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Distribution System - JL.
Distribution System - JL.
BSEE – 4C
2. Sectionalizing Fuses
Sectionalizing fuses are protective devices used in power distribution systems to
automatically isolate faulty sections of the network and maintain service continuity to
the rest of the system. These fuses are designed to detect and respond to faults by
opening the circuit in a controlled manner. The primary purpose of sectionalizing
fuses is to minimize the impact of faults on distribution systems. When a fault occurs,
the sectionalizing fuse isolates the faulty section, preventing the fault from affecting
the entire distribution network. Sectionalizing fuses operate automatically in response
to abnormal conditions such as short circuits or overloads. The automatic operation
ensures a swift response to faults without the need for manual intervention. There are
different types of sectionalizing fuses, including expulsion-type fuses, current-limiting
fuses, and electronically controlled fuses. The choice of fuse type depends on factors
such as the specific application, fault characteristics, and desired performance.
3. Fault Location Equipment
Fault location in a distribution system is crucial for the quick restoration of power and
the overall reliability of the electrical grid. Various equipment and techniques are
employed to identify and locate faults in distribution systems. Common fault location
equipment and methods used in distribution systems:
Fault Indicators
Overhead Line Fault Indicators: These devices are installed on overhead lines
and provide a visual indication when a fault occurs. They are usually reset
manually after the fault is cleared.
Cable Fault Indicators: Similar to overhead line indicators, cable fault
indicators are designed for underground cables.
Shunt capacitors, both fixed and switched banks, are commonly used in electrical power
systems to improve power factor and voltage regulation. These capacitors are connected
in parallel to the load and are designed to compensate for the reactive power, which is the
power that oscillates between the source and the load without performing any real work.
Fixed Shunt Capacitors:
Purpose: Fixed shunt capacitors are installed to provide a continuous and constant
amount of reactive power compensation.
Operation: These capacitors are connected to the power system at all times and
continuously provide reactive power to offset the lagging reactive power inductive
components of the load.
Advantages:
Improved power factor: Reduces the lagging power factor, leading to better overall
system efficiency.
Voltage support: Helps in maintaining voltage levels by supplying reactive power locally.
Purpose: Switched shunt capacitors are used to provide dynamic reactive power
compensation based on the varying load conditions.
Operation: These capacitors are switched in and out of the system as needed, responding
to changes in the load demand or system conditions. They are controlled by automatic
controllers that measure the power factor or other relevant parameters.
Advantages:
Energy savings: Reduces the need for continuous reactive power compensation, leading
to energy savings.
5. Tie Switches
Tie switches can be used to connect two or more feeders, allowing the flow of
electrical power between them. This configuration is useful for load balancing,
redundancy, or optimizing the distribution of power within the network.
Some tie switches are equipped with automation capabilities, allowing for
remote control and operation. This enhances the flexibility and efficiency of
the distribution system, particularly in response to changing load conditions or
fault events.
Tie switches are crucial for isolating specific sections of the distribution
system during maintenance activities. By isolating a feeder or circuit,
maintenance crews can work safely without affecting the rest of the network.