Assignment 1: ROAD DEVELOPMENT

CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

All questions need to be replied. Total marks awarded are 20. Weightage will be assigned to arrive at
component weightage as defined in Lecture Plan. Write your reply in your own language. The replies will be
checked for similarity as per institute policy. Reply with similarity will be rejected without any further
consideration.

Marking Key: 2×3 + 2×4 + 6 = 20 (weightage to be implemented)

By : Shivanshu Giri
22411035 (M7)

Answers:
1.a. Road development is directly linked with the social and economic growth of a nation and society. The
effects are diverse and can be observed in various aspects of the economy and daily life.
 Road development contributes to the overall infrastructure improvement of a nation.
 Transportation improvement could decrease transportation costs and time enabling business to
operate more smoothly and efficiently.
 Improve in accessibility leads to reduced travel costs which may lead to the labor catchment area for
businesses being widened.
 Increased accessibility, reduced transportation and production costs and good infrastructure would
attract more business for expanding their market.
 Enhancing transport infrastructure may increase the attractiveness of an area to new businesses
which will lead to increased employment opportunities.
 Road development also leads to generation of jobs in construction, transportation, and maintenance
as well as new business opportunities due to increased investment and trade.

1.b. Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) is a constituent laboratory of India’s Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR). It conducts research and development in the areas of design, construction,
maintenance, and management of roads and airport runways. It works in area of traffic and surface
transportation planning. Here are the technical divisions in Central Road Research Institute (CRRI):
 Traffic Engineering and Safety
 Engineering Service Division
 Transport Planning and Environment
 Quality Management
 Transport Planning and Environment,
 Information, Liaison & Training
 Rigid Pavements
 Pavement Evaluation
 Bridge Engineering and Structures
 Geotechnical Engineering
 Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation
 Flexible Pavements

1.c. The Indian Roads Congress (IRC) was set up by the Government of India in consultation with the State
Governments in December 1934. It is the premier body of Highways Engineers in India.
Principal aims and objectives of IRC:
 Assignment 1: ROAD DEVELOPMENT
CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

 Provide a national forum for regular pooling of experience and ideas on all matters concerned with
construction and maintenance of highways.
 Recommend standard specifications and to provide a platform for the expression of professional
opinion on matters relating to public roads and roads transport including those of organizations and
administration.
 To suggest improved methods of administration, planning, design, construction, operation, use and
maintenance of roads.
 To hold periodical meetings and conferences to discuss technical questions regarding roads
 Publishing journals, monthly magazines, and research bulletins
 To advise regarding education, experiment, and research connected to roads

Telford construction of road pavement Macadam construction of road pavement

1. Telford method of construction used stone 1. Macadam method of construction used a
foundation. subsoil base.
2. The pavement consists of several layers. First 2. Pavements typically consists of 3 layers: a
layer, known as the bottom layer or foundation is bottom layer of larger stones, a middle layer of
made up of large stones. smaller stones, and a top layer of fine gravel.
3. Cross slope of 1 in 45 3. Cross slope of 1 in 36
4. Thickness of foundation stone varied from 17 cm. 4. Total thickness was kept uniform from edge to
at edges to 22 cm. at the centre. The centre of about centre to a minimum of 25cm.
5.5 m width was covered with two layers of angular
broken stones to compacted thickness of 10cm and
5cm.
The centre of about 5.5 meters width was covered
with two layers of angular broken stones to
compacted thickness of 10cm
and 5 cm

2.a

2.b
Parameter First 20-year Road Development Plan Second 20-year Road Development Plan

Population & Area <500,500-1000, 1000-2000: Lower It had 9 population categories.

Category roads
Area category: Agricultural or developed
2000-5000, >5000: High Category roads area, semi-developed and undeveloped or
un-cultivate.
Area category: Agricultural or production
area and non-agricultural area

Road Density 16 km/ 100 km^2 32 km/ 100 km^2

It was said that traffic should not be It proposed a plan of having metalled
Accessibility
disturbed for more than 12h at a time and roads for different populations in different
more than 6 times a year. regions.

Allowances 15 % development allowance
Formulae for
length calculation Length of NH + SH + MDR (in km):
= A/8 + B/32 + 1.6N +8T +D – R
A= Agricultural Area in sq. kms
B= Non-agricultural land area in sq. kms
N= Number of towns and villages having
population of 2000-5000
T= Number of towns and villages having
population of over 5000
D= Allowance for agricultural and
industrial development
R= Railway mileage in the area under
consideration
Length of the ODR+VR:
= 0.32V + 0.8Q + 1.6P + 3.2S +D
V= number of villages with population 500
or less
Q= number of villages with population
501-1000
P= number of villages with population
1001-2000
S= Number of villages with population
2001-5000
D= Allowance for agricultural and
industrial development during next 20
years
Assignment 1: ROAD DEVELOPMENT
CEN: 210 Highway Engineering
5 % development allowance
Length of NH in km:
= A/64 + B/80 + C/96 + (32K+8M) + D
Length of NH+SH in km:
= A/20 + B/24 + C/32 + (48K+24M) +
11.2N + 1.6P + D
Length of NH+SH+MDR in km:
= A/8 + B/32 + C/24 + (48K+24M) + 11.2N
+ 9.6P + 6.4Q + 2.4R +D
Length of NH+SH+MDR+ODR in km:
= 3A/16 + 3B/32 + C/16 + (48K+24M) +
11.2N + 9.6P + 12.8Q + 4R + 0.8S +
0.32T +D
Length of NH+SH+MDR+ODR+VR in km:
= A/4 + B/8 + C/12+ (48K + 24M) + 11.2N
+ 9.6P + 12.8Q + 5.9R + 1.6S + 0.64T +
0.2V +D
A = Developed and agricultural areas,
sq.km
B= Semi-developed area, sq.km
C = Underdeveloped area, sq.km
K = number of towns with population over
1,00,000
M = number of towns with population
range 1,00,000 – 50,000
N = number of towns with population
range 50,000- 20,000
P = number of towns with population
range 20,000- 10,000
Q = number of towns with population
range 10,000- 5,000
R = number of towns with population
range 5,000- 2,000
S = number of towns with population
range 2,000- 1,000
T = number of towns with population
range 1,000- 500
 Assignment 1: ROAD DEVELOPMENT
CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

V = number of towns with population

range below 500

D = Development allowance of 5 percent

of road length calculated for further
development and other unforeseen
factors.

3. Area = 3,42,732 sq.km

No. of towns = 94
No. of villages = 17821
Population = 3,42,73,254

1981-2001 was the 3rd 20-year Road Development Plan

NH (National Highways) = Area in sq. km / 50 = 3,42,732/50 = 6854.64 km

SH (State Highways) = Area in sq. km / 25 = 3,42,732/25 = 13,709.28 km
or 62.5*No. of towns = 62.5*94=5975 km
MDR (Major District Road) = Area in sq. km / 12.5 = 24,418.56 km
Or 90*No. of towns = 90*94 = 8730 km
Total Road Length = 4.74 * No. of towns + villages = 84,917.1 km
Total Rural Road Length = 84917.1 – (6854.64+13,709.28+24,418.56) = 39,934.62 km

Road Density = Total Road Length / Area = 84,917.1 / 3,42,732 = 0.24776 per km = 24.776 km/100 sq.km

The targeted road density for 3rd 20-year Road Development plan is 82 km / 100 sq. km.
Current Road density is 57.224 km / 100 sq. km less than the target road density.

I suggest Grid Road pattern for the given region since it has low road density. A grid road pattern would
help in connecting towns and villages efficiently. Also, they can be easily expanded with the increase in
population. Since the population is less it will also help in connecting the area to major transportation
networks.
 Assignment 1: ROAD DEVELOPMENT
CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

Xnmxa,nThe centre of about 5.5 meters width was covered with two layers of angular broken stones to
compacted thickness of
The centre of about 5.5 meters width was covered with two layers of angular broken stones to compacted
thickness of 10cm