"Partial discharge" (PD) refers to localized electrical discharges that only partially bridge the insulation between

conductors and can occur within voids, cracks, or impurities in the insulation material. Partial discharge
measurements are essential for assessing the condition of electrical insulation in high-voltage equipment such as
transformers, cables, and switchgear.

The calculation or analysis of partial discharge typically involves several steps:

Measurement: PD measurements are typically conducted using specialized equipment such as PD detectors or PD
measurement systems. These measurements capture signals generated by partial discharges.

Signal Processing: The captured signals need to be processed to identify and analyze the characteristics of the
partial discharges. This may involve filtering, amplification, and other signal processing techniques to extract
relevant information.

Interpretation: Once the signals are processed, the data is interpreted to understand the severity and location of
partial discharges. This often involves comparing the measured signals to known patterns or thresholds associated
with healthy or deteriorating insulation.

Quantification: Partial discharge activity is often quantified in terms of parameters such as discharge magnitude,
frequency, phase, and location. These parameters provide insights into the condition of the insulation and help
determine appropriate maintenance or mitigation strategies.

Analysis and Assessment: Finally, the results of the partial discharge measurements and analysis are used to assess
the condition of the insulation and make decisions regarding maintenance, repair, or replacement of the
equipment.

It's important to note that the specific methods and techniques for partial discharge measurement and analysis can
vary depending on the type of equipment, the insulation material, and other factors. Additionally, interpretation of
partial discharge measurements often requires expertise in electrical engineering and insulation diagnostics.