1.

A first-order differential equation involving current i in a series R–L circuit is given by:

di E
+ 5i = and i = 0 at time t = 0
dt 2

Use Laplace transforms to solve for i when (a) E = 20 (b) E = 40e −3t and (c) E = 50 sin 5t

di E
Taking the Laplace transform of each term of + 5i = gives:
dt 2
di  E
ℒ   + 5ℒ{i} = ℒ  
d t  2
E/2
i.e. sℒ{i} – i(0) + 5ℒ{i} =
s
i = 0 at t = 0, hence, i(0) = 0
E/2
Hence, (s + 5)ℒ{i} =
s
E/2
i.e. ℒ{i} =
s ( s + 5)

 E/2  E  1 
and i = ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  
 s ( s + 5)  2  s ( s + 5) 
1 A B A( s + 5) + Bs
Let ≡ + =
s ( s + 5) s ( s + 5) s ( s + 5)
Hence, 1 = A(s + 5) + Bs
1
When s = 0: 1 = 5A i.e. A=
5
1
When s = –5: 1 = –5B i.e. B=–
5
1 1 
E −1  1  E −1  5 5 = E  1 1 −5t 
Thus, i= ℒ   = ℒ  −   − e 
2  s ( s + 5)  2  s ( s + 5)  2 5 5 
 
 20  1 1 −5t 
 − e  = 2 (1 − e )
(a) When E = 20, i= −5t
2  5 5 
di   40 e −3t 
(b) When E = 40 e −3t ℒ   + 5ℒ{i} = ℒ  
d t   2 
20
i.e. sℒ{i} – i(0) + 5ℒ{i} =
s+3
i = 0 at t = 0, hence, i(0) = 0
20
Hence, (s + 5)ℒ{i} =
s+3
20
i.e. ℒ{i} =
( s + 3)( s + 5)

 20 
and i = ℒ −1  
 ( s + 3)( s + 5) 
20 A B A( s + 5) + B( s + 3)
Let ≡ + =
( s + 3)( s + 5) ( s + 3) ( s + 5) ( s + 3)( s + 5)

Hence, 20 = A(s + 5) + B(s + 3)

When s = –3: 20 = 2A i.e. A = 10

When s = –5: 20 = –2B i.e. B = –10

 20   10 10 
Thus, i = ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  − 
 ( s + 3)( s + 5)   ( s + 3) ( s + 5) 

i.e. i = 10 e −3t − 10 e −5t = 10 ( e −3t − e −5t )

di   50sin 5t 
(c) When E = 50 sin 5t ℒ   + 5ℒ{i} = ℒ  
d t   2 
25(5)
i.e. sℒ{i} – i(0) + 5ℒ{i} =
s 2 + 52
i = 0 at t = 0, hence, i(0) = 0
125
Hence, (s + 5)ℒ{i} =
s + 25
2

125
i.e. ℒ{i} =
( s + 5)( s 2 + 25)

 125 
and i = ℒ −1  
 ( s + 5)( s + 25) 
2
 125 A Bs + C A( s 2 + 25) + ( Bs + C )( s + 5)
Let ≡ + =
( s + 5)( s 2 + 25) ( s + 5) ( s 2 + 25) ( s + 5)( s 2 + 25)

Hence, 125 = A ( s 2 + 25 ) + ( Bs + C )( s + 5 )

5
When s = –5: 125 = 50A i.e. A=
2
5
Equating s 2 coefficients: 0=A+B i.e. B=–
2
125
Equating constant terms: 125 = 25A + 5C i.e. 125 = + 5C
2
125
25
from which, C= 2 =
5 2
 5 5 25 
   − s+ 
125
Thus, i = ℒ −1   = ℒ −1 
2 + 2 2

 ( s + 5)( s + 25)   ( s + 5) ( s + 25 ) 
2 2

 

 25   5 
   s 
5 −1  1 
= ℒ   + ℒ −1  2
2
 – ℒ −1  2
2

2  ( s + 5)  ( s + 25 )  ( + 25 ) 
s
   

5 −1  1  5 −1  5  5  s 
= ℒ   + ℒ  2 2  – ℒ −1  2 2 
2  ( s + 5)  2  ( s + 5 )  2  ( s + 5 ) 

5 −5t 5 5
= e + sin 5t − cos 5t
2 2 2

5 −5t
i.e. i= ( e + sin 5t − cos 5t )
2

2. Use Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation:

d2 y dy
9 – 24 + 16y = 0, given y(0) = 3 and y'(0) = 3
dt 2 dt

d2 y dy
Taking Laplace transforms of each term of 9 − 24 + 16 y =
0
dt 2 dt
 d y2  d y 
gives: 9ℒ   – 24ℒ   + 16ℒ{y} = ℒ{0}
 dt 
2
 dt 

Hence, 9[s 2 ℒ{y} – sy(0) – y ′(0)] – 24[sℒ{y} – y(0)] + 16ℒ{y} = 0

Since y(0) = 3 and y′(0) = 3

then 9[s 2 ℒ{y} – 3s – 3 ] – 24[ sℒ{y} – 3 ] + 16ℒ{y} = 0

i.e. 9s 2 ℒ{y} – 27s – 27 – 24sℒ{y} + 72 + 16ℒ{y} = 0

i.e. ( 9s 2 − 24s + 16 ) ℒ{y} = 27s + 27 – 72

27 s − 45
and ℒ{y} =
( 9s − 24s + 16 )
2

 27 s − 45 
i.e. y = ℒ −1  
 9 s 2 − 24 s + 16 

 27 s − 45 
= ℒ −1  2
 ( 3s − 4 ) 

27 s − 45 A B A ( 3s − 4 ) + B
Let ≡ + = 2
( 3s − 4 )
2
( 3s − 4 ) ( 3s − 4 ) 2
( 3s − 4 )
Hence, 27s – 45 = A(3s – 4) + B

Let s = 4/3 36 – 45 = B i.e. B = –9

Equating s coefficients gives: 27 = 3A i.e. A=9

 27 s − 45   9   9 
Hence, ℒ −1  2
= ℒ −1
  – ℒ −1
 2
 ( 3s − 4 )   ( 3s − 4 )   ( 3s − 4 ) 

   
   
9   9 
i.e. = ℒ −1   – ℒ −1
 2
 3  s − 4    32  s − 4  
  3     
3  

   
 3   
 1 
i.e. = ℒ −1   – ℒ −1
 2
  s − 4    s − 4  
  3     
9  
4 4
i.e. y = 3e 3 – e 3 t
4
y = (3 − t ) e 3
t
i.e.

3. Use Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation:

 d2 x
+ 100x = 0, given x(0) = 2 and x'(0) = 0
d t2

 d2 x 
ℒ  + ℒ{100x} = ℒ{0}
 d x2 

i.e. s 2 ℒ{x} – sx(0) – x′(0) + 100ℒ{x} = 0

x(0) = 2 and x′(0) = 0, hence s 2 ℒ{x} – 2s + 100ℒ{x} = 0

i.e. ( s 2 + 100)ℒ{x} = 2s

2s  2s 
from which, ℒ{x} = and x = ℒ −1  
s + 100
2
 s 2 + 100 

 s 
i.e. x = 2ℒ −1   = 2 cos 10t
 s 2 + 102 

4. Use Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation:

d2 i di
+ 1000 + 250 000i = 0, given i(0) = 0 and i'(0) = 100
dt 2 dt

 d2 i  di 
ℒ  + 1000ℒ   + 250 000ℒ{i} = ℒ{0}
d t2  d t 

i.e. [ s 2 ℒ{i} – si(0) – i′(0)] + 1000[sℒ{i} – i(0)] + 250 000ℒ{i} = 0

i(0) = 0 and i′(0) = 100, hence

s 2 ℒ{i} – 100 + 1000sℒ{i} + 250 000ℒ{i} = 0

i.e. ( s 2 +1000s + 250 000)ℒ{i} = 100

100
from which, ℒ{i} =
s 2 + 1000 s + 250 000

 100   1 
and i = ℒ −1  2
= 100ℒ −1  1+1 
 ( s + 500 )   ( s + 500 ) 

i.e. i = 100 t e −500t

5. Use Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation:
d2 x dx
+6 + 8x = 0, given x(0) = 4 and x'(0) = 8
dt 2 dt

d2 x dx
Taking Laplace transforms of each term of +6 + 8x = 0
d t2 dt
 d x2  d x 
gives: ℒ  + 6ℒ   + 8ℒ{x} = ℒ {0}
 dt 
2
 dt 

Hence, [s 2 ℒ{x} – sx(0) – x′(0)] + 6[sℒ{x} – x(0)] + 8ℒ{x} = 0

Since y(0) = 4 and y′(0) = 8

then [s 2 ℒ{x} – 4s – 8] + 6[sℒ{x} – 4] + 8ℒ{x} = 0

s 2 ℒ{x} – 4s – 8 + 6sℒ{x} – 24 + 8ℒ{x} = 0

i.e. ( s 2 + 6s + 8) ℒ{x} = 4s + 8 + 24

4 s + 32
ℒ{x} =
( s 2 + 6s + 8)
 4 s + 32 
i.e. y = ℒ −1  
 s 2 + 6s + 8 
4 s + 32 4 s + 32 A B
Let = ≡ +
( s + 6s + 8)
2
( s + 2 )( s + 4 ) ( s + 2 ) ( s + 4 )
A( s + 4) + B) s + 2)
=
( s + 2)( s + 4)

i.e. 4 s + 32= A ( s + 4 ) + B ( s + 2 )

When s = –2: 24 = 2A from which, A = 12

When s = –4: 16 = –2B from which, B = –8

 4 s + 32   12 8 
Hence, y = ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  − 
 s 2 + 6s + 8   ( s + 2 ) ( s + 4 ) 

i.e. y = 12 e −2t − 8e −4t =

or y 4 ( 3e − 2t − 2 e − 4t )

6. Use Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation:

d2 y dy 2 1
–2 + y = 3e 4 x , given y(0) = – and y'(0) = 4
d x2 dx 3 3
  d2 y  d y 
ℒ  – 2ℒ   + ℒ{y} = ℒ {3e 4 x }
d x 
2
d x 
3
i.e. [ s 2 ℒ{y} – sy(0) – y′(0)] – 2[sℒ{y} – y(0)] + ℒ{y} =
( s − 4)

2 1
y(0) = − and y′(0) = 4 , hence
3 3
 2  13  2 3
s 2 ℒ{y} – s  −  – – 2sℒ{y} + 2  −  + ℒ{y} =
 3 3  3 ( s − 4)

2 13 4 3
i.e. ( s 2 – 2s + 1)ℒ{y} + s− − =
3 3 3 ( s − 4)

3 2 17 9 − 2 s ( s − 4) + 17( s − 4)
from which, ( s 2 – 2s + 1)ℒ{y} = – s+ =
( s − 4) 3 3 3( s − 4)

9 − 2 s 2 + 8s + 17 s − 68 −59 + 25s − 2 s 2
ℒ{y} = =
3 ( s − 4 )( s 2 − 2 s + 1) 3 ( s − 4 )( s − 1)
2

 −59 + 25s − 2 s 2 
and y = ℒ −1  2 
 3 ( s − 4 )( s − 1) 

1
( −59 + 25s − 2s 2 ) A B C A ( s − 1) + B ( s − 4 )( s − 1) + C ( s − 4 )
2

Let 3 ≡ + + =
( s − 4 )( s − 1)
2
( s − 4 ) ( s − 1) ( s − 1)2 ( s − 4 )( s − 1)
2

59 25 2
+ s − s 2= A ( s − 1) + B ( s − 4 )( s − 1) + C ( s − 4 )
2
Hence, −
3 3 3
59 100 32 1
When s = 4: − + − = 9A + 0 + 0 i.e. 3 = 9A and A=
3 3 3 3
59 25 2
When s = 1: − + − = 0 + 0 − 3C i.e. –12 = –3C and C=4
3 3 3
2 2 1
Equating s 2 coefficients: − = A+ B i.e. − = + B and B = –1
3 3 3
 1 
 1 4 
Hence, y = ℒ −1  3 − + 2
 ( s − 4 ) ( s − 1) ( s − 1) 
 

1 4x x 1
i.e. y= e − e + 4x ex or y = ( 4 x − 1) e x + e 4 x
3 3

7. Use Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation:

 d2 y dy
–3 – 4y = 3 sin x, given y(0) = 0 and y'(0) = 0
d x2 dx

 d2 y  d y 
ℒ  – 3 ℒ   – 4ℒ{y} = ℒ {3sin x}
 d x2  d x 
3
i.e. [ s 2 ℒ{y} – sy(0) – y′(0)] – 3[sℒ{y} – y(0)] – 4ℒ{y} =
s + 12
2

y(0) = 0 and y′(0) = 0, hence

3
s 2 ℒ{y} – 3sℒ{y} – 4ℒ{y} =
s +1
2

3
i.e. ( s 2 – 3s – 4)ℒ{y} =
s +1
2

3 3
from which, ℒ{y} = =
( s − 3s − 4 )( s + 1) ( s + 1)( s − 4 )( s 2 + 1)
2 2

3 A B Cs + D
Let ≡ + +
( s + 1)( s − 4 )( s + 1) ( s + 1) ( s − 4 ) ( s 2 + 1)
2

A( s − 4) ( s 2 + 1) + B ( s + 1)( s 2 + 1) + ( Cs + D )( s + 1)( s − 4 )
=
( s + 1)( s − 4) ( s 2 + 1)

i.e. 3= A ( s − 4 )( s 2 + 1) + B ( s + 1)( s 2 + 1) + ( Cs + D )( s + 1)( s − 4 )

3
When s = –1: 3 = A(–5)(2) from which, A=–
10

3
When s = 4: 3 = B(5)(17) from which, B=
85

3 3
Equating s 3 coefficients gives: 0 + A + B + C i.e. 0 = – + +C
10 85

3 3 51 − 6 45
and C= =
– =
10 85 170 170

3 3 30
Equating constants gives: 3 = – 4A + B – 4D i.e. 4D = (4) + –3= −
10 85 17

30
and D= −
68
  45 30 
   s− 
3  −3 /10 3 / 85 170
Hence, y = ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  + + 68

 ( s + 1)( s + 4 )( s + 1)   ( s + 1) ( s − 4 ) ( s + 1) 
2 2

 

 45 30 
 s 
−3 /10 3 / 85
and y = ℒ −1  + + 170 − 68 
 ( s + 1) ( s − 4 ) ( s + 1) ( s + 1) 
2 2

 

3 − x 3 4 x 45 30
i.e. y= − e + e + cos x − sin x
10 85 170 68

3 4x 3 − x 9 15
or y= e − e + cos x − sin x
85 10 34 34

8. Use Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation:

d2 y dy
+ – 2y = 3 cos 3x – 11 sin 3x, given y(0) = 0 and y'(0) = 6
d x2 dx

 d2 y  d y 
ℒ  + ℒ   – 2ℒ{y} = ℒ {3cos 3 x − 11sin 3 x}
 d x2  d x 
3s 33
i.e. [ s 2 ℒ{y} – sy(0) – y′(0)] + [sℒ{y} – y(0)] – 2ℒ{y} = −
s +9 s +9
2 2

y(0) = 0 and y′(0) = 6, hence

3s − 33
s 2 ℒ{y} – 6 + sℒ{y} – 2ℒ{y} =
s2 + 9
3s − 33
i.e. ( s 2 + s – 2)ℒ{y} = 6 +
s2 + 9

6 ( s 2 + 9 ) + 3s − 33 6 s 2 + 3s + 21
from which, ( s 2 + s – 2)ℒ{y} = =
s2 + 9 s2 + 9
6 s 2 + 3s + 21
ℒ{y} =
( s 2 + 9 )( s 2 + s − 2 )
 6 s 2 + 3s + 21 
and y = ℒ −1  
 ( s 2 + 9 )( s − 1)( s + 2 ) 

6 s 2 + 3s + 21 A B Cs + D
Let ≡ + +
( s + 9 )( s − 1)( s + 2 ) ( s + 2 ) ( s − 1) ( s 2 + 9 )
2
 A ( s − 1)( s 2 + 9 ) + B ( s + 2 )( s 2 + 9 ) + ( Cs + D )( s + 2 )( s − 1)
=
( s + 2 )( s − 1)( s 2 + 9 )
Hence, 6 s 2 + 3s + 21= A ( s − 1)( s 2 + 9 ) + B ( s + 2 )( s 2 + 9 ) + ( Cs + D )( s + 2 )( s − 1)

When s = 1: 6 + 3 + 21 =B(3)(10) i.e. 30 = 30B and B=1

When s = –2: 24 − 6 + 21 = A(−3)(13) i.e. 39 = –39A and A = –1

Equating s 3 coefficients: 0 = A+ B +C i.e. C=0

Equating constant terms: 21 = –9A + 18B – 2D i.e. 21 = 9 + 18 – 2D and D = 3

 −1 1 3 
Hence, y = ℒ −1  + + 
 ( s + 2 ) ( s − 1) ( s + 3 ) 
2 2

i.e. y = − e −2 x + e x + sin 3 x or y = e x − e −2 x + sin 3 x

9. Use Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation:

d2 y dy
–2 + 2y = 3e x cos 2x, given y(0) = 2 and y'(0) = 5
dx 2 dx

 d2 y  d y 
ℒ  – 2ℒ   + 2ℒ{y} = ℒ {3e x cos 2 x}
d x 
2
d x 

 s −1 
i.e. [ s 2 ℒ{y} – sy(0) – y′(0)] – 2[sℒ{y} – y(0)] + 2ℒ{y} = 3  
 ( s − 1)2 + 22 
 

y(0) = 2 and y′(0) = 5, hence

 s −1 
s 2 ℒ{y} – 2s – 5 – 2sℒ{y} + 4 + 2ℒ{y} = 3  
 ( s − 1) + 22 
2
 

 s −1 
i.e. ( s 2 – 2s + 2)ℒ{y} = 2s + 1 + 3  
 ( s − 1)2 + 22 
 

=
( 3s − 3) + ( 2s + 1)( s 2 − 2s + 5)
( s 2 − 2s + 5)
3s − 3 + 2 s 3 − 4 s 2 + 10 s + s 2 − 2 s + 5
=
( s 2 − 2s + 5)
2 s 3 − 3s 2 + 11s + 2
=
( s 2 − 2s + 5)
 2 s 3 − 3s 2 + 11s + 2
from which, ℒ{y} =
( s 2 − 2s + 5)( s 2 − 2s + 2 )
 2 s 3 − 3s 2 + 11s + 2 
and y = ℒ −1  
 ( s − 2 s + 5 )( s − 2 s + 2 ) 
2 2

2 s 3 − 3s 2 + 11s + 2 As + B Cs + D
Let ≡ +
( s 2 − 2s + 5)( s 2 − 2s + 2 ) ( s 2 − 2s + 5) ( s 2 − 2s + 2 )

=
( As + B )( s 2 − 2s + 2 ) + ( Cs + D )( s 2 − 2s + 5)
( s 2 − 2s + 5)( s 2 − 2s + 2 )
Hence, 2 s 3 − 3s 2 + 11s + 2 = ( As + B )( s 2 − 2s + 2 ) + ( Cs + D )( s 2 − 2s + 5)

Equating s 3 coefficients: 2=A+C (1)

Equating s 2 coefficients: –3 = –2A + B – 2C + D (2)

Equating s coefficients: 11 = 2A – 2B + 5C – 2D (3)

Equating constant terms: 2 = 2B + 5D (4)

From (1), C = 2 – A and

substituting C = 2 – A in (2): –3 = –2A + B – 2(2 – A) + D

i.e. 1=B+D (5)

2 × (5) gives: 2 = 2B + 2D (6)

(4) – (6) gives: 0 = 3D i.e. D = 0

From (4), if D = 0, then B = 1

In (2), if B = 1 and D = 0, then –3 = –2A + 1 – 2C

i.e. 4 = 2A + 2C (7)

From (3), 11 = 2A – 2 + 5C

i.e. 13 = 2A + 5C (8)

(8) – (7) gives: 9 = 3C i.e. C=3

In (1), if C = 3, then A = –1

 1− s 3s 
Hence, y = ℒ −1  + 
 ( s − 2 s + 5 ) ( s − 2 s + 2 ) 
2 2
  s −1   3s 
= –ℒ −1   + ℒ −1  
 ( s − 1) + 2   ( s − 1) + 12 
2 2
2

 s −1   3 ( s − 1) + 3 
= –ℒ −1   + ℒ −1
 
 ( s − 1) + 22   ( s − 1) + 12 
2 2

 s −1   3 ( s − 1)   3 
= –ℒ −1   + ℒ −1
  + ℒ −1
 
 ( s − 1) + 22   ( s − 1) + 12   ( s − 1) + 12 
2 2 2

i.e. y = − e x cos 2 x + 3e x cos x + 3e x sin x or y = 3e x ( cos x + sin x ) − e x cos 2 x

10. The free oscillations of a lightly damped elastic system are given by the equation:
d2 y dy
+2 + 5y =
0
d t2 dt
dy
where y is the displacement from the equilibrium position. If when time t = 0, y = 2 and = 0,
dt
determine an expression for the displacement.

d2 y dy
Taking Laplace transforms of each term of +2 + 5y =
0
dt 2 dt
 d y2  d y 
gives: ℒ  + 2ℒ   + 5ℒ{y} = ℒ {0}
 dt 
2
 dt 

Hence, [s 2 ℒ{y} – sy(0) – y′(0)] + 2[sℒ{y} – y(0)] + 5ℒ{y} = 0

Since y(0) = 2 and y′(0) = 8

then [s 2 ℒ{y} – 2s ] + 2[sℒ{y} – 2] + 5ℒ{y} = 0

s 2 ℒ{y} – 2s + 2sℒ{y} – 4 + 5ℒ{y} = 0

i.e. ( s 2 + 2s + 5) ℒ{x} = 2s + 4

2s + 4
ℒ{y} =
( s + 2s + 5)
2

 2s + 4   2s + 4   2( s + 1) + 2 
i.e. y = ℒ −1   = ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  
 s 2 + 2s + 5   ( s + 1) 2 + 4   ( s + 1) 2 + 4 

 2( s + 1)   2 
= ℒ −1   + ℒ −1  
 ( s + 1) + 2 
2 2
 ( s + 1) + 2 
2 2
  ( s + 1)   2 
= 2ℒ −1   + ℒ −1  
 ( s + 1) 2 + 22   ( s + 1) 2 + 22 

i.e. t or y e − t ( 2 cos 2t + sin 2t )

y = 2 e − t cos 2t + e − t sin 2=