1.

Cyberbullying
 Cyberbullying refers to the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically
by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature. It can occur through
various platforms such as social media, messaging apps, email, or online gaming.
Cyberbullying can have serious consequences on mental health and well-being.
 In the Philippines, cyberbullying is principally addressed under Republic Act No. 10627,
or the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013, as well as Republic Act No. 10175, known as the
Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
 The Philippine Congress enacted Republic Act No. 10175 or “Cybercrime Prevention Act
of 2012” which completely address crimes committed against and by means of computer
system on 12 September 2012. It includes penal substantive rules, procedural rules and
rules on international cooperation.
 It can lead to anxiety, depression, self-harm, and even suicide. There are many ways to
track someone who is cyber bullying.
 The Department of Education (DepEd) has reported 178 cases of bullying among learners
since November 2022, with physical incidents being the most common. Data from the
Learners TeleSafe Contact Center Helpline reveals 40 cases of general bullying, 27 of
cyberbullying, 83 of physical bullying, and 28 of verbal bullying during this period.
President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. has urged DepEd to prioritize addressing bullying in
response. The prevalence of social media has extended the reach of bullying,
necessitating collaborative efforts between DepEd and other agencies like the Department
of Health. Bullying, as defined by DepEd Order No. 55 s. 2013, encompasses various
forms of harassment causing physical or emotional harm, disrupting education, or
infringing on rights. Experts caution that bullying can lead to depression, anxiety, sleep
issues, and academic decline among affected students. RA 10627 outlines penalties for
school employees found guilty of bullying, including fines and imprisonment. [Source:
Philippine News Agency]
 A new poll released by UNICEF reveals concerning statistics about online bullying
among young people globally, including in the Philippines. One in three young people in
30 countries reported being victims of online bullying, with one in five admitting to
skipping school due to cyberbullying and violence. In the Philippines, nearly half of
children aged 13-17 are affected by cyberviolence, with similar prevalence rates for both
males and females. Verbal abuse over the internet or cellphone and sexual messages
constitute a significant portion of cyberviolence experienced by Filipino children.
Moreover, social networks like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter are identified
as the most common platforms for online bullying. The responsibility for addressing
online bullying is perceived differently by respondents, with opinions divided between
the government, young people themselves, and internet companies. UNICEF calls for
urgent action to implement policies protecting children from both online and offline
 bullying, advocating for national helplines, teacher and parent training, improved data
gathering, and ethical standards enhancement by social media companies. UNICEF.
(2019, September 6). Online Bullying Remains Prevalent in Philippines, Other Countries.
Retrieved from

2. Hacking
 Hacking involves gaining unauthorized access to computer systems or networks. It can be
done for various reasons, including financial gain, stealing sensitive information, or
causing disruption. Hacking techniques can range from relatively simple methods like
password guessing to more sophisticated attacks such as malware or phishing.
 The Philippine Congress enacted Republic Act No. 10175 or “Cybercrime Prevention Act
of 2012” which completely address crimes committed against and by means of computer
system on 12 September 2012. It includes penal substantive rules, procedural rules and
rules on international cooperation.
 The Philippines successfully thwarted cyber-attacks originating from China-based
hackers, aimed at various government websites and email systems, including those of
President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. The Department of Information and Communications
Technology (DICT) and the National Coast Watch website were among the targets. While
the attacks were traced back to China, no specific state attribution was made. These
hackers utilized internet protocol addresses associated with the Chinese state-owned
Unicom.

3. Fake News
 Fake news refers to false or misleading information presented as legitimate news. It is
often spread through social media, websites, or other online platforms. Fake news can
have significant consequences, including shaping public opinion, influencing elections,
and undermining trust in media sources. It's essential to critically evaluate sources and
information before sharing or believing them.
 Based on the article it stated that mostly the fake news came from the influencers itself.
We all know that influencers have a big platform for the public as they have huge
followers and audiences. Moreover, since influencers are public figures their posts in
social media really matter to its audience. There are some influencers that are spreading
fake new hens to the fake news that are posted from the called as public figure there is
lots of audience, they will think that it is true since it came from the public figure and
through with that it will spread to one another. On the one most of the Filipino blame the
media influencer for making fake news that are spreading on the public
4. Cyber Libel
 Cyber libel refers to the act of publishing defamatory statements or content about
someone online. It involves using electronic communication platforms such as social
media, websites, or blogs to spread false and damaging information that harms a person's
reputation. Cyber libel laws vary by country, but they generally extend traditional libel
laws to cover online defamation.
 Defamation in the Philippines includes slander (spoken defamation) and libel (written
defamation). Posting false and damaging information about someone on social media can
constitute online libel under Philippine law, covered by Article 353 of the Revised Penal
Code and the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012.
 Section 4(c)(4) of R.A. 10175, known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, lists
libel as one of the punishable offenses. If the defamatory posts were made online, this law
could apply.
 The article reports that former senator Kiko Pangilinan has filed a cyber libel complaint
against a YouTube channel creator and officers of YouTube and Google Philippines.
Pangilinan's complaint revolves around videos uploaded by the YouTube channel
Bungangera TV, which contain malicious and libelous content against him and his family.
These videos depict him as an abuser, causing damage to his reputation and stress to his
family. Pangilinan included YouTube and Google in the complaint due to their alleged
inaction on his numerous complaints since December. He also urged companies whose
ads appear in these malicious videos to scrutinize where their ads are placed. YouTube
responded by stating they have clear policies on acceptable content and consider legal
factors when evaluating reports. Pangilinan suggested that the motives behind the videos
could be political, even though he is currently not in government service. He emphasized
that he and his party are still strengthening their positions, with plans for the 2025
midterm elections yet to be finalized. SOURCE ABSCBN NEWS
 Former Davao City information officer Jefry Tupas filed cyber libel charges against vice
presidential aspirant Walden Bello after Bello accused Tupas of being a drug dealer in an
online press conference. Tupas clarified she has never been involved in any drug-related
incidents. She stated Bello's false accusations caused emotional distress and damaged her
reputation. Tupas is seeking PHP10 million in moral and exemplary damages through her
legal counsel, Lawyer Caesar Europa.
 Social media posts
 Blog posts
 Online reviews and comments
 Emails and online messages
 Fake news and rumors
 Website content
 Photos and videos
Regarding Web and Internet and Types of Websites, here's a brief overview:
 The web is a system of interconnected documents and resources accessed via the Internet.
 The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and other devices that
allows communication and the exchange of information.
 Websites are online locations that contain web pages, multimedia content, and other
resources accessible via a web browser.
 There are various types of websites, including:
Informational websites: Provide information on specific topics or subjects.
 E-commerce websites: Allow users to buy and sell goods or services online.
 Social networking websites: Facilitate social interaction and networking among users.
 Blogging platforms: Enable users to publish and share articles, photos, and other content.
 News websites: Provide news articles, updates, and information on current events.
 Entertainment websites: Offer multimedia content such as videos, music, games, and
other forms of entertainment.
 Educational websites: Provide educational resources, courses, and learning materials.
 Portfolio websites: Showcase the work, skills, and achievements of individuals or
businesses.
Each type of website serves different purposes and caters to specific audiences, contributing to
the diverse landscape of the World Wide Web.