Maputo Bypass Project, Republic of Mozambique

（ Hotel Radisson-Marracuene-Zimpeto Stadium-Bairro Tchumene-Porto de Maputo）

DETAIL DESIGN
Line Ⅱ-1 ⅡK2+000～
Ⅲ K8+020 Length of the Line: 6.020
kilometres Volume 4 of the total 4
volumes

Basic information: Engineering geological survey data

Hydrological analysis report

China Road and Bridge Corporation

Feb, 2014
 General Catalogue
Maputo bypass project Page 1 of 1
SN Chart Name Drawing NO. Unit Remarks SN Chart Name Drawing NO. Unit Remarks
Volume 3
Line Ⅱ-1 Chapter 4 Bridge & culvert
Volume 1 1 Instruction S4-1 Page
Chapter 1 General Design 2 List of major, medium and small bridges S4-2 Page
1 Geographical Location Map S1-1 Page 3 Design diagrams of major, medium and small bridges S4-3 Page
2 Instruction S1-2 Page 4 Design diagram of culvert S4-4 Page
3 Horizontal and Vertical Contracted Drawing of Route S1-3 Page Chapter 5 Intersections&Interchanges
4 Table of Main Technical and Economic Indicators S1-4 Page 1 Instruction S5-1 Page
5 Attachment S1-5 Page 2 Interchange design drawings S5-2 Page
6 General Plan for Road Plane Design S1-6 Page 3 Intersection design drawings S5-3 Page
Chapter 2 Route 4 Bus Bay design drawings S5-4 Page
1 Instruction S2-1 Page Chapter 6 Highway construction materials
2 Horizontal and Vertical Profile of Route S2-2 Page 1 Instruction S6-1 Page
3 Table of Straight Lines, Curves and Intersection Angles S2-3 Page 2 Stockyards of Highway Construction Materials along the Line S6-2 Page
Schematic Diagram for Road Consatruction Mateirals Supply along the
4 Table of Longitudinal Gradient and Vertical Curves S2-4 Page 3 Route S6-3 Page
5 Table of Highway Right-of-way S2-5 Page Volume 4
6 Map of Highway Right-of-way S2-6 Page Basic information
7 Table of Buildings Removed S2-7 Page 1 Engineering geological survey data JC1 Page
8 Table of Route Coordinates Station by Station S2-8 Page 2 Hydrological analysis report JC2 Page
9 Results of Control Measurement S2-9 Page
Volume 2
Chapter 3 Subgrade & Pavement
1 Instruction S3-1 Page
2 Design Chart S3-2 Page
1) Subgrade Design Table S3-2-1 Page
2) Standard Cross Section of Subgrade S3-2-2 Page
3) Design Drawing of General Subgrade S3-2-3 Page
4) Superelevation Mode Chart S3-2-4 Page
5) Design Drawing of Low Fill Shallow Dig Subgrade Treatment S3-2-5 Page
6) Design Drawing of Bridgehead Subgrade Treatment S3-2-6 Page
7) Design Drawing of Special Subgrade Treatment S3-2-7 Page
8) Design Drawing of Median Divider S3-2-8 Page
9) Design Drawing of Median Divider Opening S3-2-9 Page
10) List of Borrow Pit and Waste Bank S3-2-10 Page
11) Design Drawing of Borrow Pit and Waste Bank S3-2-11 Page
12) Design Drawing of Subgrade Retaining and Protection Engineering S3-2-12 Page
13) Design Drawing of Pavement Structure S3-2-13 Page
14) Design Drawing of Subgrade and Pavement Drainage Engineering S3-2-14 Page
 Catalogue of Volume 4
Maputo bypass project Page 1 of 1
SN Chart Name Drawing NO. Unit Number Remarks SN Chart Name Drawing NO. Unit Number Remarks

Volume 4

Basic information Engineering Geological Survey Data

1 Instruction JC-1-1 Page 22
2 Engineering Geological Plan JC-1-2 Page 10
3 Engineering Geological Longitudinal Section JC-1-3 Page 13
4 Boring log JC-1-4 Page 2
5 Static Cone Penetration Test Results of Subgrade and Culverts JC-1-5 Page 6
6 Trench Test Results JC-1-6 Page 0
7 Ground Water Test Results List JC-1-7 Page 4
Hydrological Analysis Report
1 Hydrological Analysis Report JC-2 Page 9
Engineering geological survey data
Maputo Bypass JC-

Instruction
(JTG D63-2007)
1 Investigation Overview
Technical Standard of Highway Engineering (JTG B01--2003)
1.1 Purpose and requirement of
investigation Geotechnical Test Methods of Highway (JTG E40-2007)
The main purpose of construction drawing investigation is to provide the engineering geological
Test Methods of Rock for Highway Engineering (JTJ054-94)
data necessary for determination of design schemes for structures and subgrade. Specific
Specifications for Design of Highway Subgrades (JTG D30-2004)
requirements are as follows:
Code of Practice for Survey of Highway Bridge Site (JTJ062-98)
1) Find out the details of geographic and geomorphic features, formation lithology, geological
Compulsive Provisions of Engineering Construction Standards (Highway Engineering) (JB
structure, hydrogeological conditions, unfavorable geological phenomena and other engineering
[2002] No. 99)
geological conditions of the line plan.
1.2.2 Relevant applicable industrial standards
2) Find out the details of formation structure of the site where the structure is located as well as
Standard for Tests Method of Engineering Rock Massas (GB/T50266-99)
mechanical properties and characteristics of rock and soil.
Code of Practice for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2001)
3) Find out the details of the development characteristics, spatial distribution as well as
1.2.3 Reference standards
mechanical properties of unfavorable geological phenomenon and special rock and soil. Evaluate the
Code for Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering (GB50021-2001)
extent of damage to highway engineering of unfavorable geological phenomenon and special rock
Code for Design of Building Foundation (GB50007-2002)
and soil, and provide geological basis for selection of schemes for subgrade slope and structure and
Technical Standard for Boring of Geotechnical Investigation of Buildings (JGJ87-92)
preparation of engineering countermeasures.
Grain Size Analysis – Wet (Soil) Sieving Method (XP P 94-041)
4) Obtain engineering geological data by way of comprehensive survey and provide
Soil Classification Description (XP 94-011)
engineering geological basis for preparation of design document of construction drawing.
1.2.4 References
1.2 Technical standards
Mozambique 1:250,000 Geological Map.
The following technical standards and codes are executed for construction drawing Feasibility Study Report of Maputo Bypass Project in Mozambique
investigation:
1.3 Project overview
1.2.1 Industrial standards and specifications
Line II-1 connects the end point of Line I, where the Ponte da Costa do Sol medium bridge is set,
Code of Practice for Survey of Highway Engineering Geology (JTG C20-2011)
and then goes along the existing coastal road for 900m. Then, it goes all the way to the north, and ends
Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Design for Highway Engineering (JTJ004-89)
at Chiango, where a roundabout is set to connect Line III and Line II-2. The total length of the route is
Code of Practice for Design of Ground Base and Foundation of Highway Bridges and Culverts

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8.219km. Workload of Geological Investigation for Line II-1

Completed quantities ofTable 1-1
Item Unit Remarks
Its workload for exploration is work
Geological
Engineering geological surveying and mapping km2 3.20 1：2000
described in Table 1-1. From March 10, survey
Drilling m/hole 116.55/5
2012 to May 20, 2012, in order to
Disturbed sample Group 15
investigate the distribution Sampling Undisturbed soil sample Piece 6
Exploration Rock sample Piece 2
characteristics of rock and soil layers as N63.5
Dynamic penetration test m/time 0.40/2
well as engineering geologic and In-situ test Standard penetration test Times 33 N63.5
Static cone penetration test m/hole 42.7/14
hydrologic conditions at various Particle analysis Group 23
Soil sample
construction sites, meet the design Routine test Undisturbed soil sample Group 4
Rock saturation uniaxial
Indoor test Rock sample Group 2
requirements of shop drawing, and compression test
Water quality
arrange the workload according to Water quality analysis test Group 1
analysis
related rules and regulations for Figure 1: Schematic drawing of location of line II-1
highway industry, multiple geological exploration methods, including drilling, cone penetration test,

geological annotation, and indoor test, were adopted to investigate the geological shop drawing of the project.
Later, after finishing the field works, we started the sorting of indoor data, submitted in time the exploration
data in all stages, and met related requirements for the design of shop drawing.
1.4 Arrangement of quantities of work and completed quantities of work
Every activity carried out for Line Ⅱ-1 shall follow relevant codes and rules of highway industry.
By this investigation, engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions of the contracted section
of line has been found out. All investigation work and results are self-checked and reviewed by the
Institute. Corresponding changes have been made according to the comments on self-check and
acceptance. The obtained investigation data can satisfy the design requirement of construction
drawing and can be published as a formal investigation document.
1.5 Means and method of exploration
Macro control and micro revelation are combined in the survey: in a macro way, geological and
environmental features of the line zone will be understood by geological surveying and mapping and
engineering geological conditions of the line are thus demonstrated and assessed. In a micro way, we
conducted exploration control over the representative points and lines of the site of structure, which
reveals formation structure and mechanical properties of the engineering foundation.
To obtain the geological data required for construction drawing design, comprehensive means
such as engineering geology surveying and mapping, drilling, cone penetration test, standard
penetration test, heavy dynamic penetration test and indoor soil test are adopted, which are in
accordance with the requirements of the stage of construction drawing investigation, based on

geographical and geomorphic features, formation lithology and geological structure of the surveyed

area, and conforming to characteristics and scale of engineering design.

1) Engineering geology surveying and mapping: further find out geographical and geomorphic

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Maputo Bypass
features, formation lithology, geological structure and existing geological disaster of the line section
and working site on the basis of engineering feasibility investigation. By way of surveying and
mapping and exploration of inner structure of geologic body, all-around and correct assessments on
the structural features and stability of line subgrade, bridge and culvert as well as slope rock and soil
mass can be achieved.
2) Drilling: find out formation lithology, genetic type and era, geological structure, engineering
geological and hydrogeological conditions as well as unfavorable geological phenomena of the line
section by drilling. Find out physical and mechanical properties of foundation rock and soil and
provide parameters of foundation bearing stratum as well as bearing capacity and friction. Assess the
load-bearing layer of pier and abutment, depth of foundation and stability of subsoil, and put forward
engineering advices.
3) Static cone penetration test: the test is mainly conducted on the working sites of shallow
foundation (culvert, soft soil) of the highway area to find out physical and mechanical properties of
foundation rock and soil as well as provide parameters of bearing capacity of foundation load-bearing
layer and friction.
4) Indoor test: it mainly includes routine tests on physical and mechanical properties of soil,
analysis on saturation compression strength of rock and analysis on water quality. The result of test is
mainly used for denomination of rock and soil, classification of stratum, assessment of physical and
mechanical properties of rock and soil as well as providing calculation indexes and design parameters
of rock and soil engineering. The result of water quality analysis is mainly used to assess the
corrosivity of water to concrete and steel structures.
5) In-situ test: during investigation, the in-situ tests mainly include standard penetration test,
heavy dynamic penetration test and static cone penetration test of drilling holes.
2 Geographical & Geomorphic, Climate and Hydrological
Conditions
2.1 Geographical and Geomorphic
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Line II-1 borders on the coastlines and has the topography of coastal deposit. With higher
landform in its west but lower landform in its east, it has higher variation of relief. The whole line
can be divided into three different geographic regions, including the coastal sandbank region, alluvial
plain region and inland dune platform region.
1) Seaside sandbank region: II K0+000～II K1+460. With ground elevation of 3.20-6.70m, it
has the landform of strip sand ridge, which was generated in the Holocene of the Quaternary period
due to the effect of long-term sea tide. White sand that contains shells is piled on ground surface. Its
right side is sea, and its left side is salted depression. The original earth road has the fill height of 5m
and width of 8m. There are many residential buildings on the left side along the line.
2) Alluvial plain region: II K1+460～end point. It can be segmented into two subregions,
including the alluvial plain subregion and dune subregions, which are distributed in a staggered way.
Different subregoins along the line are described as follows:
(1) II K1+4600～II K2+890 alluvial plain subregion: With flat and broad landform and lower
relief, it has ground elevation of 1.40-2.0m, and inclines slightly towards the seaside in the east.
During rainy season, there will be water logs in some part, and; during dry season, the ground will be
kept dry. Its vegetation is mainly comprised of turf. On right side of the line, there are water logged
depressions with luxuriant reeds throughout the year.
(2) II K2+890～II K4+145 dune subregion: With flat and broad landform, it has ground
elevation of 2.0-2.50m. White fine sand is exposed on its ground surface. Its vegetation is mainly
comprised of grassland and little trees.
(3) ⅡK4+145～Ⅱ K5+550 alluvial plain subregion: With flat and broad landform and lower
relief, it has ground elevation of 1.90-2.90m. During rainy season, there will be large area of water
logs here, and; during dry season, the ground will be kept dry. Its vegetation is mainly comprised of
turf.
(4) ⅡK5+550～end point dune subregion: With flat and broad landform, it has ground
Conditions
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Maputo Bypass JC-
elevation of 2.8-6.70m. White fine sand is exposed
on its ground surface. Its vegetation is mainly

comprised of grassland and a few trees.

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2.2 Climate
Seawater S4 8.01 2606.4 19170 61.4 4459.8 399 10770 <1 2.0 41000
The area belongs to tropical monsoon climate area, with average annual temperature of 22.72℃

and average annual precipitation over years of 721mm. The climate can be divided into the dry

season and the rainy season throughout the year. The dry season lasts from May to September (cool
dry season), with monthly average precipitation of 0-30mm and temperature of 9-26℃. Temperature
of this season is quite moderate. The rainy season lasts from October to the next April (warm rainy
season), attributed to over 80% of total precipitation of the year. Shower and thunderstorm are most
common during the season. The monthly average precipitation is 30-300mm, maximum 502.1mm;
the temperature is 28-40℃, with extremely high temperature reaching 43℃. The relative humidity is
around 76% and outdoor wind speed can reach 3-4m/s.
2.3 Surface Water
1) Quaternary loose pore water
Pore water in Line II-1 is brackish water and occurs in sandy soil layer of Holocene in
Quaternary period. Its water-bearing media is characterized with loose structure, excellent water
yield property, and outstanding permeability. The ground water and sea water complement each
other. Because the buried depth of ground water reaches 0.5-1.2m, and the elevation difference is
small, the ground water generally has slow runoff. After sampling and analysis, it’s found that the
quality of ground water in this area can be categorized into CL·SO4 － Na type, which has slight
corrosivity to

Along Line II-1, there are several manually excavated canals, which serve as the channel for the concrete structure, and weak corrosivity to reinforcement in concrete structure.

recharging of sea water into inland depression. Due to the impact of recharged sea water, there are 2) Bedrock fissure water

water logged depressions along the line with brackish water, which is strongly corrosive to concrete Bedrock fissure water mainly occurs in the shallow weathered fissure of sandstone. However,

structure and slightly corrosive to reinforced steels in concrete structure. The related types of water the fissures are generally little with slight opening. Filled mostly by silt, it has poor permeability,

quality are described in Table 2-1. poor connectivity, and insufficient-extremely insufficient water volume. The water source here is

mainly supplied by the infiltration of submerged fissure water, which drains to the India Ocean via
2.4 Underground Water
seepage. The quality of ground water in this area can be categorized into HCO 3-Na type with lower
Based on different water-bearing media and occurrence conditions, the ground water in the area
mineralization degree, which has minimal corrosivity to concrete structure and reinforcement in
can be divided into two categories including quaternary loose pore water and bedrock fissure water.
concrete structure.
The related types of water quality are described in Table 2-1.

Results of analyses on quality of underground water Table 2-1

3 Regional Geology
Water Cl- Na+ Corrosivity HCO3- Total
SO42- Ca2+ Mg2+ K+
Location sample PH CO2 3.1 Formation Lithology
No. (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mmol/l) salinity
The exposed stratum in Line II-1 is mainly comprised of quaternary stratum and tertiary stratum.
Coastal
well water
S3 7.64 197.42 146.26 8.88 0.17 13.2 165.8 <1 4.50 1023 The stratum is described as follows from the new one to the older one:

Layer-① fill (Qml): A layer of filling soil is covered on the surface of earth roads along the line,

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Maputo Bypass JC-

which is mainly comprised of cohesive soil and sandy soil that has abundant network of

plant roots.

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Layer ② Quaternary Holocene (Qh): The lithology exposed on ground surface is mainly With higher relief in its west and lower relief in its east, Line II-1, whose southern part borders
-

comprised of silt, and silty sand, underlying fine sand and clayey soil. After hole-boring, the exposed the sea, has relatively simple geological environment and stable natural slope. No unfavorable
maximal thickness exceeds 15m. It is distributed within II K0+000～end point. geologic body, such as landslide, collapse and debris flow is found in the area. Its special lithology is

Layer ④ Tertiary: It has higher thickness and stable distribution. The stratum exposed is mainly characterized by the soft cohesive clay occurred in the alluvial plain region along the line.
-

described as follows:
3.3 Unfavorable Geology and Particular Rock-Soil
Layer- ④-2 Tertiary period (TSa): It is strongly～moderately weathered greyish yellow-brown

argillaceous sandstone with calcareous sandstone. It’s exposed along the whole line. With buried

depth exceeding 11.80m, it’s not penetrated thoroughly.

3.2 Geological structure

With higher relief in its east and lower relief in its west, Line II-1 mainly has exposed stratum in

quaternary period. Its structural features mainly have the northeast direction (See Figure 3-1). Polana

fault comprises the cliff in the east of Maputo City. With the length of about 26.4km, this cliff has

the gradient of 17°, and directional desire of east with dip angle of 70～90°. As a normal fault, it has

red weathered siltstone of TPv in its west part, and silty sand of Qa in its east part. Because this

fault is

far from Line II-1, it basically has no impact on the line.

Figure 3-1 Geological outline of Line Ⅱ-1

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Maputo Bypass JC-
Details of its spatial layout are shown in the Vertical Section of Line II, as follows:

Silty soil on surface course: it is greyish black with soft plastic shape, high content of

silty fine sand, high content of humus, easy to stain the hand, high salinization, and high

cohesiveness. Distributed within 0-2.0m underground, it mainly has the thickness of 0.5-

1.20m. The allowable bearing capacity of its foundation reaches 65-100KPa. Loose-slight

dense fine sand underlies the foundation. Dredging, exchange filling, or packing

sedimentation by throwing stones can be adopted to treat the soft cohesive soil layer, so as to

improve the bearing capacity of foundation soil.

4 Engineering Geological Features of Rock and Soil

According to different landform, topography, lithology of stratum, geologic structure,

formation condition of rock and soil, structure, mechanical characteristics, and geologic

features of engineering, Line II-1 can be categorized into two rock-soil body types

including loose and soft-loose deposit rock and loose and soft-loose deposit clastic rock, and

13 engineering geologic rock groups. Related spatial distribution is shown in the vertical

profile map of the whole line. From the upper layer to the lower layer, the rocks are described

as follows:

4.1 Soft-loose accumulative formation

Layer-① fill (Qml): It mainly comprised of cohesive soil and sandy soil. With loose～

slight dense structure and thickness of 0.5-4.0m, it is mainly adopted as filling soil for the

original rough road.

Layer ②-1a medium sand: It is light gray, loose～slight dense and wet with pure sand quality

and static cone penetration Ps=1.80MPa. Exposed on ground surface, this layer has

thickness of 2.0m and is mainly distributed in the coastline tidal zone within II K0+000- II

K1+460.

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Layer ②-1b medium sand: It is gray-light gray, slight dense and saturated with water. Content
of 2-0.50mm grains accounts for 32.15% of the total; content of 0.50-0.25mm grains accounts for
44.87% of the total; content of 0.25-0.075mm grains accounts for 20.72% of the total, and; content
of grains less than 0.075mm accounts for 2.26%. Its static cone penetration Ps=4.3MPa, and standard
penetration test blow count N=14. With buried depth of 0.90-2.0m and thickness of 4.0-7.70m, this
layer is mainly distributed within II K0+000- II K1+460.
Layer ②-1c medium sand: It is gray-greyish green, moderate dense and saturated with water.
Content of 2-0.50mm grains account for 58.93% of the total; content of 0.50-0.25mm grains
accounts for 29.09% of the total; content of 0.25-0.075mm grains accounts for 9.96% of the total,
and; content of grains less than 0.075mm accounts for 2.01% of the total. Its standard penetration test
blow count N=27. With buried depth of 6.0m and thickness of 3.80m, this layer is mainly distributed
within II K0+000- II K1+460.
Layer ②-1d1 silty clay: It is brownish gray and hard plastic. With high content of sand, it has
gravel interlayer. Its standard penetration test blow count N=14. With buried depth of 8.40m and
thickness of 0.80m, this layer is exposed at II ZK10 borehole.
Layer ②-1d2 silty clay: It is brownish gray and soft～plastic with low content of sand. With
buried depth of 7.0m and thickness of 1.10m, this layer is exposed at II ZK11 borehole.
Layer ②-2a muddy silty clay: It is greyish black, soft plastic～plastic, salinized, high content of
humus, and easy to stain the hand. It has thin layer of fine sand in some parts. It is characterized with
high liquid limit, big void ratio, and high compressibility. Besides, it has static cone penetration
Ps=0.45-1.39MPa and standard penetration test blow count N=2-5. This layer has buried depth of
0.60～1.10m and thickness of 0.50～2.0m.
Layer ②-2b loose fine sand: It is greyish white, greyish yellow, greenish black, and
wet-saturated with water with higher content of fine sand and moderate sand. It has static cone
penetration Ps=1.87MPa and standard penetration test blow count N=4-6. This layer has buried
depth of 0～8.10m and thickness of 0.50～8.10m.
Layer ②-2e slightly dense fine sand: It is greyish yellow, greyish green, greenish gray, and
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saturated with water. Its top part contains silty sand and organic materials, and its middle part
contains little amount of medium coarse sand. It has static cone penetration Ps=4.94-5.41MPa, and
standard penetration test blow count N=11-14. This layer has buried depth of 1.0 ～ 4.10m and
thickness exceeding 2-4.20m.
Layer ②-2g moderate dense fine sand: It is greenish gray～greyish green, saturated with water,
and moderately dense. It has high content of clay particles and has some angled gravels and quartz
gravels. Its core has the shape of column. After drying, its cone has semi-hardened status. Its
standard penetration test blow count N=16-19. With buried depth of 3.10-13.10m and higher
thickness, this layer is not exposed.
Layer ③-2 clay-with-race: It is greyish green, yellow, and hard plastic. Its calcareous
concretion has the shape of greyish white powder and has granule gravel, which account for 5 ～30%
of the total volume. Its standard penetration test blow count N=25. Besides, it has buried depth of
9.70-11.80m and thickness of 2.40-3.10m.
The test results can be found in test report. The main physical and mechanical indexes of clayey
soil can be found in table 4-1. The statistics results of physical can mechanical indexes of sandy soil
can be found in Table 4-2.
Major Physical and Mechanical Indexes of Cohesive Soil Table 4-1
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Coefficient Direct shear

Compression test Coefficient
Layer W Saturation of and quick shear
e IP IL of
number （%） (KN/m3) (Sr) a1-2 Es permeability C
consolidation
( MPa 1 ) ( MPa (cm/s) (kPa ) (degree)
)
②-1d2 21.2 20.3 90 0.65 23 0.3 0.12 13.8 7.8×10-4 1.8×10-8 14 28

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Table for statistics of physical and mechanical test results of fine sand Table 4-2 complete core with column shape. The thickness in this layer is not exposed completely.
Quick shear
Quick shear (no The test results are shown in the attached test report.
Natural Natural Natural (saturation
Liquid Plastic Compressibility Compression treatment) The major geologic types and physic and mechanic indexes for geotechnical engineering are
Numbering of sample water volume void condition)
limit limit Coefficient modulus Angle shown in Table 4-2.
（Position of sample） content weight ratio of
cohesion cohesion cohesion
and statistic item internal Major Geologic Types and Physic and Mechanic Indexes for Geotechnical Engineering
friction
w γ e WL WP α1-2 Es C C C φ Table 4-2
% g/cm3 _ % % MPa-1 Mpa Kpa Kpa Kpa ° Name of rock mass Statistic result
ⅠCT1 23.50 1.99 0.703 24.0 14.6 0.32 4.96 7 28 3 28 Category of Saturated uniaxial Average value of
ⅠCT2 22.30 1.92 0.682 23.3 15.1 0.36 4.52 7 29 2 27 geology for Grade of rock for Major lithology compressive strength saturated uniaxial
ⅠCT3 19.70 1.92 0.694 24.2 14.7 0.41 4.00 7 28 3 27 geotechnical engineering (Mpa) compressive strength
N
(statistic number) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 engineering (Mpa)
Max
23.50 1.99 0.70 24.20 15.10 0.41 4.96 7 29 3 28 TSa calcareous
(Maximum value)
Min Soft rock 5～15 11
19.70 1.92 0.68 23.30 14.60 0.32 4.00 7 28 2 27 sandstone
(Minimum value) Type of
Φm
21.83 1.94 0.69 23.83 14.80 0.36 4.49 7 28 3 27
(Average value) clastic rocks Extremely soft TSa argillaceous
Σf ≤5 3.5
1.943 0.040 0.011 0.473 0.265 0.045 0.481 0.0 0.577 0.577 0.577
(Standard difference)
δ rock sandstone
(Variable coefficient) 0.089 0.021 0.015 0.020 0.018 0.124 0.107 0.0 0.020 0.217 0.021
Γs
(Statisticcorrectioncoefficient)
0.866 0.969 0.977 0.970 0.973 0.813 0.839 1.0 0.969 0.674 0.968 4.3 Selection of bearing stratum of subsoil
ΦK
18.9 1.9 0.7 23.1 14.4 0.3 3.8 7.0 27.5 1.8 26.5
(Standard value)
1) Bearing stratum for embankment foundation: With loose fill structure, content of humus and

network of plant roots, big difference in mechanic strength, Layer ① in Line II-1 is not suitable to be

4.2 Clastic Rocks taken as bearing stratum of subgrade; with weak lithology, saturation of water, high plasticity, and

Layer ④-2a TSa strongly-weathered sandstone: It is greyish yellow and yellowish green with thickness of less than 3m, Layer ②-2a the mucky fine clay, which needs to be replaced, is not

fine grain structure and medium thick constitution. It has interlayer of calcareous cementation and suitable to be taken as bearing stratum of embankment, and; with high thickness, low compressibility,

argillaceous cementation. Soft rock and hard rock combine in this layer. Its core has sandy shape and Layer ②-2b the loose～slight dense fine sand layer can be, after being compacted, taken as bearing

stratum of embankment foundation.

some part has column shape. The thickness of this layer reaches 13.20-30.50m.
2) Bearing stratum for bridge foundation: There is only a small bridge in Line II-1. Due to high
Layer ④-2b TSa moderately-weathered calcareous sandstone and argillaceous sandstone: It is
buried depth of medium-weathered bedrock, it’s better to adopt friction pile for the abutment
yellow with fine grain structure and medium thick constitution. Its calcareous cementation sandstone

is gray-greyish white and is categorized as soft rock. Its argillaceous cementation sandstone is foundation. If the friction pile fails to meet the load requirements in superstructure, Layer ④-2b the

greyish yellow, can be scratched by finger nails, and is categorized as extremely soft rock. It has TSa moderate-weathered calcareous sandstone and argillaceous sandstone can be adopted as bearing

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stratum for pile foundation and pile tip. The rock in this layer is categorized as soft rock or extremely Recommended values of geotechnical engineering parameters Table 4-3
soft rock, which combines hard and soft rock lithology. The buried depth of foundation can meet Standard value of
Admissible
No. of Type of rock- Geotechnical frictional
requirements for stability. Status bearing capacity
layer mass and soil- type resistance
3) Culvert foundation shall meet requirements for bearing capacity. Usually, culvert foundation fa0(KPa)f a0
B B

body q ik （KPa）
B B

is arranged in relatively dense sandy soil. Stratum with insufficient bearing capacity shall be replaced, ① Fill

so as to improve the bearing capacity of culvert foundation. ②-1a Medium sand Loose-Slight dense 150 25

4.4 Selection of parameters for subsoil design ②-1b Medium sand Slight dense 200 40

②-1c Medium sand Medium dense 310 50

Parameters for foundation basis design which should be supplied in the engineering geological
②-1d1 Silty clay Hard and plastic 340 65
survey data mainly consist of admissible value of bearing capacity of geotechnical layer subsoil [f a0]
②-1d2 Silty clay Soft and plastic 100 20
and standard value of frictional resistance of soil near pile qik.
②-2a Mucky and silty clay Soft～Plastic 50～100 45
1) Admissible value of bearing capacity of subsoil [fa0]: The values of admissible bearing
②-2b Fine sand Loose 100 20
capacity of the geotechnical layer subsoil of this section of highway mainly determined
②-2e Fine sand Slight dense 160 30
comprehensively by looking up Code for Design of Ground Base and Foundation of Highway
②-2g Fine sand Medium dense 210 45
Bridges and Culverts and adopting methods of calculation with formula, standard penetration and
③-2 Angle gravel 300 50
static cone penetration test with reference of Code for Exploration of Geotechnical Engineering. For
Extremely
cohesive soil, values shall be obtained by looking up the table based on the physical indicators ④-2a TSa sandstone Strong-weathered 300～500 60～100
soft rock
acquired from indoor test. Values of Sandy soil shall be obtained by looking up tables based on Tsa calcareous
Soft rock 800～1000 160～200
compactness and humidity. For the baring capacity of fully and heavily weathered layers, values sandstone
④-2b Medium-weathered
shall be obtained by looking up tables and comparing corresponding soil masses based on TSa argillaceous Extremely
300～500 60～100
sandstone soft rock
description records of core taking via drilling and results of standard penetration test.

2) Standard value of frictional resistance of soil near pile qik: values shall be obtained by

looking up tables based on physical and mechanical properties of rock-mass and soil-body in 5 Engineering Geographic Assessment

accordance with the standards of cast-in-situ bore pile specified in Code for Design of Ground Base 5.1 Selection and assessment of seismic conditions and seismic parameters
and Foundation of Highway Bridges and Culverts. 1) Grouping of site based on seismic fortification intensity and design basic seismic acceleration
After exploration, the geotechnical engineering parameters for the rock and soil of Line II-1 are There are no recorded active earthquakes or heavy destructive earthquakes in history in the

described in Table 4-3. project area. It belongs to a section with few seismic activities and low earthquake magnitude.

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Besides, local houses are not designed with seismic fortification. However, in February 23, 2006,
7.5-magnitude earthquake occurred in Mozambique. The epicenter is approx. 530km away from
Maputo and people in Maputo felt the earthquake.
Therefore, analyzed based on the factors of geological structure and history of seismic activities,
etc. this site is far away from the area influenced by earthquake and is relatively stable. Vibration
frequencies and period values measured actually at national stadium of Mozambique are as follows:
the vibration frequency at the horizontal east-west direction is 3.56Hz while the period is 0.281s; the
vibration frequency at the south-north direction is 3.86Hz while the period is 0.259s; and the
vibration frequency at the vertical ground direction is 3.03Hz while the period is 0.330s. The site is
as the area of VI degree basic earthquake intensity stipulated in China’s codes. The design basic
seismic acceleration is 0.05g, and design seismic grouping of the area is arranged as Group I.
2) Liquefaction judging of saturated sand soil
Line III is designed based on VI degree seismic fortification intensity. Influences of liquefaction
of saturate sand soil of the site may not be considered in accordance relevant stipulations of Article
4.3.1 in Code for Seismic Design of Buildings.
5.2 Stability and adaptability of geological environment along the highway
Line III belongs to plain geomorphic unit of sea-phase deposition with single geomorphic type;
the soil layer in the area has a lot of changes in vertical direction and is also not stable in horizontal
direction; the soil layer is dominated by sandy soil and mixed with cohesive soil; and it has no bad
geographic conditions affecting stability of the engineering. This site is also in relatively stable area
in terms of geologic structure and earthquake analysis, so the site is suitable for construction of the
engineering.
5.3 Sectional evaluation of engineering geography
According to the landform, topography, lithology of stratum, condition of geologic structure,
physical features of rock-soil body, and other geologic features, the whole line is divided into 10
engineering geological areas, which are evaluated as follows:
CHINA ROAD & BRIDGE
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1) Seaside sandbank area: II K0+000～II K1+460. It has the landform of strip sand ridge, which
was generated due to the effect of long-term sea tide. Its lithology is characterized with white fine
sand that contains shells. With pure sand, it has loose～medium dense status and the width of 3.10m.
3.50m thick manual filling soil is covered on its top, and soft plastic-hard plastic clay layer and
middle tertiary sandstone is placed under.
Major geological problem for engineering: Loose sand layer on its surface course needs to be
compacted and rolled to improve the bearing capacity of foundation.
2) II K1+460～II K2+890 alluvial plain area: With ground elevation of 1.40-2.0m, it has flat
and broad landform and lower relief. It inclines slightly towards the sea on its east side. During rainy
season, there are water logs in some section, and; during dry season, this area is kept dry. Its
vegetation is mainly comprised of turf. Water logged depressions exist on the right side of the line
throughout the year. Luxuriant reeds grow in such depressions. 0.50-0.80m mucky clay is distributed
on the surface course of this area, and 12.45m thick fine sand is placed under the surface course.
Major geological problem for engineering: Due to lower buried depth (only 0.50m) of ground
water, the mucky soil on its surface course will easily result in imbalanced subsidence. Therefore,
during project construction, replacement and other measures can be adopted to treat this area.
Besides, the height of subgrade shall be elevated, and efficient drainage ditches at its two sides shall
be constructed.
3) II K2+890～II K4+145 dune area: It has ground elevation of 2.0-2.50m. Loose white fine
sand and mucky fine sand are exposed on its ground surface. Its vegetation is mainly comprised of
grassland and little trees. Many residents live in this area. The upper part of this area comprises of
1.0m thick sand with humus, and the lower part of this are comprises of slight dense fine sand
(Ps=3.83MPa) and medium dense fine sand (Ps=6.85MPa).
Major geological problem for engineering: Due to lower buried depth of ground water, the
mucky fine sand on its surface course will easily result in imbalanced subsidence. Therefore, during
project construction, replacement and other measures can be adopted to treat this area. Besides, the
height of subgrade shall be elevated, and efficient drainage ditches on its two sides shall be
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constructed. afforestation and other protection measures. The section from II 6+325 to II6+420 is cut. The
4) II K4+145～II K5+550 alluvial plain area: With flat and broad landform, and lower relief, it maximum cut depth is 2.75m. The exposed lithology on the ground of cut section is loose fine sand,
has ground elevation of 1.90-2.90m. During rainy season, there will be large area of water log, and; whose physical and mechanical indexes can be found in Table 5-1. Because the excavation of side
during dry season, it is kept dry. Its vegetation is mainly comprised of turf. 0.50-1.80m thick mucky
slope is shallow, step-slope ratio can be 1:1.75.
soil is covered on its surface course, and 9.50-10.80m thick loose ～slight dense fine sand is placed
Table for Statistics of Physical and Mechanical Test Results of Soil of Cut Section Table 5-1
under the surface course. The bedrock at its bottom comprises of tertiary calcareous sandstone. Quick shear
Quick shear (no
Major geological problem for engineering: 1) Due to lower buried depth of ground water, the Natural Natural Natural (saturation
Liquid Plastic Compressibility Compression treatment)
condition)
mucky fine sand on its surface course will easily result in imbalanced subsidence. Therefore, during Numbering of sample water volume void
limit limit Coefficient modulus
Angle
（Position of sample） content weight ratio
project construction, replacement and other measures can be adopted to treat this area. Besides, the cohesion cohesion cohesion
of
and statistic item internal
height of subgrade shall be elevated, and efficient gutters on its two sides shall be constructed, and; 2) friction

w γ e WL WP α1-2 Es C φ C φ
Due to higher buried depth of strong-weathered bedrock and higher thickness, it’s suggested to adopt
% g/cm3 _ % % MPa-1 Mpa Kpa ° Kpa °
frictional piles for the pile foundation of bridge. ⅡCT7 4.2 1.65 0.718 12.3 2.8 0.20 8.49 8 32 2 28

5) II K5+550～end point dune area: With flat and broad landform, and relatively higher relief, it ⅡCT8 5.3 1.66 0.702 13.2 2.9 0.23 7.89 8 32 2 29

ⅡCT9 4.9 1.66 0.699 12.8 3.3 0.19 8.9 9 32 2 28

has ground elevation of 2.8-6.70m. White fine sand is exposed on its ground surface. Its vegetation is
N 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
mainly comprised of grassland and little trees. Its buried depth of ground water reaches about 5m.
Max 5.30 1.66 0.72 13.20 3.30 0.23 8.90 9 32 2 29
Major engineering geological problem: The loose fine sand layer on surface course has high Min 4.22 1.65 0.70 12.30 2.80 0.19 7.89 8 32 2 28

content of humus. During project engineering, replacement and other measures can be adopted to Φm 4.8 1.7 0.7 12.8 3.0 0.2 8.4 8.3 32 2 28.3

Σf 0.546 0.006 0.010 0.451 0.265 0.021 0.508 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.6
treat such layer. Meanwhile, the loose fine sand layer shall be compacted and rolled to improve the
δ 0.114 0.003 0.014 0.035 0.088 0.101 0.060 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
bearing capacity of foundation.
Γs 0.829 0.995 0.978 0.947 0.867 0.849 0.909 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

5.4 Geographic evaluation of sub-grade side slope engineering ΦK 4.0 1.6 0.7 12.1 2.6 0.2 7.7 7.5 32.0 2.0 27.5

Located in alluvial plain region, Line II-1 has gentle relief and lower buried depth of ground water.

The subgrade along the line is mainly comprised of fill; The maximum fill height is about 4.0m. The 5.5 Geographic evaluation of bridge site engineering
fill height at the culvert position is 2-3.5m. The fill height of the Race Course Bridge is 2.7-3.1m. V- 5.5.1 Ponte da Costa de Sol Bridge medium bridge
type gully or collapse can easily be produced on embankment slope of fill due to rainfall or human 5.5.1.1 Engineering profile and completed quantities of work

engineering activities. Therefore, step-slope shall be made for embankment side slope. The step- The proposed Ponte da Costa de Sol Intermediate Bridge is located at Costa de Sol in the north

slope ratio is among 1:1.75~1:2.25. At the same time, carry out slope protection and slope of Maputo and the costal road passes by the bridge site. At the north end of the bridge, a WE

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orientation road is connected with the costal road and this creates easy access. At the proposed width of water surface is about 45m. Water depth is 0.3m. During rise of tide, depth of water is 1.5m.
bridge, a built bridge is in service and to its west wrechakge of an early built bridge is located with The orientation of bridge axis is 30DEG. The elevation of ground is 2.0-4.5m. The bridge abutments
currently only about dozens of piers remaining. The bridge will have a span of 3×18m, an angle of on both banks are located at sandbank. There is an existing bridge in use at the proposed bridge site.
90DEG, a length of 61.2m, a width of 21.5m and a maximum height of 5.7m; it will be constructed in There is deserted bridge wreckage which is built long before on the west side. There are only dozens
an superstructure of pre-stress concrete hollow slab beams and supported by column piers and pile of piers left at present.
foundation and its abutment will be of the U-shaped type supported by pile foundation. 2) Formation lithology
According to the structure, scale and lithology of stratum on bridge site, multiple measures The field geological survey and mapping shows the upper part of exposed stratum lithology at
including drilling, in-situ test and geotechnical test were adopted for geological exploration, which the bridge site is artificial fill (Qml) mortar stone, medium sand of quaternary marine facies deposit
was completed from April 14 to April 18, 2012. The completed material workload is shown in Table (Qm) and calcareous concretion and crushed stone clay of pleistocene (Q 2). The pedestal rock is
5-1. sandstone of middle tertiary. Their distribution is shown in Horizontal and Vertical Section of Bridge
Completed quantities of work Table 5-1
Side Engineering and Geology.
Item Unit Qty. Remarks
According to the exposition by drilling, the rock and soil mass at the bridge site can be divided
Geological survey
km2 0.144 Scale 1:2000 into six layers from top to bottom, according to their cause of formation, lithology, sedimentary
and mapping
Wall protected with mud, all-hole order of stratum and physical and mechanical property. Their characteristics are shown as below:
Drill m/Nr. 70/2
coring
Undisturbed soil Layer① artificial fill (Qml) mortar stone: the upper part is 50cm thick concrete, the lower part is
Nr. 2
sample
Disturbed soil
mortar stone. The thickness of this layer is 3.2~3.5m. The layer is distributed at the bridge abutment
Nr.
sample
on the both banks.
Sand sample Nr. 1
Layer ②-1c medium sand of quaternary marine facies deposit (Qm) : grey, greenish grey, light
Rock sample Piece 1 greenish grey, medium dense, with conches. The quality of sand is pure. The sand with diameter less
Standard penetration than 0.075mm accounts for 3.67%, 0.075-0.25mm accounts for 27.8%,0.25-0.5mm accounts for
Times 10 N63.5
test
5.5.1.2 Engineering geological conditions 57.27%, 0.5-2.0mm accounts for 7.5%, and sand with diameter exceeding 2.0mm accounts for

1) Terrain and landform 3.77%. The thickness of the layer is 3.1m~3.6m.

In bridge site area, the landform unit is coastal sandbank landform. The orientation of sandbank Layer ③-2 Silty clay with crushed stone of quaternary pleistocene (Q2): yellowish green,

within the bridge site is almost S-N. The bridge site is the opening of coastal sand bank The east greyish green, hard plastic. The content of crushed stone accounts for about 15~20%, in angular

faces Indian Ocean. Therefore, the west side of the bridge site is seawater recharge area. Affected by shape, and is composed of sandstone and quartz granules, with diameter from 3mm to 20mm. There

sea tide, the bridge site experiences rise and fall of tide once every day. During the survey period, the are stone with diameter of 200mm in some places. The layer contains a few conches, a few fine sand

and humus. Thickness of the layer is 5.3m~7.0m.

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Layer ④-2a sandstone of tertiary (Tsa): strongly weathered, greyish yellow, greyish white, The fissure supply mainly comes from sea water, atmospheric precipitation and aquifer. The
calcareous concretion, sandy structure, medium thick layer structure, hard stone, and underdeveloped discharge mainly includes natural evaporation and side discharge.
fissure. The layer contains few conch fossil and round gravel with diameter from 2mm to 8mm, (4) Underground water level
which is mainly composed of quartz and a few igneous rocks. The layer develops a few dissolution During investigation, sea water rises and falls every day. It is measured that buried depth of
pores. Thickness of this layer is 3.4m~3.7m.
stable water depth of interstitial ground water is 0.5~1.5m.
Layer ④-2b sandstone of tertiary (Tsa): strongly weathered, greyish yellow, yellow, (5) Underground water quality
argillaceous concretion, sandy structure, medium thick layered structure. The stone is soft, can be
According to the water quality analysis results, the water quality type is Cl·SO 4—Na. PH value
crumbed by hand, and shall be classified into extremely soft sand. Part of the sandstone contains
is 7.64. Content of [SO42-] is 197.42mg/L. Content of [HCO3-] is 274.5mg/L. Content of [Cl] is
calcareous concretion. Fissure is underdeveloped. Thickness of the layer is 7.2~9.2m.
146.26 mg/L. Content of [Mg2+] is 0.17mg/L. Content of [Ca2+] is 8.88 mg/L. Content of [Na++K+]
Layer ④-2c sandstone of tertiary (Tsa): moderately weathered, greyish yellow, calcareous
is 179.0mg/L. Content of [NH4+] is 0.00 mg/L. Degree of mineralization is 1023mg/L.
concretion, sandy structure, medium-thick layered structure, soft stone, and underdeveloped fissure.
(6) Assessment of water corrosivity
The color of partial ZK2 drilling is fuchsia. The sandstone contains a few conch fossil and round
According to the related regulation of enclosure K in Code of Practice for Geological Survey of
gravel with diameter from 3mm to 70mm, which is mainly composed of quartz and a few igneous
Highway Engineering, carry out assessment on corrosivity of surface water and ground water.
rocks. A few dissolution pores is developed. Thickness of this layer is 8.3m ~ 12.5m, without
Regarding the proposed project, the foundation (including pile foundation) of structure faces the
thoroughly drill to the bottom.
sea directly, and shallow foundation is affected by wet-dry alternative action due to the variation of
3) Hydrogeological conditions
ground water level. According to table K. 0.3, the environment type of this field is type II.
(1) Surface water
According to the sampling of sea water at bridge site and nearby well (details are included in
Surface water at bridge area is seawater, with rise and fall of tide once every day. Difference of
Table 5-2), we conclude the underground water is weakly corrosive to the concrete structure, and is
water level during survey is less than 2m. Seawater flows to inland low-lying area during tide rising,
slightly corrosive to the reinforcement in the concrete, according to enclosure K in the above codes.
while it backflows to sea during tide falling.
The surface water is strongly corrosive to the reinforcement structure, and weakly corrosive to the
(2) Type of groundwater
reinforcement in the concrete.
The bridge site is close to sea. The tide rises and falls once every day. The underground water is

largely affected by sea water. According to the storage of ground water, storage and water-physical

property, the underground water type revealed in this survey is mainly interstitial ground water. The

ground water is mainly distributed in layer ②-④3.

(3) Supply, runoff and excretion condition of underground water

The variation of terrain in the field is small. The runoff of underground water is slow in general.

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There is no active seismic record within the project area, and there is no big destructive

Assessment Table for the Water Corrosivity to Concrete Structure and Reinforcement Table 5-2 earthquake occurs in the history in the project area. It belongs to a section with few seismic activities
Corrosivitytosteel and low earthquake magnitude. Vibration frequencies and period values measured actually at
Corrosivitytoconcretestructures
bars
national stadium of Mozambique are as follows: the horizontal vibration frequency at the east-west
Evaluati Total
- Aggressiv direction is 3.56Hz while the period is 0.281s; the horizontal vibration frequency at the south-north
on 2- HCO3- mineralizati 2+ NH4+ PH value Cl-
SO4 Mg
e CO2
standard on degree direction is 3.86Hz while the period is 0.259s; and the vibration frequency at the vertical direction of
and ground is 3.03Hz while the period is 0.330s. It is equivalent to the section of basic seismic intensity
(mg/L) (mmolg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
result
VI of Chinese Code. The design basic acceleration of ground motion shall take 0.05g into
Slightly
<300 >1 <20000 <2000 <500 >6.5 <15 <100 consideration; the characteristic period of ground motion response spectrum is 0.35S; and the
corrosive
Weakly seismic design group is I.
300-1500 0.5-1.0 20000-50000 2000-3000 5000-8000 5.0-6.5 15-30 100-500
corrosive (2) Liquefaction identification of saturated sandy soil of site
Medium 8000-
1500-3000 <0.5 50000-60000 3000-4000 4.0-5.0 30-60 500-5000 The site is designed as per the seismic fortification intensity VI; and the liquefaction effect of
corrosive 10000
the site may not be taken into consideration according to relevant provisions of Article 7.11.1 of
Strongly
>3000 - >60000 >4000 >10000 <4.0 >60 >5000
corrosive Code for Survey of Highway Engineering Geology of China (JTG C20-2011)and Article 4.3.1 of

Well Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011-2001).

Test water 197.42 4.5 1023 0.17 0.00 7.64 0.00 146.26
(3) Anti-seismic section
resul-
According to the geological condition for site engineering, the shallow soil layer has
ts Seaw
2606.4 2.0 41000 4459.8 0.00 8.01 0.00 19170
-ater unfavorable condition, and the bedrock in substructure is distributed evenly. After comprehensive

Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal consideration, the whole site is judged as an anti-seismic common section.
Well Minimal Minimal Slight
corrosive- corrosive- corrosive- corrosive- corrosivenes
water corrosiveness corrosiveness corrosiveness 5) Evaluation of stability and suitability of geological environment of site
Evalu ness ness ness ness s
The proposed bridge site belongs to coastal sandbank topographical unit, with uniform landform.
ation Moderately Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal
Seaw Weak Strong Weak
corrosive- corrosive- corrosive- corrosive- corrosivenes There is small variation of soil stratum in the vertical direction, and the horizontal distribution of soil
-ater corrosiveness corrosiveness corrosiveness
ness ness ness ness s is stable. There is no big unfavorable geological phenomenon which can affect the stability of the

project. Therefore, construction of this project is feasible on the site. From the perspective of

4) Field Seismic Effect geological structure and seismic activity analysis, the site belongs to the relatively stable area.

(1) Field Seismic Fortification Intensity, Subgroup of Design Basis for Seismic Acceleration Therefore, construction of this project is feasible on the site.
5.5.1.3 Physical and mechanical indicators of subsoil

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1) Main physical and mechanical nature indicators of soil mass Recommended values of rock-soil design parameters Table 5-4
Basic allowable
Frictional resistance standard
According to the Code of Design for the Foundation and Base of Highway Bridges and Culverts Stratum Rock-soil value of bearing
Status value of drilling (digging) piles
(JTG D63-2007), the standard penetration test blow count “N” is adopted to judge the compactness number name capacity [fao]
qik (KPa)
(KPa)
of sand and soil. Related results are as follows:
②-1c Medium sand Medium dense 250 50
②-1c , medium sand: N = 15-22, medium dense;
Clay with
③-2, clay with calcareous concretion: N = 15-26, hard plastic.
③-2 calcareous Hard plastic 400 65
2) Main physical and mechanical indicators of rock concretion

During the geological survey, one group of rock samples is taken. The mechanical nature of Calcareous
④-2a Strongly-weathered 800 160
sandstone
rock is shown in Table 5-3.
Mechanical Nature Statistics of Rock Table 5-3 Argillaceous
④-2b Strongly-weathered 350 70
sandstone
Saturated uniaxial
Stratum Sampling depth Calcareous
Borehole number Rock name compressive strength ④-2c Moderately-weathered 1000 200
number (m) sandstone
Rc(MPa)

Strongly weathered
I ZK2-Y1 ④-2a 14.2-14.5 7.9 2) Selection of bearing strata
calcareous sandstone
The following proposals are made according to the structure and load characteristics of bridge,

landform and topographic conditions of bridge site, stratum development characteristics, and
5.5.1.4 Recommendation of design parameters and selection of bearing strata
comprehensive analysis and comparison of engineering and geological features of rock and soil:
1) Recommendation of design parameters
During construction of the new bridge, the mortar stone of layer ① atthe bridge site will be
Recommended values of design parameters of physical and mechanical indicators of each
removed, and thus it can be not taken into consideration. The buried depth of sand in ②-1C is
foundation rock-soil mass at the bridge location shall be confirmed through looking up the table
shallow. The thickness and bearing capacity of the sand are small. Thus, the sand is not suitable for
according to the in-situ test, wild identification and regional experience, and Code of Practice for
use as foundation bearing strata. The thickness of clay with calcareous concretion in layer③-2 is
Design of Ground Base and Foundation of Highway Bridges and Culverts (JTG D63-2007). Refer to
small. The clay is uneven and has low bearing capacity, and thus is not suitable for use as foundation
Table 5-4.
bearing strata. The buried depth of strongly weathered sandstone of layer④-2a is small. The stone

stratum is relatively broken and uneven. The pedestal rock rises and falls in large scale. Thus, the

stone stratum is not suitable for use as bearing stratum of pile foundation. The strongly weathered

argillaceous sandstone of layer is a stratum with low bearing capacity, uneven and thin, and thus not

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suitable for use as bearing strata of pile foundation. The moderately weathered calcareous sandstone
5.5.2.2 Engineering geological conditions
of layer ④-2c is thick and complete with high bearing capacity, and thus suitable for use as the
1) Terrain and landform
bearing strata of pile foundation.
In bridge site area, the landform unit is flat and broad with alluvial plain landform and lower
5.5.2 Race Course Bridge relief. It has ground elevation of 1.30-2.60m. During rainy season, there will be many water logs,
5.5.2.1 Engineering profile and completed quantities of work and; during dry season, it will be kept dry. Its vegetation is mainly comprised of turf. The bridge
It’s proposed to build the Race Course Bridge in the south part of Maputo City. The bridge has
crosses the Race Course river, and crosses with the river at the degree of 45°. The river runs from
the starting-end stake number of II K4+570.5～II K4+605.5, central stake number II K4+588, length
northwest to southeast. During geological exploration, the river surface on bridge site has the width
of 35m, width 2×17.5m, and pore quantity and pore diameter of 3 pores ×10m. Its superstructure
of 18m, and water surface has the width of 18m. The river has vertical and steep bank. Due to the
adopts cast-in-situ reinforced concrete simple supporting rectangular beam; its substructure adopts
impact of rising tide and falling tide, the water depth of river reaches 0.30-1.50m.
column pier and pile foundation, and; the bridge abutment adopts buttressed platform and pile
2) Formation lithology
foundation.
Exposed lithology on bridge site is mainly comprised of mucky soil and moderate-fine sand of
According to the structure, scale and lithology of stratum on bridge site, multiple measures
marine sediment in Quaternary period (Qa). Its bedrock underground is comprised of calcareous
including geologic annotation, drilling, in-situ test, and geotechnical were adopted for geological
sandstone and argillaceous sandstone in middle tertiary period (TSa). Its distribution is described in
exploration, which was completed from March 21 to April 21, 2012. The completed material
the plan drawing and section for the engineering geology of bridge site.
workload is shown in Table 5-2.
According to the exposure by hole boring, the rock-soil body in bridge site area can be divided
Completed quantities of work Table 5-2
into seven layers from the upper part to the lower part according to the genesis, lithology, sequence
Item Unit Qty. Remarks
of stratum sediment, and physical and mechanical properties, which are as follows:
Geographic 2
km 0.134 Scale 1:2000
annotation Layer ②-2a (Qa) mucky silty clay of Holocene alluvial deposit of Quaternary period: It is
Wall protecting with mud, all-hole
Drill m/Nr. 60.50/2 greyish black, soft plastic, very wet, salinized, of high content of humus, and easy to stain the hand.
coring
Undisturbed soil It has static cone penetration Ps=0.45-1.39MPa and standard penetration test blow count N=3. The
Nr. 2
sample
Disturbed soil thickness of this layer reaches 1.00～2.00m.
Nr. 6
sample
Layer ②-2f (Qa) slight dense fine sand of Holocene alluvial deposit of Quaternary period: It is
Rock sample Piece 2
greyish yellow, greyish green, greyish white, and saturated with water. Content of 2-0.50mm grains
Standard penetration
Times 13 N63.5
test accounts for 8.61-24.66% of the total; content of 0.50-0.25mm grains accounts for 30.67-40.33% of
Dynamic penetration
test
m/time 0.40/2 N63.5 the total; content of 0.25-0.075mm grains accounts for 42.44-45.45% of the total, and; content of

grains less than 0.075mm accounts for 2.22-5.61% of the total. It has static cone penetration

Ps=2.89MPa and standard penetration test blow count N=8-14. Besides, it has buried depth of 1.0～
CHINA ROAD & BRIDGE -
Maputo Bypass JC-

2.00m and thickness of 9.80-10.80m. difference of water level during investigation is approximately 1m. Seawater flows to inland low-
Layer ③-2 (Q3) clay-with-race of pleistocene series of Quaternary period: It is greyish green lying area during tide rising, while it backflows to sea during tide falling.
and hard plastic. Its calcareous concretion has the diameter of 5-15cm. After weathering, it appears (2) Type of groundwater
greyish white. After pinching by hands, it will become powder. It has interlayer of sandstone and In the bridge site area, the Race Course River interconnects with sea water. Each day, there will
quartz gravel, which account for 40% of the total volume. It has buried depth of 11.80m and
be one rising tide and one falling tide. Affected by sea water, the ground water level rises and falls
thickness of 1.32-1.40m.
along with the tide. The ground water is categorized as pore water, which mainly occurs in Layer
Layer ④-2a1 (TSa) strong-weathered calcareous sandstone of middle tertiary period: It is
②-2f fine sand layer. During geological exploration, the stable buried depth of pore water is
greyish yellow with moderate-fine grain structure and thin-medium thick constitution. Mainly
measured to be 0.5-1.5m.
comprised of calcareous cementation, it has hard rock. Its 13.2～13.6m layer contains quartz gravel
(3) Quality of groundwater
with diameter of 2～8mm. Content of quartz gravel accounts for about 1～15% of the total. Its core
According to the analysis results of groundwater quality, the type of groundwater quality is
has the shape of 3～15cm column. It has buried depth of 13.20m and thickness of 5.50m.
categorized as Cl·SO4-Na. It has the PH value of 7.64; [SO 42-] content of 197.42mg/L; [HCO3-]
Layer ④-2a2 (TSa) strong-weathered argillaceous sandstone of middle tertiary period: It is
content of 274.5mg / L; [Cl -] content of 146.26mg/ L; [Mg 2+] content of 0.17mg/ L; [Ca 2+] content of
greyish green with fine grain structure and thin-medium thick constitution. It has argillaceous semi-
8.88mg/ L; [Na++K+] content of 179.0mg/ L; [NH4+] content of 0.00mg/ L, and; mineralization
cementation, and calcareous cementation in some parts. With extremely soft rock, its core has the
degree of 1023 mg/ L.
shape of loose sand or cylinder. It has buried depth of 18.70m and thickness of 9.10m.
(4) Evaluation of water corrosivity
Layer ④-2a3 (TSa) strong-weathered argillaceous sandstone of middle tertiary period: It is
According to related regulations specified in Appendix K of the Code of Geological
yellowish green with fine grain structure and thin-medium thick constitution. It combines the
Investigation for Highway Engineering (JTG C20-2011), corrosiveness evaluation of groundwater in
calcareous cementation argillaceous cementation. Its core has the shape of 5 ～11cm short column. It
bridge site area is shown in Table 5-3.
has buried depth of 27.80m and thickness of 2.70-10.80m.

Layer ④-2b (TSa) moderate-weathered sandstone of middle tertiary period: It is yellowish gray

with fine grain structure and medium thick constitution. It is mainly comprised of argillaceous

cementation. With soft rock, it has many fossilized creatures. Honeycomb holes can be founded on

the surface of core after erosion. The core has the shape of 10～25cm column. It has buried depth of

30.50m and thickness of 6.0-9.80m.

3) Hydrogeological conditions

(1) Surface water

Surface water at bridge area is seawater, the tide rises and falls once a day respectively,

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Evaluation of water corrosivity to concrete structures and steel bars Table 5-3 group
Corrosivity to
Corrosivity to concrete structures There are no recorded active earthquakes or heavy destructive earthquakes in history in the
steel bars
project area. It belongs to a section with few seismic activities and low earthquake magnitude.
Evaluati Total
Aggressive
on HCO3-- mineralizati NH4+ PH value Cl- Vibration frequencies and period values measured actually at national stadium of Mozambique are as
SO42- Mg2+
CO2
standard on degree follows: the vibration frequency at the horizontal east-west direction is 3.56Hz while the period is
and
(mg/L) (mmolg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.281s; the vibration frequency at the south-north direction is 3.86Hz while the period is 0.259s; and
result
the vibration frequency at the vertical ground direction is 3.03Hz while the period is 0.330s. It is
Slightly
<300 >1 <20000 <2000 <500 >6.5 <15 <100
corrosive equivalent to the section of basic seismic intensity VI of Chinese Code. The design basic

Weakly acceleration of ground motion shall take 0.05g into consideration; the characteristic period of ground
300-1500 0.5-1.0 20000-50000 2000-3000 5000-8000 5.0-6.5 15-30 100-500
corrosive
motion response spectrum is 0.35S; and the seismic design group is I.
Medium 8000-
1500-3000 <0.5 50000-60000 3000-4000 4.0-5.0 30-60 500-5000 (2) Liquefaction identification of saturated sandy soil of site
corrosive 10000
Strongly The site is designed as per the seismic fortification intensity VI; and the liquefaction effect of
>3000 - >60000 >4000 >10000 <4.0 >60 >5000
corrosive the site may not be taken into consideration according to relevant provisions of Article 7.11.1 of

Well Code for Survey of Highway Engineering Geology of China (JTG C20-2011)and Article 4.3.1 of
Test water 197.42 4.5 1023 0.17 0.00 7.64 0.00 146.26
Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011-2001).
resul-
ts Seaw (3) Anti-seismic section
2606.4 2.0 41000 4459.8 0.00 8.01 0.00 19170
-ater
According to the geological condition for site engineering, the shallow soil layer has
Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal
Well Minimal Minimal Minimal Slight unfavorable condition, and the bedrock in substructure is distributed evenly. After comprehensive
corrosive- corrosive- corrosive- corrosive-
water corrosiveness corrosiveness corrosiveness corrosiveness discrimination, the whole site is judged as a seismic section.
Evalu ness ness ness ness
ation Moderately Minimal Minimal Minimal 5) Evaluation of stability and suitability of geological environment of site
Seaw Weak Strong Minimal Slight
corrosive- corrosive- corrosive- corrosive- The proposed bridge site has flat landform. During rainy season, it has water logs on ground
-ater corrosiveness corrosiveness corrosiveness corrosiveness
ness ness ness ness
surface, and; during dry season, it is kept dry. Currently, the bank slopes along two sides of river are
According to the evaluation result, the ground water has minimal corrosiveness to concrete
stable. There are no unfavorable geological elements that affect the stability of project. Based on the
structure, and slight corrosiveness to reinforcement. Surface water has strong corrosiveness to
geological structure and seismic activity, the site is located at a relatively stable area. Therefore, the
concrete structure, and weak corrosiveness to reinforcement in concrete.
site can be adopted for project construction.
4) Seismic effect of site
5.5.2.3 Physical and mechanical indicators of subsoil
(1) Seismic fortification intensity of site, design basic acceleration of ground motion and design
1) Main physical and mechanical nature indicators of soil mass
CHINA ROAD & BRIDGE -
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According to the Code of Design for the Foundation and Base of Highway Bridges and Culverts Recommended values of rock-soil design parameters Table 5-5
(JTG D63-2007), the standard penetration test blow count “N” is adopted to judge the compactness Basic allowable
Frictional resistance standard
and status of sand and soil. Related results are as follows: Stratum Rock-soil value of bearing
Status value of drilling (digging) piles
number name capacity [fao]
②-2a mucky silty clay: N = 3, soft plastic; qik (KPa)
(KPa)
②-2f fine sand: N= 8-14, slight dense;
Mucky silty
②-2a Soft plastic 60 20
③-2 clay-with-race: N = 10-19, hard plastic. clay

2) Main physical and mechanical indicators of rock ②-2f Fine sand Slightly dense 130-160 30

During the geological exploration, two groups of rock samples are taken. The value is got by ③-2 Clay-with-race Hard plastic 300 60

comparing with similar geological environment and similar lithology. The physical and mechanical Calcareous
④-2a1 Strongly-weathered 800 160
sandstone
indexes of rock are shown in Table 5-4.
Argillaceous
Mechanical nature statistics of rock Table 5-4 ④-2a2 Strongly-weathered 350 70
sandstone

Saturated uniaxial Argillaceous

Stratum Sampling depth ④-2a3 Strongly-weathered 800 160
Borehole number Rock name compressive strength sandstone
number (m)
Rc(MPa) Calcareous
④-2b Moderately-weathered 1000 200
sandstone
II ZK2-Y3 Calcareous sandstone ④-2b 28-28.45 19.0
2) Type of foundation and Selection of bearing strata
II ZK9-Y1 Calcareous sandstone ④-2b 35.90-36.15 25.0
The following proposals are made according to the structure and load characteristics of bridge,
5.5.2.4 Recommendation of design parameters and selection of bearing strata landform and topographic conditions of bridge site, stratum development characteristics, and
1) Recommendation of design parameters
comprehensive analysis and comparison of geological features of geotechnical engineering:
Recommended values of design parameters of physical and mechanical indicators of each
In Layer ② and Layer ③ at the bridge site, the covering layers, which have higher thickness
subsoil rock-soil mass at the bridge location shall be confirmed through looking up the table as the
and lower bearing capacity, is not suitable to be taken as the bearing stratum for the abutment and
in-situ test, wild identification and regional experience, and Code for Design of Ground Base and pile foundation of bridge. The strong-weathered sandstone in Layer ④-2a has higher thickness,
Foundation of Highway Bridges and Culverts (JTG D63-2007). Refer to Table 5-5. lower strength, and lower bearing capacity. If Layer ④-2a is taken as the bearing stratum for the pile

foundation of bridge, the foundation with borehole friction pile shall better be selected. If the friction

file fails to meet the requirements for the bearing capacity of foundation, the TSa

moderate-weathered calcareous sandstone and argillaceous sandstone can be added to Layer ④-2b as
bearing stratum of pile foundation. Under such condition, the foundation with borehole end bearing

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pile shall better be selected. The penetration depth of pile tip into the bearing stratum shall reach to 3 Table for statistics of physical and mechanical test results of borrow pit soil Table 6-1
Direct shear
～5m under the roof of moderate-weathered layer, and shall meet the requirements for the bearing Quick shear (no
Natural (saturation
capacity of single pile. Natural Liquid Plastic Compressibility Compression treatment)
Numbering of water Void ratio condition)
density limit limit coefficient modulus
sample content Angle of Angle of
Cohes-ion internal Cohes-ion internal
and statistic item friction friction
6. Material and Water for Construction
w γ e WL WP α1-2 Es C φ C φ
6.1 Material for Construction % g/cm3 _ % % MPa-1 Mpa Kpa ° Kpa °
SO12081701 5.70 1.74 0.642 17.3 7.0 0.23 7.14 9 33 3 29
Soil for Line II-1 can be taken from borrow site 150m away from right side of Line IV at K2+500
SO12081702 6.50 1.76 0.711 17.5 7.2 0.26 6.51 8 33 2 29
and from borrow site 430m from right side of Line III at K5+350.
SO12081703 6.10 1.75 0.683 17.7 7.1 0.31 6.33 8 32 2 28
The borrow pit of Line IV is 150m to the right side of IV k2 +500. There is simple highway directly
N 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
connecting the borrow pit, and thus the traffic is convenient. Through the analysis from indoor test Max 6.50 1.66 0.71 17.70 7.20 0.31 7.14 9.00 33.00 3 29

on the three groups of undisturbed soil sample fetched on site, the lithology of the borrow pit is Min 5.70 1.65 0.64 17.30 7.00 0.23 6.33 8.00 32.00 2 28

Φm 6.10 1.66 0.68 17.50 7.10 0.27 6.66 8.33 32.67 2 29

arenosol, whose physical and mechanical property is shown in table 6-1. The maximum dry densities
σf 0.400 0.006 0.035 0.200 0.100 0.040 0.425 0.577 0.577
of the soil samples are 1.943g/ cm3, 1.952g/cm3, 2.003g/cm3 respectively, and the corresponding
δ 0.066 0.003 0.051 0.011 0.014 0.152 0.064 0.069 0.018
optimum water contents are 8.7%, 9.5% and 9.9% respectively. The CBR value meets the γs 0.901 0.995 0.923 0.983 0.979 0.772 0.904 0.896 0.973

requirements of highway regulations. Refer to Table 6-2 (CBR value required by highway ΦK 5.5 1.6 0.6 17.2 6.9 0.2 6.0 7.5 31.8 2 29

ΦK 5.5 1.6 0.6 17.2 6.9 0.2 6.0 7.5 31.8 2 29

regulations for upward road bed is no less than 8%. For downward road bed, the CBR is no less than

5%. For the upward embankment, it is no less than 4%. For the downward embankment, it is no less

than 3%.) . Table for statistics of CBR test results of borrow pit soil Table 6-2

Compactness %
The storage of the borrow pit is huge. The storage can be enlarged in the longitudinal and horizontal Statistic item Remarks
90% 94% 96% 98% 100%
direction, and can meet the requirements of the project.
SO12081701 31 35 40 50 61

The engineering classification of the borrow pit is grade-II common soil. The borrow pit is located at SO12081702 30 32 35 46 61

SO12081703 20 22 23 29 36
a downland on hillside, with broad terrain and smooth drainage of rainfall, and thus suitable for
N 3 3 3 3 3 2.54mm
mechanical exploration. Max 31 35 40 50.00 61.00
Min 20 22 23 29.00 36.00
Φm 27 30
Borrow pit of Line III is 430m away from the 33 41.67
right side of IIK5+350. 52.7
There is simple highway

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Maputo Bypass JC-

going through the borrow pit, and thus the traffic is convenient. Through the analysis from indoor Table for statistics of physical and mechanical test results of borrow pit soil Table 6-3
test on the three groups of undisturbed soil sample fetched on site, the lithology of the borrow pit is
Direct shear
Quick shear (no
arenosol, whose physical and mechanical property is shown in table 6-3. The soil for local road Natural (saturation
Natural Liquid Plastic Compressibility Compression treatment)
Numbering of water Void ratio condition)
construction are generally fetched from this borrow pit, and its soil quality can satisfy the density limit limit coefficient modulus
sample content Angle of Angle of
requirements of road construction. Cohes-ion internal Cohes-ion internal
and statistic item friction friction

The storage of the borrow pit is huge. The storage can be enlarged in the longitudinal and w γ e WL WP α1-2 Es C φ C φ
% g/cm3 _ % % MPa-1 Mpa Kpa ° Kpa °
horizontal direction, and can meet the requirements of the project.
Ⅲ-L1 5.50 1.74 0.63 15.0 5.6 0.67 2.43 7 33 2 29

The engineering classification of the borrow pit is grade-II common soil. The borrow pit is Ⅲ-L2 5.70 1.74 0.65 15.5 5.7 0.43 5.3 8 32 2 28

located at a downland on hillside, with broad terrain and smooth drainage of rainfall, and thus Ⅲ-L3 6.20 1.72 0.69 16.8 6.8 0.24 7.1 9 33 3 29

N 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
suitable for mechanical exploration.
Max 6.20 1.74 0.69 16.80 6.80 0.67 7.10 9.0 33.0 3 29

Min 5.50 1.72 0.63 15.00 5.60 0.24 2.43 7.0 32.0 2 28

Φm 5.80 1.73 0.66 15.77 6.03 0.45 4.94 8.0 32.67 2 29

σf 0.361 0.012 0.031 0.929 0.666 0.215 2.355 1.0 0.577 0.577 0.6

δ 0.062 0.007 0.047 0.059 0.110 0.482 0.476 0.125 0.018 0.247 0.0

γs 0.907 0.990 0.930 0.911 0.834 0.275 0.284 0.812 0.973 0.628 1.0

ΦK 5.3 1.7 0.6 14.4 5.0 0.1 1.4 6.5 31.8 2.0 29.0

6.2 Water for construction use

The area line II-1 belongs to alluvial flat area, and the elevation of ground is 1.4~2.9m ; After

survey, the conditions for supplying the water of construction are detailed as below :

1) Surface water

Brackish water on ground surface

There are several artificially excavated ditches along the line, which forms a well-developed

network and becomes the channel for sea water discharge to the inland depressions. Affected the sea

water discharge, there are a large area of marsh along the line, whose water quality is brackish water.

After analysis on the sampling (refer to attached table 1), the water quality of sea water (S4) on the

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ground surface is Cl-·SO42--Na+ type, which has slight corrosiveness to concrete, and has weak
15-48m is fine sandstone: greyish yellow, strongly weathered, containing lots of brackish water.
corrosiveness to steel structure. Therefore, it is not suitable for use in construction of the project.
48m-65m is greenish grey argillaceous silty sandstone, strongly weathered, which belongs to
2) Ground water
relative aquitard.

(1) Stagnant water in upper position

65-70m is greenish grey fine sandstone, strongly weathered, containing bed-rock fissure confined

There is one layer of interstitial ground water in the soil stratum above the sea water level, which is fresh water (slight salt).

mainly supplied by rainfall and discharged by evaporation or downward seepage. The stagnant water

in upper position has unstable water level, and small water volume. The local people collect the
7. Conclusions and Recommendations
stagnant water by sump, and use it as productive and domestic water. Because its water volume is
7.1 Conclusions
small, the stagnant water in upper position is not suitable for use in construction of the project.
1) After this geological exploration, the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions
(2) Coastal shallow well water
for the line is determined, and the exploration results and data meet the design requirements of shop
After investigation, the wells excavated by the local people along the line have depth of 2~3m,
drawing.
and are salt water well. The buried depth of water is 2m that is measured at II K1+200, and the
2) Line II-1 borders on the coastlines and has the topography of littoral deposit. With higher
hydrological relationship between well water and sea water is very close. After analysis on the
landform in its north but lower landform in its south, it is adjacent to the sea in the east and has
- 2-
samples （refer to attached table 1）, the water type of coastal well water (S3) is Cl ·SO4 －
gentle relief. The whole line can be divided into three different geographic regions, including the
+
Na ,which has slight corrosiveness to concrete structure, and has weak corrosiveness to
seaside sandbank region, alluvial plain region and inland dune platform region. It has simple
reinforcement in the concrete structure, and thus not suitable for use in the construction of the
geological structure and regional stability. The exposed stratum in the region is mainly comprised of
project.
quaternary stratum and tertiary stratum. Its structural features mainly have the direction of north and
(3) Deep well water along the line east. Because Polana fault is far from the line, it basically has no impact on project construction.

A mortor-pumped well is located at 12m away from the right side of II K7+343 for investigation. 3) Exposed lithology in Line II-1 is mainly comprised of thick sandy soil and cohesive soil of

The well has depth of 70m. The buried water depth is 65m. The pump output is 150 m 3/d. Water marine sediment in Quaternary period. Its bedrock underground, which is comprised of calcareous

quality is fresh water (slightly salt), which is the main water source for the domestic water of the sandstone and argillaceous sandstone in middle tertiary period, can be categorized as soft-extremely

local people. According to the local material, the aquifer is greenish grey fine sandstone. The rock soft rock. Soft and plastic mucky soil of Layer ②-2a is covered upon the bedrock. Such mucky soil

structure along the line can be divided from top to bottom as below: shall be replaced or consolidated to meet requirements for the design of foundation base. It’s

proposed to adopt friction pile for the foundation of bridge at the Race Course.
0-15m is fine sand: greenish grey, loose - slightly dense, containing lots of brackish water.
4) Surface water and ground water in the area are primarily bitter salty water,which areaffected

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by ocean tides,and are complementary to each other. Ground water is slightly corrossive to concrete

and weakly corrosive to steel structure.Surface seawater is strongly corrosive to concrete and weakly

corrosive to steel structure.

5) Basic allowable value for the recommended bearing capacity, standard frictional resistance

for various rock and soil layers of Line II-1 are determined according to the statistics table and

formulas of in-situ test, result of rock and soil sample test, lithology of stratum, characteristics of

structural combination, and the degree of weathering and crushing.

7.2 Recommendations

1) Layer ②-2a has thin slurry. It’s recommended to replace such soft soil layer, so as to
improve the bearing capacity of foundation.

2) Foundation for bridge abutment and platform shall be selected according to different

distribution of lithology, landform sections, and geotechnical conditions. In the Race Course bridge

site area, the covering layer which has higher thickness and lower bearing capacity, cannot be taken

as the bearing stratum for the foundation of bridge abutment and pile. Due to high buried depth of

underground bedrock, it’s better to adopt borehole friction pile for bridge foundation. If the friction

pile fails to meet the load requirements in superstructure, the TSa moderate-weathered calcareous

sandstone and argillaceous sandstone in Layer ④-2b can be adopted as bearing stratum for pile

foundation. Under such condition, the foundation with borehole end bearing pile shall better be

selected. The penetration depth of pile tip into the moderate-weathered bedrock shall not be less than

3～5m and shall meet the requirements for the load of superstructure.

CHINA ROAD & BRIDGE -

 1
10

Qml

Qm

Qa

Qi

Q3

Q2

Fine sand

TPv

** bridge
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
 ⅡCPT3
① ⅡK4+221

②-1

②-2

②-3

③-1

③-2

④-1

④-2

④-3

ⅡZK11
ⅡK1+350
 45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0 ②-2a

②-2e
②-2e
-5
②-2g ②-2g
-10

③-2
-15
TSa ④-2a

-20

-25

-30

-35
 45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5
②-2a

②-2e
0

②-2g
-5

-10 ③-2

-15 TSa ④-2a

-20

-25

-30

-35
 45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5
②-2a

0 ②-2e

②-2g
-5

-10 ③-2

TSa ④-2a
-15

-20

-25

-30

-35
Elevation（m）

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

-5

-10

-15 TSa

-20
TSa
-25

-30

-35
 45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5
②-2a ②-2a
0 ②-2e
②-2e

-5 ②-2g

②-2g

-10 ③-2 ③-2

-15 ④-2a

TSa ④-2a

-20
④-2b
-25

-30
TSa ④-2b

-35
 45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5
②-2b

②-2b ②-2e
0
②-2g

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35
Elevation（m）

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5
②-2b

②-2e
0
②-2g

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35
Elevation（m）

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10
②-2b
5
②-2e

②-2g
0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35
Elevation（m）

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5 ②-2b

②-2e

0
②-2g

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35
Elevation（m）

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5
②-2b

0 ②-2e

②-2g

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35
 31°

高程（m）

25

20

15
ⅡZK1-1 ⅡZK1-2
10

5
人工填土
人工填土 ① Qml
①
0
Z Z
-5 Qm ②-1c

Q2 ③-2
-10

TSa ④-2a Calcareous

-15 sandstone

-20 ④- Argillaceous
TSa
2b sandstone

-25
TSa Calcareous
-30 ④- sandstone
2c

-35

-40

-45
 10°

25

20

15

10

5
②-2a
0

Qa
-5 ②-2f

-10 ③-2

④-2a1
-15
TSa

-20 ④-2a2

-25
TSa
④-2a3
-30

-35 ④-2b

-40

-45
 Qml ① 0.70 0.70 1.95 100
②-2a 1.00 0.30 1.65 100 ●
T1 0.70-1.0 60 20
▼ 3 1.2-1.50

x
●▼
T2 3.3-3.50 11 3.2-3.50

T3 5.3-5.50 11 5.2-5.50
●▼

x T4 7.3-7.50 10 7.2-7.50

●▼
T5 9.3-9.50 14 9.2-9.50

●▼

●▼ T6 11.3-11.50 10 11.2-11.50
Qa ②-2f 11.80 10.80 -9.15 83 160 30

Q2 ③2
13.20 13.20 -10.55 86 ▼ 13-13.30 300 60

④-2a1 18.70 -16.05 87 800 160

5.50

25-25.17

④-2a2 27.80 -25.15 89 350 70

9.10

④-2a3 30.50 -27.85 88 800 160

2.70

■ Y1 35.9-36.15

TSa ④-2b 40.30 -37.65 84 1000 200

9.80
 Ps [fao] μ 1:100 Ps [fao] μ 1:100
(MPa) (KPa) Ps 3 6 (MPa) (KPa) Ps 3 6 9(MPa)
9(MPa)
②-2a 0.6 0.6 0.45 55 0.25 ②-2a 0.5 0.5 0.91 0.91 0.25

x ②-2e 2.4 1.9 3.83 0.32 x

②-2e 2.6 2.0 5.16 153 0.32 127

②-2g 3.0 0.6 6.85 0.32 x

187
 Ps [fao] μ 1:100 Ps [fao] μ 1:100
Ps 3 6 (MPa) (KPa) Ps 3 6 9(MPa)
(MPa) (KPa)
0.4 0.4 0.44 9(MPa)
②-2a 55 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.64 77 0.25
0.7 0.3 1.74 85 0.32 x ②-2a
1.1 0.6 1.54 81 0.32 x

②-2e 3.0 2.3 5.05 x

151 0.32 ②-2e 3.0 1.9 4.45 0.32 x
139
 Ps [fao] μ 1:100 Ps [fao] μ 1:100
(MPa) (KPa) Ps 3 6 (MPa) (KPa) Ps 3 6 9(MPa)
9(MPa)
0.7 0.7 0.31 40 0.25 ②-2a 0.6 0.6 0.49 60 0.25
②-2a 1.2 0.5 2.98 110 0.32 x ②-2b 1.3 0.7 1.27 75 0.32 x
1.7 0.5 0.42 52 0.25
②-2e 3.0 1.7 4.8 0.32 x
②-2b 3.0 1.3 4.31 0.32 x 146
136
 Ps [fao] μ 1:100 Ps [fao] μ 1:100
(MPa) (KPa) Ps 3 6 (MPa) (KPa) Ps 3 6 9(MPa)
9(MPa)
②-2b 0.6 0.6 1.45 79 0.32 x ②-2a 0.7 0.7 1.43 79 0.32 x

②-2e 3.0 2.4 3.16 0.32 x

113
②-2e 4.1 3.4 3.13 113 0.32 x
 Ps [fao] μ 1:100 Ps [fao] μ 1:100
(MPa) (KPa) Ps 3 6 (MPa) (KPa) Ps 3 6 9(MPa)
②-2b 0.2 0.2 1.61 82 0.32 x 9(MPa)
②-2b 0.7 0.7 1.57 81 0.32 x

②-2b 3.0 2.8 4.25 135 0.32

②-2e 3.0 2.3 4.53 x
141 0.32

x
 Ps [fao] μ 1:100
(MPa) (KPa) Ps 3 6 9(MPa)
②-2b 0.6 0.6 1.45 79 0.32 x

②-2e 3.0 2.4 3.72 0.32 x

124
 Grain composition %（mm) Fast shear test 1
4
Compr
Natural Natural Dry Compr ession Free
Dry Natural Saturat Liquid Plastic Plastic Angle expans-
Sam water capacit bulk Liqui
essibilit modu- Cohes-
Second

review Boring No. unit void i on limit limit i ty of

- ple Sampling 63 20 5 2 0.5 0.25 content y densit d ion Soil sample name
< weigh ratio % % % index y MPa- lus ion internal
No. depth >63 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ % KN/m y3 index ratio
-

0.075 tG e Sr WL Wp Ip 1
Mpa Kpa friction
20 0. 0.25 0.07 w ρ KN/m3 IL Fs (%)
α0.1-0.2 Es 0.1- C °
5 2 5 5 γd
0.2 φ

ⅡCPT13 201 0.9-1.2 Medium sand

review

1.27 31.83 45.42 20.5 0.95

First-

4
ⅡCPT14 202 0.9-1.2 0 12.72 73.65 13.2 0.3 Medium sand
7 7
ⅡCPT15 203 0.9-1.2 0 24.40 73.65 1.95 0.00 Medium sand
ⅡCPT16 204 0.9-1.2 0 8.89 36.32 48.5 6.28 Fine sand
1
ⅡCPT18 205 0.9-1.2 0 9.43 30.10 57.3 3.1 Fine sand
1 6
check

ⅡCPT19 206 0.9-1.2 0 8.14 29.07 60.2 2.55 Fine sand

Re-

4
ⅡCPT20 207 0.9-1.2 0 7.01 26.21 63.6 3.0 Fine sand
9 9
ⅡCPT21 208 0.9-1.2 0 9.58 33.95 54.3 2.15 Fine sand
3
ⅡZK9-2 209 3.3-3.5 0 24.66 30.67 42.4 2.22 Medium sand
4
ⅡZK9-3 210 5.3-5.5 0 8.61 40.33 45.4 5.61 Fine sand
5
Design

ⅡZK9-4 211 7.3-7.5 0 9.69 24.95 58.8 6.55 Fine sand

1
ⅡZK9-5 212 9.3-9.5 0 8.03 14.40 73.0 4.48 Fine sand
8
ⅡZK9-6 213 11.3-11.5 0 17.01 23.62 53.9 5.41 Fine sand
6
ⅡZK10-1 214 3.1-3.4 0 2.28 41.87 54.1 1.68 Fine sand
7
ⅡZK10-2 215 5.2-5.5 0 32.15 44.87 20.7 2.26 Medium sand
2
ⅡZK10-3 216 6.8-7 0 58.93 29.09 9.96 2.01 Coarse sand
ⅡZK11-1 217 1.2-1.5 0 19.74 59.06 19.8 1.34 Medium sand
5
ⅡZK11-2 218 3.2-3.5 0 13.69 51.00 33.4 1.85 Medium sand
6
ⅡZK11-3 219 5.2-5.5 0 36.14 50.51 11.0 2.31 Medium sand
4
ⅡZK11-5 220 8.4-8.7 4.35 10.04 14.63 64.6 6.37 Fine sand
1
 REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE Empresa de Drawing
MINISTÉRIO DAS OBRAS PÚBLICAS E HABITAÇÃO
China Road and Bridge Corporation Maputo bypass project Ground Water Test Results List JC-1-7 Date FEB,2014
Desenvolvimento de NO.
Maputo Sul, E.P.
 Sam- Sampling 2
Particle composition %（mm) Fast shear test
4
Compr Compr Conso Perme
Natura Natural Dry
Dry Natural Saturat Liquid Plasti Plastic ession Angle l a
l water capacit bulk Liquid essibili
idati bilit
Second

review Boring No. unit void i on limit c limit i ty modu- Cohes- of

ple 63 20 5 2 0.5 0.25 content y density index t y Soil sample name
< weigh ratio % % % index
I lus ion internal o n y
>63 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ % KN/m KN/m
3 3 L MPa -
coeff coeff
-

0.075 tG e Sr WL Wp Ip Mpa Kpa friction

20 0. 0.25 0.07 w ρ γd 1 i i
Es 0.1- C ° cient cient
5 2 5 5 α0.1-0.2 0.2 φ ×10- ×10-8
No. depth 4
cm/s
First-

ⅡZK1-1 221 0.8-1.0 Clay

revie

34 15 19
w

ⅡZK2-1 222 0.7-0.9 34 16 18 Clay

ⅡZK4-1 223 12.3-12.5 14.8 27.7 27 13 14 Silty clay
ⅡZK7-1 224 3.7-3.9 14.7 27.7 32 14 18 Clay
ⅡZK9-1 225 0.7-1.0 20.9 27.7 44 18 26 Clay
Re-
chec

ⅡZK11-4 226 7.9-8.1 21.2 20.3 16.80 2.75 0.65 90 38 15 23 0.3 0.12 13.8 14 28 7.8 1.8 Clay
k
Design

REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE Empresa de Ground Water Test Results Drawing

MINISTÉRIO DAS OBRAS PÚBLICAS E HABITAÇÃO
China Road and Bridge Corporation Maputo bypass project JC-1-7 Date FEB,2014
Desenvolvimento de List NO.
Maputo Sul, E.P.
 3
4
Second- Rock Mechanic Test Results List
review
Sample depth Uniaxial saturated and
Hole No. Sample No. Remarks
（m） compressive strength（MPa）
ⅡZK-1-2 ⅡZK1-2-Y1 14.20-14.50 7.9 Sandstone
ⅡZK2 ⅡZK2-Y1 28.00-28.45 19.0 Sandstone
ⅡZK9 ⅡZK9-Y1 35.90-36.15 25.0 Sandstone
review
First-

ⅢZK6 ⅢZK6-Y1 38.70-39.00 111.4 Sandstone

ⅣZK3 ⅣZK3-Y1 37.80-38.30 3.0 Sandstone
ⅣZK4 ⅣZK4-Y2 39.50-39.80 2.4 Sandstone
ⅤZK3 ⅤZK3-Y1 33.00-33.20 53.0 Sandstone
check
Re-

ⅤZK5 ⅤZK5-Y1 29.20-29.50 3.8 Sandstone

ⅤZK6 ⅤZK6-Y1 35.20-35.50 3.2 Sandstone
ⅥZK5 ⅥZK5-Y1 23.30-24.00 5.0 Argillaceous sandstone
ⅥZK3 ⅥZK3-Y1 11.70-11.90 3.0 Sandstone
Design

ⅥZK6 ⅥZK6-Y2 41.65-41.90 3.0 Argillaceous sandstone

ⅥZK8 ⅥZK8-Y1 14.00-14.25 24.0 Sandstone
ⅥZK9 ⅥZK9-Y1 22.00-22.30 15.0 Sandstone
ⅥZK13 ⅥZK13-Y1 34.60-34.85 25.0 Mudstone
ⅥZK14 ⅥZK14-Y1 23.30-23.50 15.0 Sandstone
ⅥZK19 ⅥZK19-Y9 15.8-16.0 0.6 Sandstone
ⅥZK20-Y2 9.50-9.70 1.5 Sandstone
ⅥZK20-Y3 9.70-9.90 1.2 Sandstone
ⅥZK20 ⅥZK20-Y4 14.8-15.15 1.4 Sandstone
ⅥZK20-Y5 18.5-18.8 2.2 Sandstone
ⅥZK20-Y6 22.0-22.3 1.8 Sandstone
WZK5 WZK5-Y1 32.50-33.00 60.8 Sandstone

REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE
Empresa de Drawing
MINISTÉRIO DAS OBRAS PÚBLICAS E China Road and Bridge Maputo bypass Ground water test results JC-1-7 Date FEB,2014
HABITAÇÃO Desenvolvimento de Corporation list NO.
project
Maputo Sul, E.P.
 4
4
Second-
review

List of results of water sample test

review
First-

Corrodibilit HCO3-
Water sample SO4
2- Cl- Ca
2＋
Mg
2＋
K
＋ Na＋ Total
Sampling location PH （mg/l） （mg/l） y CO2
number （mg/l） （mg/l） （mg/l） （mg/l） （mmol/l） salinity
（mg/l）

Inland dune well water S1 7.64 12.65 4.26 5.64 1.09 8.3 105.2 17.9 1.05 387
check
Re-

Line-V infulene river S2 7.45 15.23 9.94 1.56 1.43 9.7 133.4 <1 1.85 480
water
Coastal well water S3 7.64 197.42 146.26 8.88 0.17 13.2 165.8 <1 4.5 1023
Seawater S4 8.01 2606.4 19170 61.4 4459.8 399 10770 <1 2.0 41000
Design

REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE Empresa de

MINISTÉRIO DAS OBRAS PÚBLICAS E China Road and Bridge Maputo bypass Ground water test results Drawing NO. JC-1-7 Date FEB,2014
Desenvolvimento de Corporation project list
HABITAÇÃO
Maputo Sul, E.P.
Hydrological analysis report
Maputo Bypass JC

Analysis Report for Hydrology of Line Ⅱ-1

1 The basis for hydrological anal ysi s of bridge and culvert For the water system map and depressions along the line, see the enclosure Water System Drawing
along Line II-1.
(1) Related codes, regulations and standards of hydrological calculation
①TRH25 Guidelines for the Hydraulic Design and Maintenance of River Crossing
②SATCC Code of Practice for the Design of Road Bridges and Culverts 3. Design flood (tidal) water frequency of bridges and culverts along the line
③Code of Pratice for Hydrological Investigation and Design for Highway Engineering (JTG According to Feasibility Study Report of Maputo Bypass Project, Technical Standard of Highway
C30-2002) Engineering (JTG B01-2003) and Code of Practice for Hydrological Investigation and Design of
④Standard of Engineering Technology of Highway (JTG b01-2003) Highway Engineering (JTG C30-2002), the design flood frequency of bridge and culvert structures of
⑤General Codes of Bridge and Culvert Design for Highway (JTG D60-2004) the Project is shown below:
⑥Code of Practice for Foundation and Base Design of Highway Bridge and Culvert (JTG
D63-2007)
Design Flood Frequency of Bridge and Culvert along the Line
⑦Decreto Lei n°30/2003 de 1 Julho,《Regulamento dos Sistemas Públicos de Distribuição de
Água e de Drenagem de Águas Residuais》, República de Moçambique
Design flood frequency
(2) Related files, guidance and opinion book Structure of bridges and culverts Remarks
①TABELA DE MARES-2012 ADO-XXVI along the line
②Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Calamidades
Super-large bridge 1/300
③On-site Investigation material in construction map design of Maputo bypass project
④The feasibility study report of Maputo bypass project Large and medium
1/100
⑤Books on hydrological analysis bridge
⑥Observation information of historical tide of Maputo port
Small bridge 1/100
⑦Historical weather material of Maputo city
⑧Limpopo Basin Digital Atlas Culvert and small
1/50
drainage structure

2. Water system of bridge site

Line II-1 is close to the seashore line and belongs to seashore alluvial landform. The west of the
4. Collection of Hydrological Data and Field Survey along the line
area is high and the east is low. The terrain rises and falls greatly. The entire line can be divided into
three different terrain regions, namely coastal sand dam area, alluvial plain area, and inland dune 4.1 Data collection
platform area. The hydrological data have been collected carefully during construction drawing design and field
There are many man-made water ditches along Line II-1, which are the passageway for sea water to survey period and are summarized below:
backfill the inland depressions. Affected by the backfill of seawater, there are ponding depressions near
1） Observation information on the historical tide water of Porto de Maputo
the alluvial plain. The water quality is brackish water. 2） Historical weather data of Maputo City
China Road & Bridge Corporation -1-
 Maputo Bypass JC

3） TABELA DE MARES-2012 ADO-XXVI 5. Hydrological analysis for culverts along the line
4） Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Calamidades
5.1 Design flow of culvert
5） Limpopo Basin Digital Atlas
According to the relative regulations of Regulamento dos Sistemas Públicos de Distribuição de Água e
4.2 Field Investigation
de Drenagem de Águas Residuais, the design flow is obtained from the following relationship:
At the stage of field survey, the engineering technical personnel has performed the field survey Q=CIA/3.6
along the entire line and research the conditions of existing highway bridge culvert structure and damage where: Q = the design flow for flood peak(m3/s);
of bridge and culvert by means of engineering photography and camera shooting. According to the C = run-off coefficient (dimensionless), the value obtained from Regulamento dos
results of collected materials during the on-site survey, the entire line is located at flooded areas with Sistemas Públicos de Distribuição de Água e de Drenagem de Águas Residuais;
insufficient drainage facilities of the existing road, huge collected water flow in the upstream and I = average rainfall intensity over catchments (mm/hour);
relatively lower terrain. The details are as following: A = effective area of catchments (km2);
3.6 = conversion factor;
Simplified Table of Depressions According to the relative regulations of Regulamento dos Sistemas Públicos de Distribuição de Água e
Description of the de Drenagem de Águas Residuais,,the run-off coefficient (I) is given in the following equation:
Serial
Depressions Situation of the Old Existing Problems Drawing I(mm/hour)=a×t(min)b
Number
Road where: a = 1140.35 (constant);
1. Line II-1 b = -0.568 (constant);
Sandy soil road t = time of concentration (min);
surface. The old road is
According to the relative regulations of DIMENSIONAMENTO HIDROLÓGICO E HIDRÁULICO DE
relatively higher than the
depressions at both sides. PASSAGENS INFERIORES RODOVIÁRIAS PARA ÁGUAS PLUVIAIS and Temez Manual de drenagem
There is marshland
However, generally superficial em vias de comunicação, the concentration time is taken as integer(rounding) of the lesser
on the both sides. It
speaking, this line is
belongs to typical plain of:
located at low areas. The
alluvial topography. (1) t=240×(AL/∆h)1/2
subgrade and depressions
Ponding occurs when
ⅡK4+424.28 on the both sides are where: t = time of concentration (min)
seawater backfills. The
1 ～ salinized because of the A = effective area of catchments (km2);
subgrade is eroded by
K4+724.28 impaction by backfill of
seawater. The subgrade L= hydraulic length of catchment, measured along flow path from the catchment
tide. The condition of
of existing road is boundary to the point where the flood needs to be determined (km);
pavement is poor, without
submerged by water
drainage system. The road ∆h= the height difference between the lowest and highest of flow path (m);
according to the flood 0.25 0.76
(2) surface is silt in partial t = 0.3×(L/J ×60
mark investigation.
areas, and has subsidence )
and ponding water. The
where: t = as defined above;
old subgrade is damaged
L = = as defined above;
seriously by the water.
J = slope of the catchment (m/m);
(3) t=1.115×L0.95/∆h0.19 ×60
where: t、L and ∆h are as defined above.

China Road & Bridge -

 Maputo Bypass JC

5.2 Drainage capacity of culvert

1998 80.3 964.5 197.8 8-Jan
The drainage capacity of culvert is calculated by the Manning equation: 1999 92.1 1105.2 124.5 26-Oct
2000 141.2 1694.4 336.8 7-Feb
Q=nA5/3S1/2 /P2/3
2001 70.5 846.3 94.4 17-Nov
Where: Q is the discharge that could be accommodated over the structure 2002 32.1 385.5 73.2 19-Jan
(m3/s); n is 75 for concrete deck; 2003 29.5 354.1 34.6 5-Jun
A is area of cross section of culvert (m2); 2004 71.7 860.6 83.7 26-Feb
2005 44.5 534.9 55.3 22-Feb
S is a slope in direction of flow (m/m);
2006 76.3 915.6 163.4 27-Jan
P is wetted perimeter (m); 2007 67.1 805.4 95 27-Dec
Parameter selection during calculation and the calculation result of flow and aperture of culvert can 2008 52.7 632.8 86.6 29-Dec
be found in appendix List of Hydrological Calculation Result for the Culverts along the Line. 2009 75.5 906.02 350.8 4-Feb
2010 80.4 965.5 113.9 8-Apr
6. Hydrological analysis of the depressions along the line 2011 65.2 781.9 77.4 28-Mar

6.1 Calculation of maximum rainfall capacity of 24 hours in Maputo in 100-

2) Sort by the annual maximum rainfall capacity of 24 hour in table 7-1, and calculate the
year recurrence interval
empirical frequency, which can be seen in table 7-2.
1) Rainfall data from 1981 to 2011 collected by Maputo weather station can be found in table 7- Table 7-2
1. Annual rainfall data (mm) Table 7-1 Max/Year
Average Total Max/Year No. Year (In 24h) Frequence( %)
Year (Annual) (Annual) (In 24h) Date (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) 1 2009 350.8 3.13
1981 98.5 1182.4 136.3 22-Jan 2 2000 336.8 6.25
1982 37.5 449.9 138.4 6-Feb 3 1984 290.1 9.38
1983 54.4 652.2 54.3 15-Jan 4 1998 197.8 12.50
1984 105.1 1261.3 290.1 24-Mar 5 2006 163.4 15.63
1985 79.9 958.8 91.7 11-Feb 6 1996 150.6 18.75
7 1982 138.4 21.88
1986 40.4 484.7 38.6 3-Dec
8 1981 136.3 25.00
1987 46.5 557.4 69.2 25-Jan
9 1992 134 28.13
1988 46.5 611.8 65.9 4-Mar
10 1999 124.5 31.25
1989 50.9 697.1 78 15-Dec
11 2010 113.9 34.38
1990 73.4 881.2 112.6 29-Jan
12 1990 112.6 37.50
1991 48.8 586.5 59.6 8-Feb
13 1997 111.3 40.63
1992 45.1 541.5 134 13-Dec
14 1995 105.3 43.75
1993 64.3 771.7 88.5 8-Feb
15 2007 95 46.88
1994 38.2 458.1 61.2 4-Jan
16 2001 94.4 50.00
1995 53.4 640.9 105.3 31-Jan
17 1985 91.7 53.13
1996 74.5 894.3 150.6 24-Feb
18 1993 88.5 56.25
1997 84.1 1009.7 111.3 12-Nov

China Road & Bridge -

 Maputo Bypass JC

19 2008 86.6 59.38 Q1% = A F Id

20 2004 83.7 62.50
Where: Q1% — the water-collecting capacity of depression (m3) during the 24-hour maximum
21 1989 78 65.63
22 2011 77.4 68.75
rainfall in 100-year interval;
23 2002 73.2 71.88 F — Design river basin area (m2);
24 1987 69.2 75.00 Id — The 24-hour maximum rainfall height in 100-year recurrence interval takes 0.365m;
25 1988 65.9 78.13
A— Soil runoff coefficient of depression.
26 1994 61.2 81.25
27 1991 59.6 84.38 6.3 Calculation of ponding depth of depression
28 2005 55.3 87.50
29 1983 54.3 90.63
See the depression as a wedge approximately, and draw the base area of the wedge through 1:10000
30 1986 38.6 93.75 topographical map, with reference to 1:2000 topographical map and google topographical map. Propose
31 2003 34.6 96.88 the ponding depth of depression, and confirm the top area of the wedge. Then try to calculate the water-
3) Use Gumbell curve to analyze the frequency distribution curve of collecting capacity of depression:
the maximum rainfall
1
capacity of 24 hours, which can be seen in drawing 7-1: V  h(A A  A A )

Drawing 7-1 3
B T B T

Where:

Frequency Analysis Curve of 24-hour Rainfall

V — Water-collecting capacity of depression (m3);
Annual maximum rainfall capacity of 24 hours
AB — The base area of the wedge of depression (m2);
-------- Ex:118.48; Cv:0.66; Cs/Cv:1.72
AT — Top area of the wedge of depression (m2);
h — Collected water depth of depression (m)
Rainfall capacity of 24 hours (mm)

The collected water depth of depression can be confirmed by V= Q1%, so

Control elevation of subgrade of depression = elevation of bottom surface of depression + h
Parameter selection in calculation and calculation results can be found in List of Hydrological
Calculation Results of Depressions along the Line.

7. Appendix of hydrological analysis results

 1) List of Hydrological Calculation Results of Culverts along the Line (one page in total)
 2) List of Hydrological Calculation Results of Depression along the Line (one page in total)
Frequency (%)
Hydrological toolkit （）  3) Water System Map along the Line II-1(one page in total)
According to the above curve, the maximum 24-hour maximum rainfall height in 100-year
 4) Catchment area of this project (two page in total)
recurrence interval is 365 mm.

6.2 Calculation of water-collecting capacity of depression

Consider the rainfall, soil water seepage and other factors, and calculate the maximum water-
collecting capacity of depression:

China Road & Bridge -

 List of Hydrological Calculation Results of Culverts along Line II-1
Maputo Bypass Project JC2 Page 1/1
Serial Station No. of Type of Catchment Flow Height Slope Size of Flow Roughness Hydraulic Slope of Design
Tchoras Ventura Temez Valor I（50a） I（100a） Coef.Esc Q(50a) Q(100a) Remarks
No. culverts structure area distance difference ratio culvert section coef.of concrete radius culvert discharge
ha km m % h min min min mm/h mm/h m3/s m3/s (m) m2 m m/m m3/s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Line II-1

1 ⅡK2+300 Box culvert 18.92 0.73 4.0 0.5 0.64 44.6 38.1 38.0 125.6 144.5 0.22 1.5 1.7 1-1×1 1 75 0.333333 0.00579 2.7

2 ⅡK5+261 Box culvert 60.67 1.00 1.0 0.1 1.12 186.9 66.9 66.0 91.3 105.6 0.22 3.4 3.9 1-2×1 2 75 0.5 0.003 5.2

3 ⅡK7+933 Box culvert 3.35 0.20 1.0 0.5 0.24 19.6 14.5 14.0 223.6 254.7 0.22 0.5 0.5 1-1×1 1 75 0.333333 0.0051 2.6

Calculated by:
Reviewed by: Primarily checked by: Rechecked by:
 List of Hydrological Calculation Results of Depression along the Line
Maputo Bypass project JC-2 Page 1/1

Trial Trial Trial Trial

The daily Water-collecting Trial Design
Water- Water- culculation of calculation of calculation calculatio
Runoff maximum capacity of calculation water
Serial Stake No. collecting area Types of the top soil in absorbin base area of the elevation of elevation n of
coeffic rainfall capacity depression in of top area level of Area affected by the line Remarks
No. of of depression the water-collecting area g types depression of bottom of top area of volume of
i ent in 100- year 100- year of subgrad
depression F of soil （m 2
） surface of depression depression
recurrence recurrence depression e (m)
（Km2） depression （m） （m2）
interval(mm) interval(m3) (m2）
（m）
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1) Line II-1
Fine sand and muddy
1 ⅡK4+574 1.64 Ⅲ、Ⅵ 0.4 365 239440 65650 1.7 277700 3.23 243970 3.23 ⅡK4+424.28～
silty sandy soil
Ⅱ K4+724.28

Calculated by: Reviewed by: Primarily checked by: Rechecked by: