FOCUS 3 GRAMMAR REVIEW

1 Complete the dialogues with the correct form of the

Czasy teraźniejsze
verbs in brackets.
Present Simple 1 A: I ’m following (follow) the seafood diet at the moment.
Czasu Present Simple używamy: B: The seafood diet? I a (never/hear) of
that one.
• gdy mówimy o czynnościach powtarzających się
A: It’s pretty easy really. Whenever I b
regularnie:
(see) food, I c (eat) it.
I always drive to work. 2 A: What a (you/do), Julia?
• gdy mówimy o stanach i niezmiennych sytuacjach: B: I b (make) some lunch for us, Dave.
The chef doesn’t come from Italy. It shouldn’t be long. c (you/think) these
• z czasownikami wyrażającymi emocje (np. hate, like, love), eggs will be hard-boiled yet?
lub opisującymi procesy myślowe (np. believe, know, A: Well, I don’t know. How long d
need, prefer, remember, seem, think, understand, want) (you/boil) them for?
oraz wrażenia zmysłowe (np. feel, hear, see): B: About an hour.
Do you prefer Indian or Chinese food? A: An hour? I e (think) they might be
done, yes. In fact, we might have trouble eating them
Present Continuous unless you’ve got a hammer!
Czasu Present Continuous używamy, gdy mówimy: 2 Make questions using an appropriate present tense.
• o czynnościach mających miejsce w momencie you / ever / try / Thai food?
mówienia o nich: Have you ever tried Thai food ?
Most of the guests are sitting on the outdoor patio 1 food prices / go up / at the moment?
at the moment. ?
• o sytuacjach tymczasowych: 2 you / ever / cut your finger / preparing food?
I’m working at Tuco’s bar during the summer break.
?
3 How often / you / cook a meal / for the family?
Present Perfect Simple ?
4 How long / you / go to this school?
Czasu Present Perfect Simple używamy, gdy mówimy
?
o czynnościach i wydarzeniach, które:
5 How long / you / know your best friend?
• zakończyły się w przeszłości, a ich skutki nadal trwają ?
(nie wiemy, kiedy dokładnie miały miejsce, lub nie jest
to ważne): 3 Complete the sentences and questions with the correct
I’ve made coffee. Would you like some? form of the verbs in brackets.
• rozpoczęły się w przeszłości i nadal trwają: She goes (go) for a run a few times a week, but
she ’s thinking (think) of giving it up.
How long have you owned this restaurant?
1 I (think) this coffee (taste)
Present Perfect Continuous bitter. I (not/like) it.
2 My grandma (bake) a lot.
Czasu Present Perfect Continuous używamy, gdy
She (probably/make) a cake right now.
mówimy o czynnościach, które:
3 My dad (not/see) why young people
• rozpoczęły się w przeszłości i nadal trwają: (love) fast food so much.
Zoe has been sleeping since two o’clock. 4 What (you/look) for?
• trwały przez pewien czas (i możliwe, że ciągle trwają), (you/lose) your glasses again?
a ich skutki są nadal widoczne: 5 I (do) some cooking all morning. That’s
I’m tired because I’ve been cleaning the house all day. why it (smell) of onions here!
4 Translate the Polish parts of the sentences.
Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect
Continuous What do you think (uważasz) about buying this software?
1 Guess what! I (zostałem) a vegetarian
Czasu Present Perfect Continuous używamy, aby położyć
since we last met.
większy nacisk na trwanie czynności (która mogła się
2 Ken (nie gotuje) every evening
zakończyć lub trwa nadal):
because sometimes he doesn’t get home until 9 p.m.
I’ve been baking biscuits all morning. 3 Shelly and Nick (nie pracują) today
Czasu Present Perfect Simple używamy, aby większy because they’ve both got food poisoning.
nacisk położyć na skutek czynności: 4 Excuse me, waiter. We (czekamy) for
I’ve baked two hundred biscuits. our desserts for half an hour now.
5 You’re out of breath. (Biegałeś)?

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 FOCUS 3 GRAMMAR REVIEW

5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the 1 Complete the sentences and questions with the
verbs in the box. correct form of the verbs in brackets.
I went ice-skating last weekend – it was the first time
cook not/make not/see prefer
I had tried (try) it.
read take think write
1 Sheila (come) home
I’m really tired. I ’ve been cooking all day. and (lock) herself in her room.
1 I Margaret recently. How is she? 2 I couldn’t open the door because I
2 She she’d like the steak, but she (leave) my keys at home.
up her mind yet. 3 Sorry, we (talk) about something
3 My daughter a lot about Mexico lately. else. Could you repeat that, please?
That’s where she wants to go on her holiday, I guess. 4 I broke a bone once. I (ride) my
4 I’m watching my weight, so I bike and crashed into a tree.
a vegetarian diet at the moment. 5 (he/ever/coach) a basketball
5 The meeting place upstairs today team before he took on the school team?
because of the flood damage on the ground floor.
2 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs
6 Margaret all the reports. Can you
in brackets.
take them up to Mr Jones?
Yesterday, two British climbers completed (complete)
Czasy przeszłe one of the most difficult climbing routes in the world.
Over 4 million people 1 (watch) live
Past Simple
on the Internet when the brave pair 2
Czasu Past Simple używamy, gdy mówimy: (reach) the top of ’Old Major’, a rock face in
• o czynnościach i wydarzeniach, które rozpoczęły się Yellowstone National Park. By the time they
i zakończyły w przeszłości. Często też określamy, kiedy completed their adventure, they 3
zdarzenia miały miejsce: (climb) over 900 metres through all kinds of weather.
We bought this house in 2013. Luckily, there were no weather problems yesterday –
• o wydarzeniach następujących po sobie: the sun 4 (shine) brightly when the
exhausted climbers finally 5 (pull)
Messi kicked the ball, and it flew into the net.
themselves over the top of the rock face at exactly
Past Continuous 15.37.

Czasu Past Continuous używamy:

• gdy mówimy o czynnościach, które trwały w określonym 3 Complete the sentences with the correct past forms
momencie w przeszłości: of the verbs in the box.
’What were you doing at eight yesterday evening?’
make never beat not/bring
’I was watching a football game on TV.’ score skate train watch
• gdy mówimy o czynnościach trwających w przeszłości,
Tom slipped on the ice and broke his leg when he
podczas których nastąpiły inne, krótsze zdarzenia (które
was skating.
wyrażamy w czasie Past Simple):
1 It was 2–2. Then Joe
While she was skiing down the slope, another skier
the winning goal in injury time.
crashed into her.
2 We fell asleep while we
• gdy opisujemy tło dla innych wydarzeń: a film.
On the day of the match, the sun was shining, and a light 3 Beth couldn’t do PE because she
breeze was blowing. her PE kit.
4 Jack was ecstatic. He
Past Perfect Simple his brother before.
Czasu Past Perfect Simple używamy, gdy mówimy 5 Tess didn’t realise she
o czynnościach, które miały miejsce przed określonym so many mistakes!
momentem w przeszłości lub inną czynnością przeszłą. 6 Lucy for a triathlon when she
Wówczas czas Past Perfect Simple wskazuje, że dana twisted her ankle.
czynność poprzedzała inne czynności wyrażone w czasie
Past Simple:
The party had finished by midnight.
Owen had scored two goals before the coach decided
to substitute him.

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4 Translate the Polish parts of the sentences.
It was snowing (padał śnieg) heavily when the
marathon began.
1 We got stuck in traffic on the way to the game and,
by the time we got there, our team
(już zdobyła) three baskets.
2 (Pamiętałeś) to take an extra
racket for Tom yesterday?
3 (Oglądałeś) when the rider
fell off his horse? It (wyglądało)
pretty painful.
4 The golfer who missed the vital shot
(rzucił) his club into the lake.
5 We weren’t allowed in the pool because we
(zapomnieliśmy) our swimming caps.
6 The goalkeeper (nie koncentrował
się) when the attacking player suddenly took a shot.
5 Complete the extract from a successful football
player’s biography with the correct past form of the
verbs in the box.
do like look forward to
not/understand score study win
I’ve always been a very competitive person.
At school, I did a lot of athletics, and later while
I1 at university, I played football on
the first team. I was never truly satisfied unless I was
the one who 2 the goals. It wasn’t
enough to beat the opponent, I had to be the
absolute best at whatever I did. By the time I was
twenty-three, I 3 awards and
I4 a successful football career.
To be honest, not many people 5
me because of my attitude, but I couldn’t help it at
that time. If I had been more mature, I would have
realised that winning wasn’t the most important thing
in life. I 6 then why other people
were satisfied with keeping fit or going cycling, or even
just throwing a ball around for fun, but now I do.
6 Make sentences and questions using an appropriate
past tense.
We / meet / long before / we / start / high school.
We had met long before we started high school.
1 I / not know / how to make a cake / when / I / be ten.
2 it / rain / when / you / go to school?
3 by the time / we / arrive / at the party / everyone /
already / leave.
4 We / talk about her / when / she / call.
5 She / never feel / so happy / before / she / meet him.
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FOCUS 3 GRAMMAR REVIEW
Wyrażanie przyszłości
Present Simple
Czasu Present Simple używamy w odniesieniu do
przyszłości, gdy mówimy o wydarzeniach, których termin
wynika z zewnętrznych ustaleń (np. rozkłady jazdy, plany
lekcji, terminy świąt):
Lunch break starts at 12.30 and finishes at 13.30.
What time does our train leave?
Present Continuous
Czasu Present Continuous używamy w odniesieniu do
przyszłości, gdy mówimy o sprecyzowanych planach, których
czas realizacji jest już zwykle określony:
I’m leaving tomorrow, so I can’t go to the cinema with you.
be going to
Konstrukcji be going to + bezokolicznik używamy, gdy
mówimy o:
• zamiarach i planach, które mogą ulec zmianie:
What are you going to prepare for lunch?
• przewidywaniach dotyczących przyszłości, które wynikają
z tego, co w danej chwili wiemy i widzimy:
Look at the time! We’re not going to get to the station
on time.
Future Simple
Formy will + bezokolicznik używamy, gdy mówimy o:
• spontanicznych decyzjach podejmowanych w momencie
mówienia:
Wait for me! I’ll help you with the shopping.
• przewidywaniach, które wynikają z naszych opinii, intuicji
lub doświadczenia:
You can borrow my dictionary, but I’ll probably need it
back next week.
Do you think Poland will beat Italy?
Formy shall używamy w pytaniach z zaimkami I oraz we,
gdy oferujemy pomoc lub wyrażamy sugestie i propozycje:
These bags look heavy. Shall I carry them for you?
Shall we have a barbecue this evening?
Future Continuous
Czasu Future Continuous używamy, gdy mówimy
o czynnościach, które będą trwały w określonym momencie
w przyszłości:
We will be making a cake at 5 p.m.
Future Perfect
Czasu Future Perfect używamy, gdy mówimy o czynnościach
lub sytuacjach, które zakończą się przed określonym
momentem w przyszłości:
I will have cooked all the dishes by 3 o’clock.
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3 Choose the correct answers A–C.

Zdanie czasowe dotyczące przyszłości
By this time tomorrow, he for Scotland.
Mówiąc o przyszłości, w zdaniach złożonych używamy czasu A will have left B will be leaving C is leaving
Present Simple po następujących wyrażeniach: 1 On Sunday at 12 o’clock, I my friends in the
• if (jeśli) U If you don’t have breakfast at home, you will feel country.
hungry very soon. A will visit B will have visited C will be visiting
• when (gdy/kiedy) U We will cook the pasta when Luigi 2 By the time we get to the stadium, the match .
arrives. A will start B will have started
• unless (jeżeli nie / chyba że) U You won’t lose weight C is going to start
unless you eat fruit and vegetables every day. 3 I you tomorrow at school.
• before (przed/zanim) U I’ll brush my teeth before I go to A will see B see C will be seeing
bed. 4 We Stan at the café at 2.30 today.
A meet B are meeting C will meet
• after (po / (po tym) jak) U We’ll have some coffee after we
5 Where for your summer holiday this year?
get back home.
A are you going to go B do you go
• until (aż / dopóki nie) U I’ll wait for you until you finish.
C shall you go
• as soon as (gdy tylko / jak tylko) U I’ll call you as soon as I 6 You must be hungry. you a sandwich?
finish. A Am I going to make B Will I be making
• as long as (pod warunkiem że / jeśli tylko) U I’ll make C Shall I make
breakfast as long as you do the washing-up. 7 Look at those dark clouds. It soon.
A rains B is going to rain C is raining
1 Match the sentences with their functions.
8 I promise I out too late.
I think I’ll go for a walk today. j
A won’t be staying B am not going to stay
1 Jill loves cooking and she’s going to become C won’t stay
a chef.
2 Will you show me how to use the new oven? 4 Read Ben’s schedule for university tomorrow. Then
3 We have Biology class every Monday at 11. complete the sentences with the Future Continuous
4 The students will have received their results or the Future Perfect form of the verbs in brackets.
by Friday.
5 The planet will become warmer in the future. 8.00 leave the house 1.00 have lunch
6 Dad’s so tired that he’s going to fall asleep 8.30 arrive at university 2.00 lab experiment
on the sofa. 9.00 lecture starts 5.00 leave lab
7 Shall we go out for dinner tonight? 11.00 lecture finishes 5.30 arrive home
8 I’ll be meeting Sam at the station at 2 o’clock.
9 We’re going away next weekend. By 8.15, he will have left (leave) the house.
1 At 8.45, he (wait) for the lecture to start.
a an action in progress at a future time
2 By 9.15, the lecture (start).
b an event that will happen before a specific future time
3 At 10.30, he (sit) in the lecture hall.
c a prediction based on evidence
4 By 2.00, he (eat) his lunch.
d a scheduled event based on a timetable
5 At 3.00, he (do) a lab experiment.
e a suggestion
6 By 5.15, he (finish) the experiment.
f an intention
7 By 6.00, he (arrive) home.
g a prediction
h a future plan or arrangement 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
i a request verbs in brackets.
j a decision taken at the moment of speaking Our coach thinks we will win (win) the match, but
2 Choose the correct options. I’m not so sure.
1 This time next month, he (sail)
Hang on a minute. I get / ’ll get my jacket and then
in the Mediterranean.
we can leave.
2 When your music lessons (start)?
1 Tom will have left / will be leaving by 3 p.m. tomorrow.
3 We (go) to the concert on Friday,
2 Technology will make / will be making life easier in
but we haven’t bought tickets yet.
the future.
4 I (have) a dinner party tomorrow
3 Josh and Kate are returning / will return from their
night, so I need to go shopping today.
holiday tomorrow.
5 The phone’s ringing; I (answer) it.
4 Shall / Will I make you a cup of tea, Grandma?
6 I (bring) you the
5 Slow down! You ’re going to have / ’re having an
newspaper, Dad?
accident!
7 The Smiths (not/move) into their
6 Don’t forget to meet Jim at the station; his train
new house by the summer.
will arrive / arrives at 3.45 p.m.
8 Don’t walk to the station; I (drive)
7 Do they finish / Will they have finished painting their
you there.
house by next week?

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6 Correct the mistakes in bold.

Zdania warunkowe pierwszego, drugiego
If you will work hard, you’ll do well in your exams. work i trzeciego stopnia; wish oraz if only
1 Look at Sally! She will be winning the race!
Zdania warunkowe pierwszego stopnia
2 Do you think humans shall ever live on other
• Zdań warunkowych pierwszego stopnia (if + Present
planets?
Simple, will/could/might + bezokolicznik) używamy, gdy
3 Tomorrow, we will be having a picnic in the park. mówimy o zdarzeniach z teraźniejszości lub przyszłości,
które mogą nastąpić, jeśli zaistnieją określone warunki:
4 The film is starting at 6.30, so let’s meet outside the
If you leave a message, they’ll call you back.
cinema at 6.15.
5 I will go swimming tomorrow morning. Why don’t You might get lost unless you take a map with you.
you come with me? Zdania warunkowe drugiego stopnia
6 This time next year, I study at university.
• Zdań warunkowych drugiego stopnia (if + Past Simple,
would/could/might + bezokolicznik) używamy, gdy
7 I’ll buy the cinema tickets, as long as you will pay for
mówimy o obecnych lub przyszłych sytuacjach lub
dinner.
stanach, których zmiana jest niemożliwa lub bardzo
8 By the time I finish this novel, I will be reading three
nieprawdopodobna:
other books.
Would you tell him the truth if he asked you?
7 Complete the second sentence so that it means the I’m sure you could do that if I showed you how.
same as the first. Use the word in capitals.
What’s your prediction for the World Cup? Zdania warunkowe trzeciego stopnia
WIN • Zdań warunkowych trzeciego stopnia (if + Past Perfect,
Who do you think will win the World Cup? would have + past participle) używamy, gdy mówimy
1 I’m going to the beach tomorrow and I’m going to o sytuacjach, które mogły mieć miejsce w przeszłości,
play volleyball. ale nigdy się nie zdarzyły.
WHEN If you had accepted my help, you would have avoided
I’m going to play volleyball to a lot of trouble.
the beach tomorrow.
2 Hurry up or we’ll get to the stadium after the match wish oraz if only
starts. • Konstrukcji wish/if only + Past Simple używamy, aby
WILL wyrazić żal, że coś ma miejsce lub nie ma miejsca w chwili
Hurry up or, by the time we get to the stadium, the obecnej:
match . John wishes he didn’t have to sell the house.
3 You must speak to your teacher before you can leave. If only I could help you.
UNTIL • Konstrukcji wish/if only + would + bezokolicznik
You can’t leave to your używamy, aby wyrazić życzenie, by obecna trudna lub
teacher. uciążliwa sytuacja się zmieniła. Zwykle są to sytuacje,
4 Their party is on Saturday night. na które nie mamy wpływu:
HAVING
I wish they’d stop playing loud music in the evenings.
They on Saturday night.
If only you’d come back earlier.
5 I’m going to play tennis at 6, so I can’t meet you
then. • Wyrażenie if only wyraża żal silniej niż czasownik wish.
PLAYING
I can’t meet you at 6 because I 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
tennis then. verbs or phrases in the box.
6 After you cook the pasta, serve it immediately. buy explode know not/behave see sit
SOON
You must serve the pasta it. Careful! If you shake up the lemonade,
7 What are your plans for the summer? it ’ll explode when you open it.
DO 1 Three hours with nothing to eat! I
What in the summer? a sandwich for the journey if there’d been time.
8 If you don’t want to go out tomorrow night, we won’t. 2 Kids in horror films are silly. If I an
UNLESS old house in the woods, I wouldn’t go anywhere near it.
We won’t go out tomorrow night 3 If I how difficult this book was
to. going to be, I wouldn’t have started it in the first
place.
4 The cat’s shy, but he will come to you if you
still and keep quiet.
5 If you really respected me, you
so horribly towards me all the time.

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2 Write sentences with wish or if only to show that you 5 Make sentences using correct verb forms.
would like the situations or behaviour to be different. My grandma died when she was seventy. I / wish /
I don’t live abroad. she / live to be eighty. I wish she had lived to be
I wish/If only I lived abroad. eighty.
1 I can’t read music. 1 I don’t understand what he’s saying. if / I / know
Arabic / I / talk to him.
2 My sister doesn’t help around the house. .
2 She can’t do it herself. If only / I know / how to help
3 My dad has to work very long hours. her.
.
4 My sister doesn’t let me use her laptop. 3 if / the weather in Poland / be better / last year / we /
not go abroad on holiday.
5 My brother is very annoying. .
4 you / ask her to dance / if / she / come to your party
6 My mum always embarrasses me in front of visitors. tomorrow?
.
5 he / wish / his sister / not come into his room all the
3 Complete the second sentence to show you would
time.
like the situation or behaviour to be different.
.
My parents are so strict. 6 she / not be late every day / if / she / live closer.
If only my parents weren’t so strict.
1 Mum makes such a fuss if I’m slightly late. .
If only such a fuss when I’m
slightly late.
Czasowniki modalne – wyrażanie przypuszczeń
2 I don’t have a photographic memory.
If only a photographic memory, • Aby wyrazić przypuszczenia dotyczące sytuacji
I wouldn’t need to do any revision. w teraźniejszości lub w przyszłości, używamy czasowników
3 My girlfriend hasn’t called me yet today. modalnych must/might/may/could/might not/may not/
I wish me before bedtime. can’t + bezokolicznik.
4 There is no snow in the mountains. • Aby wyrazić przypuszczenia dotyczące sytuacji
If only snow in the mountains, z przeszłości, używamy czasowników modalnych must/
we could go skiing. might/may/could/might not/may not/can’t + have +
5 I don’t want to be here. I’d rather be anywhere else. past participle.
I wish here. I’d rather be anywhere
else instead. must
6 Kerry taps her pen on the desk. It’s annoying. • Czasownik must wyraża bardzo silnie przekonanie
I wish her pen on the desk. (graniczące z pewnością), że coś jest lub było prawdą:
It’s annoying. There must be something wrong with the engine.
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the She must have made a mistake in her calculations.
verbs in brackets.
might/may/could
I can’t go out now. If I don’t help (not/help) my
• Czasowniki might, may i could wyrażają słabe
mother around the house, she won’t let (not/let) me
przypuszczenie, że coś jest, będzie lub było możliwe lub
use the Internet tomorrow.
prawdopodobne:
1 If I (can/meet) anyone, dead or alive,
I (choose) to meet John Lennon. This might/may/could be the article I’m looking for.
2 I’m a big fan of opera. I wish my boyfriend Some people say that life on Earth might/may/could have
(love) opera too. originated from another planet.
3 You (never/be able) to buy a new • Czasowniki might not i may not wyrażają przypuszczenie,
laptop last year if I (not/lend) you że coś nie ma, nie będzie miało lub nie miało miejsca:
the money. Life on other planets might not/may not exist at all.
4 I’d love to visit Barcelona one day. If only Here are some facts you may not/might not have heard
I (can/afford) to go. about.
5 Jane’s little brother is so spoilt. If you
(not/give) him what he wants, can’t/couldn’t
he (get) really angry. • Czasowniki can’t/couldn’t wyrażają bardzo silnie
6 If you (be) a teacher, przekonanie (graniczące z pewnością), że coś nie ma lub
(you/accept) friend requests from your students nie miało miejsca:
on Facebook? He can’t be English; his accent is too strong.
7 Jake has a scooter, but he wishes he
This book can’t/couldn’t have been written by an expert.
(have) a motorbike.

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1 Complete the second sentence so that it means the
same as the first.
It’s possible space exploration will lead to the
discovery of other life forms.
Space exploration might lead to the discovery of
other life forms.
1 I’m sure he’s very intelligent.
He very intelligent.
2 I don’t know if all the explorers understood the
significance of their discoveries.
Many explorers
the significance of their discoveries.
3 I’m sure early computer analysts didn’t imagine
how important the Internet would become.
Early computer analysts
how important the Internet would become.
4 I’m sure that documentary was very interesting.
That documentary
very interesting.
2 Rewrite the sentences. Use the words in capitals.
I’m sure it isn’t true that your cousin saw a UFO land
on the school football field. CAN’T
Your cousin can’t have seen a UFO land on the school
football field.
1 It is possible that human beings will visit the Moon
again one day. MAY
4 Think of alternatives for the underlined verb
structures. Use can’t, could, may, might and must
and an infinitive or perfect infinitive. Use each modal
verb once.
According to a recent UK survey, many people still believe
that aliens may/might/could have visited (have possibly
visited) Earth. When people report sightings of Unidentified
Flying Objects (UFOs), they usually describe strange lights
and shapes. Other people say aliens 1
(definitely haven’t approached) our planet because
otherwise there would be some proof. They believe that all
‘sightings’ of UFOs 2 (are definitely)
either natural weather events or man-made, i.e. aircraft,
Chinese lanterns or even hoaxes.
But certain government officials think that aliens
3
(have possibly been) to Earth for
military reconnaissance, scientific research or tourism and
4
(will possibly continue) to do so
in future.
5 Rewrite the comments using the verbs in capitals.
I’m sure you’re very pleased.
MUST
You must be very pleased.
1 It’s possible that she is in her room.
MIGHT

2 I am sure it’s true that there is life somewhere else in

the universe. BE 2 I’m sure she isn’t that old.
CAN’T

3 It is possible that life arrived on Earth when an

asteroid crashed into the planet. HAVE 3 It’s possible that he hasn’t received it yet.
MAY NOT

4 It’s possible we didn’t land on the Moon in 1969.

MIGHT 4 I’m certain you left it at home.
MUST

3 Complete the sentences with an appropriate modal 5 I’m sure you’re not serious.
structure and the verb in brackets. Sometimes more CAN’T
than one answer is possible.
They can’t have come (not/come) this way because
there are no footprints in the snow. 6 It’s possible that you don’t want to hear this.
1 All the other passengers got off, but Vicky wasn’t MIGHT NOT
there. She (miss) the train.
2 Derek still isn’t here. I suppose he
(get) stuck in traffic. 7 It’s possible that they overheard what we said.
3 We (not/be) there yet. It’s 400 km COULD
away, and we only left home ninety minutes ago.
4 I (arrive) late if the traffic is
bad, so please start without me if I’m not there by
nine.
5 I know you are worried that the parcel has got lost,
but they (not/even/post) it yet.
6 Diane’s shoes are still here, so she
(not/leave) yet.

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Mowa zależna

Zdania oznajmujące • zaimki wskazujące, osobowe oraz zaimki i przymiotniki

W mowie zależnej przytaczamy wypowiedzi za pomocą say dzierżawcze (zależnie od kontekstu):
i tell lub innych czasowników oraz słowa that, które można
Mowa niezależna Mowa zależna
pominąć. Czasownik tell wymaga dopełnienia (np. me): (Direct Speech) (Reported Speech)
’I bought a bunch of flowers for my wife.’ e He said / told
this/these that/those
me (that) he had bought a bunch of flowers for his wife.
W zdaniach w mowie zależnej zamianie ulegają: I/we he/she/they

• czasy – według następującego schematu: me/us him/her/them

Mowa niezależna Mowa zależna my his/her

(Direct Speech) (Reported Speech)
Present Simple Past Simple
Rose: ’I do the shopping at Rose said (that) she did the
weekends.’ shopping at weekends.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Rose: ’I am doing the Rose said (that) she was
shopping.’ doing the shopping.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Rose: ’I have already done Rose said (that) she had
the shopping.’ already done the shopping.
Past Simple Past Perfect
Rose: ’I didn’t do the Rose said (that) she hadn’t
shopping this morning.’ done the shopping that
morning.
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Rose: ’I hadn’t done any Rose said (that) she hadn’t
shopping before the party.’ done any shopping
before the party.
can/can’t could/couldn’t
Rose: ’I can’t do the Rose said (that) she couldn’t
shopping.’ do the shopping.
will/won’t would/wouldn’t
Rose: ’I won’t do the Rose said (that) she wouldn’t
shopping on my own.’ do the shopping on her own.
be going to was/were going to
Rose: ’I’m going to do the Rose said (that) she was
shopping on Saturday.’ going to do the shopping on
Saturday.
• okoliczniki czasu i miejsca (w zależności od kontekstu):
our their
Pytania
Aby przytoczyć pytania w mowie zależnej, używamy
czasownika ask lub czasowników i wyrażeń o podobnym
znaczeniu, np. enquire, wanted to know. Zmieniamy te same
elementy co w zdaniach oznajmujących (np. czasy, zaimki,
okoliczniki czasu i miejsca). Przytaczane pytanie przyjmuje
szyk zdania oznajmującego (podmiot przed orzeczeniem).
• Aby przytoczyć pytania ogólne, stosujemy if lub whether:
’Can I speak to the manager?’ e The customer asked
if/whether he could speak to the manager.
’Will you talk to Jen tonight?’ e I asked him if/whether he
would talk to Jen that night.
• Aby przytoczyć pytania szczegółowe, zachowujemy użyty
w nich zaimek pytający (np. what, who, how, where, when):
’How many bottles of cola did you buy?’ e I asked my son
how many bottles of cola he had bought.
’When are you coming back?’ e Dorothy wanted to know
when I was coming back.
Polecenia
Aby przytoczyć polecenia w mowie zależnej, używamy
czasownika ask, tell lub czasowników i wyrażeń o podobnym
znaczeniu, rzeczownika lub zaimka osobowego oraz
konstrukcji (not) + to + bezokolicznik:
’Please refund my money.’ e The customer asked the
manager to refund his money.
’Don’t apply the cream more than twice a day.’ e The shop
assistant advised the customer not to apply the cream more
than twice a day.

Mowa niezależna Mowa zależna

(Direct Speech) (Reported Speech)
now at that time/then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before/the previous
day
two hours ago two hours earlier/before
tomorrow the next day/the following
day
here there

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1 Read the article about advertising slogans. Rewrite 3 Report the questions and imperatives.
the journalist’s notes with one word in each gap. ’Did you buy the product because you saw the advert?’
They asked me if I had bought the product because
Do products live up I had seen the advert .
to their advertising claims? 1 ’Taste the drink and then describe the flavour.’
By Monica Smith She asked me
I asked three people if they ever bought those products and .
whether they believed their claims. Here are their reactions. 2 ’Would you like to try our service for free for a month?’
He asked me
1 This cream will make you look ten years younger.
.
One woman said that she’d started using anti-ageing cream a few
3 ’Contact us and let us know what you think.’
months before, but she knew that it would require more than
They told me
a cream to keep her young.
.
2 This chocolate spread is a healthy breakfast for children. 4 ’Have you ever thought of trying a different brand of
A mother said that her children loved chocolate spread. She lipstick?’
said that she had hidden the jar away because it was full of sugar They asked me
and fat. She asked me when they were going to invent healthy .
chocolate! 5 ’Don’t forget to take one pill before breakfast and the
3 You can avoid colds and flu if you use our mouthwash every day. other one before bed.’
One man I spoke to was a doctor. He told me that it was impossible The pharmacist told me
for a mouthwash to prevent illness. He told me not to believe .
everything I read in adverts. 6 ’Who is going to pay for the damage to my computer?’
She asked
1 Questions: Do you ever buy products?
.
you believe their claims?
2 Woman: I using anti-ageing cream 4 Complete the reported statements, questions and
a few months , but I know that it imperatives.
require more than a cream to keep young. ’Our bus left two hours ago,’ they told us.
3 Mother: children chocolate They told us (that) their bus had left two hours earlier/
spread. I hidden it away because it before .
full of sugar and fat. When they going to 1 ’Are you from this part of town?’ the stranger asked
invent healthy chocolate? Greg.
4 Doctor: It impossible for a mouthwash to The stranger asked Greg
prevent illness. believe everything you .
read in adverts. 2 ’Do you like going to the cinema?’ asked Pauline.
2 Rewrite the direct speech as reported speech. Pauline asked me
.
’I’ll meet you at half past two tomorrow.’
3 ’Please don’t play in the kitchen,’ Barbara told the
I remember she said (that) she would meet me at half
children.
past two the next/following day. Barbara told the children
1 ’The manager will be here tomorrow if you could .
come back then.’ 4 ’You need to get the assignment back to me by 4 p.m.
The assistant said tomorrow,’ said Mr Roberts.
. Mr Roberts said
2 ’The advertising executives are arriving tonight.’ .
It was last Thursday morning that she said 5 ’Pick me up some of my special toothpaste from the
. chemist’s,’ asked Sylvia.
3 ’I saw the new advert on TV for the first time today.’ Sylvia asked me
He told us .
. 6 ’I have never bought anything because of an
4 ’They are going to open the new branch of their advertisement,’ said Patrick.
coffee shop next week.’ Patrick said
Three weeks ago, the staff member told me .
. 7 ’Is your sister going to visit us this weekend?’, asked
5 ’I’m sorry, but your doctor’s appointment for today Vanessa.
has been cancelled.’ Vanessa asked
The receptionist called me and told me .
. 8 ’Will you be so kind as to show me this photo?’,
6 ’I can’t promise anything right now.’ asked Mrs Brown.
She said Mrs Brown asked
. .

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1 Complete the passive sentences. Use by + agent if

Strona bierna; konstrukcja have something done
necessary.
Strona bierna They have never searched me at the airport.
• Stronę bierną stosujemy, gdy bardziej interesuje nas sama I have never been searched at the airport.
czynność niż to, kto ją wykonuje: 1 Nobody will ask for my opinion, anyway.
I for my opinion,
The presidential election will be held in July.
anyway.
• Jeśli jednak chcemy wspomnieć o wykonawcy czynności, 2 After his first English lesson, his teacher told him that
używamy by:
he spoke with an American accent.
The telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander After his first English lesson, he
Graham Bell. that he spoke with an American accent.
• Stronę bierną w poszczególnych czasach gramatycznych 3 Today in the café, they added milk to my cup of tea.
tworzymy za pomocą odpowiedniej formy czasownika Today in the café, milk
to be oraz trzeciej formy czasownika głównego (past to my cup of tea.
participle). 4 My parents sent me to the USA for the summer to
Present Simple Coffee is grown and exported by over learn English.
fifty developing countries. I for the summer to
learn English.
Present The report is still being examined.
5 My American friend is meeting me at the airport in
Continuous
New York.
Past Simple When was the Willis Tower built? I at the airport in
Past Continuous At 11 p.m., the suspect was still being New York.
questioned. 6 People will always remember me as the only
Present Perfect A new community centre has just been American in my school.
opened in my town. I as the only
Past Perfect I found out that my application hadn’t
American in my school.
been accepted. 7 When they were painting the walls, they found this hole.
This hole when
will Over 1,000 companies will be affected
the walls .
by the new regulations.
8 They are going to post our letters soon.
be going to You’re going to be informed about the Our letters soon.
results by email.
2 Read some trivia facts about the USA and the UK.
have something done Rewrite the sentences in the passive, using by only
if it is necessary.
Konstrukcji have + dopełnienie + trzecia forma czasownika
(past participle) używamy, gdy mówimy o czynnościach, Most people think that Christopher Columbus
które zostały dla kogoś wykonane przez inną osobę discovered America.
(najczęściej przez specjalistę lub fachowca): Most people think that America was discovered by
After the burglary the Jacksons changed their locks. Christopher Columbus.
(zrobili to sami) 1 Every year in the USA, judges send around 60,000
teenagers to prison.
After the burglary the Jacksons had their locks changed.
(zatrudnili specjalistę)

Present Simple We have the office cleaned twice 2 In 1811 in Britain, parents named nearly a quarter of
a week. all girls Mary.
Present Why are you having your windows
Continuous replaced?
Past Simple We had all the installations checked. 3 People in the UK drink more tea than in any other
country.
Past Continuous Last year in June, my neighbours were
having their house painted.
Present Perfect Have you ever had your nails done? 4 French people built the Statue of Liberty in France.
will When will you have your tyres
changed?
be going to I’m going to have a burglar alarm
installed.

Zwykle zamiast have możemy również użyć czasownika get:

We had the documents translated. = We got the
documents translated.

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3 Translate the Polish parts of the sentences.

Przedimki
Will he be invited (Czy on będzie zaproszony) to their
wedding? Przedimek a/an
1 My purse Przedimka a/an używamy przed rzeczownikami policzalnymi
(właśnie została skradziona)! w liczbie pojedynczej:
2 The new shopping centre
• gdy wspominamy o kimś lub o czymś po raz pierwszy:
(nie zostanie wybudowane) until 2022.
3 I was in the office when the windows There is a piano in the school hall.
(były myte). • gdy mówimy o jednej z wielu osób lub rzeczy:
4 I’m afraid your computer I need a new laptop.
(nie został naprawiony) yet. • kiedy chcemy powiedzieć, jaki zawód ktoś wykonuje:
5 Whose documents
Brad is an actor.
(są drukowane) at the moment?
• w wyrażeniach z czasownikiem have (np. have a chat /
6 When
a walk / a sleep / a talk / a think):
(powiedziano im) that they were going to be fired?
7 New magazines Let’s have a look around.
(są zamawiane) every month. • w wyrażeniach dotyczących czasu, częstotliwości, szybkości
8 Who oraz ceny za sztukę:
(ten film był wyreżyserowany) by? twice a year
4 Rewrite the sentences and questions using the correct 100 miles an hour
form of have something done. £1.50 a kilo
The millionaire built a ski-lift in his back garden.
The millionaire had a ski-lift built in his back garden. Przedimek the
1 Have you fixed your phone yet, Peter? Przedimka the używamy przed rzeczownikami w liczbie
Have you , Peter? pojedynczej i mnogiej oraz przed rzeczownikami
2 George doesn’t cut his hair very often. niepoliczalnymi:
George very often. • gdy wspominamy o kimś lub o czymś po raz kolejny:
3 Lena didn’t whiten her teeth because it was There is a piano in the school hall. The piano is very old.
too expensive.
• gdy nasz rozmówca orientuje się, o jaką rzecz lub osobę
Lena because it was chodzi:
too expensive.
Let’s go to the restaurant we went to last week.
4 Liam is removing the tattoo next week.
Liam next week. • przed nazwami rzeczy lub osób jedynych w swoim rodzaju:
5 Aneta cut her hair extremely short last summer. The sun sets at 7 p.m.
Aneta extremely Who is the music director of La Scala?
short last summer. • przed rzeczownikami theatre, cinema i radio:
5 Write questions from the prompts. Use the structure I love going to the theatre.
have something done. I heard it on the radio today.
Have you ever / repair / a bicycle? • przed porami dnia morning, afternoon i evening (ale nie
Have you ever had a bicycle repaired? przed słowem noon):
1 When did you last / test / your eyes? Let’s watch a DVD in the evening.
• przed nazwami instrumentów muzycznych, gdy mówimy,
2 Will you ever / colour / your hair?
że ktoś na nich gra:
3 Are you going to / redecorate / your bedroom? Jane plays the flute and the trumpet.
• przed przymiotnikami w stopniu najwyższym:
4 Have you / pierce / your ears? the most famous
• przed liczebnikami porządkowymi:
5 When did you last / take / a passport photo?
the third
• przed wybranymi nazwami państw (jeśli nazwa jest
w liczbie mnogiej lub zawiera rzeczownik pospolity):
the Netherlands
the United States
the United Kingdom
the Czech Republic

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2 Complete the text with a/an, the or Ø (no article).

• przed nazwami pasm górskich, rzek, mórz, oceanów,
archipelagów i pustyń:
the Himalayas
the Thames PRE-SHOW RITUALS
the Red Sea
the Bahamas In theatres all over Ø London, artists are getting
the Sahara ready to perform. Most of them are too nervous to
have 1 dinner before the show, so how
Brak przedimka (zero article) do they spend the few hours before the show begins?
Przedimka nie używamy: Here, three performers talk about their pre-show
• w zdaniach o charakterze stwierdzeń ogólnych przed rituals.
rzeczownikami niepoliczalnymi lub rzeczownikami
policzalnymi w liczbie mnogiej: TINIE TEMPAH is 2 singer.
Music is very important in my life. He prepares for a gig in the same way 3
Pete loves ice cream. athlete gets ready for 4 big event. About
an hour before the gig, he does a lot of stretching.
Pop stars are often demanding and self-centred.
Sometimes he has 5 massage.
• przed nazwami posiłków:
Let’s have dinner. STEPHEN MANGAN is 6 actor.
• przed nazwami kontynentów, większości państw, After six months of doing the same show eight times
miast (wyjątek: The Hague), jezior, pojedynczych wysp 7
week, 8 biggest challenge is
i pojedynczych gór: getting himself into exactly the same mental state
Europe every night. He comes to 9 theatre, and
Great Britain sometimes he doesn’t want to be there. But the fact
Manchester that people are waiting to see him is 10
great motivating factor.
Lake Superior
Easter Island SARA PASCOE is a comedian.
Mount Everest She always gets nervous before a gig. She looks at
11
script, and tries not to think about the
1 Find and correct the mistakes. There is one mistake in things that could go horribly wrong. She tells herself
each sentence. 12
positive things.
Would you like to buy a programme for festival?
the festival
1 My favourite place in the city is the park. It’s a place 3 Complete the sentences with a/an, the or Ø (no article).
where I met my girlfriend. I’m going to the cinema tomorrow. Would you like to
come?
2 I dream of becoming the famous actor one day. 1 Did you know that smallest village is
Poland is Luboszów? There are only two inhabitants!
3 For a lunch today, we are having lasagne and green 2 I just saw cat with really short, silvery fur. Is
salad. that what they call a Russian Blue?
3 What time do you want to have lunch?
4 I don’t have enough change to pay the parking fee. 4 I’ve decided I’m going to have haircut. I’m
Do you have the pound coin? tired of having long hair.
5 Isn’t he actor that’s in that new soap
5 Swimming pool in our town is old and scary. opera?
6 Did you know that capital of
6 Is this only music you’ve got on your phone? Don’t Canada is Ottawa?
you have anything else? 7 It’s third time you have been late this
week.

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