Science 10

Science – Grade 10
Quarter 3 – Module 8: Functions of the Nervous System
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Emily M. Manongsong
Editor: Annalyn M. Macasinag
Reviewers (Content/Language): Rowena T. Tiempo and Crisheila E. Landicho
(Technical): Rowena T. Tiempo
Illustrator: Edison P. Clet
Layout Artist: Jean Rean M. Laurente
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Carolina T. Rivera, EdD
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Manuel A. Laguerta, EdD
Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and
OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP)
Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS)
Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang)
Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Pasig

City
 Science 10
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 8
Functions of the Nervous
System
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module on Functions of the Nervous

System!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module on the Major Divisions and

Parts of the Nervous System!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills that

you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts and

skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This module is created and constructed to enhance one’s knowledge in

nervous system. The module is made to help you enrich learning on the
functions of the nervous system and its parts. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. The scope of this module focuses
on the functions of the nervous system as well as the functions of its parts.
The module is about the major divisions and parts of the nervous
system.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. briefly explain the function of the nervous system;
2. identify the parts of the neuron and brain;
3. describe the function of each part of the neuron and brain; and
4. realize the importance of neuron as the functional unit of man’s
nervous system.

PRETEST
Read each sentence carefully and encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. What is the functional unit of man’s nervous system?
A. brain B. neuron C. spinal cord D. thyroid
2. Which among the following neurons carry impulses from the sense organs
to the brain or spinal cord?
A. associative neurons C. pyramidal neurons
B. motor neurons D. sensory neurons
3. Which part of the brain controls breathing, heart rate and swallowing?
A. brain stem B. cerebellum C. medulla D. thalamus
4. Where is pons located in the brain?
A. Brain stem B. cerebellum C. cerebrum D. thalamus
5. Which region of the brain controls the muscles on the left side of the body?
A. right hemisphere of the brain C. front hemisphere of the brain
B. left hemisphere of the brain D. back hemisphere of the brain
 RECAP

In our last lesson, you have learned about the main divisions of the
human nervous system. There are two main divisions in the human nervous
system namely: 1) central nervous system, and 2) peripheral nervous system.

“The Secret”
Read each description and identify the word mixed in the letters.
1. A moist and spongy organ with an average of 3 pounds in weight.
B V R M A C I O N
2. A rod of brain tissue that extends about two-thirds of the way down the
back, just below the ribs.
S I P S I R N O A P L C P O I R N D
3. Nerves that emerge from the brain that connect with the eyes, ears and
nose.
C Q R B A A N L I N A Q L

N F E Y R M V W E X S

LESSON

Do you always make a good

decision in your life as a teenager?
What do you use in making wise
decisions? Right, it is your brain
that works when you are making
wise decisions. Have you suffered
from a wrong decision?
The brain is one of the
important parts of the human body.
Hence, it should be properly cared
and nourished, especially during
the time of crisis. When I say crisis,
it could be problems encountered
in life which really need proper
functioning of the brain.

Functions of the Nervous System of Man

The human nervous system is extremely complex, and it is divided into
two major divisions namely: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The central nervous system process the
information which the body receives and the peripheral nervous system
carries the information to and from the CNS and sensory, muscle, and gland
cells.
Man reacts to changes in his environment through his nervous system.
Any change in the environment of an organism which causes the organism to
respond is known as a stimulus. Receiving a stimulus and making a
response to that stimulus are functions of the nervous system.
The Neuron
The functional unit of the nervous system is a nerve cell, or neuron. It
carries nerve impulses, or action potential, from one part of the body to
another. A typical neuron has three parts: a cell body, which controls the
growth of the nerve cell; dendrites, which are short-branched fibers that
carry impulses or messages toward the cell body; and the axon, which is
typically long, thin fibers that carries messages away from the cell body. The
axon is also known as nerve fibers. The fibers are made up of connective
tissue bundles.

Figure 1. The Neuron and its parts

The direction of an impulse within a neuron is always from the

dendrites to the cell body to the axon. Note that the tips of dendrites and
axon branch extensively. Neurons are classified according to the direction of
the message or impulse they carry. They are:
1. Sensory neurons, which carry impulses from the sense organs to the
brain or spinal cord;
2. Motor neurons, which carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to
the muscles; and
3. Associative neurons, which connect sensory and motor neurons.
The Brain
The brain is divided into different centers for sensing and responding
to stimuli. The different centers of the brain are connected with one another
by associative neurons so that different responses occur almost at the same
time. The brain controls everything a person does, such as thoughts,
movements, memory and sense.

Figure 2. Different Centers of the Brain

The skull protects the brain. Beneath the skull are three distinct layers
of membranes that cover the entire brain. The entirety of these membranes is
called meninges. The cerebrospinal fluid substance is located between the
middle and inner meninges and in some spaces within the brain. This fluid
helps cushion and protect the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is divided
into three parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem.

Figure 3. The brain and its parts

• Brain stem – located below the cerebellum at the base of the skull,
which serves as the body’s life support system. It controls the
 heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.
• Cerebellum – located beneath the back part of the cerebrum. It
coordinates muscle movement. It has an outer layer of gray matter and
white matter in the brain’s interior. The cerebellum produces signals
that stimulate reactions in other parts of the nervous system. It can
also coordinate with the movements of the muscles.
• Cerebrum – the large upper region of the brain. It consists of deep
folds, which are divided into many ridges and depressions just like the
surface of a walnut. The cerebrum has two sides: the right and left
brain hemispheres. The outer part of the hemisphere is covered with a
thin tissue called gray matter. The rest of the cerebrum is made of
white matter. The nerve fibers from the two hemispheres pass down
through the brain and spinal cord and cross to the opposite side of the
brain or spinal cord at one end. Due to crossing over, the right
hemisphere of the brain controls the muscles on the left side of the
body while the left hemisphere controls muscles on the right side of the
body.
• Corpus callosum – a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two
hemispheres of the brain.
• Hippocampus – a small organ located within the brain’s medial
temporal lobe, which is associated mainly with memory, in particular
long-term memory.
• Hypothalamus – regulates the body’s temperature, use of water, blood
pressure, and release of regulatory chemicals.
• Medulla – controls breathing, heart rate, and swallowing.
• Midbrain – also linked to vision and controls the movement of the eye
and constriction and dilation of the pupil.
• Pituitary gland – a pea-sized structure located at the base of the
brain. It is part of endocrine system that produces critical hormones
that control various body functions.
• Pons – regulates breathing and helps control eye movement.
• Thalamus – one of the smaller parts of the brain, which serves a relay
station for senses. It is responsible in processing the information from
the sense organs.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1. Name the parts of the neuron

Objectives:
1. Identify the parts of the neuron.
2. Describe the function of the neuron and its parts.
Materials:
Pen, paper

Procedure:
1. Carefully analyse the picture of the neuron and its parts.
2. Answer the guide questions correctly.

Label the parts of the neuron.

1._______________________
2._______________________
3._______________________
4._______________________
5.______________________

Guide Questions:
1. How does a nerve cell function?__________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the three classifications of neurons according to the direction of
the message or impulse they carry?______________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Closure. How does the impulse travel within a neuron?_____________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Activity 2. Name the parts of the brain

Objectives
1. Identify the parts of the human brain.
2. Describe the function of each part of the brain.
Materials
Pen, paper
Procedure
1. Carefully analyse the picture of the parts of the human brain.
2. Answer the guide questions correctly.

Label the parts of the human brain.

1._____________________
2._____________________
3._____________________
4._____________________
5._____________________

Guide Questions:
1. How does your brain function?___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the function of the thalamus?____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Which part of the brainstem controls breathing, heart rate, and
swallowing?_____________________________________________________________

Closure. How do the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere of the
cerebrum work?___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

WRAP-UP

To summarize what you have learned, identify the parts of a neuron or

a brain that correspond to the given functions below. The parts are found
inside the grid and loop these words either horizontally, vertically, diagonally
or inversely.
1. controls the growth of a nerve cell
2. carry impulses or messages toward the cell body
 3. carry messages away from the cell body
4. serves as the body’s life support system
5. coordinates muscle movement
6. responsible for mental processes
7. controls breathing, heart rate and swallowing
8. controls the movement of the eye
9. regulates breathing and helps control eye movement
10. serves as a relay station for senses

C D E N D R I T E S C M
E M M T T H A L A M U S
L P O N S X A V U W Y N
L Z M N O L V R B C N O
B M U L L E B E R E C X
O P Q U F E J C T O K A
D T D S R G R J K P F Z
Y E U E M I D B R A I N
M L C B R A I N S T E M

VALUING
Are you experiencing numbness
in your hands or sometimes in your
legs? One of the causes of hand
numbness is a damage and irritation
or compression of one of the nerves or
a branch of one of the nerves in your
arm and wrist. Everyone of us must
take good care of our body in order to
prevent any sickness especially those
that affect our nervous system.
Have you gone to RAVE or what is known as the Rainforest in Pasig
City? Many people do their exercise in the RAVE Amphitheater. Exercise is one
of the best solutions in maintaining good condition of our nervous system. It
helps in the prevention of numbness in any part of our body. As we age, our
body specifically the neurons grow old too. So, we should always exercise in
order to avoid any sickness.
 Activity 3. The Centers of the Brain

Objectives
1. Identify the different centers of the human brain.
2. Describe the function of the associative neuron to the brain.
Materials
Pen, paper

Procedure
1. Carefully analyse the picture of the different centers of the human
brain.
2. Answer the guide questions correctly.

Identify the different centers of the brain responsible for the performance of
each human activity. Draw a line from the part of the brain that corresponds
to the activity shown in each picture.
2.____________________

1.____________________

3.____________________

4._____________________ 5.____________________

Guide Questions:
1. What are the different lobes of the brain?_________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________________________________
2. How does the associative neuron work in the brain?______________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Closure. Describe the structure and function of the Wernicke’s Area of the
brain.____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

POSTTEST

Read each sentence carefully and encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. Which among the types of neurons carry impulses from the brain or
spinal cord to the muscles?
A. associative neurons C. pyramidal neurons
B. motor neurons D. sensory neurons
2. What do you think will happen to a person if the occipital lobe is
damaged? The person may suffer from:
A. difficulty in hearing C. difficulty in vision
B. difficulty in speech formation D. difficulty in walking
3. Where is the auditory cortex located in the human brain?
A. frontal lobe C. parietal lobe
B. occipital lobe D. temporal lobe
4. Which of the following parts of the brain regulates the body’s temperature,
use of water, blood pressure, and release of regulatory chemicals?
A. corpus callosum C. hypothalamus
B. hippocampus D. pituitary gland
5. What is a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the
brain?
A. corpus callosum C. hypothalamus
B. hippocampus D. pituitary gland

Assignment
1. What is the meaning of homeostasis?
2. Identify and describe the functions of the different control systems of the
body.
3. Name and describe at least five (5) common diseases of the nervous
system.
 Activity 3
Identify the different centers of the brain.
1. Broca’s Area 3. Somatosensory Cortex 5. Visual Cortex
2. Motor Cortex 4. Auditory Cortex
Guide Questions:
1. The different lobes of the brain are frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal
lobe and occipital lobe.
2. The associative neurons connect the different centers of the brain with one
another so that responses occur almost at the same time.
Activity 2
Label the parts of a human brain.
1. Thalamus 3. Pituitary Gland 5. Cerebellum
2. Cerebrum 4. Brain Stem
Guide Questions:
1. The brain controls everything a person does, such as thoughts, movements,
memory and sense.
2. Thalamus is responsible in processing the information from the sense organs.
3. Medulla controls breathing, heart rate and swallowing.
Activity 1
Label the parts of a neuron.
1. Cell Body 2. Axon 3. Nucleus 4. Synaptic Terminals 5. Dendrite
Guide Questions:
1. The neuron carries nerve impulses, or action potential, from one part of
the body to another.
2. The three (3) classifications of neurons according to the direction of the
message or impulse they carry are sensory neurons, motor neurons and
associative neurons.
Pre Wrap Up Post
Test Test
1. B C D E N D R I T E S C M 1. B
2. D E M M T T H A L A M U S 2. C
3. C L P O N S X A V U W Y N 3. D
4. A L Z M N O L V R B C N O 4. C
5. A 5. A
B M U L L E B E R E C X
O P Q U F E J C T O K A
D T D S R G R J K P F Z
Y E U E M I D B R A I N
M L C B R A I N S T E M
1. cell body 4. brain stem 7. medulla 9. pons
2. dendrites 5. cerebellum 8. midbrain 10. thalamus
3. axons 6. cerebrum
KEY TO CORRECTION
 References
Books
1. Meliza P. Valdoz et. al (2017). The Nervous System. Science Links 10.
Sampaloc, Manila. Rex Book Store, Inc. pages 222-225
2. Lilia M. Rabago et. al (1997). Control of the Body Processes through the
Nervous System. Science and Technology II (Biology). Quezon City. SD
Publications, Inc. pages 302-307
3. Winnelmina S. Navarro et. al (2009). The Nervous System. Skill Booster.
Com II (Biology). Quezon City. Bookman, Inc. pages 100-103
4. Neil A. Campbell (1946). The Vertebrate Nervous System. Biology, 4 th edition
2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California. The Benjamin/Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc. pages 1011-1012

Electronic Sources
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