KINEMATICS OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

KINEMATICS
VELOCITY ANALYSIS WITH
3 INVERSION OF SINGLE INSTANTANEOUS CENTER
𝑗 = 𝐿−2 𝐿 = 2𝑝 − 4
2 SLIDER CRANK CHAIN
• FOR ROTATING WHEEL (CENTER)
MECHANISM 𝑣
“AW KLEIN’S EQUATION” 𝜔# = 𝜔! ; 𝜔=
• BULL ENGINE 𝑟
𝐻 3 (PENDULUM PUMP) • FOR DISK ROLLING
𝑗 + >=< 𝐿 − 2 P 𝑣' 𝑣&
2 2 • OSCILLATING CYLINDER 𝜔" = 𝜔& ; =
ENGINE 𝑟"% 𝑟&%
LHS>RHS (Locked or Structure) C
LHS=RHS (Constraint) • ROTARY I.C.E. 𝜃
At any edge (P)
LHS<RHS (Unconstraint) • CRANK AND SLOTTED
𝑣& = )(𝑣" )( + (𝑣" )( − 2𝑣' 𝑣' cos 𝜃
LEVER QUICK RETURN
MECHANISM
Binary=1 joints I
Tertiary=2 joints • WITHWORTH QUICK
RETURN MECHANISM
Quaternary=3 joints ACCELERATION ANALYSIS
DEGREE OF FREEDOM (DOF) / FOUR-BAR MECHANISM TANGENTIAL AND RADIAL
𝑎! = +𝑎" $ + 𝑎% $
KUTZBACK/ GRUEBLER’S EQUATION
ACCELERATION
𝐷𝑂𝐹 = 3(𝐿 − 1) − 2𝐽 − 𝐻 𝑎! = Absolute/Normal Acceleration
𝑎) = 𝑟𝛼 = 2𝑣𝜔 𝛼 = Angular Acceleration (if not given
DOF=1 (Constraint) 𝑣" use 2𝑣𝜔)
DOF=0 (Locked/Structure) 𝑎% = 𝑟𝜔" =
𝜔 𝜔 = Angular Velocity
DOF>1 (Unconstraint)

GRASHOFF’S RULE CAMS AND FOLLOWERS

𝑠+𝑙 ≤𝑝+𝑞
LIFT = MAXIMUM POSITION – MINIMUM POSITION
CASE (s+l) VERSUS (p+q) SHORTEST BAR TYPE
1 < Frame Double- crank SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM
2 < Side Rocker- crank
3 < Coupler Double- rocker 𝐿 Crank Length = ½ Stroke of
𝑂. 𝑅. = 𝜃 = tan&' (𝑂. 𝑅. )
4 = Any Change- point 𝑟 Slider

5 > Any Triple- rocker

ROLLING CYLINDERS

NUMBER OF INSTANTANEOUS CENTERS CYLINDERS ROLLING OPPOSITE CYLINDERS ROLLING SAME

DIRECTION DIRECTION
𝐿(𝐿 − 1) • Tangential Speed
𝑁= ; 𝑁 =! 𝐶" • Tangential Speed
2 𝑣' = 𝑣" = 𝜋𝐷' 𝑁' = 𝜋𝐷" 𝑁"
𝑣' = 𝑣" = 𝜋𝐷' 𝑁' = 𝜋𝐷" 𝑁"
• Relation of Diameter and • Relation of Diameter and
VELOCITY ANALYSIS Speed Speed
𝐷' 𝑁' = 𝐷" 𝑁" 𝐷' 𝑁' = 𝐷" 𝑁"
• Speed Ratio • Speed Ratio
𝑉# 𝑉$ &'(() *+ ,%-.(% 1! ,"
𝑆𝑅 =
&'(() *+ ,%-.(%
=
1!
=
," 𝑆𝑅 = = =
&'(() *+ "/( ,%-.(0 1" ,!
&'(() *+ "/( ,%-.(0 1" ,!
VELOCITY ANALYSIS • Cylinder Distance • Cylinder Distance
𝐷$ + 𝐷2 𝐷$ − 𝐷2
𝑅$ + 𝑅2 = 𝑅$ − 𝑅2 =
𝑉! = 𝑟!" 𝜔!" 2 2

𝑉# = 𝑟#$ 𝜔#$
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

𝐴𝑀𝐴 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝜔#! 𝑒= ; 𝐴𝑀𝐴 = ; 𝐼𝑀𝐴 =
𝐼𝑀𝐴 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
S
FOR JACKSCREW FOR WHEEL AND AXLE
VELOCITY ANALYSIS WITH 2𝜋𝐿 𝑅
𝐼𝑀𝐴 = 𝐼𝑀𝐴 =
𝑃 𝑟
INSTANTANEOUS CENTER
𝑉! = 𝑟!% 𝜔#! FOR INCLINED PLANE

𝑉# = 𝑟#% 𝜔#! 1
𝐴𝑀𝐴 =
𝐻 𝐹(
𝐿 +𝑊

𝐼
S
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CONSTANTS THERMAL STRESS (𝜎6 ) THERMAL DEFORMATION (𝛿6 )
𝜎):+;/<, = 𝐸𝛼∆𝑇 𝛿):+;/<, = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
MODULUS OF RIGIDITY (G)
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E)
𝐺*)++, = 11.5 𝑜𝑟 12 × 10- 𝑝𝑠𝑖 SHEAR STRESS (𝝉)
𝐸*)++, = 30 × 10- 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐺*)++, = 80 𝑜𝑟 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐸*)++, = 207 𝐺𝑃𝑎 THERMAL STRESS (𝜎6 )
2
𝐸#,./01./ = 3 𝐸*)++, SPECIFIC WEIGHT (ɣ)
45! ,6! 𝐹
𝛾*)++, = 7850 /" = 0.284 01" 𝜏=
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
POISSON’S RATIO (𝜐)
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
𝜐!"##$ = 0.25 𝑡𝑜 0.30 EXPANSION/ CONTRACTION (𝛼)
𝛼*)++, = 6.5 × 107- /℉
Use 0.30 if not given 𝛼*)++, = 11.7 × 107- /℃

AXIAL STRESS (𝝈)

TENSILE/COMPRESSIVE STRESS
𝐹
𝜎=
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
)* ! ),-" ! &-$ ! .
For Solid Circular: 𝐴 = For Hollow:
+ +
COMBINED TENSILE AND SHEAR STRESS
BEARING STRESS (𝜎/ , 𝑆/ )
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
𝐹
𝜎6 =
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑆= 𝑆𝑡 2
𝑆𝑡 2
2 2
𝑆=(9<?) = + Y𝑆𝑠 + Z [ 𝑆*(9<?) = Y𝑆𝑠 + Z [
2 2 2

STRAIN(𝜺) AND ELONGATION (𝜹)

ELONGATION (𝛿) ELONGATION (𝛿)
STRAIN (𝜀)
FLEXURAL / BENDING STRESS
𝛿 𝐹𝐿 𝜌𝑔𝐿$
(𝜎( , 𝑆( )
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT (M)
𝜀= 𝛿= 𝛿=
• For Simply Supported Beam with 𝐿 𝐴𝐸 2𝐸
𝑀𝑐 𝑀 𝐼 Load At the Center (Due to Force) (Due to Weight)
𝜎( = = ; 𝑧= 𝐹𝐿
𝐼 𝑧 𝑐 𝑀=
4 HOOKE’S LAW AND POISSON’S RATIO (𝝂)
• Flexural Stress on Solid Shaft • For Simply Supported Beam with
𝑑 Load At Every 1/3 of the Length
32𝑀 𝑀 829 𝐹𝐿 HOOKE’S LAW POISSON’S RATIO (𝜐)
𝜎+ = = 𝑀=
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋𝑑 4 3 𝐸
64 • For Simply Supported Beam with
• For Axial Stress
𝐺=
2(1 + 𝜈)
• Flexural Stress on Rectangle Uniform Distributed Load 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀
𝑀=
𝜔𝐿$ 𝜀,<)+;<, 𝜀C
ℎ 𝜈=− =−
6𝑀 𝑀8 9
2 8 • For Shear Stress 𝜀,A150).B01<, 𝜀?
𝜎+ = $ = • For Cantilever Beam with Load At
𝑏ℎ 𝑏ℎ3 𝜏 = 𝐺𝜀7
12 End NOTE: 0 < 𝜈 < 0.5
𝑀 = 𝐹𝐿
• Bending Stress of Steel Bandsaw • For Cantilever Beam with
EFFECTIVE MODULUS (𝑀8 ) BENDING STRESS IN STEEL BANDSAW
𝐸𝐼 𝑡 Uniform Distributed Load
𝐸𝑡 8 9 𝐸𝑡
𝜎+ = = 𝑟 2 𝑀=
𝜔𝐿$ 𝐸(1 − 𝜈) 𝜎( =
2𝑟 𝐼 2 𝑀8 = 2𝑟
1 − 𝜈 − 𝜈"

POLAR SECTION MODULUS (𝑧' ) DILATATION (𝒆) AND BULK MODULUS (K)
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA (J) 𝐽
𝑧4 = DILATATION (𝑒)
• For Solid Circular Beam 𝑐 BULK MODULUS (𝐾)
) • For Solid Circular Beam 1 − 2𝜈
𝐽= 𝐷 + 𝑒= \𝜎9 + 𝜎: + 𝜎; ] ∆𝑃 ∆𝑃
1"
𝜋 1 𝐸 𝐾= =
∆𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑒
• For Hollow Circular Beam 𝑧4 = 𝐷 ∆𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
16 𝑒= = (1 − 2𝜈)𝜀 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
)
𝐽 = 1" (𝐷2+ − 𝐷3 + ) • For Hollow Circular Beam 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
)
𝑧4 = (𝐷+ − 𝑑+ ) STRESS DUE TO IMPACT LOADING
'5-

COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL STRESSES

𝐹 2ℎ𝐴𝐸 𝑣"
8 9' 𝑆= c1 + d1 + e ℎ=
𝑆=#± %
(+) Tension ; (-) Compression 𝐴 𝐹𝐿 2𝑔
 BEAMS

THEORIES OF FAILURE
STRESS RATIO (R) AMPLITUDE RATIO (A)
𝑆/01 𝑆<
𝑅= 𝐴=
𝑆/<? 𝑆/ (𝑺𝒎 ) (𝑺𝒂 )

VARIABLE AND FLUCTUATING STRESSES

GERBER METHOD GOODMAN METHOD
1 𝑆< "
𝑆> G I? I
= 𝐹𝑆 f g + HI
= IC
+ 𝐾J IA (For Brittle)
𝐹𝑆 𝑆= 𝑆8 B

SODERBERG METHOD ASME ELLIPTIC METHOD

G I? IA "
= + 𝐾J I (For Ductile) 𝑆< 𝑆> "
HI I@ B h𝐹𝑆 i + f𝐹𝑆 g = 1
𝑆: 𝑆8

SHAFTINGS
SHEAR/TORSIONAL STRESS POWER TRANSMITTED TORSIONAL DEFLECTION (𝜽)
TORSIONAL DEFLECTION / ANGLE OF TWIST
𝑇𝑐 𝑇𝑁
𝑆DE>(F = 𝑃= 𝑇𝐿
𝐽 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜃=
𝐽𝐺
• FOR SOLID SHAFT
𝐷
16𝑇 𝑇k l SI ENG SHORTCUT FORMULAS
𝑆D2G3* = = 𝜋 2
𝜋𝐷1 (𝐷+ ) P kW HP • For Shearing Stress in the Shaft
32
• FOR HOLLOW SHAFT T N-mm lb-in 𝑆* (2𝐿) = 𝐺𝜃𝐷
𝐷
16𝑇𝐷 𝑇k l • For Angular Deflection with Given Shaft Diameter
𝑆H2GG2I = = 𝜋 2 N rpm rpm
𝜋(𝐷+ − 𝑑+ ) (𝐷+ − 𝑑+ ) 584𝑇𝐿 584𝑇𝐿
32 Factor 9.549 × 105 63025 𝜃= = +
𝐷+ 𝐺 (𝐷 − 𝑑+ )𝐺
 COMBINED TORSIONAL AND BENDING STRESS SHAFT LINEAR DEFLECTION

SHEARING TENSILE NO BENDING ACTION BENDING ACTION

16 16 ( 𝐿 ( 𝐿
𝑆= b)𝑀( + 𝑇 ( d 𝑆= b𝑀 + )𝑀( + 𝑇 ( d 𝐷3 = 𝐷3 =
𝜋𝐷3 𝜋𝐷3 8.95 5.2
Compression
L= length in FT L= length in FT
RELATION OF DIAMETERS OF SOLID AND HOLLOW SHAFT
D= diameter in INCHES D= diameter in INCHES
𝐷+ − 𝑑+ = 𝐷7 1 𝐷 (For Equal Torsional Strength)
POWER TRANSMITTED
𝐷7 " = 2(𝐷" − 𝑑" ) (Weight of Hollow is Half the Weight of Solid Shaft)
𝐷 E
𝐻𝑃 = h i 𝑁
“If weight of the hollow shaft is half the 4.6

weight of solid shaft and equal torsional WEIGHT SAVED D= diameter in INCHES
N= RPM
strength” 𝐷" − 𝑑"
% 𝑊. 𝑆. = 1 −
𝐷7 "
1 + √2
𝐷A = 𝐷D
2

KEYS AND COUPLINGS

KEYS COUPLINGS

SHEARING STRESS OF KEYS TOTAL FORCE TRANSMITTED

2𝑇 2𝑇
𝑆* = 𝐹= = = 𝑛! 𝐹+<':
𝑊𝐿𝐷D 𝐷!"

COMPRESSION ON THE KEYS

4𝑇 SHEARING OF BOLTS
𝑆* = 𝐹= 2𝑇
𝐻𝐿𝐷D hj 𝑆* = =
𝑛! 𝐴! 𝑛! 𝐴! 𝐷!"
KEYS OF SAME MATERIAL
𝐷*:<G) COMPRESSION OF BOLTS
𝑊F+C = 𝐿F+C = 1.2𝐷D:<G)
4 𝐹= 2𝑇
𝑆* = =
𝑛! 𝑑! 𝑡H,<)+ 𝑛! 𝑑! 𝑡H 𝐷!"

COLUMNS
SLENDERNESS RATIO SLENDERNESS RATIO RADIUS OF GYRATION
SHAPE 𝐼 𝐾%
CRITICAL FORCE
𝐿+ 𝐼 S < 50 Short 𝐼 = 𝑏ℎ 112
& ℎ1
𝑆= 𝐾5 = Y Rectangle
√12
𝜋 ; 𝐼𝐸
𝐾5 𝐴
50 < S <200 Intermediate
𝐼 = 𝑏ℎ 136
& ℎ1 𝐹: =
Triangle
√18 𝐿# ;
𝐿8 = Column Length S > 200 Long ' 𝐷1
𝐾J = radius of gyration Circle 𝐼 = 𝜋𝐷 164 4
 EFFECTIVE LENGTH (𝐿M )
𝐿M = 𝑘𝐿 CRITICAL SPEED OF SHAFT
1 for Pinned/Hinged Ends
𝑟𝑎𝑑 576𝐸𝐼𝑔
𝜔NO * /=0
𝒌 2 for Fixed and Free Ends
0.5 for Fixed Ends
𝑠 𝑊𝐿P

0.7 for Pinned and Fixed Ends

SPRINGS
SPRING STRESS SPRING INDEX IMPACT LOADING ON SPRINGS
8𝐾𝐹𝐶 𝐷T 𝐷U − 𝑑R 𝐷V + 𝑑R
𝑆Q = S 𝐶= = = FREE FALL
𝜋𝑑R 𝑑R 𝑑R 𝑑R
∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
SPRING CORRECTION FACTOR (K) 1
𝑊(ℎ + 𝛿) = 𝐹𝛿
WAHL’S FACTOR (𝐾) BERGSTRASSER’S FACTOR (𝐾W ) 2

4𝐶 − 1 0.615 4𝐶 + 2
𝐾= + 𝐾W =
4𝐶 − 4 𝐶 4𝐶 − 3
BODIES WITH VELOCITY
DIRECT SHEAR / STRESS CURVE CORRECTION ∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
CONCENTRATION FACTOR (𝐾D ) FACTOR (𝐾K )
1 1
1 𝐾 𝑚𝑣 S = 𝐹𝛿
𝐾I = 1 + 𝐾X = 2 2
2𝐶 𝐾I

SPRING DEFORMATION (𝜹)

SPRING CONSTANT (𝒌)

SPRINGS IN SERIES
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +⋯
SPRING 𝑘 Z 𝑘G 𝑘S 𝑘P 𝑘[

CONSTANT (k) 𝛿Z = 𝛿G + 𝛿S + 𝛿P + ⋯ 𝛿[
𝐹 𝐹Z = 𝐹G = 𝐹S = 𝐹P = 𝐹[
𝑘=
𝛿

SPRING DEFORMATION (𝛿)

8𝐹𝐶 P 𝑛N
𝛿=
𝐺𝑑R SPRINGS IN PARALLEL
TYPES OF COILS 𝑛 5*"67 SOLID LENGTH FREE LENGTH 𝑘 Z = 𝑘G + 𝑘S + 𝑘P + ⋯ 𝑘[
GROUND 𝑛K 𝑛K 𝑑I 𝑛K 𝑝 𝛿Z = 𝛿G = 𝛿S = 𝛿P = 𝛿[
PLAIN 𝑛K (𝑛K + 1)𝑑I 𝑛K 𝑝 + 𝑑I
𝐹Z = 𝐹G + 𝐹S + 𝐹P + ⋯ 𝐹[
SQUARED/CLOSED
𝑛K + 2 (𝑛K + 2)𝑑I 𝑛K 𝑝 + 2𝑑I
AND GROUND

SQUARED 𝑛K + 2 (𝑛K + 3)𝑑I 𝑛K 𝑝 + 3𝑑I

SPRING WORK (𝑾𝒔 )

FREQUENCY OSCILLATION
SPRING WORK / ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
O\]
𝑘 2𝜋 1 𝜔= natural frequency,
1 1 𝑡= 𝑓= Q
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊Q ) = 𝐹𝛿 = 𝑘𝛿 S 𝜔=0 𝜔 𝑡 $<#
2 2 𝑚 𝑘= (ENG) =>
× 32.2 × 12
 WORK IN SPRING USING INTEGRATION STRESS FACTOR (𝐹D )
STRESS (𝑆Q ) FORCE
^L _^MANCOAP 𝐹D = 1(Single, Cantilever)
𝐹
𝑊Q = T 𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑘= 6𝐹𝐿 𝐹D = 1m2 (Semi-elliptical) 𝐹?#>"@A$
^Q _^MANCOAP 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆Q = S (𝐹Q ) 𝐹=
𝑏𝑡 𝑛 8$ 3
= (1 I31 (Multiple) 2
1 % !
PRELOAD OF EYEBOLT USING SPRING
DEFLECTION (𝛿) DEFLECTION FACTOR (𝐹B )
𝐹[M` = 𝑊 − 𝐹QaOV[b
𝑆𝐿S 𝐹B = 2m3 (Single, Cantilever
𝛿= (𝐹 )
LEAF SPRING 𝑡𝐸 ] Rectangular, Multiple Leaves)
𝐹B = 1 (Cantilever)
𝐹B = 1m6 (Semi- elliptical)
DEFLECTION MULTIPLE
SPRING THICKNESS OF CANTILEVER
LEAVES SPRING
12𝐹𝐿B S
4𝐹𝐿H S
𝛿=
𝑏𝑡3 𝐸(2𝑛𝑔 + 3𝑛𝑓 ) 𝑡Q = 0
𝑏𝐸
(Minimum Bending Stress)

FLYWHEELS
INERTIA IN FLYWHEELS
TORQUE MASS MOMENT OF ANGULAR
G INERTIA (𝐼9 ) ACCELERATION (𝛼)
𝑇 = 𝐼g 𝛼 \ ]
PS.S 𝜔V − 𝜔U
1
For ENG Unit 𝐼g = 𝑚𝑟 S = 𝑚𝐾b S 𝛼=
2 𝑡

PUNCHING IN FLYWHEELS

ENERGY IN PUNCHING
1 1
𝐸H = 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑆. 𝜋𝑑M 𝑡 (
2 2
𝑑! – Diameter of Hole
𝑆" – Ultimate Shear Stress
TOTAL WEIGHT OF FLYWHEELS WEIGHT OF RIM (𝑊O ) 𝑡 – Thickness

𝑊J = 𝑊O + 𝑊c&e 𝑊O = 𝛾𝑉O = 𝛾(𝜋𝐷T 𝑏𝑡)

POWER IN PUNCHING
PRESSURE FORCE FOR
KINETIC ENERGY OF FLYWHEELS PUNCHING 1 (
𝐸H 2 𝑆. 𝜋𝑑M 𝑡
G fR O\] 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃= =
∆𝐾𝐸 = \ ] (𝜋𝐷T )S ^𝑁G S − 𝑁S S ` ;𝑁 = 𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
S b Q
𝑃= × 𝑡 × 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
3
𝑊J 𝑃 – in TONS PRESSURE FORCE FOR
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝐶J 𝑚𝑉T = 𝐶J * / (𝜋𝐷T 𝑁T )S 𝑡 – in INCHES PUNCHING (CIRCLE)
𝑔
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 – 80 (Steel) ; 65 (Brass) 𝑃 = 𝑑 × 𝑡 × 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
1
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼g (𝜔J S − 𝜔U S )
2 CENTRIFUGAL FORCE IN FLYWHEEL
G
COEFFICIENT OF FLUCTUATION/REGULATION (𝐶J ) 𝐹X = 𝑚𝑟𝜔S \ ] For ENG Unit
PS.S
2(𝑁G − 𝑁S ) 2(𝑣G − 𝑣S )
𝐶J = =
𝑁G + 𝑁S 𝑣G + 𝑣S
 PRESSURE VESSELS
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS THICK-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
𝑡 𝑡
< 0.1 ≥ 0.1
𝐷V 𝐷V

TANGENTIAL/ CIRCUMFERENTIAL/ AXIAL STRESS LAME’S EQUATION

GIRTH/ HOOP STRESS
𝑃V 𝑟V S − 𝑃U 𝑟U S 𝐷V 𝑆Z + 𝑃V
𝑃𝐷V 𝑆\ = 𝑡= f0 − 1g
𝑆Z = 𝑟U S − 𝑟V S 2 𝑆Z − 𝑃V
2𝑡𝜂iUV[`

LONGITUDINAL STRESS MAXIMUM INTERNAL STRESS (𝑆V )

𝑃𝐷V 𝑃& (𝑟' $ + 𝑟& $ ) − 2𝑃' 𝑟' $
𝑆^ = 𝑆& =
4𝑡𝜂iUV[` 𝑟' $ − 𝑟& $

SPHERICAL PRESSURE VESSELS

MAXIMUM EXTERNAL STRESS (𝑆U )
STRESS IN SPHERICAL VESSEL
2𝑃& 𝑟& $ − 𝑃' (𝑟' $ + 𝑟& $ )
𝑃𝐷V 𝑆' =
𝑆Z = 𝑆^ = 𝑟' $ − 𝑟& $
4𝑡𝜂iUV[`

BRAKES
BAND BRAKES DIFFERENTIAL BAND BRAKES

TENSION
BRAKE TORQUE
𝐹(
𝑇 = (𝐹G − 𝐹S )𝑟]OjT = 𝑒 )*
𝐹$

MAXIMUM UNIT PRESSURE MINIMUM FORCE MAXIMUM FORCE

STRESS IN BAND (𝑆< )
(𝑃FAG ) ↻ ∑𝑀A = 0 ↺ ∑𝑀A = 0
𝐹G
𝐹G 𝑆l = 𝐹F=> (𝐿) + 𝐹H (𝑏) − 𝐹; (𝑎) = 0 𝐹FAG (𝐿) + 𝐹; (𝑏) − 𝐹H (𝑎) = 0
𝑃T\k = 𝑏𝑡
𝑏𝑟 𝐹( (𝑎) − 𝐹2 (𝑏) 𝐹2 (𝑎) − 𝐹( (𝑏)
𝐹/01 = 𝐹/<? =
SIMPLE BAND BRAKES 𝐿 𝐿

ORIENTATION PERPENDICULAR
TO THE DIAMETER BISECTING 𝛽 = 90 − 𝜃
THE ANGLE OF CONTACT
360 − 𝐴𝑂𝐶
• MINIMUM FORCE (Clockwise) 𝜃=
2
(𝐹; sin 𝛽)(𝑎) = 𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝐿)
MINIMUM FORCE MAXIMUM FORCE
• MAXIMUM FORCE (CCW) AOC = angle of contact
↻ ∑𝑀A = 0 ↺ ∑𝑀A = 0 (𝐹H sin 𝛽)(𝑎) = 𝐹FAG (𝐿)
𝐹TV[ (𝐿) − 𝐹S (𝑎) = 0 𝐹T\k (𝐿) − 𝐹G (𝑎) = 0
𝐹( (𝑎) 𝐹2 (𝑎) HEAT DISSIPATED IN BRAKES
𝐹/01 = 𝐹/<? =
𝐿 𝐿
𝜋𝐷𝑁
𝐻 = 𝐹𝑓𝑣 𝑣= ; 𝑁 = 𝑟𝑝𝑚
60
 CLUTCHES AND BEARINGS
CLUTCHES BEARINGS
CLUTCH TORQUE BEARING PRESSURE (𝑃6 )

𝑇 = 𝑛𝑓𝐹\ 𝑟T AXIAL FORCE 𝐹

𝑃0 =
• For Multiple Disk Clutch 𝐹\ = 𝑃 × 𝐴 𝐿𝐷&
𝑛 = 𝑛Q`MMm + 𝑛lOU[nM − 1 RADIAL CLEARANCE (𝐶% )
452
UNIFORM PRESSURE UNIFORM WEAR 𝐶3 = $
(NEW) (OLD)
DIAMETRAL CLEARANCE DIAMETRAL CLEARANCE RATIO (𝐶𝑅* )
2 𝑟U P − 𝑟V P 𝑟U + 𝑟V
𝑟T = o S p 𝑟T = (𝐶* ) 𝐶2 𝐷 − 𝑑
3 𝑟U − 𝑟V S 2 𝐶𝑅2 = =
MEAN 𝑑 𝑑
𝐶2 = 𝐷 − 𝑑
RADIUS (𝑟F ) 1 𝑑U P − 𝑑V P 𝑑U + 𝑑V
𝑟T = o S p 𝑟T =
3 𝑑U − 𝑑V S 4 BEARING MODULUS (𝐵𝑀) VISCOSITY (𝜇)
𝜋 𝜇𝑁 1 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛 = 1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∙ sec
AREA (𝑑 S − 𝑑V S ) 𝜋𝑑V 𝑡 𝐵𝑀 =
4 U 𝑝 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 1
𝜇 = reyns ; 𝑁 = rps ; 𝑝 = psi 𝑐𝑚(
CONE CLUTCH
PETROFF’S EQUATION
HEAT DISSIPATION IN
CONE CLUTCH TORQUE
4𝜇𝜋 S 𝑟 P 𝐿𝑁 BEARINGS
𝑛𝑓𝐹+ 𝑟, 𝑇J (𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛) = 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐶O 𝐿𝐷
𝐶O
𝑇= 𝐻J N=
sin 𝛼 𝜇 – viscosity in REYNS 𝑚𝑖𝑛 778
𝑟, 𝐿 – in INCHES 𝐷, 𝐿 – in INCHES
𝑁 – speed in RPS 𝐶$ – Heat D. Coefficient in 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∙
%&
NORMAL FORCE (𝐹[ ) 𝐶# – radial clearance in INCHES '()

𝐹+
𝐹- = BALL BEARING AND ROLLER BEARING
sin 𝛼
RADIAL LOAD OF BALL RADIAL LOAD OF ROLLER
𝛼 = Cone Clutch Angle
BEARING BEARING
FORCE NEEDED TO ENGAGE CONE CLUTCH (𝐹M ) 𝑘H 𝑛𝐷; 𝑘; 𝑛𝐿𝐷
𝐹@ (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝐹@ (𝑙𝑏𝑠) =
𝐹. = 𝐹- (sin 𝛼 + 𝑓 cos 𝛼) 5 5
𝐷 – Diameter in INCHES 𝐷 – Diameter in INCHES
𝑛 – Number of Balls 𝑛 – Number of Rollers
MAXIMUM PRESSURE (𝑃T\k )
550 for Unhardened Steel 7000 for Hardened
𝐹- 𝐷−𝑑 𝑡 Carbon Steel
𝑃,+/ = ; 𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷, 𝑏 ; 𝑏 = ; sin 𝛼 = 700 for Hardened Steel
𝒌𝟏 1000 for Hardened Alloy on Flat 𝒌𝟐
𝐴 2 sin 𝛼 𝑏 10,000 for Hardened
2000 for Hardened Alloy on Grooved Alloy Steel
𝑏 = Face Width
BEARING LIFE FACTOR BEARING SPEED FACTOR
JAW CLUTCH
" 𝐻O " 𝐾;A) 𝑁O
BEARING BEARING BEARING AREA (𝐴< ) 𝐾N = Y 𝐾* = Y
𝐻" 𝐾;+, 𝑁"
PRESSURE (𝑃< ) FORCE (𝑃< ) 𝐴0 = 𝑡ℎ𝑛1 𝐻* – Desired Life of Bearing 𝑁* – Desired Speed of Bearing
𝐹+ 2𝑇 𝐻+ – Catalog Life of Bearing 𝑁+ – Catalog Speed of Bearing
𝑃0 = 𝐹0 = 𝑛T = No. of Jaw Faces 𝐾#,- – Reliability Factor 𝐾#.& – Rotational Factor
𝐴0 𝐷, ℎ = Jaw Height
POWER LOSS IN BEARING
SOMMERFELD NUMBER
(∆𝑇 + 33)( 𝐿𝐷
𝑃NADD = 𝑓𝐹𝑣 = 𝜇𝑁 𝐷 (
55 𝑆= h i
𝐹 – in LBS 𝐿, 𝐷 – INCHES
𝑃 𝐶O
𝑣 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁 = FT/MIN ∆𝑇 – ℉
 BELTS
OPEN FLAT BELTS CONDITIONS FOR TRANSMISSION OF MAXIMUM POWER
• The power transmitted shall be maximum when
ANGLE OF CONTACT 𝐹G
𝐷S − 𝐷G 𝐹N =
3
𝜃=𝜋±
𝐶 • The belt runs at the velocity, 𝑣 = vPT
Q H
, where 𝑚 is mass of
+ Larger Diameter
− Smaller Diameter belt per unit length. At this velocity, the maximum possible
power transmission is
LENGTH OF OPEN BELT 2𝐹G
𝑃= (1 − 𝑒 _Jo )𝑣
𝐷G + 𝐷S (𝐷S − 𝐷G )S 3
𝐿 = 𝜋* / + 2𝐶 +
2 4𝐶 V-BELTS

BELT TENSION RATIO

ANGLE OF CONTACT
𝐹( − 𝐹6 )*
𝐷S + 𝐷G = 𝑒 789 :
𝜃=𝜋+ 𝐹$ − 𝐹6
𝐶
“Angle of Groove (𝛽) given
usually is (2𝛽) so it must be
LENGTH OF CROSSED BELT HALVED.”

𝐷G + 𝐷S (𝐷S + 𝐷G )S BELT’S DESIGN STRESS INCREASE IN POWER

𝐿 = 𝜋* / + 2𝐶 + TRANSMISSION CAPACITY
2 4𝐶 𝑆O (𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 400𝑒 &
𝑒 GP − 1
GP &
NET TENSION (𝐹>#" ) BELT TENSION RATIO 1 for Cemented Joint (1 + %𝑖𝑛𝑐) = 𝑒
𝑇𝑅 − 1
𝑒 Jo − 1 𝐹G 𝐹G − 𝐹N 𝑒 0.88 for Wire lace Ends 𝑇𝑅
𝐹[M` = (𝐹G − 𝐹N ) o Jo p = = 𝑒 Jo 0.35 Metal Hooked End 𝑇𝑅 – Tension Ratio ; 𝜃 8 – New AOC
𝑒 𝐹S 𝐹S − 𝐹N

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE (𝐹? )

INITIAL TENSION
𝐹N = 𝐹 − 𝐹G = 𝑚𝑣 S = 𝜌𝑏𝑡𝑣 S 1
𝐼. 𝑇. = (𝐹 + 𝐹S + 2𝐹N )
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑏𝑡 \
GS
] For ENG 2 G
PS.S

CHAIN DRIVES AND SPROCKET

DIAMETER OF LARGE DIAMETER OF SMALL
SPROCKET SPROCKET
𝑃 𝑃
𝐷= 𝑑=
180˚ 180˚
sin * 𝑇 / sin * 𝑡 /

CHAIN PITCH PITCH LINE VELOCITY POWER

( 𝑉 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁 = 𝑡𝑝𝑁 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣
900 3
𝑝(𝑖𝑛) ≤ h i
𝑁D SPROCKET OUTSIDE DIAMETER
𝑁9 – Speed of Smaller Sprocket 𝐷A = 𝐷 + 0.8𝑑0 (𝑑( = ⌀ of chain roller)

SPROCKET TEETH IN TERMS OF SPROCKET BORE

ROLLER CHAIN DESIGNATION s] W
For RC Pitches up to 1 inch 𝑇TV[ = a
+5
RC Roller Chain
s] W
X Pitch = S1V8WX For RC with Pitches 1 ¼” to 2 ½” 𝑇TV[ = a
+4
RCXY 0 for Chains of Usual Portion For Silent Chain 𝑇TV[ =
s] W
+6
Y a
1 for Lightweight Chain 𝑑 / - bore (in)
 LENGTH OF CHAIN HORSEPOWER CAPACITY OF ROLLER CHAIN
𝑇G + 𝑇S (𝑇S − 𝑇G )S 𝐻𝑃bVtM[
𝐿a (𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠) = + 2𝐶a + 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 =
2 40𝐶a 𝐻𝑃{
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐶
𝐶a = ; 𝐿N = 𝐿a × 𝑝 • BASED ON LINK FATIGUE STRENGTH
𝑝
𝐻𝑃W H.gh g.i Bjg.gkl
𝐿K – Length of Chain ; 𝑝 – pitch ; 𝐶 – Center Distance 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.004(𝑇H ) (𝑁H ) (𝑝)
• BASED ON ROLLER – BUSHING IMPACT
HORSEPOWER PER INCH OF WIDTH OF SILENT CHAIN 2.R
𝐻𝑃m 100𝑇2
𝐻𝑃bVtM[ (𝑝)S.T
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝐾; h 𝑁2 i
𝐻𝑃{
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
17 for RC40 to RC90
𝐻𝑃{ 𝑝𝑣 𝑣
=
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 53 *1 −
425(𝑇G − 8)
/
𝑲𝒓 3.4 for RC41
29 for RC25 and RC35
𝑣 – Velocity in FPM ; 𝑝 – Pitch ; 𝑇2 – Teeth of Small Sprocket
𝑁2 –RPM of Small Sprocket ; 𝑝 – Pitch in INCHES ; 𝑇2 – Teeth of Small Sprocket

POWER SCREWS, BOLTS, AND NUTS

POWER SCREWS TOTAL TORQUE (𝑇" ) POWER

• For Raising the Load • For Power Input

PITCH (𝑝) LEAD (𝐿) LEAD ANGLE (𝑥)
𝑣 𝑇` = 𝑇O + 𝑇N 𝑇` 𝑁
𝑟𝑒𝑣 1 𝐿 𝑃=
𝑝\ ]= 𝐿 = 𝑛𝑝 = tan 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑇𝑃𝐼 𝑁 𝜋𝐷T • For Lowering the Load
𝑇𝑃𝐼 – Threads Per Inch 𝑛 – number of threads
𝐷: – mean/ pitch diameter 𝑇` = 𝑇^ + 𝑇N • For Frictional Power
𝑇N 𝑁
𝑓; – Frictional Collar 𝑃=
MEAN DIAMETER (𝐷F ) 𝑟; – Mean Radius of Collar 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
THREAD LENGTH (𝐿 m )
𝐷T = 𝐷V + ℎ
𝐿 Z = •(𝜋𝐷T 𝑁)S + 𝐿S EFFICIENCY OF POWER SCREW (𝜂)
𝐷T = 𝐷U − ℎ
• Using Power Angles
tan 𝑥 (cos ø − 𝑓 sin 𝑥)
HEIGHT OF THREAD (ℎ) 𝜂=
𝑓𝐷
1W 𝑝 Square and Other Threads tan 𝑥 cos ø + 𝑓 cos 𝑥 + N N (cos ø − 𝑓 sin 𝑥)
2 𝐷T
7W 𝑝
𝒉 16
0.64p
Seller Square Thread
Whitworth
• Using Forces
𝑊𝑝
0.866𝑝 V-threads 𝜂=
𝐹(2𝜋𝑟)
𝑊 – Weight to be Lifted ; 𝑝 – Pitch ; 𝐹 – Operating Force ; 𝑟 – Radius/Lever Arm
TORQUE APPLIED TO TURN POWER SCREWS (𝑇@ )
• For Raising the Load EFFICIENCY FOR SQUARE THREADS
cos ø tan 𝑥 + 𝑓
𝑇O = 𝐹𝑟T * / tan 𝑥
cos ø − 𝑓 tan 𝑥 𝜂Qyj\OM `{OM\] =
𝑓N 𝐷N
• For Lowering the Load tan^𝑥 + øJ ` + 𝐷𝑚
cos ø tan 𝑥 − 𝑓
𝑇^ = 𝐹𝑟T * / øJ = tan_G (𝑓)
cos ø + 𝑓 tan 𝑥
𝑓 – Thread Friction ; 𝑥 – Lead Angle

THREAD/PRESSURE ANGLE (∅)

0˚ for Square Threads FRICTIONAL
7˚ for Buttress Threads TORQUE (𝑇? )
14.5˚ for ACME Threads
∅ 15˚ for Trapezoidal Threads
𝑇N = 𝐹𝑟N 𝑓N
𝑓; – Frictional Collar
30˚ for American Standard 𝑟; – Mean Radius of Collar
Threads
 BOLTS AND NUTS EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FROM VALLENCE

STANDARD STRESS AREA OF BOLTS (𝐴n )

𝑆(𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 𝐶(𝐴Q )|.s
𝜋 𝐹W (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝐶(𝐴Q )G.s
𝐴Q = (𝐷 + 𝐷V )S
16 T 5,000 for Carbon Steel (Ammonia)
AMERICAN UNC THREAD SERI ES 𝑪 10,000 for Bronze Steel
15,000 for Alloy Steel
𝐴9 – Stress Area in 𝑖𝑛$

EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FOR

EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
SETSCREWS
FROM FAIRES
𝐷Q 𝑁𝐷S.P
𝑆• (𝐴Q )|.€ 𝑃Q (𝐻𝑃) =
𝑆(𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 50
6
𝑃bVtM[
𝑆• (𝐴Q )G.€ 𝑛Q =
STRESS AREA OF BOLTS (𝐴n ) 𝐹W (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝑃Q
𝜋 6
𝐷9 – Shaft Diameter in INCHES
𝐴Q (𝑖𝑛S ) = (𝐷 − 0.9743𝑝)S 𝐴9 – Stress Area in 𝑖𝑛$ 𝑁 – RPM
4 𝑑 – diameter of Setscrew in INCHES
𝐷 – Nominal Diameter in INCHES ; 𝑝 – Pitch in INCHES

METRIC THREAD SERIES “WORKING STRENGTH TO SCREWED UP

TIGHTLY PACKED JOINT”
𝑊Q (𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝑆` (0.55𝑑S − 0.25𝑑 )
𝑆" – Tensile/ Working Stress in PSI ; 𝑑 – Bolt Diameter in INCHES

“TIGHTENING / INITIAL
“MINIMUM LENGTH OF
TORQUE ON BOLTS”
ENGAGEMENT”
𝑇V = 𝑐𝐹V 𝐷
2𝐴
STRESS AREA OF BOLTS (𝐴n ) 𝐿M = 0.2 As Received Bolts
𝜋
𝐴Q (𝑚𝑚S ) = (𝐷 − 0.938𝑝)S
0.5𝜋(𝐷 − 0.65𝑝)
𝒄 0.5 Lubricated Bolts
4
𝐷 – Nominal Diameter in MM ; 𝑝 – Pitch in MM SHEAR FORCE ON
HEIGHT OF
HEIGHT OF V-
NUT THREADS
FORCE PER BOLT (𝐹o ) BOLT NUTS
TOTAL FORCE (𝐹m ) THREADS
𝐹I = 𝑆I 𝐴[j`Q
𝜋 7
𝐹Z = 𝑃𝐴 = 𝐹W 𝑛W 𝐹W = 𝑆W 𝐴W ; 𝐴W = 𝑑W S ℎ[j`Q = 𝑑W 1 ℎt` = 0.866𝑝
4 8 𝐴[j`Q = 𝜋𝑑ℎ[j`Q
2

GEARS
GEAR RATIO (𝐺𝑅) / RATIO (𝑆𝑅) CIRCULAR PITCH /TRANSVERSE
DIAMETRAL PITCH (𝑃p ) MODULE (𝑚)
CIRCULAR PITCH (𝑃: ) 𝐷 1 𝑚𝑚
𝑁• 𝐷‚ 𝑇‚ 1 𝑇 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
= = 𝜋𝐷 𝑃] = = * / 𝑚= = \ ]
𝑁‚ 𝐷• 𝑇• 𝑃X = = 𝜋𝑚 𝑚 𝐷 𝑖𝑛 𝑇 𝑃] 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
𝑇

PRESSURE ANGLE (𝜙) CENTER DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO GEARS

14.5˚ First Assumption • External Gear (Opposite Direction)
𝜙 20˚ 𝐷‚ + 𝐷•
𝐶=
2
CENTER DISTANCE • Internal Gear (Same Direction)
𝑇‚ + 𝑇• 𝑃X (𝑇‚ + 𝑇• ) 𝐷‚ − 𝐷•
𝐶= = 𝐶=
2𝑃] 2𝜋 2
•
 SPUR GEARS HELIX GEARS

ADDENDUM (𝑎) DEDENDUM (𝑑) WHOLE DEPTH(𝑊)

𝑎=𝑚 𝑑 =𝑎+𝑐 𝑊 =𝑎+𝑑

TOOTH THICKNESS
WORKING DEPTH(𝑊)
𝜋 𝑃N 𝜋𝑚
𝑑 = 𝑊 − 𝑐 = 2𝑎 = 2𝑚 𝑡= = =
2𝑃] 2 2
HELIX ANGLE (𝜓)
GEAR TOOTH PROPORTIONS
𝑃N 𝑃N[ 𝑃]
ITEM 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓˚ 𝟐𝟎˚ tan 𝜓 = ; cos 𝜓 = =
1W 1W 𝑃\ 𝑃𝑐 𝑃][
Addendum 𝑃p 𝑃p 𝑃6 – Axial Pitch ; 𝑃; – Normal Circular Pitch ; 𝑃)0 – Normal Diametral Pitch
Dedendum 1.157W 1.25W
𝑃p 𝑃p
0.157W 0.25W 𝑃N 𝑃] = 𝑃N[ 𝑃][ = 𝜋
Clearance 𝑃 𝑃p
p
Working Depth 2 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑚 𝐹O 𝐹\
tan 𝜙 = tan 𝜓 =
Whole Depth 𝐷𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑚 + 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑚 𝐹` 𝐹`
Outside Diameter 𝐷 + 2𝑎
Inside Diameter 𝐷 − 2(𝑎 + 𝑐) NORMAL FORCE (𝐹> )

BACKLASH (𝐵) WIDTH SPACE (𝑆) BASE PITCH (𝑃< ) 𝐹[ = v𝐹` S + 𝐹O S + 𝐹\ S

𝐵 = 0.035𝑚 𝑆 =𝑡+𝐵 𝑃l = 𝑃N cos 𝜙
NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE (𝜙> )
TOOTH THICKNESS
LEWIS EQUATION FOR TOOTH tan 𝜙[ = tan 𝜙 cos 𝜓
BENDING STRESS
WITH BACKLASH (𝑡 q )
𝑀𝑐 𝐹` 𝑃] 𝑎 WORM GEARS
𝜋𝑚 − 𝐵 𝜎l = = ; 𝑘] =
𝑡ƒ = 𝐼 𝑦𝑏𝑘] 𝑎+𝑣 𝐿
2 𝜓R = 90˚ − 𝜆
𝑦 – Lewis Factor ; 𝑎 – 600fpm tan 𝜆 =
𝜋𝐷R

CENTER DISTANCE
𝐷R + 𝐷‚
𝐶=
2
𝑃N 𝑃] = 𝜋

NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE

FORCE TANGENTIAL / RADIAL LOAD / tan 𝜙[ = tan 𝜙 cos 𝜆
TRANSMITTED LOAD (𝐹" ) SEPARATING LOAD (𝐹@ )
𝑃
𝐹` = = 𝐹[ cos 𝜙 𝐹O = 𝐹` tan 𝜙
𝑣 FORCE ON SEPARATION/ RADIAL (𝐹n )

RESULTANT FORCE / NORMAL FORCE (𝐹> ) sin 𝜙[

𝐹Q = 𝐹R * /
sin 𝜆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙[ + 𝑓 cos 𝜆
𝐹[ = v𝐹` S + 𝐹O S
 FORCE ON WORM GEAR (𝐹r ) TANGENTIAL FORCE ON
RADIAL FORCE ON
cos 𝜆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙[ − 𝑓 cos 𝜆 BEVEL GEARS
BEVEL GEARS
𝐹b = 𝐹Q * / 2𝑇
sin 𝜙[ 𝐹` = 𝐹O = 𝐹` tan 𝜙[ cos 𝛾a
𝐷a

EFFICIENCY OF WORM GEARS (𝜂s )

tan 𝜆 (cos 𝜙[ − 𝑓 tan 𝜆) AXIAL FORCE ON RESULTANT FORCE
𝜂R = BEVEL GEARS
cos 𝜙[ tan 𝜆 + 𝑓
𝐹\ = 𝐹` tan 𝜙[ sin 𝛾a 𝐹[ = v𝐹` S + 𝐹O S + 𝐹\ S

BEVEL GEARS

CONE DISTANCE (𝐶𝐷) FACE WIDTH (𝑏)

1 10
𝐶𝐷 = v𝐷• S + 𝐷‚ S 𝑏=
2 𝑃]

CONE PITCH ANGLE (𝛾)

𝐷• 1
𝛾• = tan_G * / = tan_G * /
𝐷‚ 𝑆𝑅
𝐷‚
𝛾‚ = tan_G * / = tan_G (𝑆𝑅)
𝐷•
𝜃 = 90˚ = 𝛾< + 𝛾=

MACHINE SHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE

ELEVATOR RIVETS WELDED JOINTS

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 1 STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑑{ = 𝑑O +
16 𝐹Z
220 𝑆Z =
𝑡𝐿
FORCES ON RIVETS
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝑚S ) • Force that can be carried by STRENGTH OF FILLET WELD
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 =
9.3 Unpunched Plate
𝐹Z
𝐹‰ = 𝑆` (𝑡𝐿) 𝑆Z =
√2𝑡𝐿
S
• Force that can cause Tensile Stress
FOR AREA ≤ 4.65𝑚 𝐹Z = 𝑆` [𝑡(𝐿 − 𝑛𝐷{ )] • If Shears Strength of Fillet Weld
𝑊(𝑘𝑔) = 35.10𝐴S + 326.224𝐴 𝐹Z
• Force that can cause Shearing Stress 𝑆•Q =
𝜋 √2
𝐹I = 𝑆Q \𝑛 𝐷{ S ] 𝑡𝐿
4 2
FOR AREA > 4.65𝑚S • Force that can cause Bearing Stress • If Yield Strength is Given
𝑊(𝑘𝑔) = 2.458 𝐴S + 611.36𝐴 − 621.4 𝐹W = 𝑆W (𝑛𝑡𝐷{ )
𝑆•Q = 0.5𝑆•
𝐹:6> – 𝐹? ; 𝐹:-0 – 𝐹5 , 𝐹& , 𝐹@
 SPLINES WIRE ROPES

TORQUE OF SPLINES
𝑑R = 0.063𝑑
𝑇 = 𝐹[ 𝑟T
𝐴 = 0.38𝑑S
𝑑 –⌀ Rope in INCHES
MEAN RADIUS ℎ – Wire ⌀ in NCHES
𝐴 – Area in 𝑖𝑛$
𝑑U + 𝑑V
𝑟T =
4
SPLINE SPECIFICATION TENSION IN ROPE
NORMAL FORCE 𝐹jm` TENSILE LOAD (𝐹" )
(8 × 52 × 60) 𝑆𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐹Z = 𝐹` = 𝑇 + 𝐹W
"8" – No. of Teeth 𝐹[ = 𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑆
"52" – Minor Diameter 𝑊^ 𝑎
𝐴 = 𝑡𝐿 × 𝑛Q 76,000𝑑S for 6x7 , 6x19 𝑇=* + 𝑊O / *1 + /
"60" – Major Diameter
𝐹!"# 75,000𝑑S for 6x37 , 8x19
𝑛O 𝑔
SEVOLUTE 𝐴𝐸𝑑R
𝐹W =
1 SLIDING FORCE ROPE WEIGHT (𝑊@ ) 𝐷Q
sev 𝜃 = − inv 𝜃 𝐹@ – Bending Force
cos 𝜃 𝐹ImV]V[b = 𝜇𝐹[ 𝑊‹UaM = 1.58𝑑S ℎ
𝜋 𝑊A – Weight of Load per Rope
inv 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 − \𝜃 × ] 𝑑 – Diameter of Rope in INCHES 𝐷& – Diameter of Sheave
180˚ ℎ – Height of Rope in FT

TRUE STRAIN AT FAILURE (𝜺𝒇 ) MOHR’S CIRCLE

PERCENT REDUCTION IN AREA COMPRESSION (−) TENSION (+)

𝐴)&-+>
%𝑅< = 1 − 𝑒 5=U = 1 −
𝐴&-&?&+>

BURSTING SPEED FOR FLYWHEEL

𝜎k + 𝜎•
SHEAR STRESS (𝜏) 𝜎\tM =
2
𝑉 = ]𝑘𝑆? (↑)( →) = (+) 𝜏
(↓)( ←) = (+) 𝜏 𝜎k − 𝜎• S
10.5 for Cast Iron 𝑅 = 0𝜏k• S + \ ]
𝒌 9.5 for Steel
(↓)( →) = (−) 𝜏 2

(F
𝑉 – velocity in 7
; 𝑆F – Tensile Strength in PSI PRINCIPAL STRESS
𝜎T\k = 𝜎\tM + 𝑅 STRAINS (𝜀)
𝜎TV[ = 𝜎\tM − 𝑅 1
SLAB MILLING 𝜀k = š𝜎k − 𝜈^𝜎• + 𝜎n `œ
𝐸
ℎ𝑝 ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ORIENTATION (𝜃a ) 1
𝐻𝑃 = (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦) * / (𝑀𝑅𝑅) 𝜀• = š𝜎• − 𝜈(𝜎k + 𝜎n )œ
𝑖𝑛P 𝜏k• 𝐸
tan^2𝜃a ` = 𝜎 − 𝜎 1
𝑖𝑛@ k •
𝜀n = š𝜎n − 𝜈^𝜎k + 𝜎• `œ
𝑀𝑅𝑅 _ b = 𝑏𝑑𝑣 2 𝐸
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝜃' $ − 𝜃'2 = 90˚

𝑣 = 𝑓𝑁𝑇
BRINELL SCALE
𝑏 – Width in INCHES ; 𝑑 – Depth of Cut in INCHES
3X
𝑑 – Feed in F22FE ; T – No. of Teeth
BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER
ULTIMATE STRENGTH (𝑆t ) 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
MACHINE SHOP 𝑆j (𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 𝐵𝐻𝑁 × 515 𝐵𝐻𝑁 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆j (𝑘𝑠𝑖) = 𝐵𝐻𝑁 × 0.5 YJ
TAPER PER LENGTH 𝐵𝐻𝑁 – in
<<0

TIME 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐷−𝑑 AREA

{𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿 𝐿(𝑓𝑡) 𝜋𝐷
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = 𝐴= \𝐷 − •𝐷S − 𝑑S ]
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑁 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟{ 𝐷−𝑑 2
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 𝐿(𝑖𝑛) D – Indenter in MM
d – Indentation in MM