𝟒 𝟒𝟎 x= 𝒙𝟏 = =2.43
x= 𝒙𝟐 = =-2.58 𝟔 𝟔
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒± 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟐
x= 𝒙𝟐 = =-1.10
𝟔 𝟔

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• In general, when using quadratic formula, the discriminant

gives you a clue of the nature of the solution. The
discriminant is the value inside the square root of the
quadratic formula.
• If b2 - 4ac > 0, then the quadratic equation has 2 distinct real (x-3)(x+4)<0
roots (meaning, 2 real-number elements in the solution set). (x-3)<0, (x+4)<0
• If b2 - 4ac = 0, then the quadratic equation has 1 real root.
6x-2x>2+6 -3<4x+8-3<9
x<3, x>-4
4x>8 -3<4x+5<9
• If b2 - 4ac < 0, then the quadratic equation has 2 distinct -4<x<3
non-real roots (meaning, 2 imaginary elements, or 2 complex x>2 -3-5<4x<9-5
(not real) elements in the solution set). -8<4x<4
-2<x<1

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±(2x+6)=x-1
x=±4 3-2x=±𝟗 Or
-2x=-3±𝟗 2x+6=±(x-1)
-2x=-3+9
2x+6=x-1
𝒙𝟏 =6/-2 2x-x=-6-1
𝒙𝟏 =-3 𝒙𝟏 =-7

-2x=-3-9 -(2x+6)=x-1
𝒙𝟐 =-12/-2 -2x-6=x-1
𝒙𝟐 =6 -6+1=2x+x
-5=3x
𝒙𝟐 =-5/3

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

Factoring • Write (Ö) whether the ordered pair beside each system is a
solution and (X) if not a solution of the system.
1. (4, 8) ; x + 2y = 20 3x – 4y = 12
2. (5, - 4) ; 4x + 3y = 8 x+y=1
3. (0, 2) ; x + y = 2 x=0
4. (5, -1) ; 2y + x = 5 3y + 4x = - 19
5. (½ , 3) ; 4x + 8y = 26 6x - 2y = - 3

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