STATISTICS

AND
PROBABILIT
Y
STATISTICS

-is the study of collection,

analysis, interpretation,
presentation , and
organization of data
2 Division of Statistics
1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- a statistical procedure concerned
with describing the characteristics
and properties of group of person,
places or things; it is based on
easily verified fact.
 2 Division of Statistics
2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- a statistical procedure used to draw
inferences for the population on the
basis of the information obtained
from the sample
4 Ways in Classifying Data
1. According to Nature
2. According to Source
3. According to Arrangement
4. According to Measurement
4 Ways in Classifying Data
1. According to Nature
a. Quantitative or Numerical Data - are
those obtained from variables which are in the
form of numbers
e.g, age, height, weight, amount
b. Qualitative or Categorical Data - are
those obtained from varibales which are in form of
categories, characteristics, names or lables
e.g. gender, socio-economic status, civil status
4 Ways in Classifying Data
2. According to Source
a. Primary Data - are first-hand
information, e.g. data gathered from a survey,
where the person who collected the data is the
one using it
b. Secondary Data - are secon-hand
information e.g. information from newspapers or
journals, economic indicators. The data being
used are collected by another person or
organization.
4 Ways in Classifying Data
3. According to Arrangement
a. Ungrouped Data - are data without
any specific order or arrangement. They are
referred as raw data.
b. Grouped Data - are data arranged or
tabulated and presented in an organized
manner.
Descriptive Measure
The Three Measures of Central Tendency
(Central Point or Location)

1. Mean
2. Median; and
3. Mode
THE MEAN
- Mean(x) is also known as arithmetic
average. It is the sum of the item values
divided by the number of items

Mean of Grouped Data

- If the number of items is too big, it is
best to compute for the measures of
central tendency (Mean, Median and
Mode) using a frequency distribution.
 To determine the mean of
a grouped data, use the
formula:
x = where:
– frequency of the class interval
x – midpoint of the class interval
n – total number of items
Example 1. Calculate the arithmetic mean of the
given distribution on final scores of 100 Grade
11 students in Trigonometry.
Scores f x fx
95 – 99 3 97 291
90 – 94 6 92 552
85 – 89 19 87 1,653
80 – 84 24 82 1,968
75 – 79 18 77 1,386
70 – 74 12 72 864
65 – 69 8 67 536
60 – 64 5 62 310
55 – 59 3 57 171
50 – 54 2 52 104

n = 100 Ʃfx = 7,835

Solution:
x =

= 78.35
Example 2. What is mean of the given distribution of
scores of 75 students in Statistics.
Scores f x fx
84 – 90 5 87 435
77 – 83 12 80 960
70 – 76 8 73 584
63 – 69 10 66 660
56 – 62 8 59 472
49 – 55 2 52 104
42 – 48 18 45 810
35 – 64 5 38 190
28 – 34 3 31 93
21 – 27 4 24 96

n = 75 Ʃfx = 4,404
Solution:
x =

= 58.72
Problem. Compute for the mean of the ages of
GSAT teachers.
Age Group Frequency
60 – 64 2
55 – 59 4
50 – 54 6
45 – 49 12
40 – 44 15
35 – 39 16
30 – 34 12
25 – 29 7
20 – 24 4
Problem. Compute for the mean of the ages of
ENHS teachers. Use the idea of ungrouped and
grouped data. Then compare the results.
60, 62, 54, 40, 33, 35, 22, 23, 55, 57, 25, 26,
34, 44, 41, 44, 44, 44, 44, 45, 59, 58, 52, 50, 36, 33,
34, 37, 39, 22, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 56, 63,
45, 25, 27, 28, 39, 34, 45, 37, 61, 60, 33, 32, 31, 22,
23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 50, 48, 52, 55, 62, 60, 33,
34, 44, 44, 44, 45, 46, 42, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 23, 24,
61, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 33, 30, 29, 33, 50, 28,
27, 45, 45, 44, 44, 56, 56, 57, 40, 44, 45, 24, 25, 26,
30, 31, 27, 27, 30, 24, 25, 41, 43, 42, 50, 53, 55, 54
Solution Using Ungrouped Data

x= = =
THE MEDIAN
- Median (Md) is the value of the middle
term when data are arranged in either
ascending or descending order.

Median of Grouped Data

- For large quantities of data, the
median is computed using a
frequency distribution with a
cumulative frequency column.
To determine the median of a grouped data,
use the formula:
Md = L + where:
L – the exact lower limit of the median class
n – total number of items
F – “less than” or “equal to” cumulative
frequency preceding the class interval
containing the median
f – frequency of the median class
i – size of the class interval
Example 1. Find the median score of
students of Mr. Dela Cruz Math class.
Scores f F
95 – 99 5 100
90 – 94 11 95
85 – 89 17 84
80 – 84 25 67
75 – 79 20 42
70 – 74 12 22
65 – 69 7 10
60 – 64 3 3
n = 100
Solution: 𝟏𝟎𝟎
− 𝟒𝟐
Md =79.5 + ቆ 𝟐
ቇ (𝟓)
Md = L + 𝟐𝟓

L = 79.5 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟒𝟐
= 79.5 + ቀ ቁ(𝟓)
n = 100 𝟐𝟓

F = 42 𝟖
= 79.5 + ቀ ቁ(𝟓)
𝟐𝟓
f = 25
𝟒𝟎
i = 99 – 95 + 1 = 5 = 79.5 + ቀ ቁ
𝟐𝟓

= 79.5 + 1.6
= 81.1
Example 2. The ages of 115 ENHS teachers are
given below. Find the median age.
Ages f F
63 – 69 3 115
56 – 62 11 112
49 – 55 18 101
42 – 48 26 83
35 – 41 21 57
28 – 34 15 36
21 – 27 12 21
14 – 20 7 9
7 – 13 2 2

n = 115
Solution: 𝟏𝟏𝟓
− 𝟓𝟕
Md = L + Md = 41.5 + ቆ 𝟐
ቇ (𝟕)
𝟐𝟔
L = 41.5 𝟓𝟕.𝟓 − 𝟓𝟕
n = 115 = 41.5 + ቀ ቁ(𝟕)
𝟐𝟔
F = 57 𝟎.𝟓
= 41.5 + ቀ ቁ(𝟕)
f = 26 𝟐𝟔

i = 69 – 63 + 1 = 7 𝟑.𝟓
= 41.5 + ቀ ቁ
𝟐𝟔

= 41.5 + 0.135
= 41.635
Problem. Compute for the median of the ages of
ENHS teachers. Use the idea of ungrouped and
grouped data. Then compare the results.
60, 62, 54, 40, 33, 35, 22, 23, 55, 57, 25, 26,
34, 44, 41, 44, 44, 44, 44, 45, 59, 58, 52, 50, 36, 33,
34, 37, 39, 22, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 56, 63,
45, 25, 27, 28, 39, 34, 45, 37, 61, 60, 33, 32, 31, 22,
23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 50, 48, 52, 55, 62, 60, 33,
34, 44, 44, 44, 45, 46, 42, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 23, 24,
61, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 33, 30, 29, 33, 50, 28,
27, 45, 45, 44, 44, 56, 56, 57, 40, 44, 45, 24, 25, 26,
30, 31, 27, 27, 30, 24, 25, 41, 43, 42, 50, 53, 55, 54
Class Interval f F
62 – 65 3 124
58 – 61 9 121
54 – 57 13 112
50 – 53 9 99
46 – 49 2 90
42 – 45 24 88
38 – 41 9 64
34 – 37 10 55
30 – 33 17 45
26 – 29 13 28
22 – 25 15 15
n = 124
Solution:
𝟏𝟐𝟒
Md = L + Md = 37.5 + ቆ 𝟐
− 𝟓𝟓
ቇ (𝟒)
𝟗
L = 38.5
n = 124 = 37.5 + ቀ
𝟔𝟐 − 𝟓𝟓
𝟗
ቁ(𝟒)
F = 55 𝟕
= 37.5 + ቀ𝟗ቁ(𝟒)
f=9
𝟐𝟖
i = 41 – 38 + 1 = 4 = 37.5 + ቀ 𝟗 ቁ

= 37.5 + 3.11
= 40.61
Example 3. Complete the table and compute for the
median score of the Grade 11 students who took the
Precalculus subject.
Scores f CF CP
135 – 139 2 50 100
130 – 134 2 48 96
125 – 129 4 46 92
120 – 124 5 42 84
115 – 119 9 37 74
110 – 114 8 28 56
105 – 109 7 20 40
100 – 104 5 13 26
95 – 99 3 8 16
90 – 94 1 5 10
85 – 89 2 4 8
80 – 84 1 2 4
75 – 79 1 1 2

Note: CF – Cumulative Frequency & CP – Cumulative Percent

 Cumulative Frequency
- is the total of a frequency and all frequencies
in a frequency distribution until a certain
defined class interval.
the frequency of the first-class interval is
added to the frequency of the second class,
and this sum is added to the third class and
so on then, frequencies that are obtained
this way are known as cumulative frequency
(c.f.).
 Cumulative Percentage
Cumulative percentage is calculated by
dividing the cumulative frequency by
the total number of observations (n),
then multiplying it by 100 (the last
value will always be equal to 100%).
Thus, cumulative percentage =
(cumulative frequency ÷ n) x 100.
Solution: 𝟓𝟎
− 𝟐𝟎
Md = L + Md = 109.5 + ቆ 𝟐
𝟖
ቇ (𝟓)
L = 109.5
𝟐𝟓 − 𝟐𝟎
n = 50 = 109.5 + ቀ
𝟖
ቁ(𝟓)
F = 20 𝟓
= 109.5 + ቀ ቁ(𝟓)
f=8 𝟖

i = 139 – 135 + 1 = 5 𝟐𝟓
= 109.5 + ቀ ቁ
𝟖

= 109.5 + 3.125
= 112.625
THE MODE
- MODE (Mₒ) is referred to as the
most frequently occurring value in a
given set.
Mode of Grouped Data
- In a grouped distribution, the class
interval where the value with the
highest frequency is the modal
class.
To determine the mode of a grouped data, use
the formula:
Mo = Lmo + i where:
Lmo – the exact lower limit of the modal class
– the difference between the frequency of the
modal class and that of the frequency below
the modal class
– the difference between the frequency of the
modal class and that of the frequency above
the modal class
i – the size of the class interval
Example 1. Determine the modal class and the
modal value for the frequency distribution of ages
of teachers in Esperanza NHS.

Age Group Frequency

60 – 64 2 Solution:
55 – 59 4
50 – 54 6
45 – 49 12
40 – 44 15 Lmo = 34.5
35 – 39 16 d1 = 16 – 12 = 4
30 – 34 12
25 – 29 7 d2 = 16 – 15 = 1
20 – 24 4 i = 39 – 35 + 1 = 5
Mo = 34.5 + ()(5)
= 34.5 +
= 34.5 + 4
= 38.5
Example 2. Compute for the modal wage of the
workers in a certain private school
Solution:

Lmo = 1,319.5
d1 = 31 – 24 = 7
d2 = 31 – 12 = 19
i = 1,339 – 1,320 + 1 = 20
Mo = 1,319.50+()(20)

= 1,319.50 +

= 1,319.50 + 5.385

= 1,324.885
Problem. Find the modal age of ENHS
teachers. Use the idea of ungrouped and
grouped data. Then compare the results.
60, 62, 54, 40, 33, 35, 22, 23, 55, 57, 25, 26,
34, 44, 41, 44, 44, 44, 44, 45, 59, 58, 52, 50, 36, 33,
34, 37, 39, 22, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 56, 63,
45, 25, 27, 28, 39, 34, 45, 37, 61, 60, 33, 32, 31, 22,
23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 50, 48, 52, 55, 62, 60, 33,
34, 44, 44, 44, 45, 46, 42, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 23, 24,
61, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 33, 30, 29, 33, 50, 28,
27, 45, 45, 44, 44, 56, 56, 57, 40, 44, 45, 24, 25, 26,
30, 31, 27, 27, 30, 24, 25, 41, 43, 42, 50, 53, 55, 54
Class Interval f
61 – 63 5 Solution:
58 – 60 7
55 – 57 11 Mo = 42.5 + ()(4)
52 – 54 6
49 – 51 5
46 – 48 2 = 42.5 +
43 – 45 21
40 – 42 9
37 – 39
34 – 36
6
7
= 42.5 + 1.55
31 – 33 12
28 – 30 10
25 – 27 13 = 44.05
22 – 24 10
n = 124
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY describe the spread of the values about
the mean.
1. Range
2. Standard Deviation
3. Variance
THE RANGE
The difference between the highest and the lowest values in a
given set of data is the RANGE.
Range = highest value – lowest value
Example 1. Find the range for each set of data given below.
a) 3, 8, 16, 12, 4, 5, 7, 15
b) 25, 32, 9 18, 12, 30, 28, 22
Example 2. Determine the range of data presented in a frequency
distribution below.
a) Class Intervals f
20 – 25 13
Range = 25 – 1 = 24
14 – 23 5
8 – 13 8
2–9 10
b)
Class Intervals f
90 – 99 3
80 – 89 7
70 – 79 8 Range = 94.5 – 54.5 = 40
60 – 69 5
50 – 59 2
How to Find the Range of Grouped
Data
While it’s not possible to calculate the
exact range since we don’t know the raw
data values, it is possible to estimate the
range using one of the following
formulas:
 How to Find the Range of Grouped
Data
Formula 1: Use Upper and Lower Limits

Range of Grouped Data = Umax – Lmin

where:
U: Upper limit of maximum interval
L: Lower limit of minimum interval
 How to Find the Range of Grouped Data
Formula 2: Use Midpoints

Range of Grouped Data = Midpointmax – Midpointmin

where:

Midpointmax : Midpoint of maximum interval

Midpointmin : Midpoint of minimum interval