Exploring

Diversity of
Matter Using
Separation
Techniques
Why is purity important?
Why and when do we need pure substances?
Example 1 Example 2 o f fo o d a nd
e n ? P ro d uction
• When? Production of • Wh
medicines. beverages r e c h e m i cals
? H a ve to ensu
• Why? Undesirable side effects • Why a nd s a fe for
ure
due to impurities used are p umption
s
human con
Why and when do we need pure substances?

Impurities in drugs
must be detected
as they may cause
undesirable side
effects.
Why and when do we need pure substances?

Chemicals are often added to food and beverages. It is

important to ensure that our food contain only chemicals
that are safe for consumption.
Pure substances
& impurities
 1. determine the purity of a
substance by measuring its
melting point or its boiling
point
2. state that pure solid melts
at a fixed temperature and
pure liquid boils at a fixed
temperature.
Learning
3. state that impurities lower
Objectives the melting point of a solid
and raise the boiling point of
a liquid.
4. demonstrate the
understanding of the needs
of obtaining pure
substances in daily life and
industries.
What is a Pure Substance?
Examples of pure substances
A pure substance
is made up of
one type of
element or
compound.

It is not mixed
with any other
substance.
How do we deduce the purity of a substance?

A pure substance has a fixed melting and boiling

point. (at a certain atmospheric pressure)

Examples:
At 1 atmospheric pressure
Ice melts at 0 °C.
Magnesium melts at 650°C .

Examples:
At 1 atmospheric pressure
Pure water boils at 100 °C.
Ethanol boils at 78 °C.
 How do we deduce the purity of a substance?

What does it mean by a fixed melting and boiling point?

How do we deduce the identity of a substance ?
The melting and boiling points of pure substances are unique.

melting point = 0 °C

It must be pure WATER! ☺

boiling point = 100 °C

How do we deduce the identity of a substance?
The melting and boiling points of pure substances are unique.
What is the effect of impurities on
melting point?

Salt is added to roads in

the winter in order to
make the roads safer for
driving.

How might this work?

Suggest an explanation.

Clue: The addition of salt changes

the melting point of ice!
What is the effect of impurities on
melting point?

Salt lowers the melting

point of ice. This means
at 0 °C, water will not
freeze (and remain in
the liquid state). This
reduces the amount of
ice on the road.
What is the effect of impurities on
melting point?
•Impurities lower the melting point of
a substance.

E.g. impure ice will start to melt at

temperature below 0 °C.

•The greater the amount of

impurities, the lower the melting
point of the substance.

•Impurities cause melting to take

place over a range of temperatures.
What is the effect of impurities on
boiling point?
•Impurities raise the boiling point of a
substance.
E.g. impure water will start to boil at
temperature above 100 °C.

•The greater the amount of

impurities, the higher the boiling
point of the substance.

•Impurities cause boiling to take place

over a range of temperatures.
How would the graph differ for a salt solution?
How would the graph differ for a salt solution?