GIGER AND DAVIDHIZAR : TRANSCULTURAL - Nutritional preferences and deficiencies

ASSESSMENT MODEL (2004, 2008) - Psychologic characteristic. Coping

COMMUNICATION
ELAINE DAVIDHIZAR
- can be written, oral/verbal or nonverbal which differs
NURSING ASSESSMENT in terms of expression, (language and dialect voice
- Summarize data obtained tone and volume, context, emotional implications,
CULTURALLY UNIQUE INDIVIDUAL facial expression, gestures, and body language).
- Client’s cultural and racial identification * communication is the means by which culture is
- Place of birth transmitted and preserved.
- Time in country 1.) LANGUAGE/ Verbal
COMMUNICATION Language Words
- Language spoken A.) VOCABULARY
- Voice Quality B.) GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
- Pronunciation C.) PRONOUNCIATION
- Use of silence D.) RHYTHM
- Use of nonverbal E.) SILENCE
SPACE F.) INTONATION
- Degree of comfort observed (conversation) G.) VOICE QUALIFIERS
- Proximity to others
- Body movement A.) VOCABULARY
- Perception of space - One word have different meanings
SOCIAL ORIENTATION Ex. PIG- Unclean
- Culture PIG- To pig famer means source of living.
- Race COMPROMISE:
- Ethnicity for British – work out for good results
- Family role and function for Americans- work out a bad results, a
- Work solution for bad results.
- Leisure HISPANIC:
- Church Constipation (NASAL CONGESTION) (NOT
TIME INTESTINAL CONSTIPATION)
- Use of measures Some describe a situation in many words like
- Definition for
- Social time ESKIMO: Snow (20 or more words to describes)
- Work time
- Time orientation B.) GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
> FUTURE - Cultural Differences Occur Thru Uses of
>PRESENT Phrases,
> PAST 1.) > That’s all right (African-American – I have plans
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL but I am not telling you)
- Cultural health practices > JARGONS ( Medical Jargons)
> EFFCACIOUS - communication barrier because enurse have
> NEUTRAL difficulty expressing into simple words.
> DYSFUNCTIONAL > Some cultures prefer small talks, CHIT CHAT
> UNCERTAIN as preliminaries before actual talks (Rambling)
- Values
- Definition of health and illness C.) PRONOUNCIATION/ SILENCE
BIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS - Pronunciation differs in some cultures
- Body Structure > SILENCE- stubbornness, resistance,
- Skin Color hesitation, discomfort.
- Hair Color > some cultures value silence while other
- Other physical dimensions culture are uncomfortable ( American,
- Enzymatic and genetic existence Indians, Japanese).
- Susceptibility to illness and disease
> SILENCE- as privacy (English, Arabic)
> SILENCE- as agreement between parties- (Russian ,
French, Spanish)
D.) RYHTM
- A strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement
or sounds.
F.) INTONATION
- the rise and fall of the voice in speaking.
G.) VOICE QUALITIES
- Pitch and range adds to element of
communication
> “DO NOT TALK TO ME IN THAT TONE OF VOICE”
> Softener volume by Asians, American Indians =
SHYNESS
LOW CONTEXT COMMUNICATION- more on
words direct communication
HIGH CONTEXT COMMUNICATION- more on
Non-verbal communication that needed decoding
(ASIANS)
2.) NON-VERBAL-65% (validate)
NON-VERBAL
A.) EYE MOVEMENT
B.) FACIAL EXPRESSION
C.) BODY POSTURE
D.) TOUCH
A.) EYE MOVEMENT
-eye contact
> in US (whites) direct eye contact = positive
(openness, interest, honesty) non-eye contact
considered as rude.
> some groups eye contact difficult like Asians,
American Indians= avoid eye contact as they
believe disrespectful “looking into one soul”
B.) FACIAL EXPRESSION
-help reinforce a positive or negative view of
message, help the sender reinforce the message
being sent, and help the receiver understand the
message being received.
C.) BODY EXPOSURE
- includes gestures, posture, head and hand
movements or whole body movements.
- ➢ HAPPY
D.) TOUCH
- Touch is the most powerful form of nonverbal
communication. Research shows that intimate
contact is critical to the understanding of our
own humanity. Over the last few years, the
understanding of what is considered
appropriate touching in the work environment
is changing. Thus, although touch is of
paramount importance. If appropriate. It also
carries the potential for the most problems.
WHAT CAN TOUCH DO- POSITIVE ASPECTS
1.) Connects individuals-indicates availability
2.) Decreases loneliness by indication of
relationship with others.
3.) It can reassure
4.) It can share warmth
5.) Increase self- concept
WHAT CAN TOUCH DO- NEGATIVE ASPECTS
1.) Can communicate frustration, anger,
aggression, frustration.
2.) Can invade personal space and privacy
3.) Conveys negative type of relationship
4.) Signals power. (lower status seen not to
touch higher status)
INTERPRETATION OF TOUCH
UNITED STATES
1.) Generally, firm handshake connotes
character and sign of strength.
2.) American Indians interprets vigorous
handshake as aggressive, offering
LATIN AMERICA ( Costa Rica, Colombia,
Panama)
-orientation is towards high contact
ENGLISH AND GERMANS
-Low contact or untouchability orientation.
MEXICAN AMERICAN & AMERICAN INDIANS
1.) View touch as undoing of evil spell
2.) Prevention of harm or as a means of healing
VIETNAMESE
- Human head as seat of life (highly personal)
- Touching shoulders can cause anxiety as they
believe the soul can leave the body on physical
contact.
BODY LANGUAGE
➢ DEFENSIVE
➢ ARROGANCE
➢ ANNOYED
➢ IRRITATED
➢ CONFUSED
➢ WORRIED
3.) COMMUNICATION THAT COMBINE VERBAL AND
NONVERBAL
1. WARMTH– matter of perception
communicated verbally and nonverbally
 -please lay still so we can do procedure quickly
as possible and simply pat in the shoulder,
statements that show respect, as simple as
greeting in the morning , smile.
IF THE PATIENT IS FROM OTHER CULTURE AND
DIFFICULTY UNDERSTANDING, NURSES’S
WARMTH IS VITAL ASPECT OF THERAPEUTIC
COMMUNICATION
2. HUMOR- can create bond of shared pleasure
between people.
- humor can enable discharge of stress but
should be limitedly use if different
culture…..Beware
TRANSCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
MODES/PATTERNS
> ENGLISH-ANGLO AMERICANS ( DIRECT)
> SOUTHEAST ASIANS (CIRCULAR TALK TO
OTHERS)
> EUROPEANS ( THROUGH SEVERAL
PERSONS)
> RUSSIANS (DIRECT)
> ARABS ( DIRECT AND INDIRECT)
> MEXICANS (KEPT WITHIN EXTENDED
FAMILY)
ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION AS ADDED
BY ANDREWS AND BOYLE
1. LANGUAGE- refers to what said.
PARALANGUAGE- refers to how it is said.
OPTIONAL VOICE- effects that may
modify meaning or convey emotion
through tone, rhythm, pitch, stress,
volume, speed, hesitations, or intonation.
2. INTERPRETERS –
3. SILENCE- many cultural interpretation of
silence ( agree, respect, emphasize)
4. GREETINGS- variations, can be formal
(state your name)
5. EYE CONTACT AND FACIAL
EXPRESSIONS- most prominent from of
nonverbal
- United States, Canada , Western Europe,
and most parts of Australia, Asia, Africa,
Middle East DIRECT=eye contact is
disrespectful, a sign of aggression, or a
sign that the other person’s authority is
being challenged)
6. GESTURE – nodding of head, thumbs up,
raising hand before question, scratching
head.
7. POSTURE- reflects people’s emotions,
attitudes, and intentions (open or closed)
8. CHRONEMICS- is the study of the use of
time in non verbal communication.
- United States, Northern Europe, Israel and
much of Australia-( Southern Europe, Latin
America.
- Africa, and the Middle East) (Japanese,
Taiwanese and Chinese)
9. PROXEMICS- study of space and how
differences in that space can make people
feel more relaxed or more anxious (INTIMATE
SPACE, PERSONAL SPACE, SOCIAL SPACE)
10. MODESTY- mixed non verbal and verbal
communication that refers to reserve or
propriety in speech, dress, or behavior
(HIJAB describes the act of covering up
generally OR the headscarves worn by
Muslim Women) AMISH culture, Mormon
Church.
11. TECHNOLOGY-ASSISTED
COMMUNICATION-digital communication
-(first chat room invented in Univ of Illinois
in 1973 , 1992 first mobile text was sent)
-use of technology is primarily about saving
time or taking digital shortcuts (affected is
quality of communication)
12. LITERATURE, ART, MUSIC, AND DANCE-
communicate to the world cherished
values, beliefs, history, traditions, and
contribute of people from nations, tribes,
and population groups.
SPACE
-area surroundings a person’s body within the space
COMFORT LEVEL SPATIAL BEHAVIOR
INTIMATE- 0 to 18 inches (for comforting counselling)
PERSONAL SPACE- 18” to 3 ft
WHAT TO CONSIDER ABOUT SPACE
1.) SPATIAL BEHAVIOR
- universal need for territoriality (authority/
possessiveness over an area or space).
What to consider in territoriality when planning nursing
care.
> PHYSICAL SPACE
> PERSONAL SPACE
> TERRITORY OF EXPERTISE OR ROLE
FUNCTIONS OF THE NEED TO MEET
TERRITORIALITY
> SECURITY
> PRIVACY
> AUTONOMY
> SELF-IDENTITY
2.) OBJECTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
-can give positive or negative signal to
communication.
Examples:
Movable chairs pulled together, ICONS LIKE
STETHOSCOPE, objects, items for sharing (eskimo).
CLEANLINESS (surgical field).
3.) STRUCTURAL BOUNDARIES
- help define personal space (fence, wall) when
violated causes anxiety
-close boundaries/ open boundaries
-color implications white-Asians
-Red African (witch/death)
TIME-NOTES
-we measured and time measure us.
-passage of time is familiar to everyone irregardless of
culture. Time passes us by and each passage we grow
old.
- irregardless of culture also, we associate passage of
time with events in our lives-happy, boredom,
stressful, irregardless fast or slow.
SOCIAL TIME
- involves concept of time as present time orientation
to the exclusion of past and future considerations,
studies showed Mexicans are not punctual as they are
in present time. Nurses should remember present
time orientation patients reluctant to leave if time is
up for the appointment.
-Occurrence of natural events also use to measure
time-arrival of cranes in Greece marked time of
planting.
Example: Indian wake analyzed thru gathering time
prayer time, singing time, intermission time and meal
time-no relation to clock.
ON SOCIAL TIME
Example: natural events to time human activities
1. Arriving of cranes in Greece marked time of
planting.
PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED TIME
1. RHYTHM AND CHANGE- rhythmic changes in
growth.
2. SPEED AND VELOCITY- as we grow older we
measure our activities by time. Slow or fast.
Example: fast and slow with
3. ASSOCIATION TO SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR- maybe
awarded or punished for speed thus the formation of
social behavior also AWARENESS OF PUNCTUALITY
WORLDVIEWS SOCIAL TIME VS CLOCK TIME
-clock time very important in this time of modern
technology
-time is determined by culture and cultural values,
some do not correlate being punctual or not punctual
as waiting time especially the word waiting is
correlated to time.
-some groups have total disregard of clock time- No
fixed of eating etc. Like Algerian peasants (Amish
group also adhere to slow time)
-while some are obsessive behavior on clock time.
Other groups like news media view time in relation to
news. News value directly proportional to time
invested.
SOCIAL TIME & CLOCK TIME
-patterns and orientation related to social processes
and ordering of social life.
CLOCK TIME
-
STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL TIME
1.) TEMPORAL PATTERN
A.) PERIODICITY
B.) TEMPO
C.) TIMING
D.) DURATION
E.) SEQUENCING
A.) PERIODICITY- rhythms of social life
Example:
- Weekly church visit
- For certain community a period to look for
food, shelter even mates occurs with regular
periodicity.
- Hospital regular meetings expected even
without AGEBDA
B.) TEMPO- rapidity or rate, rapidity of time experience
and rapidity of various modes of social life (urban vs
rural, work vs leisure)
-Tempo of life in Metro Manila vs Batanes
-Tempo of work- rapid changes
-Tempo of social life- is related emotional problems
particularly stress.
-FUTURE SHOCK- term referring psychological
disruptions resulting to too much change in a very
short time.
C.) TIMING- synchronization adjustment of social
units and processes to each other.
EXAMPLE:
-idea of synchronization is related to clock time in
modern world and very crucial in initiation of social
process like in industrialization, military process even
political campaigns like in presidential election. Pres
Benigno Aquino won because of the issue on freedom
continuity and popularity right after his mother. (right
place and right time)
- problem with family now is the synchronization of
time giving less time of bonding and togetherness
D.) DURATION- how long a patient has been PAST
conscious or in org workers would want time made to PAST- ORIENTED – societies are concerned with
pass more quickly SUBJECTIVE. traditional values and ways of doing things. They tend
E.) SEQUENCE- relating activities requiring order. to be conservative in management and slow to chane
Example: work before play those things that retied to the past.
-necessity before values as seen in industrial - is more important- resistant to change
processes. Sequencing also involves habits. PAST-ORIENTED SOCITIES INCLUDE:
> CHINA
2.) TEMPORAL PERSPECTIVE AND ORIENTATION > BRITAIN
-ordering of past, present and future. > JAPAN and most
> emotional disorders maybe associated to temporal > SPANISH-SPEAKING LATIN AMERICAN countries.
orientation.
> Alcoholism juvenile delinquency TIME ORIENTATION
A.) PAST PAST- the past and the present are interchangeable in
B.) PRESENT past-oriented cultures. They often do not fully grasp
C.) FUTURE elapsed time.
PRESENT- you might think of a thrill-seeker when you
A.) TEMPORAL PERSPECTIVE (FUTURE) think of present-oriented cognitivity. These are low-
- image of past, present and future that prevails in risk aversion cultures. Their value are more often thrill-
society. seeking and pleasure-based, rather than with a view
-depends on image of future-future-extinction or war – on the future or the past.
they change behavior to preparing survival. FUTURE- the goal setting, forward-thinking culture are
- future orientation to illness like AIDS, Diabetes, they future-oriented. Those with future-oriented cognitivity
act to prevent like safe sex, adhering to diet to less look at the bigger picture and follow their plans
cholesterol, safe driving using seatbelts. through to achieve that picture. Newer countries with
- there are those who future oriented but in situation eye for the future.
where they are sick, their temporal perspective
change to present orientation. BIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS DIMENSION
FUTURE-ORIENTED BIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
FUTURE-may defer gratification until future objective SUSCEPTIBILITY SKIN COLOR
has been met TO DISEASE
-puts emphasis on education
PRESENT TIME ORIENTATION- the now BODY WEIGHT GENETIC VARIATIONS
- to the exclusion of past and future considerations.
Examples: NUTRIONAL
Mexicans are not punctual as they are in present time PREFERENCES/ DEFICIENS
orientation patients reluctant to leave if time is up for
the appointment. 1.) BODY STRUCTURE- Includes body shaped and
B.) TEMPORAL TIME ORIENTATION size
- ordering of past, present and future that prevails in BONE DENSITY- lower incidence of osteoporosis
society. and bone fracture .
- Psychologists and sociologist argued on these 3 FACE- prominent area that can visibly categorize
orientation because the 3 cannot be separated and all people by face
are mostly looking at future. ( most people have 3 time - Eyelids vary ( drooping or prominent folds
orientations but one is more dominant than the other) (Asians)
PRESENT- time may defer preventive measures. They - Nose, ears, teeth
do not also adhere to time because what is happening HEIGHT- advanced growth.
at the moment is most important like no going to 2.) BODY WEIGTH
maternal class with low tide more important to pick OBESITY
shells UNDERWEIGHT
- PRESENT ORIENTATION- is also closely related to 3.) SKIN COLOR- most significant biological variation
socio economic status. in nursing care.
4.) GENETIC VARIATIONS- genetic make up of person
determined from conception. (GENES)
Example: PHENYLKETONURIA, G6PD, MAPLE-SYRUP
URINE DISEASE
5.) SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE
Example: DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, SICKLE-CELL
ANEMIA
RA 9288 NEWBRON SCREENING
-Program in the Philippines currently includes
screening of six disorders:
Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Galactosemia (GAL)
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)
Deficiency and Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)
DRUG INTERACTIONS AND METABOLISM
-reactions with drugs vary with race. Drugs are
metabolized in different and ways.
NOTES
QUALITATIVE- time measured by cultural activities
QUANTITIVE- time measured by clock.
QUANTITIVE- time spent with people is dictated by
results.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
- correlates to ability of the persons to control nature
and to plan and direct factors in the environment that
affect them ( HUMANS AND ENVIRONMENT HAS
RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHSIP)
- environment is not only about the place where one
resides or treatment occurs but includes relevant
systems and processes that affect individuals.
-systems are organized structures that make
influences and processes are organized patterns of
operations.
-when exchange has purpose and goal oriented>>
processes are considered functional and useful.
- Health is viewed as balance between individual and
environment, E.G EATING NUTRITIOUS FOOD,
SUBSCRIBING TO PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES IN
THE COMMUNITY, INSTALLING HAZARD, and
POPULATION CONTROL DEVICES>> positive effect to
environment.
- Most humans believe that they have internal control
over nature which impacts decision to seek
healthcare.
- Many believe that they have internal control over
nature which impacts decision to seek healthcare, if
belief is on external control ( nature ) over health,
useless to seek healthcare. (Fatalistic View)
LOCUS OF CONTROL CONSTRUCT AS HEALTH
CARE VALUE- actions and outcomes that influence
behavior’s and situations.
1.) INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
- belief that event is upon person’s behaviour or
characteristics.
- people who believe a relationship between actions
and outcomes and have internal feelings of control
over behaviors and situations.
Example: compliance to prevention and treatment
rergiments.
-Those who have harmony with nature do not classify
to the locus of control- like some Americans Indians,
Japanese Americans, Japanese Canadians.
2.) EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
- belief that efforts and rewards are uncorrelated, and
future is a result of luck, chance and fate.
- nurse should be aware that these group are fatalistic
about nature, illness, disease and death
Example: are some Hispanics, Appalachians and
Puerto Ricans.
DISTICTION BETWEEN ILLLNESS AND DISEASE
ILLNESS- person’s perception of being sick (illness
can occur without disease, perception of illness is
culturally shaped.
DISEASE- diagnosed when condition deviates from
the established norms by western biomedical
science.
CULTURAL HEALTH PRACTICES CAN BE
CATEGORIZED
EFFICACIOUS- E.G practice of applying hot and cold
(Nurses should encourage)
NEUTRAL- health practices that do not have effect on
health status.
Example: Ritual disposal of placenta
Avoidance of sexual activity during certain
stage of pregnancy.
DYSFUNCTIONAL- harmful practices
Example: U.S excessive use of over refine sugar and
flour.
UNCERTAIN- unknown effects
Example: using abdominal binders for mothers and
infants.
Environmental Control also includes:
A.) FOLK MEDICINE BELIEF AS A SYSTEM
B.) WESTERN MEDICAL SYSTEM
 C.) ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
D.) RELIGIOUS SYSTEM
A.) FOLK MEDICINE – commonly referred as “ third
world beliefs and practices”
-folk medicine as a system classify illness or disease
as 1.) NATURAL
2.) UNNATURAL
- natural an unnatural illness definition is based on
natural events has to do with the world as God has
made it and as God has intended it to be.
All illness in folk belief system are representation
of disharmony and conflict.
NATURAL ILLNESS- as environmental hazard occur
because of exposure to cold air, impurities in air, water
& food everything in nature as CONNECTED
UNNATURAL ILLNESS- as divine punishment belief
resulting to continuous battle between food and evil
as personified by GOD and EVIL.
B.) WESTERN MEDICAL SYSTEM- as compared to folk
belief system, western medical system is a world of
diagnoses and scientific explanation of illness.
Focusing on preventive and curative medicine.
C.) ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES MIND AND BODY IS
SEEN AS WHOLE- its scientific value is yet to be
proved- psychological component is considered as it
allows client to have sense of control.
Example: ACCUPUNCTURE
HOLISTIC HEALINGS
THERAPEUTIC TOUCH
AROMATIC THERAPY
MEDITATION and ETC
D.) RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS – prevailing rules
concerning health care behaviours
- like blessings from priests/ spiritual belief
-healing power based on religion
- religious health practice like rituals of redemptions
(candle burning and prayers)
VALUES and relationship to HEALTH CARE
- values guides/ dictates, attitudes and behaviours.
- cultural values are often unconsciously acquired as
a person is enculturated throughout the process of
growth and maturation .
-nurse must understand that cultural values are most
difficult to alter.
VALUE ORIENTATION- defined by Kluckhohn &
Strodtbeck as "complex but patterned principles
which give order and direction to the ever-flowing
stream of human acts and thoughts as they relate to
solutions of human problems. >> although there are
cultural differences within a cultural group>> there is a
dominant value orientation identified for most person
in the cultural group.
VALUE ORIENTATION- Frameworks
1.) TEMPORAL ORIENTATION
2.) ACTIVITY ORIENTATION DOING OR BEING
3.) RRELATIONL ORIENTATION LINEAL,
INDIVIDUAL, COLLATERAL
4.) PEOPLE TO NATURE ORIENTATION
5.) INNATE HUMAN NATURE ORIENTATION
1.) TEMPORAL ORIENTATION
- persons from culture divide time as to past present
future, most culture combine all three but with one
predominance
2.) ACTIVITY ORIENTATION “DOING OR BEING”
CULTURE
- DOING CULTURE- values achievement
- BEING CULTURE – values people as an important
link to next generation
1978 NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CLASSIFICATION
OF NURSING DIAGNOSES
-recognized in the list of approved diagnoses as
SPIRITUAL CONCERNS, SPIRITUAL DISTRESS and
SPIRITUAL DESPAIR
- 1980 combined the three to SPIRITUAL DISTRESS
> maybe defined ass impaired and purpose in life
through connectedness with self, other, art, music
literature, nature and power greater oneself.
- best intervention is merely the acknowledgement of
existence of spiritual distress.
- more formal approach to distress-by kearney and
mount-"surface-work" and" depth work"
- surface work is for the alleviation distress at
conscious level while depth work helps patient to
reconnect with simple and ordinary aspects of life that
in the past has brought satisfaction to the person (art,
music, meditation)
DIGNITY THERAPY (CHOCHINOV) – targets
depression and suffering and enhance sense of
meaning and purpose in patients at end-life.
Dignity therapy allows patient to address grief-related
issues, offer comfort to loved-ones, they will leave
behind, provide instructions to friends and families by
recall of memories they find meaningful, say the
things they need to say.
TRADITIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE HEALTH CARE
Department of Health of the Philippines circulated a
list of "Ten scientifically validated" Philippine
medicinal plants in 1992 (R.A. No. 8423-Phil. Institute
of Traditional and Alternative Health Care)
1.) SAMBONG (Blumea balsamifera)- English name.
Blumea camphora. A diuretic that helps the excretion
of urinary stones. can also be used as an edema.
2.) AKAPULKO (Cassia alata) - also known as
"bayabas-bayabasan" and "ringworm bush in English,
this herbal medicine is used to treat ringworms and
skin fungal infections.
3.) NIYOG-NIYOGAN (Quisqualis indica L.) is a vine
known as "Chinese honey suckle" It is effective in the
elimination of intestinal worms, particularly the
Ascaris and Trichina. Only the dried matured seeds
are medicinal -crack and ingest the dried seeds two
hours after eating (5 to 7 seeds for children & 8 to 10
seeds for adults). If one dose does not eliminate the
worms, wait a week before repeating the dose
4.) TSAANG GUBAT (Ehretia microphylla Lam) -
(Scorpion bush) Prepared like tea, this herbal
medicine is effective in treating Intestinal motility and
also used as a mouth wash since the leaves of this
shrub has high fluoride content
5.) AMPALAYA (Momordica charantia) - known as
"bitter gourd" or bitter melon in English, it most
known as a treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus),
for the non-insulin dependent patients.
6.) LAGUNDI (Vitex negundo) known in English as the
"5-leaved chaste tree”. It's main use is for the relief of
coughs and asthma.
7.) ULASIMANG BATO | PANSIT-PANSITAN
(Peperomia pellucida) - (Sitve bush)It is effective in
fighting arthritis and gout. The leaves can be eaten
fresh (about a cupful) as salad or like tea. For the
decoction, boil a cup of clean chopped leaves in 2
cups of water Boil for 15 to 20 minutes. Strain, let cool
and drink a cup after meals (3 times day).
8.) BAWANG (Allium sativum) - popularly known as
"garlic", it mainly reduces cholesterol in the blood and
hence, helps control blood pressure.
9.) BAYABAS (Psidium guajava) - "guava" in English. It
is primarily used as an antiseptic, to disinfect wounds.
Also, it can be used as a mouth wash to treat tooth
decay and gum infection.
10.) YERBA BUENA (Clinopodium douglasii) -
commonly known as Peppermint, this vine is used as
an analgesic to relieve body aches and pain. It can be
taken internally as a decoction or externally by
pounding the leaves and applied directly on the
afflicted area.
HEALTH BELIEF SYSTEMS
GROUP'S WORLDVIEW ON HEALTH -RELATED
ATTITUDES, BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
3 MAJOR HEALTH BELIEF SYSTEMS
1.) MAGICO-RELIGIOUS
2.) HOLISTIC
-disease is thought of as an entity separate from self
caused by an agent external to the body but of "getting
in" and causing damage. Caused by variety of natural
and supernatural phenomena
3.) SCIENTIFIC OR BIOMEDICAL
>> some are combi of 3
MAGICO-RELIGIOUS
-dominated by supernatural forces, fate of the world
including humans, depends on the actions of God, the
gods, or other supernatural forces for good or evil.
- SORCERY
- BREACH OF TABOO
- INTRUSION OF A DISEASE OBJECT
- LOSS OF SOUL.
- INTRUSION OF A DISEASE-CAUSING SPIRIT
LATINOS, MIDDLE EASTERN CULTURES, AFRICAN
AMERICANS.
MAL-OJO/EVIL EYE, LAYING OF HANDS
HOLISTIC BELIEFS SYSTEM
- harmony and balance in the forces of nature
> Everything in the universe has a place and a role to
perform according to natural laws that maintain order.
Disturbing these laws creates imbalance, chaos, and
disease.
> health and disease are based on imbalance or
disharmony among the human, geophysical, an
metaphysical forces of the universe.
HOLISTIC from by Jan Christian Smuts in 1926
-defines an attitude or mode of perception in which
the whole person is viewed in the context of the total
environment
- healing power of nature, health foods, and Mother
Earsk, reflect the connection of humans to the
cosmos and nature. (Florence Nightingale-holistic)
• American Indians and Asians (Yin and Yang)
Pneumonia/TB
SCIENTIFIC OR BIOMEDICAL HEALTH BELIEF
SYSTEM
- human health can be understood through the natural
sciences, biology, chemistry, physics, and
mathematics Psychological and emotional processes
can be reduced to the study of biochemical exchanges
Only the observable is real and worthy of study
- Effective treatment consists of physical and
chemical interventions, often without regard to human
relationships.
DISEASE - breakdown of the human machine because
of wear and tear (stress), external trauma (injury,
accident), external invasion (pathogens), or internal
damages (fluid and chemical imbalances, genetic or
other structural changes).
=== Disease causes illness specific >>> cause. has a
predictable time course>>set of treatment
requirements
- WESTERN CULTURES US, CANADA, AUSTRALIA,
EUROPE
HEALTH DEFINITION BY WHO (1948)
"a state of complete physical, mental, and social
wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity"
classify
TYPES OF HEALING SYSTEM
1.) SELF-CARE
- For common minor illnesses, an estimated 70% to
90% of all people initially try self-cars with over-the-
counter medicines, megavitamins, herbs, exercise,
and/or foods that they believe have healing powers.
2.) PROFESSIONAL CARE SYSTEMS
- also referred to as scientific or biomedical systems,
are formally taught, leaned, and transmitted
professional care, health, illness, wellness, and
related knowledge and practice skills IN professional
institutions, usually with MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
PERSONNEL TO SERVE CUSTOMERS.
-Professional care is characterized by specialized
education and knowledge, responsibility for care, and
expectation of remuneration for services rendered.
3. ) FOLK HEALING SYSTEM
- A folk healing system is a set of beliefs that has a
shared social dimension and reflects what people
actually do when they are ill versus what society says
they ought to do according to a set of social standards
-According to Leininger, all cultures of the world have
had a lay health care system sometimes referred to as
indigenous or generic
- many folk healing systems have endured over time
through oral transmission of beliefs and practices
from one generation to the next. A folk-healing system
uses healing practices that are often divided into
secular and sacred components
-Most cultures have folk healers (sometimes referred
to as traditional, lay, indigenous, or generic healers)
most of whom speak the native tongue
- Many cultures have their own lay midwifes called
parteras (Hispanics) or other health care providers
4.) COMPLEMENTARY, INTEGRATIVE, AND
ALTERNATIVE HEALTH SYSTEM
- is an umbrella term for hundreds of therapies based
on health care systems of people from around the
world which has origins from Egyptian Chinese, Greek,
and American Indian cultures. > osteopathy and
magnet therapy have evolved.
INTEGRATIVE HEALTH
-as a comprehensive, often interdisciplinary approach
to treatment, prevention, and health promotion that
brings together complementary and conventional
therapies.
EXAMPLES OF COMPLIMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE
HEALTH CARE
1. ACUPUNTURE
2. AROMATHERAPY
3. AYURVEDA( includes diet, herbal remedies,
yoga)
4. MASSAGE
5. DIETARY SUPPLEMENT
6. OSTEOPHATIC MEDICINE
7. CHIROPRACTIC
 8. TCM TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE.

COMPLEMENTARY- IN ADDITION TO
INTEGRATIVE- (combined with selected magico-
religious or holistic therapies whose efficacy has been
scientifically documented) (acupuncture, massage
ALTERNATIVE- instead of (example is using a special
diet to treat cancer instead of undergoing the treatment
recommended by an oncologist

TYPES OF HEALING SYSTEM

1. SELF-CARE- 70%, minor illness>>> OTC drugs,
vitamins, dietary supplements, exercise, food >>
healing.
2. PROFESSIONAL CARE SYSTEM- specialized
knowledge and education
3. FOLK HEALING SYSTEM - traditional, lay,
indigenous, or generic healers), speak the native
tongue of the client, less costly (family member,
parteras, espiritualista (Hispanic), shamans (Native
americans) acupuncturist ( China)
4. COMPLEMENTARY INTEGRATIVE AND ALTER
SYSTEM