SARIP R.

MACASARI PR-2
ND
12-PRESTIGIOUS 2 QUARTER
HUMSS

1. Predictor variable or group of subjects that cannot be manipulated by the experimenter:

Independent variable.
2. Focuses on verifiable observation as opposed to theory or logic: Empirical research.
3. Uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a sense of behavior with intense
precision: Survey research.
4. Tests for the relationships between two variables: Correlational research.
5. Conducted in order to explain a noticed occurrence. In correlational research, the survey is
conducted on a minimum of two groups: Descriptive research.
6. This research method involves the discretion, recognition, analysis, and interpretation of
conditions that currently exist: Descriptive research.
7. Examines patterns of similarities and differences across a moderate number of cases:
Comparative research.
8. Though questions may be posed in the other forms of research, experimental research is guided
specifically by a hypothesis. Sometimes experimental research can have several hypotheses:
Experimental research.
9. It is a statement to be proven or disproved. Once that statement is made, experiments are
begun to find out whether the statement is true or not: Hypothesis.
10. This research can be exciting and highly informative: Experimental research.
11. This research design that can establish cause and effect relationships: Experimental research.
12. The extent to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure and performs as it
is designed to perform: Reliability.
13. Refers to the appropriateness of the content of an instrument: Validity.

Relating Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are fundamental concepts in measurement and assessment. Reliability
refers to the consistency and stability of measurement over time and across different situations.
Validity, on the other hand, refers to the extent to which a test or instrument measures what it is
intended to measure and the appropriateness of the inferences or decisions based on the results.

The relationship between reliability and validity is crucial. A measure can be reliable without being valid.
For example, the SAT is often considered a reliable test because individuals tend to score consistently on
it over time. However, its validity as a predictor of success in college is not as strong due to various
factors such as socioeconomic background and other non-academic influences.

Validity is generally considered more important than reliability. Even if a measure is reliable, if it lacks
validity, it may not accurately assess the construct of interest. In the case of the SAT, while it may be
reliable in terms of score consistency, its validity in predicting college success beyond academic
performance is questioned.

Ideally, a measure should be both reliable and valid to be useful. In the context of college admissions, a
test that accurately predicts academic success and also measures other desirable qualities such as
leadership skills or community involvement would be considered highly valid and reliable. However,
achieving both reliability and validity can be challenging, and trade-offs may need to be made depending
on the specific goals of assessment.

In summary, reliability and validity are intertwined concepts in measurement. While reliability ensures
consistency in measurement, validity ensures accuracy and relevance to the construct being measured.
Both are essential for meaningful assessment and decision-making processes.
SARIP R. MACASARI PR-2
ND
12-PRESTIGIOUS 2 QUARTER
HUMSS

CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE Answer Question) (2 POINTS EACH)

1. Systematic approach to investigations during which numerical data is collected or transformed:

Quantitative research.
2. Series of questions and other prompts for gathering information from respondents:
Questionnaire or survey.
3. Conversation between an interviewer and interviewee to obtain information: Interview; for
quantitative data, it's more structured.
4. Group or single participants manipulated by the researcher, with observations made:
Experiment.
5. Recordings or logs of system or website activity: Data logs or system logs.
6. Analysis of documents belonging to an organization: Document analysis.
7. Whole units of analysis being investigated: Population.
8. Actual set of units selected for investigation and participating in research: Sample.
9. Characteristics of units/participants: Variables.
10. Score/label/value of a variable: Data point or datum.
11. Individual unit/participant of the study/research: Subject or participant.
12. Complex process dependent on research goals and practical considerations: Sampling.
13. Transformation of verbally expressed data into numerical information: Quantification or data
coding.
14. Statistical analysis describing the relationship between two variables but unable to establish
causal relationships: Correlational analysis.
15. Statistical method used to test differences between means: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

MATCHING TYPE

1.ratio - sum divided numbers of items

2.data - facts or information
3.coding - data preparation techniques
4.analysis - part by part examination
5.regression - shows variable predictor
6.mode - repetitive appearance of an item
7.mean - valuable zero
8.standard deviation - data organizer
9.media - data set divider
10.table - anova
SARIP R. MACASARI PR-2
ND
12-PRESTIGIOUS 2 QUARTER
HUMSS