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Performance Evaluation of a Transonic Axial Compressor with

Circumferential Casing Grooves

Article in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part A Journal of Power and Energy · March 2012
DOI: 10.1177/0957650911427244

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218

Performance evaluation of a transonic axial compressor

with circumferential casing grooves
J-H Kim, K-J Choi, and K-Y Kim*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

The manuscript was received on 23 April 2011 and was accepted after revision for publication on 29 September 2011.

DOI: 10.1177/0957650911427244

Abstract: This article presents an investigation on the performance characteristics of a

transonic axial compressor with the application of the circumferential casing grooves. Three-
dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the shear stress turbulence model
are discretized by finite volume approximations and solved on hexahedral grids for the flow
analysis. The numerical results for the pressure ratio and the adiabatic efficiency show good
agreement with the experimental data. The numerical stall inception point is identified from
the last converged point by the convergence criterion, and the stall margin (SM) is numerically
predicted. The performances of an axial compressor with rectangular shape of the circumferen-
tial casing grooves are analysed in comparison with the case of smooth casing. Additionally, the
SMs and the peak adiabatic efficiencies with various shapes of the circumferential casing grooves
are compared and evaluated in order to explore the influence of groove shape. The application of
the circumferential casing grooves leads to significant improvement in the operating stability of
compressors with slight reduction in the peak efficiency.

Keywords: axial compressor, smooth casing, circumferential casing grooves, numerical

analysis, stall margin, adiabatic efficiency

1 INTRODUCTION on a whole system of gas turbine should be avoided.

Operating stability of an axial compressor used as an
essential component of jet engine, marine engine,
and other gas turbines becomes important as a
performance parameter as well as pressure ratio
and efficiency, and it is limited at low mass flow by
stall and surge phenomena. It is reported by Greitzer
[1] that stall induces large vibratory stresses in the
blade of compressors and is often unacceptable for
structural reasons, and surge can lead to high blade
and casing stress levels. These kinds of flow phenom-
ena in an axial compressor consequently result in
compressor instability and reduce the compressor
performance. Thus, this impact of flow instability
*Corresponding author: Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-Dong, Nam-Gu, Incheon 402 751,
Republic of Korea.
email: kykim@inha.ac.kr
Many studies have been carried out to alleviate the
stall and surge phenomena and to improve the oper-
ating stability of axial compressor through experi-
ments and numerical analysis by many researchers
together with the history of compressors [2–5].
Tip-leakage vortex around casing region is gener-
ally known as a primary factor of axial compressor
instability. Casing treatment of passive method
controlling this tip-leakage vortex near casing region
is a well-known method for improving operating
stability. However, since decrease in efficiency is
accompanied in an axial compressor with casing
treatment, a trade-off between stall margin (SM)
and efficiency should be considered. Various meth-
ods to improve the SM of a compressor have been
suggested. Beheshti et al. [6] performed a numerical
investigation of abradable coating as a means to seal
tip-leakage flow in NASA Rotor 37. Their results proved
that the application of abradable coating in a transonic

Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy

 Performance evaluation of a transonic axial compressor with circumferential casing grooves 219

axial compressor could efficiently improve the perfor- 2 SPECIFICATION OF THE AXIAL
mance and stability. Unsteady flow simulations in an COMPRESSOR
axial compressor with four different semicircular slots
were performed by Hembera et al. [7] using a three- The transonic axial compressor with NASA Rotor 37
dimensional (3D) time-accurate Favre-averaged is investigated in this study. The details of the speci-
Navier–Stokes flow solver. The results show the effec- fications are presented in Table 1 from AGARD report
tiveness of the casing treatment with an upstream by Dunham [11]. The rotor operates at a speed of
stator. 17 188.7 r/min, and has a total pressure ratio of
In addition, various types of grooves have been sug- 2.106 and a adiabatic efficiency of 88.9 per cent at
gested by many researchers to understand the mech- 20.19 kg/s. The tip clearance is 0.356 mm (0.47 per
anisms of stall and surge, and it has been reported cent span), the choking mass flow 20.93 kg/s, and
that using grooves increases SM by delaying stall. the near-stall point 0.925 of the choke flow. The
Huang et al. [8] reported the effects of the width blade of NASA Rotor 37 sections is defined by a multi-
and depth of the circumferential groove casing treat- ple-circular-arc.
ment on SM by 3D numerical analysis, and suggested Figure 1 shows a meridional plane of NASA Rotor
that the stall mechanism was substantially influenced 37. As shown in Fig. 1, flow parameters such as
by tip clearance. Muller et al. [9] studied the effects total pressure and total temperature, in relation to
of the number and depth of casing grooves on SM mass flowrate, are measured at the inlet (Station
by 3D numerical analysis. Houghton and Day [10] 1) and the outlet (Station 2) located 41.9 mm
examined the effect of grooves on rotor outflow upstream of the blade leading edge and 106.7 mm
blockage, and the near-casing flow field was studied downstream of the trailing edge near the hub,
using experimental and computational methods. respectively.
However, the previous works have been focused on
grooves with various depths, widths, and types rather
than different shapes of grooves.
In this study, the effects of the circumferential Table 1 Specifications of NASA Rotor 37
casing grooves on the performance of an axial com- Design mass flowrate (kg/s) 20.19
Rotational speed (r/min) 17 188.7
pressor have been numerically analysed based on 3D Total pressure ratio 2.016
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. Inlet hub-tip ratio 0.7
Blade aspect ratio 1.19
Also, the SMs and the peak adiabatic efficiencies with Tip relative inlet Mach number 1.48
various shapes of the circumferential casing grooves Hub relative inlet Mach number 1.13
are compared and evaluated in order to explore the Tip solidity 1.29
Number of rotor blades 36
influence of groove shape.

Fig. 1 Meridional plane of NASA Rotor 37

Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy

220 J-H Kim, K-J Choi, and K-Y Kim
3 DESCRIPTION OF THE CIRCUMFERENTIAL
CASING GROOVES
In this study, the five different shapes of the circumfer-
ential casing grooves, as shown in Fig. 2, are consid-
ered, and their stabilities and performances are
compared with each other. Each type of the circumfer-
ential casing grooves except case 4 consists of seven
grooves. Case 1 as shown in Fig. 2(a) has the rectangular
shape of the circumferential casing grooves with depth
4.272 mm evenly spaced from the leading edge to the
trailing one, as suggested by Huang et al. [8]; the width
of each groove is 10 per cent tip axial chord with a gap of
5 per cent tip axial chord. Huang et al. [8] studied the
effects of the width, depth, and tip clearance of case 1
on SM by numerical analysis. They showed that the
application of the circumferential casing grooves is
beneficial to expand the operating range of an axial
compressor. Case 1 is the base model of this study,
which is used to investigate the effects of the casing
grooves on the performance of the axial compressor.
The configurations of the other cases are designed on
the basis of case 1. As shown in Figs 2(b) and (c), cases 2
and 3 are the models skewed forward and backward by
45 , respectively. Thus, the depth of each case is
reduced to 3.021 mm due to the changed value of
angle. Figure 2(d) shows that case 4 is designed with
the rounded edges of each circumferential casing
groove. Also, case 5 has an additional circumferential
casing groove both upstream and downstream of the
blade in comparison with case 1, as shown in Fig. 2(e).
4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
For this study, ANSYS-CFX 11.0 [12] is employed for
a 3D steady-state flow analysis of an axial compres-
sor with the circumferential casing grooves. Three-
dimensional RANS equations have been discretized
with finite volume method. Blade-Gen, Turbo-Grid,
CFX-Pre, CFX-Solver, and CFX-Post are used for Blade
profile creation, mesh generation, boundary condition
definition, numerical analysis, and post-processing,
respectively. In addition, creation of circumferential
casing groove and its mesh generation are performed
by Design-Modeler and integrated computer-aided
engineering and manufacturing-computational fluid
dynamics (ICEM-CFD), respectively.
The computational domain investigated in this study
consists of one blade-to-blade passage of the axial
compressor and the circumferential casing grooves
by assuming that the flow between two adjacent
blades is periodic about the rotating direction.
A structured grid system is constructed in the compu-
tational domain of an axial compressor, which has
O-type grids near the blade surfaces and H/J/C/L
Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy
grids in other regions. The H/J/C/L grid topology
allows a separate choice of topology types for the
upstream and downstream ends of the passage mesh.
Therefore, H/J/C/L grid topology provides the best
mesh quality for the asymmetry airfoil shape. Also, a
non-matching H-grid mesh is employed as the topol-
ogy of the tip clearance mesh. The inlet and outlet
blocks are constructed with 60  37  17 and
60  37  21 grid points, respectively, while the main
passage except for the tip clearance and the
O-type grids is constructed with 40  37  84 grid
points. Also, the tip clearance and O-type grids are con-
structed with 20  37  84 and 216 720 grid points,
respectively. The O-grid with a width factor of 0.5 and
20 elements is assigned. This study uses a total of
480 000 nodes as an optimal number of grids deter-
mined by the grid dependency test in the previous
work [13] to define the main flow passage of the axial
compressor. Figure 3 shows the effects of computa-
tional grids on the performance curves for the effi-
ciency and pressure ratio. As shown in this figure, the
values of the adiabatic efficiency and pressure ratio
almost do not change with the variation of number of
grids from 480 000 to 740 000. The predicted near-stall
normalized mass flows for the grid numbers, 270 000,
480 000, and 740 000 are 0.939, 0.921, and 0.920, respec-
tively. Each groove is constructed with 20  48  25 grid
points. The near-wall mesh progression is kept as 1.2
with a distance of 0.002 mm for first node. Figure 4
shows the grid systems for different shapes of grooves.
The shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model
is used as a turbulence closure. The SST model uses a
k–! model at the near-wall region, and a k–" model in
the bulk domain, and a blending function ensures
smooth transition between two models. It is reported
by Bardina et al. [14] that the SST model is more effec-
tive to analyse the flow separation by adverse pres-
sure gradient than other two-equation models. The
accuracy of the numerical scheme for turbulent
flow is highly dependent upon the treatment of the
wall shear stress. In this study, the near-wall grid res-
olution is adjusted to keep y þ 42 for the accurate
capturing of wall shear stress, and also for the appli-
cation of low-Reynolds number version of SST model.
The working fluid is considered as an ideal gas in
this study. Total pressure and total temperature at the
inlet are set to 101 325 Pa and 288.15 K, respectively.
The designed mass flowrate is set at the outlet for
steady-state simulation. Adiabatic walls with no slip
and hydraulically smooth walls are considered at the
solid boundaries. The periodic boundary is set at the
blade passage interface, and tip clearance is consid-
ered along with the passage. The general grid inter-
face (GGI) method is used for the connection between
the passage and the grooves. The GGI method is the
 Performance evaluation of a transonic axial compressor with circumferential casing grooves 221

Fig. 2 Various shapes of the circumferential casing grooves: meridional planes of (a) case 1,
(b) case 2, (c) case 3, (d) case 4, and (e) case 5

class of grid connections where the grids on either
side of the two connected surfaces do not match [12].
For the numerical analysis, the computations have
been performed by an Intel Core I7 CPU 2.67 GHz PC.
The computational time is approximately 6–7 h.
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Validation of the flow analysis results for the total
pressure ratio and the adiabatic efficiency in compar-
ison with the performance test results from AGARD

Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy

222 J-H Kim, K-J Choi, and K-Y Kim

Fig. 3 Effects of computational grids on the performance curves

Fig. 4 Structure of the grid systems

report by Dunham [11] for the smooth casing without  1

the grooves is shown in Fig. 5, as performed by the
previous work [13]. The numerical results show some
uniform underestimations of the total pressure ratio
and the adiabatic efficiency through whole mass flow
range, but they have good agreements with the test
data in terms of the tendency.
The technique of the circumferential casing grooves
is normally used for the improvement of the stability
of an axial compressor. The SM and the peak adiabatic
efficiency (peak) are used as parameters to quantita-
tively evaluate the stability in this study. These impor-
tant parameters are defined as follows
 
mpeak PRstall
SM ¼   1  100 % ð1Þ
mstall PRpeak
Pt ,out 
Pt ,in 1
peak ¼   ð2Þ
Tt ,out
Tt ,in 1
where m and PR indicate the mass flowrate and total
pressure ratio, respectively, and the subscripts peak
and stall refer to the peak adiabatic efficiency point
and the near-stall point, respectively. Also, , Pt, and
Tt indicate the specific heat ratio, total pressure, and
total temperature, respectively.
The numerical stall inception point could be iden-
tified from the last converged point by reducing the
normalized mass flow by 0.002. The peak adiabatic
efficiency point is also found by reducing the normal-
ized mass flow by 0.002 in the high-mass flow region.

Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy

 Performance evaluation of a transonic axial compressor with circumferential casing grooves
Fig. 5 Validation of the flow analysis [13]
The convergence criterion is suggested by Chen et al.
[15] as follows.
1. The inlet mass flowrate variation is less than
0.001 kg/s for 300 steps.
2. The difference between inlet and outlet mass flow-
rate is less than 0.5 per cent.
3. At that time, the adiabatic efficiency variation is
less than 0.03 per cent per 100 steps.
The same convergence criterion is used to find the
numerical stall inception point in this study. In Fig. 5,
the near-stall point predicted based on this conver-
gence criterion is 0.921, while the near-stall point
measured by the experiment is 0.925, which is the
mass flow normalized by choking mass flow.
5.1 Performance enhancement via application
of the circumferential casing grooves
At a low mass flowrate, the tip-leakage flow and tip-
leakage vortex induce a stagnation zone downstream
of the passage shock which is caused by a vortex
breakdown. This leads to a critical blockage of the
main flow resulting in the instability of the axial com-
pressor. This phenomenon of the tip-leakage vortex
breakdown is the general characteristic of the tran-
sonic compressors with NASA Rotor 37 [8, 16, 17].
In this study, case 1 with rectangular groove shape
is selected as the base model in order to evaluate the
effects of the circumferential casing grooves on per-
formance of the axial compressor compared with the
case of smooth casing. Also, the total pressure ratio
and the adiabatic efficiency are used as the perfor-
mance parameters of the compressor. As shown in
Figs 6(a) and (b), it is predicted that the near-stall
points are 0.921 for the smooth casing and 0.882
223
for case 1, which are obtained by the aforemen-
tioned criteria. The total pressure ratios of the
smooth casing and case 1 at near-stall points are
2.073 and 2.086, respectively. The adiabatic efficien-
cies of the smooth casing and case 1 at the peak adi-
abatic efficiency are 85.23 per cent and 85.12 per cent,
respectively. In comparison with the smooth casing,
the circumferential casing grooves contribute to a sig-
nificant reduction of the near-stall mass flow, and
consequently to the improvement in the SM. Higher
total pressure and higher efficiency are also achieved
for most of the range between the peak efficiency and
stall points, but the peak adiabatic efficiency slightly
decreases when the circumferential casing grooves
are installed. It is thought that separation resulting
in pressure loss near the blade’s suction surface is
reduced by the high-momentum flux from the cir-
cumferential casing grooves.
The vortical structures at the near-stall point of the
smooth casing (normalized mass flow, 0.921) are
shown in Fig. 7. One of the effects of the circumfer-
ential casing groove is to change the angle between
the tip-leakage vortex and the blade, resulting in the
change of the trajectory of the tip-leakage vortex. The
tip-leakage flow driven by the pressure gradient over
the blade tip interacts with the inflow of the passage,
and it produces the tip-leakage vortex. In the axial
compressor without the circumferential casing
grooves, the tip-leakage vortex is mainly driven by
the tip-leakage flow, and it proceeds along the pres-
sure surface of the blade as shown in Fig. 7(a).
However, in case 1, the pressure gradient over the
blade tip region is decreased compared to the
smooth casing design, especially near the leading
edge, and is mainly driven by the inflow. This
makes the incidence angle smaller, which is resulted
Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy
224 J-H Kim, K-J Choi, and K-Y Kim
Fig. 6 Performance curves for the smooth casing and case 1: (a) total pressure ratio and (b) adi-
abatic efficiency
in a tip-leakage vortex closer to the passage centre in
the axial compressor with the circumferential casing
grooves, as shown in Fig. 7(b).
Figure 8 shows the pressure distributions on the
pressure and suction surfaces of the blade at 98 per
cent span. With the circumferential casing grooves,
the change in the pressure difference between the
pressure and suction surfaces is observed at each
groove location. It is thought that a remarkable reduc-
tion in pressure difference has occurred near the
leading-edge region due to a decrease in blade load-
ing near the leading edge by the reduced incidence
angle, while the pressure differences at the locations
of the third and fourth grooves are increased.
Figure 9 illustrates Mach number contours for the
smooth casing and case 1 at the near-stall point of the
Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy
smooth casing. The circumferential casing grooves
also have an effect on the momentum transport
across the blade tip. As shown in Figs 9(a) and (b),
separation occurs on the suction side of the blade in
the axial compressor with the smooth casing; it is
suppressed in the axial compressor with the circum-
ferential grooves, and the Mach number around the
suction surface is eventually recovered. It is thought
that the application of the grooves generates the high-
momentum flux from the pressure surface to the
suction surface. Consequently, the suppressed sepa-
ration on the suction surface of the blade aids the
improvement of the operating stability. The static
pressure on the suction surface of the blade is also
recovered due to the suppressed separation shown
in Fig. 8.
 Performance evaluation of a transonic axial compressor with circumferential casing grooves
Figure 10 shows the entropy contours for the
smooth casing and case 1 on the meridional plane
at each peak efficiency point. The entropy values
Fig. 7 Vortical structure at the near-stall point: (a)
smooth casing and (b) case 1
Fig. 9 Mach number contours at the near-stall point (98 per cent span): (a) smooth casing and
(b) case 1
225
are area-averaged in circumferential direction. As
shown in Fig. 10, the application of the circumferen-
tial casing grooves has negative effects in this aspect.
Higher entropy generation is observed near the
casing of the axial compressor with the circum-
ferential casing grooves; this explains the inevi-
table decreases in the efficiency of the compressor.
However, the entropy generation of the smooth
casing near the casing is significantly reduced com-
pared to case 1. This reduction in entropy generation
contributes to the recovery of the efficiency.
5.2 Performance characteristics with various
shapes of the circumferential casing grooves
In this study, the performances with various shapes of
the circumferential casing grooves shown in Fig. 2 are
also compared.
Fig. 8 Pressure distributions at the near-stall point (98
per cent span)
Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy
226 J-H Kim, K-J Choi, and K-Y Kim
Fig. 10 Entropy contours on the meridional plane at
peak efficiency point (J/kg-K): (a) smooth
casing and (b) case 1
Fig. 11 Comparison of the performance parameters
among various shapes of grooves: (a) SM and
(b) peak adiabatic efficiency
Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy
The SM and the peak adiabatic efficiency of each
type of the circumferential casing grooves are shown
in Fig. 11. As shown in Fig. 11(a), all the types of the
circumferential casing grooves, except the skewed
backward type (case 3), show a beneficial effect on
the SM. The SM of the smooth casing is 11.63 per
cent, and it is increased by the application of the cir-
cumferential casing grooves except case 3. Case 1
shows the SM of 18.01 per cent, which is increased
by 6.38 per cent in comparison with the smooth
casing. The SMs of cases 2, 4, and 5 are also increased
by 4.38 per cent, 5.14 per cent, and 5.64 per cent,
respectively. However, the SM of case 3 is slightly
decreased by 0.18 per cent. It is thought that the rect-
angular type (cases 1 and 5) is the most effective
shape in the configurations to extend the operating
range and improve the stability, whereas the skewed
type (cases 2 and 3) is less beneficial for the stability
than the other types of the circumferential casing
grooves. Moreover, the application of the additional
circumferential casing grooves upstream and down-
stream of the blade (case 5) and the rounded edge
(case 4) is not found to have a remarkable effect on
the SM. As shown in Fig. 11(b), all the peak adiabatic
efficiencies are decreased by the application of the
circumferential casing grooves, which also induces
a drop in the efficiency. The smooth casing shows
the highest peak adiabatic efficiency as 85.23 per
cent in this study. Each peak adiabatic efficiency is
reduced by 0.11 per cent, 0.23 per cent, 0.65 per cent,
0.18 per cent, and 0.14 per cent for cases 1–5, respec-
tively, in comparison with the smooth casing.
Figure 12 shows the axial velocity contours at 99 per
cent span for the smooth casing and each type of the
circumferential casing grooves at the near-stall point
of the smooth casing (normalized mass flow, 0.921).
As shown in Fig. 12(a), the tip-leakage vortex from the
leading edge interacts with the passage shock, which
induces the large low-speed region downstream of
the interaction due to energy loss of the flow across
the passage shock. This low-energy region is the
vortex stagnation zone changing the main flow and
resulting in a separation by increasing the back pres-
sure due to the decrease in velocity of the flow.
However, it is observed that the application of the
circumferential casing grooves contributes to the
alleviation of the vortex stagnation zone. This result
shows that the circumferential casing grooves are
beneficial for improving the operating range and the
stability of the axial compressor. In Fig. 12(b), the vor-
tex stagnation zone is improved more than the other
cases, which means that case 1 has the best stability
among these cases. On the other hand, case 2 is
improved less than the other types of the circumfer-
ential casing grooves, as shown in Fig. 12(c). Similar
 Performance evaluation of a transonic axial compressor with circumferential casing grooves
Fig. 12 Axial velocity contours at the near-stall point (99 per cent span, m/s): (a) smooth casing,
(b) case 1, (c) case 2, (d) case 4, and (e) case 5
phenomena are also observed in cases 4 and 5 as
shown in Figs 12(d) and (e).
Figure 13 shows the entropy contours at 99 per cent
span for the smooth casing and each type of the cir-
cumferential casing grooves except for case 3 at the
near-stall point of the smooth casing (normalized
mass flow, 0.921). As shown in Fig. 13, the application
of the circumferential casing grooves shows mostly
lower entropy values in the downstream region of
the blade passage in comparison with the smooth
casing. Consequently, this reduction in the entropy
generation with the circumferential casing grooves
contributes to the recovery of the efficiency near the
low mass flow region.
Figure 14 shows the tangential velocity contours in
the openings of the circumferential casing grooves for
cases 1 and 3, which are the most and least effective
shapes for the stability, respectively, at each peak effi-
ciency point. The application of the circumferential
casing grooves results in a tip-leakage vortex closer to
the passage centre that generates more losses near
the tip region. However, as shown in Fig. 14, case 1
shows slightly higher tangential velocity in the open-
ings of the circumferential casing grooves compared
to case 3. The higher velocity makes the tip-leakage
flow closer to the pressure surface of the blade, and
227
consequently reduces the losses by the tip-leakage
vortex near the tip region.
6 CONCLUSIONS
In this study, numerical analysis of the axial compres-
sors based on 3D RANS equations has been per-
formed to find the effects of the circumferential
casing grooves on the performance of an axial com-
pressor as well as to compare the performances with
various types of the circumferential casing grooves in
terms of the SM and the peak adiabatic efficiency.
From the results, it is found that the vortex stagnation
zone induced by interaction between the tip-leakage
vortex and the passage shock is a primary factor for
the instability of an axial compressor. Moreover, the
application of the circumferential casing grooves is
beneficial to reduce the vortex stagnation zone, and
the stability of the axial compressor is varied with the
groove shape. Higher total pressure and higher effi-
ciency are achieved for most of the range between the
peak efficiency and stall points, but the peak adia-
batic efficiency slightly decreases when the circum-
ferential casing grooves are installed. The case with
the rectangular grooves is shown to be most effective
in the aspects of the SM and peak adiabatic efficiency
Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy
 Fig. 13 Entropy contours at the near-stall point (99 per cent span, J/kg-K): (a) smooth casing,
(b) case 1, (c) case 2, (d) case 4, and (e) case 5

Fig. 14 Tangential velocity contours in openings of circumferential casing grooves at peak

efficiency point (m/s): (a) case 1 and (b) case 3

Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy

 Performance evaluation of a transonic axial compressor with circumferential casing grooves 229

among four cases. On the other hand, the case with compressor. In Proceedings of the ASME turbo
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Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy

230 J-H Kim, K-J Choi, and K-Y Kim

Pt total pressure Subscripts

PR total pressure ratio
in inlet
PS pressure surface
max maximum
SS suction surface
out outlet
Tt total temperature
peak peak adiabatic efficiency point
TE trailing edge
stall near stall point
 specific heat ratio
 adiabatic efficiency

Proc. IMechE Vol. 226 Part A: J. Power and Energy

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