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Es MDSP Formulas
Es MDSP Formulas
KINEMATICS
VELOCITY ANALYSIS WITH
3 INVERSION OF SINGLE INSTANTANEOUS CENTER
𝑗 = 𝐿−2 𝐿 = 2𝑝 − 4
2 SLIDER CRANK CHAIN
• FOR ROTATING WHEEL (CENTER)
MECHANISM 𝑣
“AW KLEIN’S EQUATION” 𝜔# = 𝜔! ; 𝜔=
• BULL ENGINE 𝑟
𝐻 3 (PENDULUM PUMP) • FOR DISK ROLLING
𝑗 + >=< 𝐿 − 2 P 𝑣' 𝑣&
2 2 • OSCILLATING CYLINDER 𝜔" = 𝜔& ; =
ENGINE 𝑟"% 𝑟&%
LHS>RHS (Locked or Structure) C
LHS=RHS (Constraint) • ROTARY I.C.E. 𝜃
At any edge (P)
LHS<RHS (Unconstraint) • CRANK AND SLOTTED
𝑣& = )(𝑣" )( + (𝑣" )( − 2𝑣' 𝑣' cos 𝜃
LEVER QUICK RETURN
MECHANISM
Binary=1 joints I
Tertiary=2 joints • WITHWORTH QUICK
RETURN MECHANISM
Quaternary=3 joints ACCELERATION ANALYSIS
DEGREE OF FREEDOM (DOF) / FOUR-BAR MECHANISM TANGENTIAL AND RADIAL
𝑎! = +𝑎" $ + 𝑎% $
KUTZBACK/ GRUEBLER’S EQUATION
ACCELERATION
𝐷𝑂𝐹 = 3(𝐿 − 1) − 2𝐽 − 𝐻 𝑎! = Absolute/Normal Acceleration
𝑎) = 𝑟𝛼 = 2𝑣𝜔 𝛼 = Angular Acceleration (if not given
DOF=1 (Constraint) 𝑣" use 2𝑣𝜔)
DOF=0 (Locked/Structure) 𝑎% = 𝑟𝜔" =
𝜔 𝜔 = Angular Velocity
DOF>1 (Unconstraint)
𝑉# = 𝑟#$ 𝜔#$
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
𝑉# = 𝑟#% 𝜔#! 1
𝐴𝑀𝐴 =
𝐻 𝐹(
𝐿 +𝑊
𝐼
S
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CONSTANTS THERMAL STRESS (𝜎6 ) THERMAL DEFORMATION (𝛿6 )
𝜎):+;/<, = 𝐸𝛼∆𝑇 𝛿):+;/<, = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
MODULUS OF RIGIDITY (G)
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E)
𝐺*)++, = 11.5 𝑜𝑟 12 × 10- 𝑝𝑠𝑖 SHEAR STRESS (𝝉)
𝐸*)++, = 30 × 10- 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐺*)++, = 80 𝑜𝑟 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐸*)++, = 207 𝐺𝑃𝑎 THERMAL STRESS (𝜎6 )
2
𝐸#,./01./ = 3 𝐸*)++, SPECIFIC WEIGHT (ɣ)
45! ,6! 𝐹
𝛾*)++, = 7850 /" = 0.284 01" 𝜏=
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
POISSON’S RATIO (𝜐)
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
𝜐!"##$ = 0.25 𝑡𝑜 0.30 EXPANSION/ CONTRACTION (𝛼)
𝛼*)++, = 6.5 × 107- /℉
Use 0.30 if not given 𝛼*)++, = 11.7 × 107- /℃
POLAR SECTION MODULUS (𝑧' ) DILATATION (𝒆) AND BULK MODULUS (K)
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA (J) 𝐽
𝑧4 = DILATATION (𝑒)
• For Solid Circular Beam 𝑐 BULK MODULUS (𝐾)
) • For Solid Circular Beam 1 − 2𝜈
𝐽= 𝐷 + 𝑒= \𝜎9 + 𝜎: + 𝜎; ] ∆𝑃 ∆𝑃
1"
𝜋 1 𝐸 𝐾= =
∆𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑒
• For Hollow Circular Beam 𝑧4 = 𝐷 ∆𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
16 𝑒= = (1 − 2𝜈)𝜀 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
)
𝐽 = 1" (𝐷2+ − 𝐷3 + ) • For Hollow Circular Beam 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
)
𝑧4 = (𝐷+ − 𝑑+ ) STRESS DUE TO IMPACT LOADING
'5-
THEORIES OF FAILURE
STRESS RATIO (R) AMPLITUDE RATIO (A)
𝑆/01 𝑆<
𝑅= 𝐴=
𝑆/<? 𝑆/ (𝑺𝒎 ) (𝑺𝒂 )
SHAFTINGS
SHEAR/TORSIONAL STRESS POWER TRANSMITTED TORSIONAL DEFLECTION (𝜽)
TORSIONAL DEFLECTION / ANGLE OF TWIST
𝑇𝑐 𝑇𝑁
𝑆DE>(F = 𝑃= 𝑇𝐿
𝐽 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜃=
𝐽𝐺
• FOR SOLID SHAFT
𝐷
16𝑇 𝑇k l SI ENG SHORTCUT FORMULAS
𝑆D2G3* = = 𝜋 2
𝜋𝐷1 (𝐷+ ) P kW HP • For Shearing Stress in the Shaft
32
• FOR HOLLOW SHAFT T N-mm lb-in 𝑆* (2𝐿) = 𝐺𝜃𝐷
𝐷
16𝑇𝐷 𝑇k l • For Angular Deflection with Given Shaft Diameter
𝑆H2GG2I = = 𝜋 2 N rpm rpm
𝜋(𝐷+ − 𝑑+ ) (𝐷+ − 𝑑+ ) 584𝑇𝐿 584𝑇𝐿
32 Factor 9.549 × 105 63025 𝜃= = +
𝐷+ 𝐺 (𝐷 − 𝑑+ )𝐺
COMBINED TORSIONAL AND BENDING STRESS SHAFT LINEAR DEFLECTION
weight of solid shaft and equal torsional WEIGHT SAVED D= diameter in INCHES
N= RPM
strength” 𝐷" − 𝑑"
% 𝑊. 𝑆. = 1 −
𝐷7 "
1 + √2
𝐷A = 𝐷D
2
COLUMNS
SLENDERNESS RATIO SLENDERNESS RATIO RADIUS OF GYRATION
SHAPE 𝐼 𝐾%
CRITICAL FORCE
𝐿+ 𝐼 S < 50 Short 𝐼 = 𝑏ℎ 112
& ℎ1
𝑆= 𝐾5 = Y Rectangle
√12
𝜋 ; 𝐼𝐸
𝐾5 𝐴
50 < S <200 Intermediate
𝐼 = 𝑏ℎ 136
& ℎ1 𝐹: =
Triangle
√18 𝐿# ;
𝐿8 = Column Length S > 200 Long ' 𝐷1
𝐾J = radius of gyration Circle 𝐼 = 𝜋𝐷 164 4
EFFECTIVE LENGTH (𝐿M )
𝐿M = 𝑘𝐿 CRITICAL SPEED OF SHAFT
1 for Pinned/Hinged Ends
𝑟𝑎𝑑 576𝐸𝐼𝑔
𝜔NO * /=0
𝒌 2 for Fixed and Free Ends
0.5 for Fixed Ends
𝑠 𝑊𝐿P
SPRINGS
SPRING STRESS SPRING INDEX IMPACT LOADING ON SPRINGS
8𝐾𝐹𝐶 𝐷T 𝐷U − 𝑑R 𝐷V + 𝑑R
𝑆Q = S 𝐶= = = FREE FALL
𝜋𝑑R 𝑑R 𝑑R 𝑑R
∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
SPRING CORRECTION FACTOR (K) 1
𝑊(ℎ + 𝛿) = 𝐹𝛿
WAHL’S FACTOR (𝐾) BERGSTRASSER’S FACTOR (𝐾W ) 2
4𝐶 − 1 0.615 4𝐶 + 2
𝐾= + 𝐾W =
4𝐶 − 4 𝐶 4𝐶 − 3
BODIES WITH VELOCITY
DIRECT SHEAR / STRESS CURVE CORRECTION ∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
CONCENTRATION FACTOR (𝐾D ) FACTOR (𝐾K )
1 1
1 𝐾 𝑚𝑣 S = 𝐹𝛿
𝐾I = 1 + 𝐾X = 2 2
2𝐶 𝐾I
SPRINGS IN SERIES
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +⋯
SPRING 𝑘 Z 𝑘G 𝑘S 𝑘P 𝑘[
CONSTANT (k) 𝛿Z = 𝛿G + 𝛿S + 𝛿P + ⋯ 𝛿[
𝐹 𝐹Z = 𝐹G = 𝐹S = 𝐹P = 𝐹[
𝑘=
𝛿
FLYWHEELS
INERTIA IN FLYWHEELS
TORQUE MASS MOMENT OF ANGULAR
G INERTIA (𝐼9 ) ACCELERATION (𝛼)
𝑇 = 𝐼g 𝛼 \ ]
PS.S 𝜔V − 𝜔U
1
For ENG Unit 𝐼g = 𝑚𝑟 S = 𝑚𝐾b S 𝛼=
2 𝑡
PUNCHING IN FLYWHEELS
ENERGY IN PUNCHING
1 1
𝐸H = 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑆. 𝜋𝑑M 𝑡 (
2 2
𝑑! – Diameter of Hole
𝑆" – Ultimate Shear Stress
TOTAL WEIGHT OF FLYWHEELS WEIGHT OF RIM (𝑊O ) 𝑡 – Thickness
BRAKES
BAND BRAKES DIFFERENTIAL BAND BRAKES
TENSION
BRAKE TORQUE
𝐹(
𝑇 = (𝐹G − 𝐹S )𝑟]OjT = 𝑒 )*
𝐹$
ORIENTATION PERPENDICULAR
TO THE DIAMETER BISECTING 𝛽 = 90 − 𝜃
THE ANGLE OF CONTACT
360 − 𝐴𝑂𝐶
• MINIMUM FORCE (Clockwise) 𝜃=
2
(𝐹; sin 𝛽)(𝑎) = 𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝐿)
MINIMUM FORCE MAXIMUM FORCE
• MAXIMUM FORCE (CCW) AOC = angle of contact
↻ ∑𝑀A = 0 ↺ ∑𝑀A = 0 (𝐹H sin 𝛽)(𝑎) = 𝐹FAG (𝐿)
𝐹TV[ (𝐿) − 𝐹S (𝑎) = 0 𝐹T\k (𝐿) − 𝐹G (𝑎) = 0
𝐹( (𝑎) 𝐹2 (𝑎) HEAT DISSIPATED IN BRAKES
𝐹/01 = 𝐹/<? =
𝐿 𝐿
𝜋𝐷𝑁
𝐻 = 𝐹𝑓𝑣 𝑣= ; 𝑁 = 𝑟𝑝𝑚
60
CLUTCHES AND BEARINGS
CLUTCHES BEARINGS
CLUTCH TORQUE BEARING PRESSURE (𝑃6 )
𝐹+
𝐹- = BALL BEARING AND ROLLER BEARING
sin 𝛼
RADIAL LOAD OF BALL RADIAL LOAD OF ROLLER
𝛼 = Cone Clutch Angle
BEARING BEARING
FORCE NEEDED TO ENGAGE CONE CLUTCH (𝐹M ) 𝑘H 𝑛𝐷; 𝑘; 𝑛𝐿𝐷
𝐹@ (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝐹@ (𝑙𝑏𝑠) =
𝐹. = 𝐹- (sin 𝛼 + 𝑓 cos 𝛼) 5 5
𝐷 – Diameter in INCHES 𝐷 – Diameter in INCHES
𝑛 – Number of Balls 𝑛 – Number of Rollers
MAXIMUM PRESSURE (𝑃T\k )
550 for Unhardened Steel 7000 for Hardened
𝐹- 𝐷−𝑑 𝑡 Carbon Steel
𝑃,+/ = ; 𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷, 𝑏 ; 𝑏 = ; sin 𝛼 = 700 for Hardened Steel
𝒌𝟏 1000 for Hardened Alloy on Flat 𝒌𝟐
𝐴 2 sin 𝛼 𝑏 10,000 for Hardened
2000 for Hardened Alloy on Grooved Alloy Steel
𝑏 = Face Width
BEARING LIFE FACTOR BEARING SPEED FACTOR
JAW CLUTCH
" 𝐻O " 𝐾;A) 𝑁O
BEARING BEARING BEARING AREA (𝐴< ) 𝐾N = Y 𝐾* = Y
𝐻" 𝐾;+, 𝑁"
PRESSURE (𝑃< ) FORCE (𝑃< ) 𝐴0 = 𝑡ℎ𝑛1 𝐻* – Desired Life of Bearing 𝑁* – Desired Speed of Bearing
𝐹+ 2𝑇 𝐻+ – Catalog Life of Bearing 𝑁+ – Catalog Speed of Bearing
𝑃0 = 𝐹0 = 𝑛T = No. of Jaw Faces 𝐾#,- – Reliability Factor 𝐾#.& – Rotational Factor
𝐴0 𝐷, ℎ = Jaw Height
POWER LOSS IN BEARING
SOMMERFELD NUMBER
(∆𝑇 + 33)( 𝐿𝐷
𝑃NADD = 𝑓𝐹𝑣 = 𝜇𝑁 𝐷 (
55 𝑆= h i
𝐹 – in LBS 𝐿, 𝐷 – INCHES
𝑃 𝐶O
𝑣 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁 = FT/MIN ∆𝑇 – ℉
BELTS
OPEN FLAT BELTS CONDITIONS FOR TRANSMISSION OF MAXIMUM POWER
• The power transmitted shall be maximum when
ANGLE OF CONTACT 𝐹G
𝐷S − 𝐷G 𝐹N =
3
𝜃=𝜋±
𝐶 • The belt runs at the velocity, 𝑣 = vPT
Q H
, where 𝑚 is mass of
+ Larger Diameter
− Smaller Diameter belt per unit length. At this velocity, the maximum possible
power transmission is
LENGTH OF OPEN BELT 2𝐹G
𝑃= (1 − 𝑒 _Jo )𝑣
𝐷G + 𝐷S (𝐷S − 𝐷G )S 3
𝐿 = 𝜋* / + 2𝐶 +
2 4𝐶 V-BELTS
“TIGHTENING / INITIAL
“MINIMUM LENGTH OF
TORQUE ON BOLTS”
ENGAGEMENT”
𝑇V = 𝑐𝐹V 𝐷
2𝐴
STRESS AREA OF BOLTS (𝐴n ) 𝐿M = 0.2 As Received Bolts
𝜋
𝐴Q (𝑚𝑚S ) = (𝐷 − 0.938𝑝)S
0.5𝜋(𝐷 − 0.65𝑝)
𝒄 0.5 Lubricated Bolts
4
𝐷 – Nominal Diameter in MM ; 𝑝 – Pitch in MM SHEAR FORCE ON
HEIGHT OF
HEIGHT OF V-
NUT THREADS
FORCE PER BOLT (𝐹o ) BOLT NUTS
TOTAL FORCE (𝐹m ) THREADS
𝐹I = 𝑆I 𝐴[j`Q
𝜋 7
𝐹Z = 𝑃𝐴 = 𝐹W 𝑛W 𝐹W = 𝑆W 𝐴W ; 𝐴W = 𝑑W S ℎ[j`Q = 𝑑W 1 ℎt` = 0.866𝑝
4 8 𝐴[j`Q = 𝜋𝑑ℎ[j`Q
2
GEARS
GEAR RATIO (𝐺𝑅) / RATIO (𝑆𝑅) CIRCULAR PITCH /TRANSVERSE
DIAMETRAL PITCH (𝑃p ) MODULE (𝑚)
CIRCULAR PITCH (𝑃: ) 𝐷 1 𝑚𝑚
𝑁• 𝐷‚ 𝑇‚ 1 𝑇 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
= = 𝜋𝐷 𝑃] = = * / 𝑚= = \ ]
𝑁‚ 𝐷• 𝑇• 𝑃X = = 𝜋𝑚 𝑚 𝐷 𝑖𝑛 𝑇 𝑃] 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
𝑇
TOOTH THICKNESS
WORKING DEPTH(𝑊)
𝜋 𝑃N 𝜋𝑚
𝑑 = 𝑊 − 𝑐 = 2𝑎 = 2𝑚 𝑡= = =
2𝑃] 2 2
HELIX ANGLE (𝜓)
GEAR TOOTH PROPORTIONS
𝑃N 𝑃N[ 𝑃]
ITEM 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓˚ 𝟐𝟎˚ tan 𝜓 = ; cos 𝜓 = =
1W 1W 𝑃\ 𝑃𝑐 𝑃][
Addendum 𝑃p 𝑃p 𝑃6 – Axial Pitch ; 𝑃; – Normal Circular Pitch ; 𝑃)0 – Normal Diametral Pitch
Dedendum 1.157W 1.25W
𝑃p 𝑃p
0.157W 0.25W 𝑃N 𝑃] = 𝑃N[ 𝑃][ = 𝜋
Clearance 𝑃 𝑃p
p
Working Depth 2 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑚 𝐹O 𝐹\
tan 𝜙 = tan 𝜓 =
Whole Depth 𝐷𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑚 + 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑚 𝐹` 𝐹`
Outside Diameter 𝐷 + 2𝑎
Inside Diameter 𝐷 − 2(𝑎 + 𝑐) NORMAL FORCE (𝐹> )
CENTER DISTANCE
𝐷R + 𝐷‚
𝐶=
2
𝑃N 𝑃] = 𝜋
BEVEL GEARS
TORQUE OF SPLINES
𝑑R = 0.063𝑑
𝑇 = 𝐹[ 𝑟T
𝐴 = 0.38𝑑S
𝑑 –⌀ Rope in INCHES
MEAN RADIUS ℎ – Wire ⌀ in NCHES
𝐴 – Area in 𝑖𝑛$
𝑑U + 𝑑V
𝑟T =
4
SPLINE SPECIFICATION TENSION IN ROPE
NORMAL FORCE 𝐹jm` TENSILE LOAD (𝐹" )
(8 × 52 × 60) 𝑆𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐹Z = 𝐹` = 𝑇 + 𝐹W
"8" – No. of Teeth 𝐹[ = 𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑆
"52" – Minor Diameter 𝑊^ 𝑎
𝐴 = 𝑡𝐿 × 𝑛Q 76,000𝑑S for 6x7 , 6x19 𝑇=* + 𝑊O / *1 + /
"60" – Major Diameter
𝐹!"# 75,000𝑑S for 6x37 , 8x19
𝑛O 𝑔
SEVOLUTE 𝐴𝐸𝑑R
𝐹W =
1 SLIDING FORCE ROPE WEIGHT (𝑊@ ) 𝐷Q
sev 𝜃 = − inv 𝜃 𝐹@ – Bending Force
cos 𝜃 𝐹ImV]V[b = 𝜇𝐹[ 𝑊‹UaM = 1.58𝑑S ℎ
𝜋 𝑊A – Weight of Load per Rope
inv 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 − \𝜃 × ] 𝑑 – Diameter of Rope in INCHES 𝐷& – Diameter of Sheave
180˚ ℎ – Height of Rope in FT
(F
𝑉 – velocity in 7
; 𝑆F – Tensile Strength in PSI PRINCIPAL STRESS
𝜎T\k = 𝜎\tM + 𝑅 STRAINS (𝜀)
𝜎TV[ = 𝜎\tM − 𝑅 1
SLAB MILLING 𝜀k = š𝜎k − 𝜈^𝜎• + 𝜎n `œ
𝐸
ℎ𝑝 ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ORIENTATION (𝜃a ) 1
𝐻𝑃 = (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦) * / (𝑀𝑅𝑅) 𝜀• = š𝜎• − 𝜈(𝜎k + 𝜎n )œ
𝑖𝑛P 𝜏k• 𝐸
tan^2𝜃a ` = 𝜎 − 𝜎 1
𝑖𝑛@ k •
𝜀n = š𝜎n − 𝜈^𝜎k + 𝜎• `œ
𝑀𝑅𝑅 _ b = 𝑏𝑑𝑣 2 𝐸
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝜃' $ − 𝜃'2 = 90˚
𝑣 = 𝑓𝑁𝑇
BRINELL SCALE
𝑏 – Width in INCHES ; 𝑑 – Depth of Cut in INCHES
3X
𝑑 – Feed in F22FE ; T – No. of Teeth
BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER
ULTIMATE STRENGTH (𝑆t ) 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
MACHINE SHOP 𝑆j (𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 𝐵𝐻𝑁 × 515 𝐵𝐻𝑁 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆j (𝑘𝑠𝑖) = 𝐵𝐻𝑁 × 0.5 YJ
TAPER PER LENGTH 𝐵𝐻𝑁 – in
<<0