Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of central tendency are summary measures

which describe the “centeredness” of the dataset.

There are three measures of central tendency:

Mean (𝑥)ҧ : the center of weight

Median (Md) : the middlemost value

Mode (Mo) : the most frequently

occurring value
UNGROUPED DATA
Examples:
1. The number of sales made by seven sales
executives are 76, 85, 92, 80, 95, 87 and
79. Find the mean, median and the mode.

𝑥ҧ = 76 + 85 + 92 + 80 + 95 + 87 + 79
7

594
=
7

= 84.8571 ≈ 84.86
1. The number of sales made by seven sales executives are 76,
85, 92, 80, 95, 87 and 79. Find the mean, median and the
mode.

To solve for the median:

a. Arrange the data in order.

76, 79, 80, 85, 87, 92, 95
b. Select the middle value.
76, 79, 80, 85, 87, 92, 95

Md = 85

There is no mode since the value occurs

only once.
UNGROUPED DATA
Examples:
2. Find the mean, median and the mode of the
following values:
10, 15, 15, 17, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 32

𝑥ҧ = 10 + 15 + 15 + 17 + 21 + 23 + 24 + 25 + 28 + 32
10
210
=
10

= 21
Median

10, 15, 15, 17, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 32

21+23
Md =
2
44
= 2

= 22

Mo = 15
 GROUPED DATA (MEAN)

σ 𝑓𝑥𝑚
𝑥ҧ =
𝑁
WHERE: 𝑥ഥ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
σ = 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑥𝑚 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘
𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
 GROUPED DATA (ASSUMED MEAN)
σ 𝑓𝑥𝑐
𝑥ҧ = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑖
𝑁
WHERE: 𝑥ഥ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑥𝑜 = 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
σ = 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑖 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
 GROUPED DATA (MEDIAN)
𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑥𝐿𝐵 + 2 𝑖
𝑓𝑚
WHERE: 𝑀𝑑 = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝑥𝐿𝐵 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑖 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
 GROUPED DATA (MODE)
△1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑥𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖
△1 + △2
WHERE: 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝑥𝐿𝐵 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
△1 = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒕
△2 = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒕
𝑖 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
EXAMPLE 1. SOLVE FOR THE
MEAN/ASSUMED MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE
GIVEN THE DISTRIBUTION BELOW:
Classes f
95-99 1
90-94 3
85-89 9
80-84 20
75-79 3
70-74 4
i=5 N=40
 MEAN
Classes f 𝒙𝒎 𝒇𝒙𝒎
95-99 1 97 97
90-94 3 92 276
σ 𝒇𝒙𝒎
85-89 9 87 783 ഥ=
𝒙
𝑵
𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟓
80-84 20 82 1640 =
𝟒𝟎
75-79 3 77 231 𝑥ҧ = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟖𝟖

70-74 4 72 288
i=5 N=40
෍ 𝒇𝒙𝒎

= 3315
 ASSUMED MEAN
Classes f 𝒙𝒎 𝒙𝒄 𝒇𝒙𝒄
95-99 1 97 3 3
90-94 3 92 2 6
σ 𝑓𝑥𝑐
85-89 9 87 1 9 𝑥ҧ = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑖
𝑁
80-84 20 82 0 0
𝟕
75-79 3 77 -1 -3 = 𝟖𝟐 + 𝟓
𝟒𝟎
= 𝟖𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖
70-74 4 72 -2 -8
𝑥ҧ = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟖𝟖
i=5 N=40
෍ 𝒇𝒙𝒄 = 7
 MEDIAN
Classes f Class Boundaries < 𝒄𝒇 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠,
𝑁 40
95-99 1 94.5-99.5 40 𝑢𝑠𝑒 =
2 2
90-94 3 89.5-94.5 39 = 𝟐𝟎𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

85-89 9 84.5-89.5 36 𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑥𝐿𝐵 + 2 𝑖
80-84 20 79.5-84.5 27 𝑓𝑚
20 − 7
75-79 3 74.5-79.5 7 = 79.5 + 5
20
70-74 4 69.5-74.5 4 13
= 79.5 + 5
20
i=5 N=40 = 79.5 + 3.25
𝑴𝒅 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟕𝟓
 MODE
Classes f Class Boundaries
△1 = 20 − 3 = 𝟏𝟕
95-99 1 94.5-99.5 △2 = 20 − 9 = 𝟏𝟏
90-94 3 89.5-94.5
85-89 9 84.5-89.5 △1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑥𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖
△1 + △2
80-84 20 79.5-84.5
75-79 3 74.5-79.5 17
= 79.5 + 5
17 + 11
70-74 4 69.5-74.5 17
= 79.5 + 5
i=5 N=40 28
= 79.5 + 3.04
𝑴𝒐 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝟒
 Example 2
Compute for the mean.

Classes f 𝒙𝒎 𝒇𝒙𝒎 σ 𝒇𝒙𝒎

ഥ=
𝒙
12 - 23 2 17.5 35 𝑵
𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟖
24 - 35 3 29.5 88.5 =
𝟒𝟎
36 - 47 6 41.5 249 𝑥ҧ = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟕
48 - 59 8 53.5 428
60 - 71 7 65.5 458.5
72 - 83 7 77.5 542.5
84 - 95 7 89.5 626.5
𝑖 = 12 𝑁 = 40
෍ 𝒇𝒙𝒎 = 2428
 Example 2
Compute for the mean.

Classes f 𝒙𝒎 𝒙𝒄 𝒇𝒙𝒄 σ 𝑓𝑥𝑐

𝑥ҧ = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑖
12 - 23 2 17.5 -2 -4 𝑁
24 - 35 3 29.5 -1 -3 𝟔𝟒
36 - 47 6 41.5 0 0 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟐
𝟒𝟎
48 - 59 8 53.5 1 8 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟗. 𝟐
𝑥ҧ = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟕
60 - 71 7 65.5 2 14
72 - 83 7 77.5 3 21
84 - 95 7 89.5 4 28
𝑖 = 12 𝑁 = 40
෍ 𝒇𝒙𝒄 = 64
 Example 2
Compute for the median.
𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠,
Classes f Class < 𝒄𝒇 𝑁 40
Boundaries 𝑢𝑠𝑒 =
2 2
12 - 23 2 11.5-23.5 2 = 𝟐𝟎𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
24 - 35 3 23.5-35.5 5
𝑁
36 - 47 6 35.5-47.5 11 − 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑥𝐿𝐵 + 2 𝑖
48 - 59 8 47.5-59.5 19 𝑓𝑚
20 − 19
60 - 71 7 59.5-71.5 26 = 59.5 + 12
7
72 - 83 7 71.5-83.5 33 1
= 59.5 + 12
84 - 95 7 83.5-95.5 40 7
= 59.5 + 1.71
𝑖 = 12 𝑁 = 40 𝑴𝒅 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟏
 Example 2
Compute for the mode.

Classes f Class △1 = 8 − 6 = 𝟐
Boundaries △2 = 8 − 7 = 𝟏
12 - 23 2 11.5-23.5
△1
24 - 35 3 23.5-35.5 𝑀𝑜 = 𝑥𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖
△1 + △2
36 - 47 6 35.5-47.5
48 - 59 8 47.5-59.5 2
= 47.5 + 12
2+1
60 - 71 7 59.5-71.5 2
= 47.5 + 12
72 - 83 7 71.5-83.5 3
= 47.5 + 8
84 - 95 7 83.5-95.5 𝑴𝒐 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓
𝑖 = 12 𝑁 = 40
 Exercise1:
The table below shows the weight of 100 Biology
Students in University of Northern Philippines.
Compute the mean/assumed mean, median and
mode.
Weight (in pounds) No. of chefs (f)
122 - 129 9
130 - 137 17
138 - 145 20
146 - 153 16
154 - 161 11
162 - 169 8
170 - 177 7
178 - 185 5
186 - 193 4
194 - 201 3
 Exercises 2:
The table below shows the costs of photocopying
spent by 125 students per week. Compute the mean,
median and mode.
Costs (in PhP) f
20 -39 5
40 -59 9
60 - 79 10
80 - 99 22
100 - 119 20
120 - 139 19
140 - 159 15
160 - 179 10
180 - 199 8
200 - 219 7
 Exercises 3:
The frequency distribution below shows the daily
allowances of 200 students. Compute for the daily
mean allowances, median and mode.
Allowance (in PhP) f
200 - 239 9
240 - 279 14
280 - 319 19
320 - 359 32
360 - 399 43
400 - 439 32
440 - 479 29
480 - 519 10
520 - 559 8
560 - 599 4
THANK YOU!