Takethe direction to theCleft1right aspositive

Take the direction towards theleast1south

westnorth as positive
downward1forward
Chapter 2 Motion (II) TaketheCupward
direction as positive
2.1 Graphs of straight-line motion
A Displacement-time graph (s-t graph)
t.IE zEEEX
Eh.TN7FEFfzEFk7AEtFETAGfEFE
1 HEHE a F graph
A displacement-time E shows the displacement (from a reference point) of an
object at different instants.
change in displacement
2 Slope of s-t graph = = ____________________
change in time velocity
t't s/m s t graph
velocity
EI.EE 7EkEfEX25 130,257 S t graph tTE V
X ALIEF 75 274 71
tE tHFnK tk Uniform a uniform motion 1 0 155
const v

motion atrest
tl f tsI 17 10 constant constant
F 15Sos
25M
at rest
17nFEH 1217 velocity
velocity EGR t
C'i 25M
Is 171 0
HEIER
15 30
CITHARA
60
t/s
1 30605 const V
Time interval Position Change in s
60,0
Velocity v Direction of motion
47
slope t (+ or -)
DS
change from + 15
(a) 0-15 s 25 - 10 = +15 m = +1 m s-1
10 m to 25 m 15 t
(b) 15-30 s stay at 25 m (at rest)
Zero Zero

changefrom -
(c) 30-60 s
g 25 25m
0.833ms
25mts 0 o KEK't 2717
Checkpoint 1
Jason walks along a straight line. The figure above shows his s-t graph in the first 60 s. The
forward direction is taken as positive.
(a) Describe the motion of Jason in the first 60 s.
(b) What is his total displacement in the first 60 s?

Solution
(a) During 0-15 s, Jason moves forwards at a ____________
constant speed of _______________. 1m51
at rest
During 15-30 s, Jason is _________________.

During 30-60 s, Jason moves ____________

backwards at a ____________
constant speed of _________.
0.833ms

(b) Total displacement in the first 60 s = O lo torn

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WS 1
 Kil
a at
3 When the s-t graph is a curve, the ______________________
Instantaneous
FE y
velocity of the object is
given by the slope of the curve at that instant (i.e. the slope of the tangent at that point).

s HER
stgraph t
Dt
sr
Ds IKEA
EH'T
featertated
Dt
EKE t
velocity3K Ds
size KEEF t
v = slope =
so
I st
0 t HER
tangent
Checkpoint 2
The figure above shows the s-t graph of car A.
(a) Explain how the graph shows that the car slows down.
(b) At t = 0, another car B resting at s = 2 m starts to speed up. Sketch the s-t graph of B.

Solution
(a) As time goes on (t increases), the ________________ of the curve ________________,
decreases
slope
i.e. the velocity of A ________________.
decreases
(b) At t = 0,

slope of the s-t graph = v = ________

The s-t graph of B:
s/m

0 t

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WS 2
 B Velocity-time graph (v-t graph)
1 A velocity-time graph shows the velocity of an object at different instants.
2 Slope of v-t graph = _______________________
acceleration LIFE
3 Area under v-t graph = _______________________
total
displacement 4 48
* When the area is below the time axis, the __________________
displacement is taken as negative.
to v / m s-1
9ms a
f o TEP 35,18 utgraphE.tt
u
18

y0ms a
3k tgraphE7ttEe

5sg
18m51
I5s Eta
18m51 0 50,0 t / s
45 355 totes
5 15 35 50

0m51
-9 PLIED 17157137421457
35s TF q Ef k 5775k t
Speed up / slow down /
Direction of motion a / m s-2
Time unchanged
(derived from sign of v) (slope)
(derived from signs of v & a)
18 - (-9)
(a) t = 2 s - = +1.8 slow down
15 - 0

(b) t = 5 s (at rest)

1.8 (N / A)

(c) t = 8 s
1 1.8 Speed
up
(d) t = 20 s
o unchanged
0 18
(e) t = 40 s
1 Fogg 1.2 Slow down

Time interval Change of displacement Ds

(f) 0-5 s Ds = 5xCI 9

22.5M
Ds = 435 15 1150 573 18
585M
(g) 5-50 s
2
1 0 505 total displacement 225 1585
SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WS 3
562.5M
Checkpoint 3
A car travels along a straight road. The figure below shows its v-t graph in the first 100 s.
The forward direction is taken as positive. 1 10m15
v / m s-1

15 Cbs
10

50 100
0 t/s
20

10
-15

ITH d
S and the average speed of the car in the first 100 s.
(a) Find the average velocity
(b) Sketch the v-t graph in the same figure if the backward direction is taken as positive.

Solution

(a) Average velocity =

total displacement
= 500
1 0 Lss
5m s
Too szo 2o
total time of travel
loom

total distance travelled

f Lo loos
Average speed = = too 10020 1 15
total time of travel
Too 7 m s Soo
2
Goo m
i Stotal 10011600 500M
dTotal 1001600700M
Checkpoint 4 Initiation atrest
-1
Annie walks at 1.5 m s towards the right for 10 s. After resting for 20 s, she walks back to
the starting position in 15 s. Sketch the s-t graph and v-t graph of Annie for her journey.

s/m v / m s-1

i l
1.5
i i
i i

it
0 t/s 0 t/s
10 3s 45 45
i

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WS 4
Checkpoint 5
In each of the following cases, find the time at which objects X and Y meet.
(a) (b)

s/m v / m s-1

20 object X 20 object X
15 object Y 15 object Y

0 t/s 0 t/s
3 4 3 4

Solution
Letthetwoobjects meet
Thetwo objects meets
at't3s at t T
4220 20x T 4 15T
T fs
twoobjectsmeetat
i The t 8s

Checkpoint 6
Amy and Betty run along a straight road. They are at the same position at time t = 0. The
figure below shows their v-t graphs.

Amy

Betty
0 t/s
5

Determine whether each of the following statements is correct.

(a) Amy meets Betty at t = 5 s.
X
(b) The average speed of Amy from t = 0 to t = 5 s is higher than that of Betty.
(c) The average acceleration of Amy from t = 0 to t = 5 s is greater than that of Betty.
X
SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WS 5
 Effie a E EFurze
C D
Acceleration-time graph (a-t graph)
1 An acceleration-time graph shows the acceleration of an object at different instants.

2 The s-t graph, the v-t graph and the a-t graph are related by:

ABABA slope slope

¾¾¾® ¾¾¾®
4000 s - t graph
¬¾¾¾
v - t graph a - t graph
area

Uniform motion a F HE
efikh.sk vA7kH7K
Checkpoint 7
The v-t graphs of two different objects are given below. Sketch their s-t graphs and a-t
graphs. Assume that both objects start at s = 0 when t = 0. o 155 f VP stgraph t
(a) If Hita S t graphslope
s ftp.zfzps
4771417 V t F 1 152 v THR ko
v
graph tt / sask.FM C0
0
tiraph
sa EH 57294172 17 4
X If
20
0 t/s
15 a
Cz set th
i
0 i t/s 47
vetgraph5k E o 155 4944532 M 0
a o
rs 2os.VE k o
(b)
EDA
tgrfht
tgraphATslope
s
S
a

Lik v v
ha
Egf
D 745789 0 s t/s

f k E HER
ftp.t FEttn
q
v
s.tkEkFEtnt
kk
0 Eat t/s
10 15 20 a i Eli

i
rig
i
raphslope 0 t/s
Io is Io
a tgraph
SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WS 6
Checkpoint 8
The motion graphs of different objects are shown below. Identify in which of the cases the
object changes its moving direction and state when this occurs.
(a) Theobjectdoesnotchange16 (b) TheobjectchangesHsmoving
moving direction
toios direction att ios
v
Vio u
Kk v
visa E Etta
o aco F I
HEEL E EES DIFFER
Hid
ao aco M v An3 20
0 t/s 0 t/s
5 20 10

(c) TheobjectchangesHs moving (d)

Cannot be determined
directionat 1 55
s a
3 Biz 1 0 35 I
Tsb
5 1 7 4151 no E 3 55 O 5
5 20
0
3
t/s 0
payu a
t/s

0 o
2
M
7 A sa
dos.ly
gg.tg 9s1ms

Checkpoint 9 town
Cars A, B and C travel along a straight road that passes through town P. The displacement s
is measured from town P. Match each car to the graph describing its motion.

Graph W Graph X Graph Y Graph Z

s v s v
slope_a 1 IF hip
thx 50x
0
MEO MIO
t
0aso aso
t
o 0 x
t
on
0
t

so x
vo v o
VFR
(a) Car A travels towards town P at a constant speed. After arriving at town P, it makes a
aEIs5
E.ME U-turn and travels back at the same speed.
V Graph W V
(b) Car B leaves town P with a uniform deceleration. When its velocity becomes zero, it
accelerates uniformly without changing its direction of motion.
GraphX
(c)
mm
Car C travels towards town P and goes straight on at a constant X
7Eh speed.
Graph's

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WS 7
 D
TEED kith tools
Motion analyzing
I
DOO
1111
1 The following tools are used in laboratories to study the motion of an object.
Reflection • A __________________
motion sensor (connected
of ultrasound to a data-logger) emits ultrasound
signals and detects the echoes from
as
TIE
an object to determine the
_______________ of the object at
position
different times.
• A __________________ (connected timer-scaler
light gate
to a timer-scaler or a data-logger)
11h54m produces a light beam in-between. It

Hist
starts timing when the beam is
light-gate
blocked by an object and stops
Block I timing when the beam is unblocked.
e.g
uE4n5s The instantaneous _________
speed of the
object can therefore be estimated.
lmk
Experiment: Using a motion sensor

 Set up the apparatus as shown above. Connect the motion sensor to a computer via a

data logger
____________________________.
interface
‚ Use the data-logging program to display the motion graphs (e.g. s-t and v-t graphs).
ƒ Start recording data. Walk along a straight line that passes through the

____________________.
motion When the motion finishes, stop recording data.
sensor

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WS 8
 2.2 Equations of uniformly accelerated motion
A Equations of motion
R F likFLEI.EEE a FEEEA7 HaiI F47
1 The equations of motion can be applied to motion with ____________________
uniform acceleration only:

v = u + at (s omitted)
U
Ae s I l ut uit (a omitted)

s at at2 (v omitted)

v us 2as (t omitted)

* u: initial velocity, v: final velocity, s: displacement, a: acceleration, t: time

Checkpoint 10
A boat accelerates uniformly along a straight line from rest to 43.2 km h-1 in 5 s.
(a) Find the acceleration of the boat.
(b) The boat then decelerates to 36 km h-1 in 1.5 s. Find the distance travelled by the boat
when it decelerates.

Solution
Take the forward direction as positive.
(a) u = O
v = 43.2kmhi e433 ms i
32 izms i
t=
5s
a=?
By v = u + at,
v-u
a= = 12 o 2.4ms2
t 5
\ The acceleration of the boat is _____________.
24 ms 2
(b) u =
12ms I
v= 36 36Mst
36kmhi 100oo
t = 15 s
s=?
S Cutv t
IC1210 x1.5
165M
\ The distance travelled is _____________.
16
5m
SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WS 9
Checkpoint 11
A particle travels as shown below with uniform acceleration -2 m s-2 along a straight line.
If its initial velocity is 8 m s-1, what is the total distance travelled by the particle in 10 s?
+

Solution
First find the distance travelled s1 until the particle changes its moving direction.
u v=0
8ms
u = __________, v = __________,
O a = __________,
2m52 s1 = ?
v2 a zees
s1
V 0
s
fz Ibm
Then find the total displacement s2 in 10 s.

u = __________, a = __________, t = __________, s2 = ?

8m51 2m52 IOS u
By s ut
lzaut lza
sz s2 s1
8xiotzxczj.io
Zorn
Total distance travelled =16
16 20 52M

Checkpoint 12
stgraphlutgraphla tgraph
A straight line graph of y against x can be represented by y = mx + c where m is the slope of
the graph. Some graphs of uniformly accelerated motion are shown below. By choosing an
equation of motion that fits the graph, complete the table and find the acceleration a in each
case. FEE45k
(a) r
tgraphs (b) (c)
v
ssr9h
v/ms
5
-1
s/m
24
egrsaghue.ua v / m2 s-2
2

25
7IIfCgEIhi
s a Etat 9 HE
2 m Xtc
0
6
t/s 0 g 16
t /s2 2
0
4
s / m MARC

(a)
U O (b) (c) v2 u2t2as
Equation
v = u + at
1
s = at 2 (for u = 0)
a Stu
of motion 2 u2t2asy m Xtc
Slope in 1
a UZ 9
terms of a slope _a slope 2 slope za
U 3ms
Value of a 1 24
a 5 g 05m52
a = Þ a = 3 m s-2
2 16 2a 2fo a 2m52

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WS 10
 EIFFEL
Free falling object
And f taTEf p
2.3 Free fall motion 0
A Acceleration due to gravity
9.81M
1 When a ball is released from rest, it drops vertically with an acceleration of
1110ms
9.81
____________ -2
m s (without air resistance). This is the acceleration due to
____________, denoted by _______.
grainy g Hgravitational acceleration 981m52
HAYFEEK Motion graphs of a ball released from rest (taking downwards as positive):
g
FETES s-t graph v-t graph a-t graph
Eaten.t
v / m s-1 a / m s-2
oETk
s/m
20 20
9.81
10 10

0 t/s 0 t/s 0 t/s

1 2 1 2 1 2

2 When a ball is projected upwards, its motion is as shown below (taking upwards as
positive).
‚
v ocatrest 9.81ms
gq sg

g
+
 ƒ
9.81ms Odo
9 dg
maxspeed I„ samespeed diffdirection
B
 v is positive and a = -9.81 m s-2. The ball is slowing down.
‚ 981m52 The ball is momentarily at
At the maximum height, v = 0 and a = ____________.
rest.

ƒ v is ____________ and a = ____________.

981m52 The ball is speeding up.
negative
„ 0
When the ball drops back to the same level as its initial position, s = __________.
Motion graphs of a ball projected upwards (taking upwards as positive):
s-t graph v-t graph a-t graph

v / m s-1 a / m s-2
s/m
Mco m 0
0 t/s
0 IF't
HE t/s
-9.81
0 t/s 2
ask.tkFtKg 9.81ms

SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WS 11
Checkpoint 13
At t = 0, a ball is thrown vertically upwards from a height of 0.8 m above the ground. The
initial speed of the ball is 5 m s-1.
(a) Find themm maximum height that the ball reaches (measured from the ground).
(b) When does the ball return to the initial position?
(c) When does the ball hit the ground?
v utat
Solution

tf
Take upwards as positive.

If
(a) Consider the upward journey of the ball.

5m51 v = __________, a = __________,

u = __________,
0m51 9.81 s = ?
Pu
O
5mst
Wt2as
ut Iaf
0 52 121 9.81 s
S above the ground =
Maximum height
8 2
o.sn
fgSO 5ttEt9.8Dt
(b) Consider the journey until the ball returns to the initial position. E OFF
2 O has
5m51 1.2742
9.81ms s = __________, t = ?
u = __________, a = __________,

v neat it to o 94 y
0 5 1 9.81 6 i total 0.50968 2 1.025
4 ball returns to the initial position after __________.
0.509685
\ The 1.025
(c) Consider the journey before the ball hits the ground. 0ms
9.81 s = __________,
u = __________, a = __________,
O 2.0747 t = ?
p
20742
a.at 5 Y.t ncees e i ei Is
He
0.65029 0.50968 10.65029
1 lbs
\ The ball hits the ground after __________.
1.165
Checkpoint 14

O
A ball is released from rest on the earth. Its s-t and v-t graphs are shown below. On the
same graphs, draw the v-t of the same ball released from rest on the moon where gM < gE.
s
O vk.tk ta.s grqT
v

f graacITatriman
0 t

nthe
moon
Itgh 0 t

Kroon ED
fTs
ftp.z
Jupitermeth
ontf
SLCSS_PHYS_FORCE_CH2_WSigysgEIs
Ifgsupitwsge.mn 12
In V tgraph 45k
Mm Me Cvalue
 s t graph u t graph a
tgraph
O s v a
niform
motion
73 27ED

t t
t

s M M U a

Uz VI y x
caferation
v

L t t
slope
Mi

s alms v a
lm hTn f0 n f i EE
f 1.5

dµ
Y
1.5M
o at
eceleration
i vz
il l
ti I t

slope slope
s t graph V t graph a Egraph
area
Graphs of motion of a ball projected upwards
the upward flightwhich
maximum height undergoes deceleration
momentarily at rest
at the maximumheight which
f is momentarily at rest
gf uh du thedownward flightwhich
undergoes acceleration

Takethe upward direction as positive t Cg O

Sn
th
a
t t
t

Takethe downward direction as positive o

g
S v a
n n n
t
it
t

EEEE 17 HIT 1 s v a EEE II