(EEE302) EES Chapter6

EEE302: Electric Energy Systems
Chapter 6. Renewable Energy

prof. Jingook Kim
Spring 2022, jingook@unist.ac.kr
Slides contain copyrighted material. DO NOT distribute!
For your personal educational use only!
EEE302 Contents
• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Fuel Cell
2
Electric Energy Systems (전기에너지), EEE302
EEE302 Solar Energy
• Solar energy distribution in Korea
[Source:
https://biz.chosun.co
m/site/data/html_dir/
2009/10/26/2009102
601381.html]
3
EEE302 Solar Energy
• Solar energy distribution in US (Whr/m2/day)
4
EEE302 Solar Energy
• Average annual solar energy worldwide
5
EEE302 Solar Energy
• Solar power density
 = o cos ( dt −  wa ) p
• : solar power density on earth in kW/m2

• o: extraterrestrial power density (1.353 kW/m2)
• : zenith angle (angle from the outward normal on the earth
surface to the center of the sun)
• dt: direct transmittance of gases except for water (the
fraction of radiant energy that is not absorbed by gases)
• p: is the transmittance of aerosol
• wa: water vapor absorptions of radiation.
6
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Zenith angle:
7
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Daily solar power density:
− ( t − to ) 2
 =  max e 2 2
t: hour of the day using the 24 hr clock

max: the maximum solar power density
to: time at max (noontime in the equator)
 : standard deviation
– Solar efficiency ():

 = o cos  ( dt −  wa )  p =
0
 = cos  ( dt −  wa )  p  5 − 70%
8
EEE302 Solar Energy
• Types of solar systems
– Passive solar system
– Active solar system (Photovoltaic or PV)
9
EEE302 Solar Energy
• Passive solar system
– Passive thermosiphon hot water solar system
10
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Integrated solar combined cycle system (ISCCS)
11
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Stirling system
12
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Trough system
13
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Solar chimney
14
EEE302 Solar Energy
• Active solar system
– Silicon
Silicon Atom Silicon Crystal
• Silicon is a good insulator.

• To make the silicon more conductive electrically, additives
(impurities) are added (doping).
– Phosphorus (P), which has 5 electrons in its outer shell
– Boron (B), which has 3 electrons in its outer shell
15
EEE302 Solar Energy
– P-N material
Concentrating PV Cell
16
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Active solar cell (PV)
• PV cell is built like a diode out of semiconductor material.
• Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy.
Photons are the energy byproducts of the nuclear reaction in the
sun.
• When photons strike a PV cell, some of the photons energy is
absorbed by the semiconductor material of the PV cell.
• With this extra energy, the electrons in the semiconductor material
become excited and break lose, and eventually begin an electric
current.
• Because PV cells are built like diodes, free electrons are forced to
flow in only one direction
– The current is DC.
17
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Structure of PV cell
4X4 inches PV Cell

18
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Panel or module: To increase
its energy rating, the PV cells
are connected together in
parallel and series.
• Parallel cells increase the current
rating
• Series cells increase the voltage
rating.
– Array: PV panels connect
together in parallel and series
to form a high-power system.
19
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Series strings of PV cells
20 to 24 cells [Image Source: GreenSourceGS.com] 20

EEE302 Solar Energy
– Photovoltaic applications in grid-connected
Residential Rooftop Utility-scale PV farm
[Source: http://reneweconomy.com.au/]
21
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Photovoltaic applications in stand-alone
Space Satellite
[Source: http://www.nasa.gov]
Electric Vehicles
[Source: http://cubesat.ece.illinois.edu/]
Wearables
[Source: http://www.ecouterre.com/] 22
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Photovoltaic electron-hole generation by light
[Source: http://www.science-kick.com]
23
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Computation of PV energy
Linear relationship
Solar power density Panel power

−(t −t o ) 2 −( t − t o ) 2
2 2
 = max e 2 2
Ppanel = Pmax e
24 −( t − t o ) 2
Panel Energy E panel =  Pmax e 2 2

dt  Pmax 2 
0
24
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Example of PV energy computation
• Compute the daily energy produced by a PV panel.
− ( t −12 ) 2
 =  m ax e 12.5
Pmax = 100 W
• Solution:
12 .5
2 =12 .5
2 = = 2.5
2
E panel = Pmax 2   = 100* 2  * 2.5 = 627 Wh
25
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Examples of PV systems
26
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Ideal PV model: P-N junction  VVd 
I = I o  e − 1
T
 
 
kT
VT =
q
Io: reverse saturation current

VT: thermal voltage
q: elementary charge constant, i.e. charge of one
electron (1.602 10-19 Coulomb)
k: Boltzmann’s constant (1.380 x 10-23 J/K)
T: absolute temperature in Kelvin (K).
27
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Ideal PV model: Current from Sun
• The current I makes the upper terminal of the load positive
with respect to the lower terminal
– So the diode has a positive voltage on its anode with respect to
cathode.
– This is a forward biased voltage which causes a forward current to
flow back into the diode.
• Now we have two currents in the circuit at the same time
– 1. Current coming out of the diode due to the acquired energy by the
PV Is
– 2. Current going into the diode due to the positive polarity across the
load Id
28
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Ideal PV model: with current source
• Is: the solar current (is a nonlinear variable) that changes with
light density (irradiance)
• Id: the forward current through the diode.
Is = I + Id
I = Is − Id
29
EEE302 Solar Energy
– PV power characteristics
Pout = VI V = Vd
I = Is − Id
  VVd 
 VVd   Pout = V I = Vd  I s − I o  e T − 1 
I d = I o  e T − 1   
   
  30
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Main variables of PV power
• Short Circuit Current (Isc)
• Open Circuit Voltage (Voc)
• Operating Point at Maximum Power (Pmax, Vmp, Imp)
 VVoc 
I sc = I s I d = I s = I o e − 1
 T
 
 
I 
Voc = VT * ln  s + 1
 Io 
31
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Main variables of PV power
• Operating Point at Maximum Power (Pmax, Vmp, Imp)
P = VI
P I  VV 
= Vmp +I =0 I = I s − I o  e − 1
T
V V  
 
I I o V / VT
=− e
V VT
At maximum Power
P  Vmp  Vmp /VT
= ( I s + I o ) − 1 +  Ioe =0
V  VT 
32
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Operating point of PV
• The operating point of the solar cell depends on the magnitude
of the load resistance R.
• The load resistance is the output voltage V divided by the load
current I.
• The intersection of the PV cell characteristic with the load line is
the operating point of the PV cell.
33
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Operating point of PV connected to a resistive load
34
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Effect of irradiance 
35
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Effect of temperature T
36
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
• Goal: Track and operate PV at MPP regardless of environmental
conditions or changes
MPP
PMPP
IMPP
VMPP
37
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Maximum power point tracking
(MPPT)
• Purturb and Observe (P&O)
algorithm
– Adjusts D or Vref to find peak P
value
– Basic Operation:
» Measure I and V
» Calculate P=I*V
» Compare to last P
measurement
» Step in higher-power direction
» Repeat from Step 1
38
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Losses of PV cell: Irradiance losses
• Due to the reflection of the solar radiation at the top of the PV
cell.
• The light has photons with wide range of energy levels
– Some don’t have enough energy to excite the electrons.
– Others have too much energy that is hard to capture by the electrons.
• These two scenarios account for the loss of about 70 percent of
the solar energy.
– Losses of PV cell: electrical losses
• The resistances of the collector traces at the top of the cell.
• The resistance of the wires connecting cell to load.
• The resistance of the semiconductor crystal
39
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Real PV model considering electrical losses
Solar Rs
Cell
I
Load
Is Rp Ip V I
Id Vd
Rs : Resistance of wires and traces

Rp : internal resistance of the cell
40
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Efficiency of PV cell
Sun power converted to electricity Pse Vd  I s

irradiance = = =
Sun power Ps A
Output power of the cell Pout V I

e = = =
Sun power converted to electricity Pse Vd  I s
Pse Pout Pout V  I

 = irradiance e = = =
Ps Pse Ps A
41
EEE302 Solar Energy
– Example 6.11 of PV efficiency
• A 100 cm2 solar cell is operating at 30oC where the output
current is 1A, the load voltage is 0.4V and the saturation current
of the diode is 1nA. The series resistance of the cell is 10 mΩ
and the parallel resistance is 1kΩ. At a given time, the solar
power density is 200W/m2. Compute the irradiance efficiency
and the overall efficiency.
Vd  I s 0.411.00705
irradiance = = = 0.205
A 200  0.01
Pout Pout VI 0.4 *1.0
e = = = = = 0.975
Pse Pout + Pe−loss VI + Pe−loss 0.4 *1.0 + 0.010168
 = irradiance e = 0.205  0.975 = 0.20 Conclusion: Most of the
losses are irradiance!
42
EEE302 Solar Energy
– PV cell efficiency [Source: http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg]
43
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Wind energy usages
44
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Installed wind power capacity worldwide (MW)
Rank Nation 2005 2006 2007 2008
1 United States 9,149 11,603 16,818 25,170
2 Germany 18,415 20,622 22,247 23,903
3 Spain 10,028 11,615 15,145 16,754
4 China 1,260 2,604 6,050 12,210
5 India 4,430 6,270 8,000 9,645
6 Italy 1,718 2,123 2,726 3,736
7 France 757 1,567 2,454 3,404
8 United Kingdom 1,332 1,963 2,389 3,241
9 Denmark 3,136 3,140 3,129 3,180
10 Portugal 1,022 1,716 2,150 2,862
45
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Rapidly increased wind power capacity (MW)
70,000
China United States Germany Spain India
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
46
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Installed wind power in Korea
Name Completed Operation Wind Turb. Capacity (kW)
한경 1단계 2004.02 한국남부발전 NM72c/1500 1500 x 4
영덕 2004.12 유니슨 NM82/1650 1650 x 24
강원 1단계 2005.12 유니슨 V80-2.0 2000 x 14
양양 2006.07 한국중부발전 - 1500 x 2
매봉산 - 태백시 V52-850 850 x 8
강원 2단계 2006.10 유니슨 V80-2.0 2000 x 35
군산 - 전라북도 - 750 x 6 + 850 x 4

한경 2단계 2007.12 한국남부발전 V90-3.0 3000 x 5
성산 2009.03 한국남부발전 V80-2.0 2000 x 6
47
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Installed wind power in Korea
48
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Basic components of a wind-generating system
49
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Kinetic energy of wind
– Kinetic energy of moving mass (KE)
1 m: mass of object
KE = m w2
2 w: speed of object
– Kinetic energy of air

1 m: mass of wind passing through A
Ring of area A
KE = m w2
2 w: speed of wind
Wind passing
wind
through ring
m = volume * A: sweep area

: air density (kg/m3)
m = ( A wt ) 
t: time
50
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Considering air density in the kinetic energy
−h
353 T: Air temperature in Celsius.
 = e 29.3(T + 273)
kg/m3
h: elevation of the wind above
T + 273 the sea level in meters.
1
KE = A  t w3 KE is proportional to the cube of wind speed
2
KE 1
Wind Power Pwind = = A  w3
t 2
Pwind 1
 wind = =  w3  wind ~ w3
A 2
51
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Wind speed and the power of wind
• Power increases proportional to the cube of wind speed
– Doubling wind speed increases the power by a factor of eight
– Energy in 1 hour of 20 mph winds is the same as energy in 8 hours of 10 mph
winds 3000
Wind power density (W/m2)
2500
2000
1500  wind ~ w3
1000
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Wind speed (m/s) 52
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Blade diameter and the power of wind
1
Pwind = A  w3
2
• Power in the wind is proportional to A
• A is proportional to the square of the blade length
53
EEE302 Wind Energy
• 1.5 MW wind turbine
54
EEE302 Wind Energy
• 1.8 MW wind generating system
55
EEE302 Wind Energy
• 2 MW Basic wind turbine specifications
– Rotor Diameter: 80 m
– Swept Area: 5,026 m2
– Blade Rotation: 15.5-16.5 rpm
– Generator Voltage: 690 V
– Capacity: 1,800-2,000 kW
– Nacelle (housing) Weight: 77 t
– Rotor Weight: 41 tons
– Tower Weight: 105 tons
– Total Weight: 223 tons
56
EEE302 Wind Energy
• 3.6 MW GE wind turbine
57
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Aerodynamic force
– Wind turbine blade
Upper Camber
airfoil
Leading Edge Trailing Edge
Lower Camber
• The cross section of the blade shows longer upper camber than
the lower camber
• Air coming to the leading edge will split into two components, one
moves along the upper camber and the other along the lower
camber
58
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Law of continuity
W1
W Trailing Edge
airfoil
W2
• “The air molecules separated at the leading edge to the upper and
lower camber paths meet at the trailing edge at the same time.”
• Since the path of the upper camber is longer, the speed of air
𝑤1 > 𝑤2
59
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Aerodynamic force Pressure 𝑃𝑟1
– Bernoulli’s principal
Upper Camber
airfoil
Leading Edge Trailing Edge
Lower Camber
Pressure 𝑃𝑟2
• “As the velocity of air increases, pressure decreases”: 𝑃𝑟2 > 𝑃𝑟1
• The change in pressure causes lift.
• If one end of the blade is fixed at the hub of the turbine, the
change in pressure causes a twist that rotates the blade around
the hub axis.
60
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Angle-of-attack
W 
 Is the angle of attack
• Increasing the angle of attack could increase lift since air travels
longer distance through the upper camber
61
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Aerodynamic force Drag force (Fd)
– Drag and lift forces
W Lift force
 Is the angle of attack
• Drag force is the component of force parallel to air flow in front of

the airfoil
• Lift force is the component perpendicular to the flow
62
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Cases of aerodynamic forces
63
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Lift force as a function of angle-of-attack
64
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Substantially increasing the angle-of-attack
• increases the drag force

• Increase turbulent air
• Reduces the lift (Stall)
65
EEE302 Wind Energy
w 
• Aerodynamics 
– Pitch angle
Vertical motion of
the center of gravity
Cord line
• To compute the angle of attack you need to know the direction of

wind speed, which may not available with enough accuracy.
• For wind blade, the motion of any point on the blade is circular and
its locus is known
• The pitch angle is the angle β between the cord line and vertical
motion of the blade’s center of gravity.
• Increasing β reduced α and vice versa.
66
Wind Energy Blade
EEE302
Flift 
• Aerodynamics
x
– Speed of turbine
d Flift
Tm − Te = J
dt
Tm = x F lift
Flift
• J: moment of inertia of rotating mass

• Tm: Mechanical torque exerted on blades due to wind
• Te: Electric torque developed by the generator (counter torque)
• Flift: Equivalent lift force at center of gravity
• ω: angular speed of blade’s shaft
67
Wind Energy Blade
EEE302
Flift 
• Aerodynamics
x
– Speed of turbine
d Flift
Tm − Te = J
dt
Flift
• The lift force is a function of the pitch angle
• Adjusting pitch angle, adjusts the mechanical torque.
• If Tm = Te , acceleration is zero and the turbine operates at
constant speed.
• If Tm < Te , acceleration is negative and the slows down.
• If Tm > Te , acceleration is positive and the turbine speeds up.
68
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Aerodynamics
– Tip speed ratio (TSR)
vtip r
= vtip =  r = ( 2 n ) r = vtip
w w
b
: TSR Blade
w: up wind speed (undisturbed)
vtip: tip velocity of blade r
: angular speed of blade’s shaft in rad/s
n: blade speed is rps
69
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Aerodynamics
– Coefficient of performance
• The coefficient of performance is a nonlinear function of the TSR.
• Each turbine has its own coefficient of performance curve.
Cp
Pblade
Cp =
Pwind Cp max
vtip
=
w
best 
70
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Aerodynamics
– Coefficient of performance
• Impact of pitch angle
Cp
1<2<3
1
2
3
 71
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Aerodynamics
– Maximum Power vtip
Tracking for Changing =
w
Wind Speed Cp 1 > 2 3
• wind turbine is operating at 1 2
point 1 2
• assume that wind speed is
reduced and the operating 1
point is now at 2
• the coefficient of
performance is reduced
TSRA TSRB TSR
• pitch angle is changed to
β2 where Cp is at its
maximum (point 3)
72
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Power flow of wind turbine
73
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Operating range of wind turbine
– Output power of wind turbine
Pout =  Pwind C p  is turbine efficiency
74
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Power regulation by pitch angle
• Assume wind speed is wB.

• Assume that at this operating point, we are at the maximum Cp
• Assume that wind speed increases which reduces the TSR from
TSRB to TSRX.
• With no pitch angle control, the coefficient of performance is
reduced to CpX.
• If the blade power at point X still exceeds the rating of the turbine,
we need to further reduce the coefficient of performance.
– This can be done by increasing the pitch angle until the power is within the
acceptable limit at point C
75
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Typical power-speed characteristics
76
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Types of wind turbine
– Type 1: Squirrel cage induction generator directly coupled
to the grid. May have pitch control
– Type 2: Wound rotor induction machine with external rotor
resistance control
– Type 3: Wound rotor Doubly-fed induction generator
(Voltage injected in the rotor winding)
– Type 4: Synchronous or induction generator, the stator is
connected to the grid via power converter.
77
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Type 1: SCIG with compensation
Farm Collection
Grid Connection HV-GSU Point
Point Point
SCIG
Trunk Line
Gear
Box
GSU
Grid xfm
Variable
Compensation
HV-GSU: High Voltage side of Generation Step-Up transformer
78
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Type 2: Wound rotor IG
Farm Collection
Point
WRIG
Gear
Box
79
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Type 3: Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)
80
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Type 4: SG with AGC
AC/DC + DC/AC
Farm Collection
Point
Excitation
81
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Factors affecting wind generation
– Wind speed and length of wind season
• Most wind turbines operate at 4 -16 m/s
– Diameter of rotating blades
• The power captured is proportional to the square of the radius
– a 10% increase in the blade length will result in 21% increase in the captured
power
– Efficiency of wind turbine components
82
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Pitch control
• With pitch control, the power is adjusted to for wide range of wind
speeds.
– Yaw Control
• Most wind turbines are equipped with yaw mechanism to keep the
blades facing into the wind as the wind direction changes
• Some turbines are designed to operate on downwind; these
turbines don't need yaw mechanisms as the wind aligns these
turbines.
83
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Arrangement of the turbines (array effect)
• the blades of the front turbines create wakes of turbulent wind that
can reach the rare turbines
• efficiency is reduced when wind is turbulent.
– Reliability and maintenance
• The cost of electricity generated by the wind farm is a function of
– Capital cost, land use, maintenance, and contractual arrangement.
• The early designs of wind turbines were high maintenance
machines as well as cost ineffective systems.
• Newer designs have reliability rate around 98 percent
84
EEE302 Wind Energy
• Off-shore wind energy
85
EEE302 Wind Energy
– High cost of installation
• Transportation, construction, foundations, anchors, and moorings
– High cost of maintenance
– Technology is limited for deep waters
– Wind specific safety standards
• offshore oil and gas standards
– Offshore winds are much more difficult to characterize
than winds over land.
86
EEE302 Wind Energy
– Floating technology (in Ulsan?)
87
EEE302 Fuel Cell
• Hydrogen and Hydrogen Gas
Shell Electron
Proton
H H2
88
EEE302 Fuel Cell
• Generation of Hydrogen Gas
H2O
Hydrocarbon fuel CO2
CH2
Methylene
CO conversion
Reformer
Water
H2
(H2O) Fuel
Cell
CO2
H2
O2
CO
89
EEE302 Fuel Cell
- --
• Electrochemical
-
Load
process of PEM I
fuel cell
- --
-- -
2H2 O2
-- 4H+
Hydrogen Ions Oxygen (Air)
Cathode
Anode
Water
Electrolyte 2 H2 O
90
EEE302 Fuel Cell
• Chemical reaction of PEM fuel cell
– Anode reaction: 2 H 2  4 H + + 4 e−
– Cathode reaction: 4 H + + 4 e − + O2  2 H 2O
– Overall reaction: 2 H 2 + O2  2 H 2O
-- --
Load
I
-- -- --
2H2 -- O2
4H+
Hydrogen Ions Oxygen (Air)
Cathode
Anode
Water
Electrolyte 2 H2O
91
EEE302 Fuel Cell
• Characteristics
– Produces power without combustion or rotating
machinery.
– Makes electricity by combining hydrogen ions, drawn
from a hydrogen-containing fuel, with oxygen atoms.
– The current is proportional to the size (area) of the
electrodes.
– The voltage is limited electrochemically to about 1.23
volts per electrode pair, or cell.
– Cells can be “stacked” until the desired power level is
reached.
92
EEE302 Fuel Cell
• Types of fuel cells
Fuel Cell Electrolyte Anode Gas Cathode Gas Approximate Typical
Temperature Efficiency
Proton Exchange Membr Solid polymer Hydrogen Pure or atmosp 80°C 35–60%
ane (PEM) membrane heric oxygen
Alkaline (AFC) Potassium hy Hydrogen Pure oxygen 65-220°C 50–70%

droxide
Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) Phosphorous Hydrogen Atmospheric o 150-210°C 35–50%
xygen
Solid Oxide (SOFC) Ceramic Oxid Hydrogen, me Atmospheric o 600–1000°C 45–60%
e thane xygen
Molten Carbonate (MCF Alkali-Carbon Hydrogen, me Atmospheric o 600-650°C 40–55%
C) ates thane xygen
Direct Methanol (DMFC Solid polymer Methanol solu Atmospheric o 50-120°C 35–40%
) membrane tion in water xygen
93
EEE302 Fuel Cell
• Hydrogen Renewable energy
system
economy Electricity
Hydrogen Generation
Hydrogen
Distribution
Infrastructure
Co-Gen Co-Gen
Hydrogen
Industrial use Steam Oxygen Steam Industrial use
Oxygen
Air Air
conditioning conditioning
etc. etc.
FC System FC System
Water for Water for
drinking, Electricity Electricity Electricity drinking,
agriculture, Water agriculture,
Electric Load Electric Load Water
etc. etc.
Utility Grid 94
EEE302 Fuel Cell
• Process of ideal fuel cells
– Fuel cell has two processes
• Thermal process:
– Tell us how much energy can be produced by the fuel cell
• Electrical processes.:
– Gives the value of the voltage and current.
95
EEE302 Fuel Cell
– Thermal process
• Gibbs free energy G (generated energy)
G = H −Q
• H is the enthalpy of the process
– Thermodynamic potential energy in the fuel
– For hydrogen, it is the energy at the Anode (INPUT ENERGY)
– At one atmospheric pressure and 298o K, H = 285.83 kJ/mole
• Q is the entropy of the process
– entropy is the wasted heat during the process (LOSSES)
– At one atmospheric pressure and 298o K, Q= 48.7 kJ/mole
• The mole is a unit of measurement in chemistry
• A mole is the amount of elementary entities (atoms, molecules,
ions, electrons) in 12 grams of pure carbon
96
EEE302 Fuel Cell
– Thermal process
• Gibbs free energy G (generated energy)
G = H −Q
• At 298o K
– H = 285.83 kJ/mole
– Q= 48.7 kJ/mole
G = H − Q = 285.83- 48.7 = 237.13 kJ/mole
output energy G 237.13

t = = = = 83 %
input energy H 285.83
97
EEE302 Fuel Cell
– Electrical process
• Amount of electric charge qe in a mole of electrons
qe = N A  q
• q: the charge of a single electron (1.602*10-19 coulomb)
• NA is the Avogadro number (6.002*1023 Hydrogen
molecules/mole)
• For each hydrogen molecule, 2 electrons are released, then the
number of electrons Ne released by one mole of H2.
Ne = 2N A
98
EEE302 Fuel Cell
– Electrical process
• The charge of electrons released by one mole of H2
qm = N e  q
• Coulomb’s law:
qm I: current
I=
t t: time
• Electric energy:
E = V I t = V qm
• Output voltage:
E G
V= =
qm qm 99
EEE302 Fuel Cell
– Example of electrical process
• Assume ideal conditions; compute the output voltage of a PEM
fuel cell.
• Solution:
N e = 2 N A =1.2004  1024
qm = N e  q = 1.2004  1024  1.602  10−19 = 1.9288  105 C/mole
E G 237.13 103
V= = = = 1.23 V
qm qm 1.9288 10 5
100
EEE302 Fuel Cell
• Modeling of fuel cell: Losses
– Activation loss (electrode kinetic)
• due to the anode and cathode reactions at low currents or when
the cell is activated (oxygen are not fully diffused at starting)
– Ohmic loss
• due to the resistances of the electrolyte and electrodes
– Mass transport loss
• When the input reaction is less than the output reaction (when the
output current is very high and the input reaction cannot match
the needed demand)
101
EEE302 Fuel Cell
• Polarization characteristics of fuel cell
Activation Ohmic Mass

Transport
Voltage and Power
Power
Voltage
Current 102
EEE302 Fuel Cell
• Evaluation of fuel cell
– FCs have great potential in transportation, household use
and utility size generation.
– Several generations of fuel cell automobiles and buses
are already roaming city streets.
– Fuel cells are used as backup systems or independent
source of energy.
– Several sensitive installations such as hospitals, satellites,
and military installations are using fuel cells as backup
systems.
– The efficiency of the fuel cell including reformer is 26% -
40%.
103
EEE302 Fuel Cell
104
EEE302 Fuel Cell
– High temperature fuel cells produce enough heat that can
be used in industrial processes
– A single fuel cell produces a dc voltage < 1.5V.
• For higher voltage, fuel cells are stacked in series
– FCs have relatively short lifetime
• Their various components can suffer from pollution and
corrosions
– Pure hydrogen is a volatile gas, and requires special
storage and transportation.
– Hydrogen cannot be found free in nature, it is often
extracted by reformers
105
EEE302 Summary of Lecture
• Solar Energy
– Passive solar system
– Active solar system
• PV power generation
• Wind Energy
– Aerodynamics
– Wind turbine
• Fuel Cell
– Chemical reactions
– Thermal and electrical processes
– Loss model
106

(EEE302) EES Chapter6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(EEE302) EES Chapter6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EEE302: Electric Energy Systems

Chapter 6. Renewable Energy

• : solar power density on earth in kW/m2

t: hour of the day using the 24 hr clock

Silicon Atom Silicon Crystal

• Silicon is a good insulator.

4X4 inches PV Cell

20 to 24 cells [Image Source: GreenSourceGS.com] 20

Residential Rooftop Utility-scale PV farm

Solar power density Panel power

Panel Energy E panel =  Pmax e 2 2

E panel = Pmax 2   = 100* 2  * 2.5 = 627 Wh

Io: reverse saturation current

Rs : Resistance of wires and traces

Sun power converted to electricity Pse Vd  I s

Output power of the cell Pout V I

Pse Pout Pout V  I

한경 1단계 2004.02 한국남부발전 NM72c/1500 1500 x 4

영덕 2004.12 유니슨 NM82/1650 1650 x 24

강원 1단계 2005.12 유니슨 V80-2.0 2000 x 14

양양 2006.07 한국중부발전 - 1500 x 2

매봉산 - 태백시 V52-850 850 x 8

강원 2단계 2006.10 유니슨 V80-2.0 2000 x 35

군산 - 전라북도 - 750 x 6 + 850 x 4

– Kinetic energy of air

m = volume * A: sweep area

 Is the angle of attack

 Is the angle of attack

• Drag force is the component of force parallel to air flow in front of

• increases the drag force

• To compute the angle of attack you need to know the direction of

• J: moment of inertia of rotating mass

Pout =  Pwind C p  is turbine efficiency

• Assume wind speed is wB.

– Efficiency of wind turbine components

Alkaline (AFC) Potassium hy Hydrogen Pure oxygen 65-220°C 50–70%

G = H − Q = 285.83- 48.7 = 237.13 kJ/mole

output energy G 237.13

qm = N e  q = 1.2004  1024  1.602  10−19 = 1.9288  105 C/mole

Activation Ohmic Mass

You might also like