REPORTING ELECTIVE1

Meanings:
Syntactic triggers of equivalence:

Intensive relational equivalence: This means saying two things are really
similar or almost the same. Like saying "Apples are fruits." It's like saying
they're super close buddies!
Intensive Relational Equivalence:
This type of equivalence asserts a strong relationship or similarity between
two entities.
Example: "Orange is the new black."
Explanation: Here, "orange" is metaphorically equated with "black," suggesting
that "orange" has become fashionable or trendy, much like "black" has
traditionally been considered stylish or classic. It signifies a shift or change in
trends.

X is Y; seems Y; X became Y; X appears Y; Z thinks X Y; etc.:

These structures assert a direct or perceived relationship between X and Y.
Example: "X is like Y" or "Z thinks X Y" suggests a relationship or similarity
between X and Y.

Appositional equivalence: This is when two things are put side by side to
show they're related, like "My dog, Max." It's like introducing someone by
saying their name and what they are.
Appositional Equivalence (Using Apposition):
Appositional equivalence occurs when two noun phrases are placed next to
each other, with one providing additional information about the other.
Example: "Women, fire, and dangerous things."
Explanation: In this example, "fire" and "dangerous things" serve as
appositives to "women," suggesting that women possess qualities or
characteristics associated with fire and danger.

X, Y, (Z); X and Y; etc.:

These structures place X and Y together, often implying a connection or
equivalence between them.
Example: "X and Y" or "X, Y, and Z" indicate that X and Y are associated or
linked in some way.

Metaphorical equivalence: This is comparing two things using metaphors or

similes, like saying "Her eyes were stars." It's like saying one thing is kinda like
another thing, but not exactly.
Metaphorical Equivalence (e.g., using metaphors, similes):
Metaphorical equivalence involves creating a sense of similarity or equivalence
between two different things.
Example: "Life is like a box of chocolates."
Explanation: This is a simile that compares "life" to "a box of chocolates,"
suggesting that life, like a box of chocolates, is unpredictable and full of
unexpected experiences.

X is Y (relational); The X of Y; X is like Y; etc.:

These structures establish a relational or comparative equivalence between X
and Y.
Example: "X is the Y of Z" or "X is like Y" indicate a comparison or association
between X and Y.

Syntactic triggers of opposition:

Negated opposition: This is when you say something isn't something else,
like "It's not a cat, it's a dog." It's like saying the opposite of what you
originally thought.
Negated Opposition:
This type of opposition involves negating one element and presenting
another, often to highlight contrast or contradiction.
Example: "Car, not babies."
Explanation: This phrase contrasts "car" with "babies," suggesting that the
subject prefers or prioritizes cars over babies.

X not Y; Not X, Y (plesionymic); Some X, no Y; etc.:

These structures present opposition or negation between X and Y.
Example: "X not Y" or "Not X, Y" indicates a contrast or contradiction between
X and Y.
Transitional opposition: This is when you talk about moving from one thing
to another, like "From summer to fall." It's like talking about a change from
one situation to another.
Transitional Opposition:
Transitional opposition involves a shift or change from one state or condition
to another.
Example: "Turn water into wine."
Explanation: This phrase describes a transformation from water to wine,
highlighting the contrast between the two substances.

Turn X into Y; X becomes Y; From X to Y; etc.:

These structures describe a transformation or change from X to Y, implying
opposition or contrast between the two states.
Example: "Turn water into wine" suggests a change from water to wine,
highlighting the difference between the two substances.

Comparative opposition: This is when you compare two things to show

they're different, like "My house is bigger than yours." It's like saying one thing
is more or less than the other.
Comparative Opposition (Using Comparative Adjectives):
This type of opposition compares two elements, often using comparative
adjectives to indicate a difference in degree or quantity.
Example: "More ignorant than happy."
Explanation: Here, the speaker is comparing the degree of ignorance to the
degree of happiness, suggesting that the subject is more ignorant than happy.

More X than Y; Less X than Y; etc.

"More X than Y": In this structure, "X" represents the quality or attribute being
compared in greater quantity or intensity, while "Y" represents the quality or
attribute being compared in lesser quantity or intensity. For example, in "More
ignorant than happy," "ignorant" is represented by "X" because it's being
compared in greater quantity, while "happy" is represented by "Y" because it's
being compared in lesser quantity.

"Less X than Y": Here, "X" represents the quality or attribute being compared
in lesser quantity or intensity, while "Y" represents the quality or attribute
being compared in greater quantity or intensity. Using the same example, if
we were to say "Less happy than ignorant," "happy" would be represented by
"X" because it's being compared in lesser quantity, while "ignorant" would be
represented by "Y" because it's being compared in greater quantity.

Replacive opposition: This is when you give choices, like "Do you want ice
cream or cake?" It's like saying you can have one thing or another, but not
both.
Replacive Opposition (Conjunctions of Alternatives):
Replacive opposition presents alternatives or choices, often using
conjunctions to indicate replacement or substitution.
Example: "Sad instead of bereft."
Explanation: This phrase suggests that the subject is sad rather than bereft,
presenting sadness as an alternative emotional state.

X instead of Y; X rather than Y; etc.:

These structures present an alternative or choice between X and Y, indicating
opposition or preference.
Example: "X instead of Y" or "X rather than Y" suggests a preference for X over
Y.
Concessive opposition: This is when you admit one thing while still saying
another, like "Even though it rained, we had fun." It's like saying, "Yeah, this
happened, but we still did something else."
Concessive Opposition (Using Concessive Conjunctions):
Concessive opposition acknowledges a counterpoint or concession while still
maintaining the main assertion.
Example: "Despite rain, the sun shone."
Explanation: This phrase acknowledges the presence of rain but emphasizes
that the sun still shone, highlighting the contrast between the two weather
conditions.

Despite X,Y; X, yet Y; etc.:

These structures acknowledge a contrast or contradiction between X and Y,
often despite a certain condition or circumstance.
Example: "Despite the rain, the sun shone" indicates a contrast between rain
and sunshine.

Explicit Opposition:
Explicit opposition directly contrasts two elements, often using conjunctions
to indicate opposition.
Example: "Comfortable rather than wealthy."
Explanation: This phrase contrasts the state of being comfortable with the
state of being wealthy, suggesting that the subject values comfort over
wealth.

X by contrast with Y; X, as opposed to Y; etc.:

These structures highlight a comparison or distinction between X and Y.
Example: "X by contrast with Y" or "X, as opposed to Y" suggests a comparison
between two contrasting elements.

Syntactic triggers of equivalence and/or opposition (these require

interpretation in context):

Syntactic parallelism: This is when you use similar structures to show things
are related, like "I like to read books and watch movies." It's like setting things
up the same way to show they're connected.
Syntactic Parallelism:
Syntactic parallelism involves using similar grammatical structures or patterns
to convey equivalence or similarity between different elements.
Example: "He liked X. She liked Y."
Explanation: In this example, the syntactic structure remains consistent ("He
liked X" and "She liked Y"), suggesting a parallel or equivalent relationship
between the two individuals' preferences or actions. The parallelism highlights
the similarity in their likes or interests.

He liked X. She Like Y; Your house is X, Mine is Y; etc.:

These structures present parallel statements that imply equivalence or
similarity between the elements described.
Example: "He liked X. She liked Y" suggests a parallel or equivalent
relationship between the preferences of "he" and "she".

Contrastives: This is when you use words like "but" to show a difference, like
"I like pizza, but she likes pasta." It's like pointing out the difference between
two things.
Contrastives (Using Contrastive Conjunctions):
Contrastives employ contrastive conjunctions to indicate opposition or
contradiction between two elements.
Example: "She felt tired, but happy."
Explanation: In this example, the contrastive conjunction "but" contrasts the
states of being tired and happy, indicating opposition or contradiction
between the two emotional states. Despite feeling tired, the subject also feels
happy, highlighting the contrast between the two feelings.

X, but Y; etc.:
These structures indicate a contrast or contradiction between X and Y.
Example: "Your house is spacious, but mine is cozy" suggests a contrast
between the spaciousness of one house and the coziness of another.