What is Multilingualism?

Multilingualism refers to the ability of an individual or a community to speak or

understand multiple languages proficiently.

Basic Concepts of Multilingualism

Suzzane Romaine
The coexistence of two or more languages in a society, characterized by varying
degrees of language proficiency among its members and the potential for language
contact and interaction.

Michael Clyne
The ability of an individual or a community to use two or more languages in everyday
life, either actively (speaking, writing) or receptively (listening, reading).

Ludwig Wittgenstein
The capacity of individuals to inhabit multiple linguistic worlds, each with its own set
of rules, meanings, and cultural nuances.

Jim Cummins
he ability of individuals to communicate effectively in two or more languages, with
varying degrees of proficiency and fluency in each language, influenced by factors
such as language learning experiences, cultural background, and social contexts.

Noam Chomsky
the phenomenon where individuals possess the capacity to acquire and use multiple
languages, often reflecting the underlying principles of universal grammar while
adapting to specific linguistic environments.

References
Noam Chomsky:
Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use. Praeger.
Jim Cummins:
Cummins, J. (1984). Bilingualism and Special Education: Issues in Assessment and
Pedagogy. Multilingual Matters.
Suzanne Romaine:
Romaine, S. (1995). Bilingualism. Blackwell Publishing.
Michael Clyne:
Clyne, M. (1997). The German Language in a Changing Europe. Cambridge University
Press.
Ludwig Wittgenstein:
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Basil Blackwell.