6.

0 safety, preventive measures, and warning signs used in current

technology

6.1 Safety measures

There are early warning signs before a volcano erupts so there is at least time for
residents around the volcano to prepare before the actual eruption occurs.

6.1.1 Precautionary measures before volcano

 Get a pair of goggles and a throw-away breathing mask for each member of the
household
 Have disaster supplies on hand (flashlight, extra batteries, portable battery-
operated radio, first aid kit, emergency food and water, nonelectric can opener,
cash and credit cards, and sturdy shoes)
 Prioritize the safety of kids before other things. If you have relatives or friends
who are far from the volcano, take your children there until such time that your
place is safe.

6.1.2 Precautionary measures during Volcano

 Avoid all low-lying places because lava flows and mudflows are more likely
to pass here.
 Seek cover in case of ash falls rock falls.
 Use masks and cover your mouth and nose to avoid breathing in ashes.
 If you are inside a house; close all doors and windows to avoid ashes from
getting inside.
 Stay in the evacuation center until further instructions. Do not attempt to leave
the place unless told to do.
 6.1.3 Precautionary measures after Volcano
 Clean everything around and check all damages incurred.
 Use masks while cleaning ash and other debris.
 Wait for further announcements related to the volcano activities.
 Make sure that your house is still safe for all of you.

Ref: http://www.slideshare.net/sahil2001/disaster-managment-8th-9th?qid=3d959ee6-
181e-436f-949d-4614da12128c&v=qf1&b=&from_search=11

6.2 preventive measures

Explosive eruption usually causes most damages within a few kilometers of the
volcano, the main agents being explosive blast, mud flows, and glowing avalanches. The
only effective protection against these devastating forces is to demarcate restricted areas
and evacuate communities and workers at most immediate risk.

Urgent planning measures may include:

 Laboratory test for particle size, wear high efficiency masks, and protect homes or
offices from ash inflitraction.
 Laboratory test for crystalline silica, respiratory protective equipment.
 Designate emergency shelters.
 Radar warning of eruption.
 Protection during rainfall; Avoid collection of contamination rainwater for
drinking, especially from metal roofs, etc.
 Precaution, including emergency warning and evacuation plans for communities
at risk of floods along rivers draining the volcano.
 Informing local communities of action to be taken when an eruption becomes
imminent and after it has occurred.
  Advice and equipment for people who are temporarily permitted to work in
restricted areas, including devising an alert system for emergency evacuation if an
eruption is imminent and survival measures in the event of an eruption in which
workers could become marooned for days.

Ref: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1651692/pdf/amjph00276-0091.pdf

6.3 Warning signs used in current technology

While volcanoes may give off several warning signs they are about to blow, some
are taken more seriously by volcanologists, who alert and advise government officials
regarding when evacuations need to take place. During field observations of a potentially
active volcano, volcanologists use sophisticated equipment and techniques to predict and
monitor an eruption. These include measuring water temperature and pH (acidity),
analyzing ground cracking patterns and searching for new areas ofavalanche-felled rocks.

Ground-based, airborne and satellite detectors are used to measure gas and heat
emission. However, some eruption warning signs are harder to read than others. Increases
in the flow rate of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide gases indicate that magma is
coming. Water is actually the most abundant gas in magma, but because there is already
so much of it in the atmosphere, measuring it is not useful in forecasting eruptions.

http://www.livescience.com/8809-scientists-volcano-erupt.html

DONE BY:

1) GAMAL ABDULAZIZ MOHAMMED ALAGHBARI A11KK4005

2) ABDULRAHMAN MOHAMMED AWAHD ALHADHEQ A11KM4006
(NEW MEMBER)