BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PIEZOELECTRICITY IN RELATION TO ACUPUNCTURE, HATHA YOGA,

OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE AND ACTION OF AIR IONS

BOGUSLAW LIPINSKI. Vascular Laboratory, Lemuel Shattuck Hospital, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston,
Ma. 02 130. USA. (Present address: St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, Boston, Ma. 02135.)

SUMMARY
Piezoelectric properties of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and mucopolysaccharides are reviewed
in this paper. It is indicated that the structural elements of the human body composed of these piezoelectric substances are
capable of transducing a mechanical energy into an electric current. Such a transduction may be brought about by move-
ments of an acupuncture needle, osteopathic manipulations, Hatha Yoga postures or action of negatively charged air irons. It
is postulated that electric current induced by stimulation of the specific sites on the surface of human body flows towards the
internal organs along the semiconductive channels of biologic macromolecules. Electric current induced either by the piezo-
electric transduction or directly applied from an external source may in turn stimulate individual cells in the target organ.
Involvement of electrical phenomena in regulatory mechanisms on cellular and molecular levels is discussed.

INTRODUCTION orientation of intra- and extra-cellular macromolecules.

“ . . . in nature what is absurd, according to our theories, is
not always impossible.”
Claude Bernard. Introduction to the Study of Experimental
Medicine.
Piezoelectricity is a phenomenon which can be defined as
the appearance of electric charges on the opposite faces of
a crystal of low symmetry when it is subjected to a mech-
anical strain. The inverse effect, that is a deformation or a
strain, is obtained when an electric field is applied to the
crystal. In other words, piezoelectricity links mechanical
strain and electrical polarization. The piezoelectric effect is
not restricted to crystalline substances but occurs also in a
number of organic polymers (l-4).
In the last three decades the piezoelectric effect has also
been found to occur in numerous biological substances and
materials such as wood (5), silk fibres (6), bone and tendon
(7- 1l), skin (12), nucleic acids (13), fibrin (14), collagen
(15,16), myosin and actin (17) and hyaluronic acid (18).
Extensive reviews on the biologic significance of piezo-
electricity were written by Bassett in 1968 (19) and more
recently by Fukada (20)
It is of interest that all the biological substances and
materials listed above possess both piezoelectric as well as
semiconductive properties. Electronic conductivity operat-
ing in biological systems was verified for a number of
biopolymers such as components of cell membranes (21,
22), proteins (23) and nucleic acids (13). The existence of
piezoelectricity and semiconductivity in many types of
biological macromolecules raises the question of their
significance in accomplishing the physiologic functions of
an organism. That the piezoelectric effect may play a very
important role, particularly in homeostasis, was already
postulated by Shamos and Lavine in 1967 (12). A piezo-
electric transducer model was proposed to be operating in
phosphorylation in photosynthetic membranes (24), nerve
conduction (25) as well as in the functioning of enzymes
(26). According to Bassett (19) piezoelectricity present in
many biological systems may theoretically control cell
nutrition, local pH. enzyme activation and inhibition,
migratory and proliferative activity of cells, contractility
and permeability of cell membranes and energy transfer.
Fukada (27) stated that: “Many problems in bioelectricity,
mechanical deformation and physiological activity might be
associated with piezoelectric properties of biological
substances”. The same author postulated a relationship
between piezoelectricity of biopolymers and receptor
potentials particularly in the functioning of senses of
hearing and touch (20). According to Fukada (27) healing
of the injured blood vessel wall may also be controlled by an
electric current due to the piezoelectric polarization. This
postulate finds support in well documented findings of
Sawyer et al. (28,29,30,31) showing that formation of
thrombus on the injured vessel wall can be prevented by an
application of a polarized electric current. Moreover, wound
healing and carcinoma regression have been reported to
occur as a result of electric stimulation (23,31). A current
of electrostatically produced ions was found by Gostkowski
et al (32) to be effective in treatment of thrombophlebitis
and certain other diseases. It has also been reported that
direct electric current promotes endosteal and periosteal
callus as well as primary osseous healing (33). The stimu-
latory effect of a weak current on the formation of new bone
led to the hypothesis that piezoelectricity may influence the
pattern of bone growth (27). The hypothesis of Dolowy on
cell behaviour based on the electric phenomena of cell
membranes, may also bear arelationship to the piezoelectric
effect (34).
This article is an attempt to explain certain unorthodox
therapeutic approaches such as acupuncture, osteopathic
manipulations, Hatha Yoga exercises and the effect of air
ions, in terms of piezoelectricity.
ACUPUNCTURE
The rationale of acupuncture is based on a belief that
disease can be treated by puncturing, warming or massag-
ing specific points (loci) on the skin, to reestablish an
allegedly disturbed “energy circulation” (35). According to
the Peking Acupuncture Anesthesia Coordinating Group
(36) there are 300-600 different sites located on the surface
of the body in which “the energy of meridians and anasto-
moses and the hollow and solid organs is transported,
retained, collected and centralized”. Meridians are believed
to be vertical channels and anastomoses horizontal
branches showing specific conductive characteristics (36).
In the Western World acupuncture is used mainly in the
relief of pain (37,38,39,40). Analgesic effects of acupunc-
ture have been ascribed by some researchers to hypnotic or
psychosomatic factors. It has been demonstrated by means
of telemetric ECG data that acupuncture analgesia during
surgical operations did not induce drug-like narcosis,
sedation or depression of reflexes (41). Moreover, cases are
described of open-heart surgery with acupuncture as the
only anaesthetic during which the patients were conscious
for the entire time of the procedure (42). Acupuncture was
also shown to be effective in producing a significant
reduction of experimentally-induced hyperlipidemia in
rabbits (43).
In all the cases mentioned above acupuncture was per-
formed by a traditional technique of manual twirling and
moving the needle in the specific loci. Recently a new
technique has been introduced in which the needle is
electrically charged. This method seems to produce more
reliable results. For example, in 9 out of 12 patients electro-
acupuncture resulted in pain relief during childbirth with no
after effects (44). Electrical stimulation was also effective in
the induction of labor (45). Treatment by means of electrical
stimulation seems to be particularly effective in relieving
chronic pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis (46). The
degree of pain relief was found to be independent of the
location of needles (47), but polarity was important since
only the negative electrode produced desirable effects (48).
What is the relationship between traditional, manual
acupuncture and electro-stimulation? It has been postulated
by Perlow (49) that the energy which is believed to flow
along the meridians and anastomoses is electrical in nature.
This hypothesis has been supported by few but significant
observation. Acupuncture loci on skin were found to
possess concentrated electric conductance as measured with
a Wheatstone bridge (50). In another study it was demon-
strated that the loci have the least electrical resistance (the
highest conductivity); microscopic analysis showed
uniquely arranged collagen fibers and characteristic
patterns of blood vessels (51). Fleck and Spring (52) were
able to record electric discharges during manipulations of
needles in loci determined by minimal electric resistance on
skin. It may be concluded that manipulation with a needle
at the specific point on the skin generates electric current,
and conversely application of the electric current to the
same point produces the therapeutic effect brought about by
acupuncture. It is, however, still a matter of speculation
how electric current induced by the needle manipulation or
applied from an external source causes physiological
responses in distant sites of the body. A physical theory of
acupuncture anaesthesia has recently been proposed by
Chiang (53) according to which analgesic effects are
produced by blocking transmission along nerves, possibly
by pressure, electrostatic or piezoelectric effects.
On the basis of the data and hypotheses discussed above
10
it may be speculated that in acupuncture the following
sequence of events takes place. When a needle is inserted
and twirled in the acupuncture loci the strain produced by
this mechanical movement is transduced into an electric
current due to piezoelectric properties of biopolymers of
skin and connective tissue. Electrons generated in such a
way are then conducted into the distant sites of the body by
means of specific channels composed of proteins and
mucopolysaccharides endowed with semiconductive
properties. When this stimulus reaches cells in a distant
organ the electric current is transduced, due to the inverse
piezoelectric effect, into the mechanical or chemical energy
needed to restore normal physiological functions on a
molecular or cellular level.
Moxibustion, another technique of ancient Chinese
medicine used to stimulate acupuncture loci by heating
them with slowly burning mixtures of herbs, can also be
explained by the piezoelectric effect. It has been shown that
piezoelectric substances exhibit also pyroelectric effects, by
which any change in their temperature modifies their length
thus altering their elementary dipole moment (54). There-
fore, the electric current flowing to distant organs of the
body during acupuncture can be induced either by mechani-
cal manipulation of the needle or direct heating of the
specific loci.
HATHA YOGA
The importance of physical exercises in preventing coron-
ary diseases and in preserving good health becomes more
and more appreciated by modern man. Hatha Yoga
represents certain types of physical exercise, the purpose of
which is not merely to develop physical fitness but to
stimulate and regulate physiological functions of the body.
Practitioners of Hatha Yoga claim that by bending, twisting
and stretching their bodies in a systematized fashion they
attain not only good health but a harmony of body and
mind as well. These claims have received some support
from recent biochemical studies (55).
Physiological effects of Hatha Yoga can also be ex-
plained in terms of piezoelectricity. As it has been already
discussed any strain applied to tendons, ligaments, muscles
and bones such as that occurring during yoga exercise will
be converted into an electric current due to the piezoelectric
effect of thier biopolymeric constituents. This current trans-
mitted along the semiconductive channels of the body may,
similarly to electricity induced by acupuncture, affect and
stimulate the physiological functions of the internal organs.
OSTEOPATHIC THERAPY
A basic clinical method of treatment in osteopathic
medicine is manipulative therapy. In essence it is similar to
Hatha Yoga except that in this method a strain to ligaments,
tendons and muscles is applied by a trained therapist.
Andrew Taylor Still, the founder of osteopathic medicine,
insisted that with 60 percent of the total body mass being
musculoskeletal system, its role could not be excluded from
any consideration of health and disease. Disturbances in the
musculoskeletal system are claimed to affect the functions
of other body systems through the integrative effect of
neural involvement (56). According to Northup (56) the
nervous system is a bridge between the musculoskeletal
system and the structure-function of the cell.
It is generally agreed amongst practitioners of osteo-
pathic medicine that manipulations affect physiologic
reactions which serve to enhance the body’s return or main-
tenance of normal homeostatic balance. Measurement of
the vascular response by plethysmography indicates that
osteopathic manipulations stimulate the sympathetic system
and increase vasomotor tone (57). Perhaps the most signifi-
cant finding pertaining to the concept of piezoelectricity
involvement in osteopathy, are those reported by England
and Deibert (58). They found, by recording evoked potentials
using surface electrodes, that osteopathic therapy changed
an electromyographic pattern. Along the same line is the
study using the liquid crystal technique, which demon-
strated temperature variations in the related paraspinal
areas prior to and following osteopathic manipulative
therapy (59).
It may be concluded that in osteopathic therapy, as in
Hatha Yoga, a mechanical strain is transduced into electric
current due to piezoelectric properties of biopolymers to
which the strain is applied. Electricity generated in such a
way is conducted to other parts of the body to exert effects
on distant cells, tissues and organs.
PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF AIR IONS
As defined by Krueger (60) an air ion is a group of 4 to
12 gaseous molecules randomly clustered around an elec-
trically charged atom or molecule of gas. It has been
demonstrated that gaseous ions can induce definite and
quantitatively reproducible physiological changes. Observ-
ations on excised tracheal strips and exposed tracheas of
anaesthesized animals have indicated that exposure to
positive ions produces decreased ciliary activity, constric-
tion of the posterior tracheal wall, exaggerated vulnerability
to trauma, vasoconstriction and an increased rate of
respiration. These effects were reversed by negative air ions
(6 1,62). Negative ions were also shown to increase negative
charges of erythrocytes and plasma proteins thus preventing
their aggregation (63).
It has been postulated by Krueger (60) that positive air
ions are serotonin releasers and that negative ions reverse
this effect by speeding up the rate at which serotonin is
oxidized. In addition, negative air ions were shown to have
a direct effect on cytochrome oxidase and to accelerate the
cytochrome-linked conversion of succinate to fumarate
(60). Studying the effect of air ions with use of in vitro
systems some researchers reported negative results which
were reviewed by Krueger (64). It is noteworthy that by
contrast to the in vitro experiments those conducted in vivo
in animals (65,66), plants (67) and human subjects (68,69,
70) all revealed beneficial effect of air ions. For example it
has been reported that exposure of burned patients to
negatively ionized air resulted in prompt relief of pain (71).
The ratio of positive to negative ions in air increases lo-12
hours before rise in atmospheric temperature and drop in
humidity (72) factors well known to influence symptoms of
disease.
11
The influence of negatively charged air ions, particularly
that observed in vivo, bears some similarity to effects of
acupuncture, Hatha Yoga and osteopathic manipulations,
but are less specific indicating that the target of air ions is
not confined to any particular site of the body. If we assume
that acupuncture loci are composed of piezoelectric bio-
polymers extending into channels transferring electrons to
various parts of the body, then one may speculate that
negative ions directly stimulate such electrical receptor sites
on the skin surface. Since the action of negatively charged
ions is random, their effect will lack apparent therapeutic
specificity of acupuncture and osteopathic manipulations.
CONCLUSIONS
In our modern times Western medicine tends to concen-
trate on treating the disease rather than the patient. How-
ever, the ancient holistic approach towards man may not be
so irrational as we think. The concepts of Chinese medicine
and yoga philosophy of “life energy, energy that we inhale
with air and energy circulation within the body” may
perhaps represent a flow of electrons through the body.
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi in his paper on Electrons, Molecules.
Biology and Cancer (73) states: “Charge transfer, hitherto.
has been looked upon as a rare reaction with little biological
importance, more or less a chemical curiosity . . . is one of
the most frequent and fundamental biological reactions with
close relationship to very nature of life”. The flow of
electrons (charge transfer) can be initiated by negative ions
of air, acupuncture, osteopathic manipulations or yoga
exercises through the mechanism of piezoelectric trans-
duction as well as by an application of polarized electric
current. In all these methods of induction of electron flow
there is one common factor, namely electrons flowing from
outside towards distant parts of the body. This can
theoretically cause an increase in net negative charge of
constituents of internal organs. It is known that cell mem-
branes and most proteins, particularly those in blood, are
negatively charged under physiological conditions,
Reduction of this charge may result in cell and protein
aggregation. Aspirin, in addition to inhibiting prostaglandin
synthesis is known to acetylate proteins and nucleic acids
thus rendering them more negative under physiological
conditions (74). If this is the mechanism by which aspirin
exerts its so unspecific therapeutic effects, it depends on
reaction with a chemical agent, whereas acupuncture,
Hatha Yoga, osteopathic manipulations and negative air
ions may produce their desirable effects without introducing
foreign substances into the body.
Finally, it seems unwise and uneconomical to disregard
thousands of years of experience in improvement of man
well-being on the basis of being unable to explain it. The
present hypothesis of a piezoelectric effect being mediator
of physiological reaction induced by acupuncture, yoga
exercises, osteopathic manipulations and exposure to
negatively charged air ions may help towards its under-
standing.
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