Japan’s Challenge

for the En
Environmental
ironmental Sanitation

H I D E TO Y O S H I D A
D I R E C TO R - G E N E R A L
WA S T E M A N A G E M E N T & R E C Y C L I N G
D E PA RT M E N T
M I N I S T RY O F T H E E N V I R O N M E N T, J A PA N
 International Status
off EEnvironmental
i t l Sanitation
S it ti
• 2.6
2 6 billion people cannot access
environmental sanitation facilities.
• Halve the number of people without 1 2 billion people
1.2
Improved
sustainable access to basic sanitation by from 1990 to 2004
2015. ((MDG target10)
g )
• In the “Hashimoto Action Plan”,
2.6 billion people including
¾ Without radical change,g , we will not 1 billion children
Without access
achieve the MDG sanitation target.
¾ National Governments formulate clear‐
cut strategic sanitation policies and plans.
 Japan’s
p Challenge
g

• Japan
J iis willing
illi tto workk together
t th withith the
th international
i t ti l
community to improve worldwide sanitary environment,
because Japan has a lot of experience of developing
hygienic night soil treatment systems.
• Night
Ni ht soilil recycling
li system
t which
hi h was developed
d l d in
i the
th past.
t
• Johkasou, which is a JAPAN ORIGINAL on‐site waste water
treatment system
• Night soil treatment facilities

Improvement of sanitary environment

Prevention of water pollution
 Dissemination Approach on
E i
Environmental
t l SSanitation
it ti

y Areas
A without
ith t fl
flush
h toilets－
t il t
increase of vault toilets
{ Pit Latrine
L ti
{ ECO‐San
{ Container type toilet（Japan）
Container‐type Stool/urine separation Type Toilet (1950)

y Areas with water works－

increase of flush toilets
{ Public Sewerage
{ Septic Tanks
{ Johkasou （Japan original）
Johkasou（Anaerobic Filtration Type）
 Requirements
q for toilet

y IInstallation
t ll ti off sanitary
it toilets
t il t
{ Separation of night soil from inhabitants

{ Prevention
P ti off waterborne
t b disease
di
y Clean toilets
{ Smell‐free
ll f
{ Quick removal of night soil by flush toilet

yS
Safe
f and d sanitary
i life
lif
{ Water pollution control
 Crucial point on Septic Tank

y Dissemination
Di i ti off fl
flush
h ttoilet
il t Well

follows water works Septic tank ditch

extension polluted well-

water is used
for
y Problems with septic tanks neighborhood
Penetrate non
non-
{ Effluent may be discharged without treatment, non-
disinfection water
sufficient treatment.
{ May cause drinking water pollution &
untreated sludge dumping
⇒ Threat to the “safe
safe and sanitary life”
life
y An appropriate on‐site waste treatment facility replaced for
septic tank is required
required, when a flush toilet is installed
installed.
 Japan’s experience
off night
i ht soilil treatment
t t t system
t
【In the p
past (Until
( 1950)】
)
y Night soil had been utilized as a good fertilizer
→ Establishment of recycling systems in urban & rural areas

(straw）

（tank）
（transportation of night soil by a person）
Anaerobic digestion
(Big vault toilet） Safety & sanitary
F tili
Fertiliser
【Since 1950s】
y Faced difficulty
y with night
g soil recycling
y g because of rapid
p
urbanization and increasing production of chemical fertilizers
y Japan has developed hygienic night soil treatment technology.
 Japan’s
p p
proposal
p －Johkasou－

y Advanced domestic waste water treatment system

(tank) developed in Japan
y Treats wastewater as clean as 20
ppm as BOD
y Treats not only wastewater but
night soil
y Operated for 11 million Japanese
people in less populated areas
around Japan, as a technique
which is cost‐effective and able to Johkasou (Anaerobic filter
contact aeration type)
be installed in a short time.
 Japan’s
p p
proposal
p －Johkasou－(continued)
( )

y Properly
P l di
disinfected
i f t d effluent
ffl t
y Protect water environment and ensure rural water
resources
y Employ such technologies as
¾ Biological contactor ditch process
¾ Trickling filter process
¾ Anaerobic filter‐contact aeration process
¾ Biofilm filtration tank
¾ Moving bed biofilm tank,
tank etc
etc.
y Varieties of Johkasou with different treatment capacity
to conform to the required effluent level and cost in
each country
 Japan’ss proposal －Johkasou－(continued)
Japan Johkasou (continued)

y Requires
R i periodical
i di l maintenance
i t
Johkasou manager (inhabitant)
such as maintenance of biofilm Request
and removal of sludge (examination)

Technical Specified
y Requires certified supervisor inspecting
agency
t h i i / i
technicians/engineers ffor (maintenance) (desludging)

maintenance Entrusted Entrusted

Johkasou Johkasou
maintenance desludging
vendor vendor

Figure. Organization for maintenance,

desludging and inspection in Japan
 Japan’s proposal
－Night
Night soil treatment system
system－

y Collects
ll night
h soill ffrom each
hhhome and
d transfers
f it to
central night soil treatment plants
y Operated for 14 million Japanese people in rural areas
around Japan

y Recovery of methane or production of fertilizer

 Japan‘s proposal
－Night
Night soil treatment system－(continued)
system (continued)

y Treat night
h soill in sanitary manner to meet standards
d d
{ Anaerobic digestion process
Sedimenta
Equalisation water
ater
tion tank disinfection
tank
influent
1st digestion 2nd digestion Aeration
screening tank tank tank
effluent

Sludge
Sludge
Measuring
tank

Dehydration
Sludge
sludge thickening tank

{ Aerobic digestion process Dehydration

sludge

{ Double step activated sludge (biological denitrogen) process,

Double‐step process etc.
etc
 Features of Japan’s
p on‐site treatment system
y

１．Ｊｏｈｋａｓｏｕ
・More cost‐effective and short installation time in less populated areas
・Joint treatment with night soil and domestic waste water with effluent
as clean as that of sewage.
sewage (20mg/L of BOD and less)
・Effluent is disinfected properly.
（container type toilet） ・Ensure the rural water resources

２．Honey truck (Vacuum car)

・Effective and sanitary transportation of night
soil and sludge
(Sl dge）
(Sludge）
（Johkasou） Treatment
(Effluent） Facility
BOD20mg/L and less

３．Night Soil Treatment Facility

・Treats high concentration of night soil and
sludge hygienically.
hygienically
・Resource recovery (ex. Methane, Fertilizer)
 Cost comparison of collective systems and on
on‐site
site systems

ccosts)
c
construction
P
Per Capitta Cost (including
n and ma
Balance point
aintenance

On-site system
(

Collective system

Population density

On-site system (Johkasou) for less Collective system (Sewage) for

populated areas densely populated areas
 Japan’s
p international cooperation
p

y Disseminate
Di i t Japan’s
J ’ experience
i off night
i ht soilil treatment
t t t
y Capacity building on night soil treatment
y Suggest night soil treatment system/technology which is
applicable for developing countries
y Provide relevant technical cooperation
y “Water Environment Partnership p in Asia (WEPA)”
( ) aims to
promote good governance in water environment
management
g
y Japan‐China Cooperation including model project for
decentralized wastewater treatment in rural and other
areas in China.
Strategy
gy of “Water Environment Partnership
p in Asia (WEPA)”
( )
【What’s WEPA?】
● WEPA is an initiative that the Ministry of the Environment Information platform
of Japan proposed at the 3rd World Water Forum held in
Japan in 2003. http://www.wepa‐db.net
● WEPA aims to strengthen governance through capacity
b ildi and
building d sharing
h i kknowledgel d and d iinformation
f ti on watert
environmental governance. Collection and analysis
● The 2nd WEPA International Forum that stakeholders of information
p g government,
representing g , academia,, the p
private sector and each countries Promotingg water
NGOs participated in was held last December as an open environment
event of the 1st Asia‐Pacific Water Summit. governance
Promoting dialogues
Lao Korea Indonesia among various
Myanmar stakeholders
China

Malaysia Enhancement of
Cambodia networks among
Philippines Japan counties
Thailand Vietnam

11 countries in the Asian monsoon region

 Japan‐China Cooperation for water environment protection
The current conditions of water
environment problems in China Japan’s cooperation for water environment
The issue of water pollution is becoming more serious
Model project for decentralized wastewater
The Algae
g treatment in rural and other areas
outbreak
in Taihu
Lake Discharge
(The Yomiuri
Shimbun 12 JUL
Y 2007) Treatment Plant

・Construction of small size wastewater

Drainage into the Chang treatment facilities
Jiang(http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007 ・Study of valuation and management
-04/15/content_850842.htm)

Examples of decentralised wastewater treatment

Joint Statement by Japan and the People's
People s Republic plant adapted
p p to the each areas
of China on the Further Enhancement of
Cooperation for Environmental Protection
(Provisional Translation) 11 April 2007 Tokyo
Rock bed filter Rotating biological Trickling filter process
contactor
1.Cooperation will be implemented to enhance the
protection of drinking water reservoir areas, prevention Extend to
of pollution of rivers, lakes, seas and groundwater, in all China
particular water pollution prevention measures in
important water basins including the Bo Hai and Huang
Prevention of pollution of rivers, lakes,
Hai regions and the Yangtze basin. seas and groundwater